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Biotechnology Reports
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Research Article
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using the supernatant and the intracel
Biosynthesis lular extract of Cupriavidus necator, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis. The characterization of the AgNPs
Silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS and TEM. Resazurin microtiter-plate assay was used to
Characterization
determine the antimicrobial action of AgNPs against Escherichia coli. UV–Visible spectra showed peaks between
Bacterial extracts
Antimicrobial effect
414 and 460 nm. TEM analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs showed mostly spherical shapes. DLS results
determined sizes from 20.8 to 118.4 nm. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with the AgNPs syn
thesized with supernatant rather than those using the intracellular extract. Therefore, it was determined that the
bacterial species, temperature, pH, and type of extract (supernatant or intracellular) influence the biosynthesis.
This synthesis thus offers a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost method for the production of AgNPs,
which can be used as antibacterial agents.
* Corresponding author at: Center for Sustainable Development Studies, Universidad Técnica Nacional, 1902-4050, Alajuela, Costa Rica.
E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Montes de Oca-Vásquez).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00816
Received 8 June 2023; Received in revised form 14 October 2023; Accepted 20 October 2023
Available online 29 October 2023
2215-017X/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
I. Solís-Sandí et al. Biotechnology Reports 40 (2023) e00816
synthesis, and is considered an easy protocol for reproduction; in addi 2. Materials and methods
tion to producing nanoparticles with a greater antibacterial effect and
through more energy efficient processes [14–16]. Also, it has been 2.1. Microorganisms
determined that the synthesis using microorganisms is faster than using
plant extracts [17]. Two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis DSM 10 and Bacillus
Biological synthesis generally involves the reduction of metallic ions megaterium DSM 32) and one Gram-negative (Cupriavidus necator DSM
by biological organisms like plants [16–19], yeast, and fungal or bac 545) bacteria used for the AgNPs green synthesis, were obtained from
terial extracts [20,21].Otherwise, the synthesis of AgNPs is a complex the DSMZ (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures
process that requires the optimization of different parameters such as GmbH). All bacterial strains were stored in 15 % glycerol containing
pH, temperature, agitation, metal concentration, microorganisms, nutrient broth medium at − 70 ◦ C. Prior to their use in green AgNPs
inoculum size, among others [22] Bacteria are the most used because of synthesis, the cryopreserved bacteria were grown on lysogeny broth
their large-scale production, fast cell growth rate, and easy handling. agar (LBA) at 37 ◦ C for 24 h, and 140 rpm, on an 211DS incubator with
There are numerous examples of AgNPs synthesized from diverse mi orbital agitator (Labnet International Inc., Edison, NJ, USA).
croorganisms, including, Paenibacillus anseongense [21], Bacillus pumilus
[23], Terrabacter humi [24], Pseudomonas alloputida [25], Bacillus sub 2.2. Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles
tilis, and Bacillus megaterium [26,27]. To our knowledge, there are no
studies that use C. necator for the green synthesis of AgNPs using su The microorganisms were cultivated on 75 mL of lysogeny broth
pernatants and intracellular extracts [28]. Cupriavidus necator is a medium (LB) and maintained at 37 ◦ C on an 211DS incubator with an
facultative chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, it has the ability to use orbital agitator (Labnet International Inc., Edison, NJ, USA) at 120 rpm
nitrate/nitrite as an alternative electron acceptor and has resistance for 24 h. After the incubation period, the cultures were centrifuged at
mechanisms towards heavy metals [29–31]. Due to these characteristics, 10,000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatants were used for the next
this bacterium was selected as a possible agent for the AgNPs synthesis. experiments. To carry out the synthesis, 7.5 ml of the supernatant was
Furthermore, B. subtilis is a fast-growing Gram-positive bacterium that is added drop by drop with constant agitation (550 rpm) on 30 mL of 1 mM
easy to cultivate, that has genes encoding for a respiratory nitrate aqueous AgNO3 solution. Subsequently, the mixture was maintained on
reductase [32,33]. Besides, B. megaterium is considered a powerful cell constant agitation at 550 rpm for 27 h under darkness conditions. The
factory widely studied and used in many biotechnological applications temperature (30 ◦ C and 60 ◦ C) and pH (7, 8, 9, and 10) effects were
such as small molecule biosynthesis, recombinant protein expression, studied on the AgNPs’ formation. The pH was adjusted with NaOH and
biotransformations, among others [34]. Due to the widely used Bacillus HCl. All the treatments were conducted in triplicate, using as control the
spp. in similar research, and the novelty in the use of C. necator for the microorganisms’ supernatant without AgNO3 under the same conditions
green synthesis of AgNPs, we decided to compare the AgNPs synthesis described above. The AgNPs green synthesis was visualized by colori
between these bacteria. metric changes in the solution, turning from yellow pale to brownish
The synthesis and stability of these NPs is due to the biomolecules tones. Synthesis was also confirmed using the UV–vis spectrophotometer
present in the microorganisms, such as enzymes, proteins, and bio at 1 h intervals for 27 h.
tensoactives [4]. Furthermore, it has been determined that bacterial
supernatant and intracellular extract can synthesize stable AgNPs [23, 2.3. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using intracellular extracts
35,36]. Extracellular synthesis is a low-cost technique that has been
reported to facilitate large-scale production and that requires simpler The bacterial growth described in Section 2.2 was centrifuged at
downstream processing, otherwise the synthesis through intracellular 5000 rpm, and then 2 g of biomass was resuspended on 10 mL Milli-Q®
extracts requires a cellular lysis process (e.g. sonication) to release the water and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. This process was con
molecules needed to carry out the synthesis [4]. To date, many studies ducted three times to wash the biomass. Subsequently, the obtained
focus on extracellular methods for AgNPs synthesis [23,37], while few suspension was subjected to cellular lysis by sonication for 12 min, with
studies have compared synthesis processes using bacterial supernatants a 15 s pulse on and a 45 s pulse off, at 45 % amplitude, using the Qsonica
and those using intracellular extracts [35,38]. The study and compari Q700 sonicator (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, EE. UU.). The lysed cultures
son of AgNPs green synthesis methods, using several bacterial strains were centrifuged for 30 min at 14,000 rpm. For the synthesis, 10 mL of
and experimental conditions, are fundamental to demonstrate the ad the lysed culture were mixed with 10 mL of a 1 mM aqueous AgNO3
vantages and drawbacks of the approaches, that can support the selec solution. The mixture was maintained on constant agitation at 550 rpm
tion of adequate synthesis protocols in future studies. at 60 ◦ C for 24 h under darkness conditions. The treatment was con
In this study, we optimized the green synthesis of AgNPs mediated by ducted in triplicate. The AgNPs green synthesis was visualized by
two strains of Bacillus (B. megaterium and B. subtilis) and Cupriavidus colorimetric changes in the solution. Synthesis was also confirmed using
necator using two approaches (extracellular synthesis and synthesis the UV–vis spectrophotometer after 24 h.
using intracellular extracts). In addition, for the extracellular synthesis
we also evaluated the effect of pH (7, 8, 9, and 10) and temperature (30 2.4. Quantification of proteins and DNA from the intracellular extract
and 60 ◦ C) on the synthesis of AgNPs. Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV–Vis),
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scat The proteins and double-stranded DNA of the intracellular extracts
tering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to (1:10 dilution) of C. necator, B. subtilis, and B. megaterium were quanti
characterize the synthesized AgNPs. These AgNPs were also studied for fied by a fluorimetric assay using the Qubit 4.0 Fluorometer (Life
their antimicrobial activity against the non-pathogenic E. coli ATCC Technologies, Carlsbad, California, US). For each sample, 2 μl was
25,922, which is a well-known strain usually used as quality control in examined using the Qubit dsDNA BR assay and protein assay kits, ac
many fields [39–41], to demonstrate their potential application in the cording to the manufacturer’s instructions.
medical field. This work determines the use of C. necator as an agent for
the AgNPs synthesis. 2.5. Characterization of silver nanoparticles
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2.5.1. UV–Vis characterization plotted on the OriginPro, version 2019b, Northampton, MA, USA.
To determine the formation of the AgNPs through time, the
measuring of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band using UV–vis 3. Results and discussion
spectroscopy (Shimadzu, UV-1800) was conducted from 200 to 800 nm,
operated at a resolution of 1 nm. 3.1. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles
The statistical analyses of the results of the MIC assay were carried
out using a one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc analyses using
Tukey’s significant difference test. Differences at P < 0.05 were regarded
as statistically significant. All results are reported as means ± standard
deviation. These statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS
(version 20.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Prior to performing the one- Fig. 1. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using the bacterial supernatants. (a)
way ANOVA, the normality and the homogeneity of variances were AgNPs synthesized using B. subtilis, (b) AgNPs synthesized using B. megaterium,
tested by the Ryan-Joiner and Levene tests, respectively. The data were and (c) AgNPs synthesized using C. necator at 30 ◦ C and 60 ◦ C.
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Fig. 3. UV–visible absorption spectra of AgNPs synthesized using the supernatant at 60 ◦ C and 30 ◦ C at different pH values for 27 h, and the intracellular extract at
30 ◦ C for 27 h. (a) AgNPs synthesized using C. necator supernatant, (b) AgNPs synthesized using B. megaterium supernatant, (c) AgNPs synthesized using B. subtilis
supernatant, and (d) AgNPs synthesized using the intracellular extracts.
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functional groups associated with the green synthesis process and sta Table 1
bilization of the AgNPs. The FTIR spectra showed peaks on the Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential of AgNPs.
3500–3200 cm− 1, 1600–1500 cm− 1, and 1300–1200 cm-1 regions Treatment Hydrodynamic Z- Polydispersity
(Fig. 4a). The peaks in the 3500–3200 cm− 1 region could be associated diameter (nm) potential
with the -OH of the hydroxy functional groups [6], and the -NH of the (mV)
amine functional groups [47]. Regarding the identified peaks in the Intracellular AgNPs- 70.5 ± 2.1 − 21.4 ± 0.329 ±
1600–1500 cm− 1 region, those could be related with the presence of extract C. necator 1.2 0.025
C=O links from amides or esters [6]. On the other hand, the peaks be AgNPs- 118.4 ± 1.9 − 34.1 ± 0.170 ±
B. subtilis 1.9 0.020
tween 1300 and 1200 cm− 1 and 1036 cm− 1 are related to aromatic and AgNPs- 91.2 ± 2.4 − 33.9 ± 0.322 ±
aliphatic amines [48]. It has been determined that the peak at 1078 B. megaterium 1.8 0.012
cm− 1 could be a C–O stretch and the peak at 1038 cm− 1 a C–N stretch Supernatant AgNPs- 85.9 ± 5.9 − 19.0 ± 0.605 ±
and aliphatic amines vibrations [49]. The presence of these functional C. necator 0.5 0.050
AgNPs- 20.8 ± 0.6 − 21.9 ± 0.907
groups in the synthesized AgNPs suggests the presence of proteins, en ±
B. subtilis 0.7 0.144
zymes, peptides, polysaccharides, and organics acids, which are AgNPs- 103.4 ± 7.6 − 18.1 ± 0.617 ±
involved in the reduction and stabilization of metallic ions in metallic B. megaterium 2.0 0.086
nanoparticles [47,50]. Likewise, with the AgNPs synthesized using the
*Values are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD).
intracellular extract (Fig. 4b), similar absorbance bands were observed
as those obtained for AgNPs synthesized using the supernatants. Peaks
compared to the AgNPs synthesized with the supernatant. Considering
were observed in the 3350–3290 cm− 1, 1650–1600 cm− 1, 1450–1350
this information, it is possible to associate the different values of the zeta
cm− 1, and 1090–1050 cm− 1 regions. It should be noted that the
potential to the greater availability of stabilizing factors that can be
stretching vibration of C–O increased to higher wavenumbers, shifting
found in the intracellular extract, which can be corroborated by means
from 1078 to 1087 cm− 1 in the synthesis using the intracellular extract,
of the protein and DNA quantification results in Section 3.2. According
suggesting the presence of higher protein content [51,52].
to these results, it is important to take into account the stability over
time of nanoparticles for the desired application, for example, nano
3.1.3. DLS and zeta potential
particle formulations that need to be applied constantly, such as disin
As shown in Table 1, the AgNPs synthesized using the intracellular
fectant sprays, may not require high stability over time compared to
extracts of B. subtilis and B. megaterium were found to be more stable,
nanomedicines. Nanoparticles can also be modulated to generate better
with zeta potential values of − 34.1 mV and − 33.9 mV, respectively,
stability, using precision electrostatic/charge or precision polymer
compared with C. necator, which yielded a zeta potential value of − 21.4
methods, as mentioned in the work by Sperling and Parak [56]. In
mV. Fig. 5 shows the histograms of AgNPs synthesized. According to
addition, other factors such as antimicrobial activity should be taken
Dhiman et al. (2021), zeta potential values above − 30 mV indicate high
into account in order to determine the potential use of AgNPs.
NPs stability [53]. On the other hand, in the AgNPs synthesized using
On the other hand, several authors have suggested that there are
the supernatant, all the zeta potential values were between − 18.1 and
different proteins that can be attached to nanoparticles through amine
− 21.9 mV, which indicates a lower stability compared with the AgNPs
or cysteine groups, which can contribute to their stabilization [57]. In
synthesized using the intracellular extracts. These differences could be
addition, in the green synthesis mediated by bacteria, it has been
due to the different biomolecules present in the intracellular and su
determined that proteinous molecules with –OH, –NH2, –SH2, –CHO, or
pernatant extracts, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids [54]. In
–COOH functional groups are responsible for the reduction of the silver
the case of the intracellular extract, the presence of DNA, c-type cyto
nitrate and stabilization of AgNPs [58–61]. The secretion of extracel
chromes, peptides, cellular enzymes such as nitrate reductase, and
lular enzymes, specifically nitrate reductase, has been suggested to be
reducing cofactors could favor the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs
responsible for the reduction of Ag ions to AgNPs, which has been
[55], preventing their aggregation and providing greater stability
confirmed in studies that use extracellular extracts of B. subtilis and
Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of bacterial supernatants, intracellular extracts and synthesized AgNPs. (a) FTIR of bacterial supernatants and AgNPs synthesized using the
bacterial supernatants, at pH 10 and 60 ◦ C, and (b) FTIR spectra of intracellular extracts and AgNPs synthesized using the intracellular extracts.
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Fig. 5. Histogram of AgNPs synthesized using the supernatant at 60 ◦ C pH 10, 60 ◦ C, for 27 h (a–c), and the synthesized using the intracellular extract at 30 ◦ C for 27
h (d-f). (a and d) AgNPs synthesized using C. necator, (b and e) AgNPs synthesized using B. megaterium, (c and f) AgNPs synthesized using B. subtilis.
Cupriavidus sp. [48,62]. Besides, other molecules such as oxidases, and nucleus of the microorganisms [70–72], however it is important to
reducing cofactors, cyclic ring of monosaccharides, biosurfactants and take into account that the antimicrobial activity can also be influenced
exopolysaccharides are produced by bacteria [60,63–68]. by another factors, such as concentration, shape and charge of the
Regarding the hydrodynamic diameter of the synthesized AgNPs nanoparticles [73,74].
using the intracellular extract, the AgNPs with a larger size were bio
synthesized by B. subtilis, followed by B. megaterium and C. necator, with 3.1.4. Morphological characterization of AgNPs
values of 118.4, 91.2, and 70.5 nm, respectively. On the other hand, TEM images (Figs. 6 and 7) revealed different shapes and sizes be
according to the polydispersity data, the AgNPs synthesized using the tween the AgNPs synthesized with the different microorganisms and the
intracellular extract from B. subtilis presented higher polydispersity. type of extract (supernatant or intracellular extract), spherical being the
Concerning the AgNPs produced using the supernatant, the AgNPs most predominant shape. Similarly, Ameen et al. (2020), obtained
formed by B. subtilis had an average size of 20.8 nm, which was signif AgNPs using Cupriavidus sp. with spherical morphology and sizes be
icantly smaller than those formed by C. necator and B. megaterium, which tween 10 and 50 nm, while Stancu, 2021 performed a similar experi
had average sizes of 85.9 and 103.4 nm, respectively (Table 1). Ac ment using B. megaterium and obtained spherical AgNPs with a size
cording to our results of zeta potential and particle size, using the su between 1 and 85 nm [48,75]. It has been demonstrated that different
pernatant of B. subtilis at pH 10, Zhao et al. (2019), obtained similar data microorganisms secrete different biomolecules in different proportions
for these parameters using B. subtilis [26]. However, different results [76], such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides [54,
were obtained with respect to polydispersity values. This could be 57], which have been reported as molecules responsible for the green
associated with differences in the experimental conditions, such as synthesis of AgNPs. In addition, associated with the EDS analyzes pre
temperature, agitation, light conditions, and pH, which influence the sent in Fig. 6 (g, h and i) and Fig. 7 (g, h and i), silver was observed by a
size, potential and polydispersity of AgNPs [45,53]. Ag peak in the EDS spectrum of all samples. Furthermore, the presence
The variations in the particle size obtained between the different of elements such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), carbon (C) and oxygen
bacteria and type of extract, could be associated to the distinct bio (O) was also detected, however, it is important to emphasize that the
molecules present in each extract, as explained previously. In addition, it other elements observed in the analyzes come from the chemical
has been reported that differences in the hydrodynamic diameter could structure of the carbon tape and the copper grid used in the assembly of
be associated with some chemical characteristics of the nanoparticles, the samples.
such as the rapid agglomeration of groups with low stabilization and the
anisotropy of this type of AgNPs. Furthermore, part of the AgNPs could
be very unstable due to their energy content and their reactivity, which 3.2. Quantification of proteins and DNA from the intracellular extract
explains the presence of different population sizes [69]. According to
our results, it is important to highlight that the size of AgNPs has an The protein and DNA concentration of the intracellular extract was
impact on the antimicrobial activity, which has been reported by several determined by a fluorimetric assay (Table 2). The intracellular extract of
studies, that found that smaller sizes of AgNPs seems to exhibit higher B. subtilis had the highest concentration of protein and DNA, followed by
antimicrobial activity, since them can reach more easily the cytoplasm C. necator and B. megaterium. Various studies have determined that these
biomolecules are responsible for the reduction and stabilization of
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Fig. 6. Transmission electron micrograph and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence of AgNPs synthesized using bacterial supernatant. (a, b and g) AgNPs from
C. necator at pH 10, 60 ◦ C, (c, d and h) AgNPs from B. megaterium at pH 10, 60 ◦ C, and (e, f and i) AgNPs from B. subtilis at pH 10, 60 ◦ C.
Fig. 7. Transmission electron micrograph and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence of AgNPs synthesized using the intracellular extract (a, b and g) AgNPs from
C. necator at pH 10, 60 ◦ C, (c, d and h) AgNPs from B. megaterium at pH 10, 60 ◦ C, and (e, f and i) AgNPs from B. subtilis at pH 10, 60 ◦ C.
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been reported that DNA can be used as a capping molecule to control the - 12.5 μg/mL using AgNPs biosynthesized by bacteria [89,90].
morphology of metal nanomaterials such as gold and silver, among Regarding the AgNPs synthesized by using plant extracts, some research
others [69]. Similarly, Chumpol & Siri, 2018 reported that bacterial has found MIC values between 7.8 and 20.0 μg/mL [91–93]. Besides,
genomic DNA obtained from a previous lysis and purification can syn other biological extracts from fungus have been used for the synthesis of
thesize AgNPs [77]. AgNPs, Mohanta et al. (2022) synthesized AgNPs from the extract of
Talaromyces funiculosus and determined a MIC value of 43.94 μg/ml
against E. coli [94].
3.3. Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles On the other hand, some studies have compared the MIC value of the
synthesized AgNPs with commercial antibiotics. For example, Vazquez
According to the best results of green synthesis, the antibacterial (2017) have found major antimicrobial activity of commercial antibi
activity was tested for the AgNPs synthesized using the bacterial su otics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, biapenem, aztreonam,
pernatant at pH 10 and 60 ◦ C, as well as for those synthesized using the amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin) compared to commercial
intracellular extract. The AgNPs displayed antimicrobial activity toward AgNPs, with MIC values of 0.05–2 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml to inhibit the
the tested strain E. coli (Table 3). According to the results of the MIC growth of E. coli, respectively [95]. Similarly, Wypij et al. (2022), found
(Table 3), the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli was obtained MIC values of AgNPs of 64 μg/ml and between 0.5 and 16 μg/ml for
using the AgNPs synthesized using the supernatant of C. necator. Among antibiotics [96]. The results of these research are in line with our find
the treatments using intracellular extracts, the highest antimicrobial ings, were the MIC values of the synthesized AgNPs were higher than the
activity was obtained with the AgNPs synthesized with B. megaterium. value of kanamycin (0.55 μg/ml), however it is important to highlight
These results prove the capacity of synthesized AgNPs to inhibit the that this value was similar to the MIC value obtained with the synthe
growth of E. coli, confirming that these AgNPs have great potential as sized AgNPs from the supernatant of C. necator (0.69 μg/ml). Our results
antimicrobial agents, a finding supported by other studies [36,80,81]. It revealed that the synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent activity against
has been reported that nanoparticles’ antibacterial activity is deter E. coli and can be used as antibacterial agents.
mined by their size, concentration, shape, charge, and stabilizing agent
and depends on the microbial strain. In similar investigations, it has 4. Conclusions
been determined that the size of AgNPs influences the inhibition of
microbial growth. Research has evidenced that small AgNPs have a This study demonstrated that the optimal conditions to synthesize
greater surface area/volume ratio, which increases the interaction of AgNPs were pH 10 and 60 ◦ C using the bacterial supernatant of
NPs with the membrane surface of bacteria, which facilitates penetra C. necator. In addition, a series of known techniques were used to
tion through the membrane and causes its death [18,82,83]. characterize the AgNPs, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, indicating the
In our research, it was clear that the AgNPs synthesized using the highest absorbance in C. necator, followed by B. megaterium and
supernatant had lower MIC values compared to those synthesized using B. subtilis. Regarding the intracellular extracts, C. necator presented the
the intracellular extract. This difference in the antibacterial activity highest absorbance, followed by B. subtilis and B. megaterium. The FTIR
could be due to the different biomolecules that are present in the analysis indicated the possible presence of functional groups of proteins,
different extracts, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, poly enzymes, peptides, and polysaccharides, among others, which is rele
saccharides, enzymes, and DNA, which could produce AgNPs with vant because they are responsible for reducing and stabilizing the silver
different stabilizing molecules [54,84]. In the same way, it has been ions, thus carrying out the AgNPs’ formation. Furthermore, the AgNPs
demonstrated that different microorganisms secrete different bio synthesized with the supernatant showed greater antimicrobial activity
molecules in distinct proportions, which could affect the stabilization of against E. coli compared to those synthesized with the intracellular
AgNPs [76]. AgNPs with different stabilizing molecules influence anti extract, whereas C. necator presented a lower MIC value when compared
bacterial activity, becoming more or less antimicrobial by interacting with B. megaterium and B. subtilis. Therefore, this green synthesis method
differently with certain molecules of the microbial membrane, such as appears to be an eco-friendly way to obtain stable AgNPs with antimi
proteins [85–87]. crobial properties. Besides, the extracellular synthesis is preferred over
On the other hand, the MIC values obtained in our research are lower the intracellular synthesis because it is easier to recover the molecules
than those found by other authors who have used plant extracts for the responsible for the reduction and stabilization. In addition, according to
synthesis of AgNPs and have evaluated the antimicrobial activity against several investigations, the advantage of the biological method over
E. coli. For example, some research found MIC values between 7.8 and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is that with the green synthesis of
20.0 μg/mL with AgNPs synthesized from plant extracts [76–78]. AgNPs a greater antimicrobial activity is obtained. On the other hand, to
Otherwise, Rolim et al. [87], determined a MIC value of 15 ug/mL using our knowledge, this investigation is the first to use C. necator, both its
AgNPs synthesized from green tea extract. While, Das et al. (2019), extracellular supernatant and intracellular extracts, for AgNPs synthesis.
obtained a MIC value of 60 µg/ml using AgNPs synthesized from Morus Likewise, it was possible to demonstrate that its use would be promising
alba leaf extract [88]. On the other hand, other investigations that have due to its greater antimicrobial activity compared to AgNPs synthesized
carried out AgNPs synthesis by microorganisms have found similar re with Bacillus. Finally, this investigation underscores the need for more
sults to those obtained in our investigation. Akter and Huq (2020), ob analysis based on AgNPs green synthesis from intracellular extracts in
tained a MIC value against E. coli of 6.25 ug/mL using AgNPs order to elucidate the synthesis mechanisms with biomolecules such as
synthesized from the extracellular extract of Sphingobium sp. MAH-11T DNA and intracellular proteins, an area which, to date, remains
[81], and other investigations have obtained MIC values between 3.12 understudied.
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