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Course Notes

chapter 5 - Trigonometric
Ratios
TRIGONOMETRY IS MORE THAN TRIANGLES

We will learn
The three reciprocal trigonometric ratios
To relate the six trigonometric ratios to the unit circle
To solve problems using trig ratios, properties of triangles, and the
sine/cosine laws
How to prove trigonometric identities

TOlKlNOflETRY,
W P£A<. UAT. SON.

s . ./x/1'
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MATH@»TD
 r ~i .

Contents with suggested problems from the Nelson Textbook. You are welcome to
askfor help, from myself or your peers, with any of the following problems. They
will be handed in on the day of the Unit Test as a homework check.

Section 5.1
Pg. 280 - 282 # 3, 4, 5i, ii, iv, 6, 7, 8a, 12, 14, 15

Section 5.6
Pg. 318- 320 #4, 5bd, 7 (Ifonly you had a side ofthe rigl-it angle triangle ),
#9 (recall the meaningof angle ofdepression??), 10, 13

Section 5.7
Page 326 - 327 #4ad (do you "need" to use the cosine law?), 6, 8 - 10

Section 5.8
Pg. 332 - 334 #3ac, 4a, 6, 9, Bonus: 7 (this one is tncky!! !)

Unit Test Part 1 & HW Part 1 Due

Section 5.2
Pg286-288#3-9, ll, 13

Section 5.3/5.4
Pg. 299 - 301 #1-3 (For #3, READexample 3, pg. 296), 5, 6 {see example 5. 3. 4 above),
#8-10, 12
If you stmggle with this stuff. . .ASK QUESTIONS in EDSBY!!! (and in class too!)

Section 5.5
Handout

Unit Test Part 2 & HW Part 2 Due

Aoon
WIATH@TD
MCR3U

hapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5. 1 - Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles

Learning Goal: We are learning to evaluate reciprocal trigonometric ratios.

Recall from Grade 10 the mnemonic

Weuse SOH CAH TOAto calculatethe so-called "trig ratios" for a right angle triangle.
Considerthetriangle:

'0 c

0. B

The Trigonometric Ratios /-or-

Primary Trig Ratios Reciprocal Trig Ratios
3_ f^t / c ^
^^ CAJ = ^ t ^
^CA)
^CoS0r^[^) -:<:5cf4J ^ ^ ~^r
e. iiyy
te ^ ^ ^ ^^-' -L_ ^ ^^^^)c^^<^ flr^j
^ w - ^ '< ^f} 1, ^
Ce^
h- ^ ab)
C( f o^y
^ 6^) b ^ ^Oj
j. =ro^^^)=c&^ ^2 ^
^.w
 Example5. 1.1
From yourtext, Pg. 280 #1 Given AAffC, state the suetrigonometric ratios for Z-^4.
<~
s'fn(A)^ /5 C&fA)= -I- B

13
[2- 5
^(4) 7$ s^(^) = ^ c
12 h

^A)"= li a^ a) ^ -^

Example 5. 1.2
For the given right triangle determine:
a) csc(6>), sec(6>), and cot(^). w
^Yp
b) the angle 0 to the nearest degree. 3.6
3.0
^ ^ 3-6
Oc(9'^
?>^9' off
^0
= ,.2
e
) _ ^e.- s/6 = 1.^ Ccw^ <-)Se<<^
5ec^ ^^ Cc^^rh. 2.0 o-^
<^s 0 ^j Z. <?
r^m^ r^o See (9- --1-^
z
^-^=J. .. ^^ ^0.1 -^-''2
^^ ~ <?ff ^ Co^G^
J_ -r (:bS> 0
Example 5. 1.3 I'y
= s<<°
a) Determinethe correspondingreciprocal ratio:
^c^ --
i)sm(0)=- ii) tan(^)=-3

Csc^^^ co^er "

-^
b) Calculate to the nearest hundredth: sec(34°
~--L . ^ J- ^.
"Os ^°) " 0^-i ^/'<
c) Determine thevalue of 0 to thenearest degree: csc(0) = 2.46

L^
S^(P
(p
2. 46 =^ ?L,
^'
=^<p ^^-=s^-*^y
rZt/°
 Example 5.1.4
Given the right triangle, determine the unknown side using
two different trig ratios:

(0 fc:<n 0 _
z_ 1� )(
s... b 8/
h"\ ·
e,OS. l"("' :; -
)( �'t'f
�\� x
cl(}'.)
x ::::: 5 ... h <{, i w:.(2-'t� ::: X
�,, g�, 8.,o� == x
=g... ) �
v - - --- - 3.6 km Off)

f/i'>rv�f" Of Jv€
(0 vf\ai""-':l ·

�.,bd.f
Example 5.1.5 f;�'.+.-,
From your text, Pg. 282 #11
A kite is flying 8.6 m above the ground at an angle of elevation of 41 °.
Calculate the length of string, to the nearest tenrh of a metre, needed to fly �kc>f
the kite using
Let: a) a primary trigonomerric ratio �,;,��
")(.
&�"" a) 5,'n(LfD= _g b) csc. ('11) -
x g., 6
:x -::.- '?., (;
$1>, {'lJ)

x == Ls ... f ('('\
Success Criteria:
• I can use SohCahToa to determine the primary and reciprocal trigonometric ratios
• I can evaluate problems using the reciprocal trigonometric ratios
• I cannot use my calculator to directly solve a reciprocal trigonometric ratio

4
 Qf^er: ^oY ^ ^ ^ ^\^\<^ ^ ct^ vlw^
S^c^^fe C^) ^ J rzJ^OS.
AooQ
MATH@ITD MCK3U

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5.6: The Sine Law

Learning Goal: We are learning to use the Sine law to solve non-right angle triangles.

Last year you learned the Sine Law. It is a "formula" we can use to solve triangles which are
not right angle triangles. There is one requirement to be able to use the Sine Law.

You Must Have an Angle With Its Corresponding Side!

So far we havebeenusingRightAngleTriangles alongwith SOHCAH TOA to "solve"

triangles. BUT right angle triangles aren't always the best triangle to use;

Sometime using a right angle triangle just can't be done. We then need to use so-called
"OBLIQUE TRIANGLES". Oblique triangles come in two forms:
1) Acute (all angles are less than 90°
2) Obtuse(one angle is more than 90°

The Sine LaW (forobliquetriangles)

(There areTWO FORMSyou shouldknow!!)

Giventhe non-righttriangle, A^45C ,then: c

b
sm(A) _sm(B) _sm(Q
a b c
or

&

a
c
 Notes:
1) Memorize the SINE LAW!
2) If we are trying to find an angle, use the first form ofthe Sine Law (angles on top)
3) If we are trying to find the length of a side, use the second for of the law (with sides on
top)
4) In order to use the Sine Law, you must have the correct
information in the triangle. You must have:
a) 3 pieces of information
b) One "CORRESPONDINGPAIR"- an angle with
its opposite side (for example you might have side a
and angle A)

Note: There is a problem with the Sine Law

(f^y oo4- ^8;tr/l^ye^) ^o^
Recall that for trig ratios, "sine"is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.
e.g. sin(5r)=0.. 7?z7 sm(l29°)=^777z ^<?-^?^
e^^^^(. 7?))
ConsiderExample 1 in yourtext: Pg. 312-314 _. <-(C>

Albert and Belle are part of a.scienEific tea. m studying thuadercloiid^. The tea. m Is
aboui co laundi a weaEherballoon Inco an active part ofa cloud. Albert's rope is
7. 8 m long and ma-kes an angle of 36° wich the ground. Belle's rope is 5.9 m long. i
The question we are asked is: How far is Albert from Belle, to the nearest meter?

Possible Pictures:
rp?^> cn<^ rs
s$>^
\ i ^
^[

S.9m' 5.9m-, ^<- ^

7.8m a \^
^
c^"(i^
7.8m \

36° 36°

Os^ ycxx- C<AJI<.A< ^o<^^ -)<C^-OA^L^ ^ G-cjfc^^e

0^ &^ (^/v^^ Os-<^ $(^y/<?/^>^^ £S^^/e_ H<sc^^ ^
h^^ ^ (y^e^ fa^f^^ ^^glc <^ B*
 Both pictures describe the problem completely. So which is correct? Well.. .BOTH ARE
POSSIBLE solutions. This is known as the "AMBIGUOUS CASE". Because both are possible
solutions, you must findboth.

Note: Ifthe GIVENANGLEis ACUTE,then this so called Ambiguous CaseMAY APPLY.But, if

the Given Angle is Obtuse, then the Ambiguous Case CANNOT APPLY. (And Sometimes, there
is no triangle whichsolves theproblem.)

why? JiF c^ec^^ Q;^ c^n c^^se cx^le^ ^6^.

^> A^r t<? Q^A:- (/'so/.os?^)satn^

Example 5.6.1
^SolysLthetriangles above.
^ l7^S B^ c^ ^5 ^c^s i- ^^
^ 5-^ A^^S: ^A^ ^'6'^) d-^c} W
36" \o ^?^ ^)
:^^°^. L)
G6 =93°^5A) C = 10 C^)
^ & ^ $^A
k" c( <-
^
Soc^P^ ^ -
rL^- ^-^^^
7.« '^ ^ »^y^ &r^(
^ 5 _ s- ft6-) s°(\
^' ^ 3>c
ft - ,3---"..
^= "('. -xj''^36))
s^-Y7 5^ / ^ =|^o"Slb c ci

9^C &A
<^^ }2C \°
^s-j
c: __ ^ci
^^= )&0-Si -'S'/ ^^=)^")zcr-?^> <>^(isr) s^)
6C= tS'°
£c=(l3° c s>>^=^^?''/)r)
c _ ^c/ c ^ ^A^^
S^QS) ^'^3<$) ^^
c ^ ^) - ?'1 ^ ^5> . C ^Z, 6^ 7
C ^ 5-1^ ) lO. oz ir\
<5^ U
 Example 5.6.2
From yourtext: Pg. 319 #6
The trunk ofa leaning tree makes an angle of 12° with the vertical. To
prevent the tree from falling over, a 35. 0 m rope is attached to the top of the
tree and is pegged inro level ground some distance away. If the tree is 20. 0 m
from its base to its top, calculate the angle the rope makes with the ground to
the nearest degree.
T^ fce //o?-^^1^)s c^e . <?:xx' SSA^ ^<.
^
0.^\ C^) T^ ^Y9^S .
:,0 ^ ct0 MZ° = /OZ&
^
®j
^
@ v<*t
ese- +rt<?

^,^ ^ , C,^ 6
r - b
\o ^ ^ ^ r ^^ <S
s»^^ = <^cl rt a
b

?^/? ^ 20 Sih ^(X.)

i-s-
p =-s^~N(^. rjr^?^.
=- S5^^°
«^^tr°

Success Criteria
. I canrecognizewhenthe sinelaw applies anduse it to solve for anunknownvalue
. I can identify, given S-S-A,that there will betwo solutions (the ambiguous case)
Aoofi
MATN@TD
MCK3U

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5.7: The Cosine Law

LearningGoal: We arelearningto usethe cosinelaw to solve non-rightangletriangles.

The Cosine Law is another "formula" for solving Oblique Triangles. Remember, to "solve" a
triangle you MUST be given 3 PIECES OF INFORMATION about the triangle (and I should
notethat one ofthose givenpieces MUST BE A SIDELENGTH).

The main question you will haveto be ableto answeris this:

Whendo you use
1) SOHCAHTOA
Whenyouhavea (\^c|^JI" r^^\e

2) The SINE LAW

Whenyouhavea-^s 0\^\ F?^
andyou have a CORRESPONDINGPAIRin the triangle
A/
c^ /^)^^v^S

^
c^^'' £/-
ct^ c A

3) The COSINE LAW

(po^^ ^
©G,^ ^5^ ^ ^ ^J f)
\0 ^%
J^rD 0)^^ SA^
^ p
or
^

fo
sss 7
y
2
 A
The CoSme LaW (forobliquetriangles)
There are THREE SIDE FORMS you should know!!

Given the non-right triangle, AABC , then:

b
a1=b2+c2-lbccos(A)
or

b1= a1+c2-2accos(5)
or
C{
cl=dl+b'l-labcos(C) c

Also, there are THREE ANGLE FORMS you

The formula you use depends on
shouldknow!! CCC'^ft^'^^
which side or angle you are looking
for!!!
al-bl-c1
cos(A)=
-Ibc

or
A sT C
e.g. Determine angle B

^B)=^-/ Been
IS en

or
<^s -Cs^-Cto^-^)L
cos(C)=
cl-al-b2 -z^)(?)
-lab
^ Z5~-fo© -^
-i6o
~\
B -c^s ^^T
-l6^. 10
a> a
g ^Z($SC =ZO
 Example 5.7.1
From your text: Pg. 326 #5
The posts of a hockey goal are 2. 0 m apart. A player attempts to score by
shooting the puck along the ice from a point 6. 5 m from one post and 8. 0 m
from the other. Within what angle f) must the shot be made? Round your
aiis\ver to the nearest degree.
(^ -;?-° ^ ^s^f)^ f^-3z--sl
<-^ -z^-s-
$=^0^ ^ 2
Or -'{2f-C^-^
-i(ks)W
f 0 -.
0

P ^C^f-tOZ'Z^ =r ro^z^
-f0^
A
Example 5.7.2
From your text: Pg. 327 #7 ?
Given AASCatthe right, BC = 2.0 andD isthe midpointof EC.
Determine ^45, to the nearest rentli, if AADB = 45° and /-ACB = 30°
J^ P^S Cl^g^ ^ ^ AOC 45° ^ 30°
B D ^.
©F^ M> 2.0

AQ I ^
-^) /}-BO^us^ (^bs-n^ l<^- (S4^3
^^ \, z+^ - z^ <ros D
S^Jto0 ^d^) A
^
^ =|,ftt+/L-^0(i. ^^s^
40 ^ ^'^ ^0 Kfc
^, ^ ^- D c) ^ £f, 7^l/7 - 3^6 ^ ^'
±
^=, -^3 ^ ^ iL\\z^

Success Criteria:
/^ /S /-^ ^n'/S
. I can use the cosine law, given S-A-S or S-S-S
. I canrearrangethe cosinelaw to solve for anunknownangle

11
 Aoon
MATM@TD MCR3U

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5.8: 3D Problems

LearningGoal: We are learningto usetrigonometry to solve 3-dimensionalproblems.

Wewill beusing SOHCAH TOA, the SineLaw, andthe CosineLawfor theseproblems. We'll
jump right in by solving some problems sincewe alreadyknowhowto use the various
techniques! One thing to keep in mind, though, is that these sorts of problems can be
difficultto draw, or even simply visualize becausewe are workingin 3D! Art specialists -
rejoice!

Example5.8.1 .<
From your text: Pg. 332 #4b
Solve for x

/^^ ft^>^Qr ^<^ ^ ^ /^(j^^ ^ 27°

F^

~y^
70° 8 J^^^
.^
p^" K (^eP D 15cm

^^ ^^^ ) /-
/

^^^^-zw^
^ = ^)1^^ -^^-yy)rc)&^ ^
- ^0 - t<9? &s 70 I^ZoTZ^
^^ Zc(^o?^?^ ^se- S(t'>e
sc
A^ 17. 207W3CR, / <Tin A 6A
-^c ^
?ro -7c> 5-^ Si^ Y-12-2S2w
/

X .=^?. clc^ ^38c^

12
 ^(9 in AA6C
d) Solve for 0
(^^ <^ M ^f^ A A^C
15cm
A1 ?^ Si^e or r^st<» /C<(J
^°
/^-^s
cu^\ F^c) &c
,

18cm ;°''>
9y^.
1^ ° 14cm\
^ /4 fi
3
'K(fi c
i; ^4. iY^2^yi '<^°£
yr 05^ <rDSv^ ^t^/ &^ ^. 6 K^
A^

^- ^6^, c?"26^£f4S
, -ts&y»*< c-u-_^i$^^»

" ^ Z^ 7^?(S<i5-^^ ^6<^ ©)/ (p

use c^^t ^ Ac A ^V,. 7V... ^

^r<5. f^> f^"^
H
®
^<Gc^rn II ^\, L^-z^ ^^ A
0 ^ ^^^z^i---z^<-^ A
^^ ^^ - z^-^^^-W o»-^-cl = ^^ A
x ^ f^ff}11- -Z^c.

,?'<--'v
.Z^tZW "
- "-
. 4C
- ^
0. » - (".'^-(^-^
^ ^. r/a ^. w^
y
use pr ^3 &^ Aa
^ 1^ feA s ->A"<>.066^7<r
rt - c)6^r^t>orZ.
c
., -i. t^
^-l?t+>r'z- '^
^
/\-^ ^'(. ^-a^T. <<^z6)
^ ^ t^^t/r1
-^ ZS. t^o7Y<;o3 r A6
A"^' 0 ^CT 13
 Example 5. 8.2
From your text: Pg. 333 #5
WhileTravis andBob wereflying a hor-air balloon from Beamsville to
Vineland in southwestern Onrario, they decided to calciilare the straight-line
distance, to the nearest metre, between the two towns.
. From an altitude of226 m, they simultaneously measured the angle of
depression to Beamsville as 2 and to Vineland as 3°.
. They measured theangle between thelines ofsight to the t\vo townsas 80°,
Is there enough infonnation to calculate the distance between che TWO towns?
Justify your reasoning with calculations.
-^
'Tj6 ^z6v^ - ^
^ v^sf- Cc^^e ^- V/
-.s-^ N
L?. <. 'r°~ ^'^ A

^ ^6 zz

s c
\/
&c v/
^ ^ ^'/n <B"^ ^
ZZ6 ^^^ ^c izb^n--c^
4S/Z. ^r CV
^7/. 7m- &C

c
CY^VT^^-^b^c
^
CL^<S^ ^ ^f^7L^2)"^<YJlZ. ?^^
^7 - 2(ei?t. ^i}(wt.^
^' V/
^ x)c'l^^5o787P^7-s't
?
c^ ?/z6. ?r

^tWf'se^^ \^» T^<°- ^^ a<t

^-1 ZT-^ Ct(>«r+ 14
 Example5. 8.3
From your text: Pg. 334 #11
Bert wants to calculate the height of a tree on the opposite bank ofa river. To
dothis, helaysout a baseline80m longandmeasurestheanglesa^shownat
theleft.Theangleofelevationfrom A to the top ofthe i^ee is 28°.<'Explainif
thisinformation helpsBert to calculatethe heightofthetreT'tothe nearest
metre; Justify your reasoning wirh calculations.

:&
306P" ^ ^ ^ S^C A^.
> '80m - >^( c&n ^S^ 5"\rt ^a^,
A

f^ IK;-«?-? )
c) -^ ^^-
6?° &. ES^ ^. " C
\.l b = S^ (:^>(f )
^
<^°
^Df^
^ S^ )
L= ^t-/j-srn ^
p
DC
-^ ^^= ^r
z%'
C^. W^^^)^- t>c
A ^. }^)\
ZZ^I>^^ ^ QC

^^r^ ^ i^ ^^ ls av^
^-^ h^-

Success Criteria:
. I can sketch, to the best ofmy ability, a representation of the question
. I can identify the correct method to solve the unknown(s) in a given problem

15
Aoofi
MATH@ITD MCR3U

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5. 2 - Trigonometric Ratios and Special Triangles

LearningGoal: Weare learningto find the EXACTvalues ofsin, cos, and tan for specific
angles.

2
There are two "Special Triangles"
^
Go1
<?
^

^
-^

MEMORIZE THESE!

The PrimaryTrigonometric Ratios ofthe SpecialAngles

^_ -1 At
sin(30°) "^ ^ in(60°)
sin
.

sin(450 ) -^J I
'^7

^^L
z
^
cos (30°) cos (60°) cosf45°1 r: J-
ZL z
^
^^
I 2.
tan(30°) r tan (60°)^4V ^!? tan(45°)
^3>^!^ (
(
1_^>_ _ ^
^'^'T
16
^(i^. ^z^ ^
(^^Ai^f l^l
 ^-^"T-
.-
i
<£
^ <1
-^ .§
^ <^
c^
I
:g' (^ I
I?
M
FNJ
^\
s ^ ^
^ .i 4- 0- II
.^
-1^ \
^ 11
^ ^
^
j
^)
s' f^
m -+S \ II
s
^
's ^1 N
f^lr ^)
<L» 5
's &
^^
<1 11
^ &
0\§i
^> (^
^°
g
VI i'l
^^ qs
VI
0 II
<s 1
s
l\
.s J §.
^l.?^
g ^fsJ ! Cr)^ cd
BS
.
/c I
r<\' qs }<s
II
.
s' .a ^\N ^' ^
,
>>
r '^ r^i
n
I -^ ^^ <u
^u
s (t I u
<u
u ^ 'x^ ^- § qs ^
II (i
^ 11 _g ^
3li
w^ co
- St ^1- c- I"' 0 M
^
in u
^
w
..^?
\3
s r§
5 I I 11
^
's ^ ri)
F
Sm ^
I:
'<S~ ^^ >-1
[} n II I'
H w /(T) 02
^ ^'
!-' ^ ^.9
i i.
'^ ^s£
AooQ
MATH@TD MCR3U

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5.3 - 5.4 - Trigonometric Ratios for Angles Larger than 90°

Learning Goal: We are learning to use a Cartesian plane to evaluate trig ratios for angles
between 0° and 360°.

Angles Larger than 90°

- <3-\s c~a\}^c<. c?^^\e ofL
^
Considerthe following sketchofthe angle ^=15 ° "... s
-^i0 h <k- -,
^>(Wx>- f^» Scte''7t)^/7^^»
-
y^e^s^ Co^^'-rbcjL^i<s-e pv ^n
^s
e.g. Calculate
sin(150) ^ t
<9- sin(30) = t
cos i(150) ^ - d)/^
cos(30) - +0. ^<$
tan(150)-^ -0<r^
tan(30) ^^^, 5-77

Cie^Y ^<^<? Co^^ec^^n Le-^^n

^o" <t-lX?0

Inthisexample,wecall ^=150°thePRINCIPALANGLE,or -f-^ Q^it ^ S(^^<

fosr^<i.
Note: The angle ft = 30° is called the
RELATED ACUTE ANGLE

4^, ^ /yi6KS\^^ ^^
18
<-^^/^ hs -^^
 Example 5.3.1
Sketch the angle ofrotation 6 = 225° and determine the related acute angle.

(5^ .0 A^yS. loC^^ ^<

fb)e ^ ^-^r&) 4- /'^e,

e.g. Calculate
sin(225)-0-^?
<9^Z"^ sin(^r)-^a^7
.0
\w 0^ 5<^° cos(225) ^ -707
s6^
cos(Vr) ^ ^-, 707
' ^ tan(225) r: (
\. tan(^r) . =-
^r^ /4^n
Z?OD Gt/
Whatis up with these signs??? (BECAREFULWITHYOURSIGNS!!!!!!!!!)
6^4^L- u&c J$ n-A^ ^^t7L^<<<
Lookingat the TRIG ratios on a Cartesian Plane 1^ Q ^., ^^f ^^i
<$'L (Si\
r^ po^^'^,
f(. -X, -J)
<x^ <9-^ 'F
y P^/4) s^©-^ -^
<^

C0£^-^? ^
£25. 0^^ 2^
r

y
^^--^ ^<^=^
x
?Y ^

^(9--= -f
-^
^ -3
Sb^^
r C'os<^ ^ 2<-
CbS(9';= ^ r

. -3._ ^
^^y " ? f^-x/-^ (^ -(^ <$>s ^
><
Q? ^
19
r^ 7^,^ ^-^ ^;)\ ^ ^^
^ -F ]e^^^7, ^
 The CAST RULE determines the sign (+ or -)
of the trig ratio ?A
^ oF ^ S<^n^ a<n9> ^
AC ^^
r c
t^&rfc:.^ ^-^
J^ ^ <^S

^/^^ ^ ^^ 0^^
We now have enough tools to calculate the trigonometric ratios of any angle!

For any given angle 0 we will:

1) Draw 0 in STANDARD POSITION(i. e. draw the principal angle for 0)
2) Determine the RELATEDACUTE ANGLE (?) (between the terminal arm and the x-
axis (also called thepolar axis)
3) Use the related acute angle and the CAST RULE (arid SOH CAH TOA) to
determinethe trig ratio (alongwith its sign.. .BE CAREFULWITHYOUR
SIGNS) in question

Example 5.3.2
Determine thetrigratio sin(135) Determine the trig ratio tan (240)
$
A
~<?
^ 0 ^
Z4< -h^ (z^ " ^7
ff"^ -I
^
t^
r^7
-\ ^
c
2. T^ rs ^^
r
i
^Cf5s-) ^
-I
Cos 0^) ^

20
 Example 5.3.3
Thepoint P[x, y)=(6, S) lies onthetenninal arm (oflength r) ofanangleofrotation.
Sketchthe angle ofrotation.
Determine: a) the value of r
b) the primarytrig ratios for the angle
c) the value ofthe angle ofrotation in degrees,to two decimalplaces

ib, 0 a) f" -6^rS^ k) S^^©) T -S-- 1

)0 5~
r' T>^^ ^
(^ ^ 3
\° ^ r~- i& Cc^ ID ^~
f

c s'

4.
^ ^)- ^ "j
c/) <fc*^ ^ 3
h 0
^^ ^a) F2J5

Example 5.3.4
Thepoint (-3, 5) lies ontheterminal arm (oflength r) ofanangleofrotation. Sketchthe
angleofrotation . ^ K»t<'vtf^^<
Determine: a) the value of r , / "', \^ . V^-l
b) theprimarytrig ratios for the angle
c) the value ofthe angle ofrotation in degrees, to two decimal places
^(^
- ^-^ ^s)'7L^-^
«-) rz^-s>^^ tje cc<^^- ^^ ^r G^<?^^
cje c^^>^- ch^cd

;^ ?f .

^ ^e/ 0/}^ ^^l^v^

5; ^^. ss^^ ,1. & p^^ ^
!^ ^. ^^P L)> f^-^ <^
5 ^
^) S'n 0- =:^7 '^7 34
^ ^J?^l:
^ --^^ f
fo^ --^1 ^7
-3
34
£>
^^7f}
J?-^ ^
s
^e 5
Q^ ISO"-
0 . C:c^0

=|ZI° 21

^ fa.''('-f) c»i-<'s -S? j i'<-w'"<'." &«^ 2

 SiV? CO& ^ ^t ^ ^?S /'A^ y^ j-z^o
Tv&c^^^t -^^S /^ r'$ ^Q^^cQJty bv fiAj^$,
Example 5.3.5 (going backwards!)

a)Givensin(<9)= +^ determineBOTHvaluesof(9for0°<0^360°
£) Spe^ h f^. 2a'+G2! ^-3&& ^c^ A)
^fftt^^f G^if^&C^
(
.r
gX^-J ^<^T ^^ ^w &, = 30"
^
^f-0 f / » ^ ^lyo-^o "/»
-^ -^
^) ^ hy&^e ^^
b) Given cos(0) = -0. 5372 determine BOTH values of 0 for 0°<0< 360°
az^^

(^ S?\ ^ ^^^ ^fe ^^^ ^^^ ^ (^ ^.^2,^)

0
^
Cos^s) ^O^S7^ ^\12. <it
^ * z
^Q^(Q. ^7l)
^ , ^ . »r0+^-s-/
^ = 5?<$-;0 = Z3^r\a

c) Given sm(0) = -0.4567 determine BOTH values of 0 for 0° ^ (9^ 360°

^ ^^-^
? ^ ? ^J_<? ^ ^r ^(^> ^7-2 :~ 20^Z<s
t '
9^^ 0^6^ ^G>^3(£>'^n = 532^£
^^5/^(o. v^7)
= z?. z6
Success Criteria:
. I can identify a positive or negative angle based on the direction ofrotation
. If the principal angle (9) lies in quadrants 2, 3, or 4 there is a related acute angle, P
. I can identify where a trigonometric ratio is + or - using the CAST Rule
. Every trigonometric ratio has two principal angles between 0° and 360°

22
 Aoon
MATH@TD MCiaU

Chapter 5 - Trigonometric Ratios

5.5 - Trigonometric Identities

LearningGoal: We are learningto prove trigonometric identities

Proving Trigonometric Identities is so much fun it's X?idieMloatS!

Let's start with a simple identity: Recall:

sin 0
^D-(fi^^^
tan 0 =
cos 0
5i^^^^
b c^^-^^
hi ^s S
K

Our second
identity:f^^<^^ ]:^/?A^
sm2 0+cos2 0=l -L z - ,2
^
c~
^^a'" l
.

OR , -.., (cosef + (^''"<&') ^ \

c..
Ccs>l<y -; | - ^"L0 S..1S rs"7~ ©- - I
0^
'<^' cos1 <s-

7l>o y^hJi^ S&.y?

$,, ^ =-\ - cc^Q
<?^ ^s S^^>^^ ^o^
^ Qng
23
 When proving trig identities, it's helpful to keep a few things -^kA) £: ^fc:^ c^(^^
in your mind. Things such as: 11 _ _ ^.^
. The ReciprocalTrig Identities
. Converting everythingto sin and cos canbe helpful
. Start with the side which has the most "stuff to work
with, and work toward the other side
. A few special formulas, whichwe needto find. ..

Example 5.5. 1 ^$ R.S

Prove cos(^)tan(^)=sin(x)

^^f^o RS
{^r^}
C^c^ = ^ U)
LS ^ K.S

Example5.5.2 ^ f^$ SUr-4-- ^e^ ^\ T

1^-.
Prove 1 + eot (x) = csc (x)
"(ff^
^<» A)l e^f^e/^
^ co^W r^e^sm}
-^ ' 9'>'tC") ^tfp^,'
s^zc?o i Fos^O
^ft ^ ^ T(f/0
^^W \Co^Cy)
^ ^

^ =r^ x; =ICS
.

24

LS ^ ^
 Example 5.5.3
From your text: Pg. 310 #8b
tan2 a .2
Prove '~* 7 =sm^a
1 + tanz a

» C^^t ^ b> ^^- c-o$ s^7^?\ CJQ^

<^^)
s^C^ ^ ft(^)
a<£ZQ^
^s^O
o^^^ft)
( ^ S^^"? 5^c<
Cc^jYc*)
f^(^ I

^'iM s^c^
<^sz<r<;t) C^^J
^/
I
J^L^ ^ ^__^?1 r.---"

t'csYoJ <^<s?(<ft) r« ^)
Example 5.5.4
Prove 1 -
2 cos <j) sin4 ^ cos4 ^
= -

0(5 f^
^s CD »tSff
^-Z^0 l- ^ -T;.^.
O^if^ o^ ^^<?S
^y<")
py^it^ i3e^^"/y
S^^tCoS^ -
z^ z^ =^ " ^ ^ ^r0XS ^ -c^
^
9it ^0-C^
^Zf
-. \ ^, ^j2?-Cy&?<S.)
?.
r S^ f0^

s S^ii&.f1
^ r 25
\^
 Tr-3 w
(^si ^^
Example 5.5.5
Prove sin0+sm0eot2 0 = csc 6
t
^$. C^^^ to 5-^/^S I

^^ ^ ^ s (&&l9 Sf^f
=CSC 0
^ (9 S^<^ -^ COS''^
=^^c .-
^^ $^ ^
.

= ^^e-i-ce>siQ
s/" <&
Example 5.5.6
Prove see2 0+csc2 0 = see2 ffcsc2 0

^s: = J_ ^ J- f^ aww^ P?/), /^e^) ^r^e. ^/^.

Co^^ ' ^^
- 5^^ , CcS"® _!_ (
r^^s. '^ ^^es^-e S^ 7<^ <^>y^?

' S^1^ +CBS1< :r<S ZO sec'L3

^^co^^ -=r^^:^©-* 0^ctQ
I - ^ »/
S^^fe>S^
Success Criteria:
. I canprove trig identitiesusinga variety ofstrategies:
o Usingthe reciprocal, quotient, andPythagoreanidentities
o Factoring
o Converting to sin and cos
o Common denominators
. I can recognize the proper form to proving trigonometric identities

26