40

amfdea
CHEMISTRY
TERM-2
March-April 2022

Class-11
 40EARSO
EMINENCE
N EDUCATION

Xamfdea
CHEMISTRY
TERM-2
March-April 2022

Case-based Questions
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Long Answer Questions
Questions for Practice Class-11
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 Contents
TERM-2

1. States of Matter 3

2. Thermodynamics 32

3. Equilibrium 1

4. The s-Block Elements 113

5. The p-Block Elements 137

6. Hydrocarbons 155
 Term-ll Examination/Year-end
Examination
Circular No.: Acad-51/2021 Date: July 05, 2021

At the end of the second term, the Board would

organize Term-ll or Year-end Examination based on
the rationalized syllabus of Term-ll only (i.e.,
approximately 50% of the entire syllabus).
This examination would be held around March-April
2022 at the examination centres fixed by the Board.
The paper will be of 2 hours duration and have
questions of different formats (case-based/situation
based, open ended-short answer/long answer type).
I n case the situation is not conducive for normal
descriptive examination a 90-Minute MCQ based
exam will be conducted at the end of the Term-ll also.
Marks of the Term-ll Examination would contribute to
the final overall score.
 CHEMISTRY
Class-XI (Code No. 043) (2021-22)

Chemistry Theory and Practical course will be done in two terms. Each term will be assessed individually.

Syllabus Assigned for Term-2 (Theory)

Max Marks: 35
Time:2hours
S.No. UNIT Periods Marks

S t a t e s of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Chemical Thermodynamics

.
Equilibrium
The s-BlocCK ERCDIcnts

. The p-18lock Ekements

0. Hydrocarbons

Total

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids 9 Periods

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role
of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyles law Charles law, Gay Lussac's
law
Avogadro s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas
equation and deviation from ideal behaviour

Chemical Thermodynamics 14 Periods

Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy. extensive and intensive
properties. state functions
law of thermodynamics -internal
First energy and enthalpy, measurement of AU and AH, Hess's law
of heat
summation, of bond dissociation, combustion,
constant enthalpy fomation atomization
Sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of Thermodynamics
(brief introduction)
Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb'senergy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous
processes
Third law af thermodynamics (brief introduction).
Equilibrium 2 Periods
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilbrium, law of mass action,
equilibrium constant, factors affecting equibrium-LeChateler s princple, ionic equilibrium- 1onization
of acids and bases, strong and weok electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of poly basic acids,
acid strength, concept of pH, buffer solution, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative
examples)

S-Block Elements 5 Periods

Group 1 and Group 2 Elements -General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anormalous
properties of the first elerment of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variatiorn of properties
(such as ionization enthalpy. atomic and ionic radi), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water
ydrogen and halogens, uses

p-Block Elements 9 Periods

General introduction to p-Block Elements
Group 13 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties,
Oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of hirst element of the group

Boron-physicaland chemical properties

Group 14 Elements:General introduction, electronic configuration, OcCurrence variation of
properties, OXIdation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalouUs behaviour ot tirst elements.
Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemica properties.

Hydrocarbons 10 Periods
Classification of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only). physical properties, chemical
reactions

Alkenes Nomenclature. structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical

properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions. addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen
halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis. oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic
addition
Alkynes- Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation,
chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen

halides and water

Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Introduction, 1UPAC nomenclature, benzene resonance, aromaticity.
chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation,
Crats alkylation and acylation, directive intluence of functional group in monosubstituted
Friedel
benzene. Carcinogenicity and toxicity
CHEMISTRY: TERM-2
BASIC CONCEPTS
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-II
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
0 1STATES OF MATTER

BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Tntroduction to Three States of Matter: Any substance that has mass and occupies space is called
Matter. There are live dillerent physical states in which matter 1s known t o exist on Earth vi.,
(a) Solid state (b) Liquid state (e) Gascous state (d) PMasma state (e) Bose-Einstein state. But the
common physical states ot matter are solid state, iquid state and gaseous state.
(a) Solid state: A matter is classificd as solid when it has a delinite volume (size) and a definite
hape. The molecules are held together by strong lorces of attraction. Therelore, the solids
re hard and rigad eg. copper, silver gold, platinum, salt, ice, etc. Furthermore, the shape

(0) Luquid state: A matter in the liquid state has a delinite volune but not a delinte shape
h s are

moderate and thus it has atendencyy to flow g

eWeg... milk,
milk, water,
water, oil,
oil, alcohol,
alcohol, ctc.
ctc.

(c)
sa neitl definite shape nor a definite
Gaseous suate he container in which it has been nlaed H
volume of the gas can be varicd by changing the temperature or by applying more pressure
(compression). The force of attraction between the molecules is least or negligible. Thus, the
gaes have low densities.
2. Intermolecular Forces: The lorces of attraction existing among ihe molecules of a substance
gascous, liquid or solid) are caled intermoletular forces
The dilferent typesof nterolecular lorces are
(o) London Forces or Dispersion Forces: At any instant of time, the electron cloud of the
meolecule may be distorted so that an instantaneous dipole or momentary dipole Ge., a dipole
lor a short while) is produced in which one part oft the molecule is slightly more negative
than the rest. The momentary dipoles induce dipoles in the neighbouring molecules. These
re then attracted to Clch other The lorce ot attraction between the induced momentary
p o l e s are calc L o n dspeo lores 1hec orces are w a y s atracthe ana woTk

nly over very short distances. These lorces depends on the number of electirons, molecular
Mructure, distance between the aturacting particles and polarizability ol the particles.
b) Dipole-)ipole Interactions: These lorces of attraction ocer among the polar moslecules.
Polar molecues have permanent dipoles. The positive pole of one molecule Is thus attraActed
by the negative pole ol the other molecule HCaim which chlorine being more electronegative
acquires a slight negative charge whereas the hydrogen end becomes slighily positively
charged. These interactions are stronger than the London forces but are weaker than ion-
on interactions due to invohement of only partial charges.
e) Dipole-lnduced Dipole Interactions: Anonpotarmolecule may be polarized by the presence
ot a polir molecule (dipole) near t, thereby making it an mduced dipole. The mteractions

States of Matter
 between them are called dipole-induced dipole interactions. For example, noble gases get
polarized in the presecnce of polar molecules.
These lores depend upon the distance between the molecules, dipole noment of polar
molecules and polarisability of norn-polar mokcecules.

(d) Hydrogen bond: 1This is a spccial casc ol dipole-dipole interaction. This is found in the
molecules in which highly polar N-H, O-H or H-F bonds are present. Although
hydrogen bonding is regarded as being limited to N, Oa n d F; pecies such as a may also
participate in hydrogen bonding t0 some extent. These lorces are powerul in determining
he structures of many compounds like protein, nuceic acid, etc.
3. the ol body artsing irom oon of ts atoms or
Thermal Energyhermal energy is energy a

molecules. It ts direcly proportional to the lemperature ol the substance. It is the measure ot

average kinctic energy of the particles of the matter and hence, is responsible for movement of
particles. The movemcnt of particles of the matter is known as thermal motion.
4. Intermolecular Forces Versus Thermal Energy: Whether a substance will exist as a solid or a
liquid or a gas is the result of competition between:
(a) Tntermolecular fores, ie, the forces of interaction between the molecules of that substance
which try to bring the molecules closer, and
b) Thermal energy possessed by the molecules duc to temperature which results in the
movement ot the molecules and hence tries to keep them apart.
0 ln solid state, the intermolecular lorce ot attraction is much liarger as compared to
thermal energy. The strong intermolecular forces do not allow the molecules to break
and thus it poseses rigid suructure, When solid is heated, the thermal eneTgy increass
and molecules break lree and the matier gets converted to liquid state.
(n) In liquid state, the thermal energy bulances the intermolecular force of attraction,. The
verage intermolecular distance in liquid state remalns same with that of solid state due
to continuous moving and breaking of bonds among lhquid molecules.

(in) In gascous state, thermal energy is very large as comparcd to intermolecular force of
attraction. Cases are highly compressible due to large intermolecular space available
between the molecules.

ncroasing ntermoiecuiar ntarCions

Solid Liquid Gas

Incroasing Thermal Energy

The Ciaseous State: The gaseous sMate is characterized by the lollowing physical properties:
0) Ciases are highly eompresible.
0) Cses exert pressure cqually in all directions

in) Cases have much lower density than the solicds and liquics.
( ) The veolume and the shape ol gases are not fixed. These assume the volune and shape of
the contilnet.

() Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions without any mechanical aid.
. The Cias Laws: The relatiosip bet ween volue, temperalure and pressure of a give mas of
gas are decribed as gas laws.
(a) Boyle's Law (Pressure-Volume relationship): The law states that "Trmperature emaining
roan., thee pressure of JIed amound (i.e., Rumber of moies, n) of a gs 1s r e t y proporfhonal to
olume."
Mathematically, Let
-Volume of agiven mass of gas.
P= Pressure of the gas.
T = Absolute temperature.

n=number of moles.

4 Chemistry-X: Term-2
 According to Boyle's law

pay . constan)

where is a proportionality constant,

Thus 7he prodct of p s u anat otunie of a f u t amoitit (.4., nuber of ioles, n) of a Ks a

romsant temfperuture is afuuys conskant". This is another statement of Boyle's law.
a lixed amount ot as at costant temperature T Occupying volume a l pressure Pi
undergoes expansion, o that volume becomes and pressure becomes Pa , then according
o b o y l e s law:

Relationship between Pressure(p) and density(d): Density d' is related t the mass 'm' and
the volume ' by the relation

Density (d)
Mass ()
Volume ()
On putting value of P in this equation lrom Boyle's law equation (p = k), we obtain the

relationshiP
d F -kp
Graphical Representation of Boyle's Law: According t Boyle's law, pl or pa is
constant, therelore, Boyle s law has been verilied graphically, as

) a graph plotted for p versus shows a straight line passing through ihe origin.
for p vwnss a t constant temperature shows a hyperbola. This is called
(n) a graph an

(i) a graph for pl tenus p shows a horizontal straight line.

(o) (D) (c)

Fig 1.1(0 Plot of p versus 1V. (4) Plot of p versus V.() Plot of pV wersus p
(6) Charlex' L.aw (Temperature-Volume Relationship): The law stales that "Al cosdani presuTE,

he o l u e grvn mas o s ncreses or drcrass ty 273.15 P t of s orngtneil zudane 0t

for rery one degwe rse or Jall m lenperature.

A constant pressure, the

absolute lemperature.
volume of a given mass of gus s directly proportional to the

aT at constant pressure
RT
where * is a proportionality constiant.

States of Matter|5
 Mathematically, it can also be represented as

273.15*1 = 1 7 ) - 2 l 5 + 4)
273.15
where V, is the volume of gas at r'C and Vg is the volume of gas at 0'
Graphical KRepresentation:
At constant pressure, the plot of volume versus temperature is called an isobar. Higher the
presstlre, CSSCT is tne sope o the nne.

PIP PaP4

-100

ig 1.2Pat af volurme va temperature

Absolute Zero Temperature: Absolute zero temperature is defincd as "The hypothetical louest
mperature al uftsch the vofuie of a gas becomes egual to zeu and gas ceases to exs.
(e) Gay Lussac's Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship): T his law, given by Joseph Gay
Lussac, states that for a Jixed amount of the gas, the pressure s dirvetiy proportionat to the iemperature

pal at c o s t a n t v o l u m e

COIstant; where p= l'ressure ol a gas and 7 =

Temperature in kelvin.

- a t constant volume
Graphical Representation: A constant molar vlume, the plot of pressure versus
called an sochor.
cmpetature (kefvin) Is

V, «Va
«Vj «V

100 200 300 00

Fig. 1.3: Piot of pressure Vs temperature

6 Chemistry-X!: Term-2
 (d) Avogadro Law (Volume-Amount Relationship): According to this law, "Equal volumes of all
gases contain an equal number of molecules uner similar comditions of prevue and temfeulure,"
VaN (at constant temperature and prexsure)

where = Volume of the gas, N = Number ol molecules of gas

Since N is related to number of moles of a gas, n by the relation

where Ng is Avogadro's number and is constant.

(at constatnt temperature and pressure)

Thus, Avogadro's law may aso be stated as:

The volume of gases al constant trmpevature and presure is dirvctly proportional to ther nurmber of

7. Ideal Gas: A gas that stric1ly follows Boyle's law, Charles' law and Avogadro law is called an ideal
gas. Stuch ia gas is hypothetical. It is assumed that intermolec1ular forces are not present between
the molecules of an ideal gas. Real gses follow these laws only under certain spccific conditions
when force of interaction is practically negligible. In all other situations these deviate from ideal
behavic
8. Ideal Gas Equation (Combined Gas Law): This equaion gives the simultanecous effect of
pressure and temperature on the volume of a gs
Derivation of ldeal Gas Equation: An alkernative form of ideal gas can be derived directly by
combining Boyle s law, Ciharles law and Avogacdro's law as given belkow:

Boyle s luW.. aln lempeEalure

Chares' laW.. V'aT at constant pressur

Avogadro's law.. Van at constant temperature and pressure

By, combining the above laws, we get

VanxT

RXT*n

where n is the number moles of the gs and R is molar gas

when n=
of constant
ie., for one mole of the gas, the ideal gas equation becomes

-RT
The gases which obey the ideal gas equation are known as an ideal gases.
Tdeal gas cquation is a relation between lour varíables and it desribes the state of any gs,
therefore, it is also called the equation of state. Let us now go back to the ideal gas equuation. This
Is the realionsthup lor the simultaneous viariation of the variables. I1 temperalure, volume and

pressure ot a fixed amount ot gas vary Irom T.V and Pi to 7 z z and pz then we can write

Constant
This equation is also known as combined gas law.

States of Matter
 Value of K (Gas Constant): Values of gas constant R) in dillerent units are shown in the able
below:
Table 1.1: Values of Cas constants
Units of lPressure Units of Volume Numerical value of R Unit of R

Atmosphcte 0.082 LAreatmK mo

spiete 2.

8.314x 10
dynescm
dynes cm .987 (or 25 ClKmol

a or Nm

0,083 bLrdinK mo
ldeal Gas Equation in Terms of Density
If m is the mass and M is the molecular mass of the gas, then the moles of gas is

M
nRT

p RT

M-d
This expression is valuable in determining the molecuar mass ol the gascous substance from the
desity mesurement at a pressure n d volum
give
9. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: According to Dalton's law, "The totel pressue exerted Iy a mixture
of tuo or more non-reacting gases nm a defmile volume is equal to the sum of poartal pressues erried by the
tmdrzoatul guses." For exampe, il py,PaPs etc. are the partial pressures of individual non-reacting
gases then the total pressure of the mixture of gases at the same temperature is given by the
following expression
P-Pit P t Ps * -

Applications of Dalton's law of Partial Pressures

(a)
n the calculation ofpressure of
wher
a
dry gas
a c vapurs Is known
aqucous tension. Thus, the pressure of drv as
. =D..- Aqueous tension (at r'G)
(6) In the Calculation of Partial Pressure ofa Gas
Suppose there s a mixture of non-reacting gases A. B. CG... tc. Then on applying P = nRT,
we has

RT
PA P and o on
Thus, By Dalton's law of partial pressure

PueaPatPa +Pet

Punal A"a" (mole Iraction of A)

or
PA XaX Pual
8 Chemistry-Xi: Term-2
10. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Cases: The miain postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gises
are as toows:

) A gas consists of a large number of extremely tiny partices called molkecules

() The molecules are spherical in shape, incompresible and elastic.
(a) There exnts no lorce ol altractOn or repulsion anong the gas olecules.

() The volume of gas molecules is negligible compared to the total volume occupicd by them.

)The gasmotion
moeculesrandom
are always in motion in dillerent directions with dillerent velocities
motion.
as

zig-rag motion or
or
haphazard
(vi) During the motion, gas molecules collide with each other and also with the walls of the
container and exert pressure.
(i) The collision betwecen gas molecules is perfectly elastic it. there is no loss of kinctic energy
r momentum that take place during the course of collision.
te) Cravitational force has no eiect on the moton ot gas molecules at all
(a) The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to the abolute
empera
it, E =

4,T
where k,=Nand is known as collision constant.
A
() The average distance travelled by a gas moecule between two successive collisions is called
the mean free path.
1. Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation From ldeal Gas Behaviour
Tdeal Gas: It is defined as the gas which obeys all the gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles law
etc. and cdeal gas equaton strictly undeT all conditons of tenperature and pressure. These
gases are purely hypotheticl and imaginary.

Real Gas: Il is defined the gas which does not obey all the gas laws such as Boyle's law, Charles'
as

aw etc. ancd ideal gas eqalion strKly except at low presure and moderately high lemperature.

These gaes actaly exINt ature, such H, O. Na 0a, ele.

i1 as

The gases ihat exis in nature are real gases. These real gases show deviation from ideal behaviour.
Study of Deviations
To study the deviation from ideal bechaviour, a graph pl' vis p and p vis P is plotted for dilferent

gases. The observations help to explain how far the relation pV nkT reproduces the actual
=

p-V-T relationship ot
gascs
Real 9a

-ldeal gas

ldealgas

voum
Fig. 1.4: Plot of pV versus p for real and ideal gas Fg 1.5: Plot of p versus Vtor real and ideal gas
From the above graphs, it is concluded that at higher pressure, the observed volume is more
than the clcuated vohume. Ai low pressure, ihey both approach cose to each other.

Statesof Matter 9
 Alternatively, the extent of deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour is conveniently studied by
introducing a term, called compressibility factor, Z in the ideal gas equation ie.
ZnRT

nRT
Accordingly
0a gas bechaves ideally ie. pV= nRT. when Z -1I
(i) a gas behaves non-ideally (real gas) ir. p t nET when Z 1
Thus, the diflerence bctween unity and the value of compressibility factor of a gas is a measure
of the extent ol non-ideality of the gas. The compresibility lactor can have two value
(a) z> 1,Le, the gas shows pusafive devnation from deal behaviour and is less compressible.
() Z <1,the gas shows negatre deation fom adeal behazour and ts more comfrrssulde.
Efect of Pressure and Temperature on Deviations
) From the curves given in graph (a), it is evident that at very low pressure, Z is cqual to I
and the gases exhibit nearly ideal character. However, at higher pressure CO, gas shows a
8 e r np m the curve indicaling that it is most easily liquified.

) From the
the curves given in graph (6), i is dear that the deviation from ideal gas nature
DOmEs ess a a kess t hugn
tetpetnures
200 K

5
S00 K

ldeal gas

TO00
ideal 9

2040O 600 B0 T000 00 1200

Patm) Patm)

Fig 1.8:Zvesus p curves for H. Ng and CO, at 300 K Fg 1.7:Zversus p curves for N, at diferent termperatures

Causes of Deviations from Ideal Behaviour: Van der Waals' pointed out the reason tor the
devzation from ideal behaviour. There are Iwo laulty postulates made during the derivation of
kinetic gas cquation:

() The volume occupicd by gaS molecules is negligible in comparison to the total volume
oxcupied by the gas.
() The forces of attraction between gas molecules are negligible.
The
The first pOstulate is zalul only at loe pressur and high Irmperature where the total volume occupied
first postlae he volume of gas molecules. brrs
i However,of molecules
all t the olume uas is hee
the
Same. Therefore, under these conditions, the volume of the gasmlees molecules is not negligible m
comparison to the total volume ot the gas.
The second postulate is also valid only at lou prrssure and high trnjeralure because under these
condiios he voline occupied by gas is quile g e and thus the miermolcCular dastarnce s large
and the intermolecular attraction is less. However, at high presure or low temperature, the total
olume ocCupied by the gas is stm.all. ienceC, ntetmoecular attraction becomes apprecLaDIy large
C a n O t De n e g e t t e u .

10 Chemistry-XI:Term-2
 In order to make ideal gas cquation applicable to real gases as well, Van der Waals suggested
lollowing corrections
(a) Volume Correction: The ideal volume (ree space) is thus smaller than the observed
volume. So a correction term is subiracted from the observed volume in order to get the
ideal olume.
,

where
Wis the ellective voume oxupied by mole of real gas
molerules
For n moles of real gas,

(b) Correction due to intermolecular orcest Van der Waals' suggested that Ome attractive
lorces exist especally at high pressure between molecules of eal gases. Due to that the
pressure exCrted on the walls ot the contaner is less than the idcal pressurC

PundP
Substitutig the corrected values of volume and pressure in ideal gas cquation, P MRI,
have

an
This is known as an der Waals equation lorn moles ota gas,

Pt - b ) = RT - l o r one i

The constants a and b are also known as van der Waals' constants.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. Kelvin scale: K "C +
=

273.15
2. Fahrenheit scale:
"C"F-32)
3. Boyles's law: pi', P

Initial pressure,
Where P Vi =

Initial volume.P= Final pressure, = Final volume

4. Charles law:
T
Where P, = Initial volume, 7, = Initial temperature, V, Final volume, 7, = Final temperature

5. Gay-Lussac's Law or Pressure- Temperature lawz TT

Where P Initial pressure, T, Initial temperature, P2 Final pressure, T, Final
temperature

6.
Avogad ro s 1aw
Where volume ol gas 1, number of moles of gasI and V volume of gas 2,
gas 2
numDer ot moles of
7. Combined
gas law:
Where py. and T, are the initial pressure, volume and temperature of a gas and pa. V, and 7,
whete P' lume and temperature
of that gas,
respecte

States of Matter1
 8. Tdeal Cas equation:pnRT
Where p is pressure of gas, i s volume of gas n is no.
of moles, R = Gas constants of gas,
Temperure
9. Ideal Gas equation in terms of density: M
=d
Where, M s molr mass of gas, d 1s density ot gas, R C i l s constant, 7 TempeTature

P= essure gas
10. Dalton's law of partial pressuret Pi * Pa * Ps *
total Ps *. are the ol non-reacting gases1, 2, 3
Where, Is pressure, Pi Pa pressures .

especely.
I1. Vam der Waal's equation: lor n mole of g a P + V - nb) = nRT

Where, p is pressure of gas, = Volume of gas 7 = Temperature, a and b are Van der Waal's
costant.