Sec 3 Chapter 3

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CHAPTER

?
r, Indices and Standard Form
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1. In index form. ru" = ax ax .. x o x a.rvhere rz is a positive integer.


@
n times
2. Laws of Indices
Assume that a and b are real numbers and m and n are positirne integers.

Law I of Indices'. A" x a' = e"'* n


il Law 2 of Indices: (r"'+an =a"'-n,if a*0
Law 3 of Indices: (e"')" = e^n
Law 4 of Indices: an x b' = (a x b)'
| ^\n
Larv 5 of Indices : an + b^ =lil . if b * O
\DI

If rland nare inte-eers,theconditionsfortheabove5lawsof indicesaredifferent.


If nt and n are rational numbers, the conditions for the above 5 laws of indices are a_eain different.

3. Zero Indices
If a is a real number. rve define W 4/;

4. Negative Indices

If rz is a real number, we define a-n=4,t, at'o

I 5. Rational Indices
l_
If n is a positive integer, we define an = {a,tf a>O

If nr and n are positive integers, rve define nT =<17 =klA)''.ifa>o


6. Compound Interest Formula
A= p(t.#)'
rvhere A is the total amount, P is the principal ,RVo is the interest rate per annum (or year) and n is the number
of years.

7. A number is said to be e4pressed in standard form, or scientific notation, rvhcr.r it is rvritten as


A x l}n,rvhere I < A < l0 and r is an integer

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a.
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l. Simplify each of the followin-Q.
(a) ut + (t-t x Q' (b) 2bt x4b3
.r - r .
(c) c-t t (ci )o x c
_I
(d) ild' x ,l d' + d-
I
<o rJ
x( J-XT
(e) e''
^--
(0 T;
" f", ^l
VJ
| + Jf

2. Simplify each of the following, leaving your answer in positi ve index form.
'
/1
lJwl
,-) a

(a) (b) (*)


l;/
(c) 3 + 9y-2 (d) (52)o +6:
^4

3. Evaluate each of the follorving without the use of a calculator.


? l
(a) (-21)' (b) 3-1
(c) {uon (d) 3t - 3'

4. Solve each of the following equations.


(a) 22" -', 728 - (b) 63b - 216
(c) 3c+t -27-r (d) 3-rr/r=1

5. Express each of the following numbers in standard form.


(a) 0.0231
(b) 62 s00
(c) 5 390 000
(d) 0.000 005 34s

6. Express each of the follorving as an integer or a decimal.


(a) 9.43 x l0+
(b) 6.1 x lOa
(c) 2.195 x 106
(d) 7 x 10-7

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7. With the use of a calculator, evaluate each of the follorvin-e, giving your answer in standard form, correct to
3 significant figures.
(a) (8.59 x 10-7) x (0.392 x 105)
(b) (8.05 x 106) + (7 x l0-2)
(c) 3.2x 106+ 1.8 x l0o
(d) | .91 x l0'- 2.02 x 105

8. The disk space of a computer hard disk is 750 gigabytes. Express 750 gigabytes in bytes. givtng your answer
in standard form.

9. Express 0.5 MHz (megahertz) rnherrz. giving your answer in standard form.

10. Express 76 pg (micrograms) in grams, giving your answer in standard form.

il 11. A particle has a mass of 273 picograms.


(i) Express this mass in grams, giving your answer in standard form.
A small bottle contains 0.3 billion of such particles.
(ii) Find the total mass of the particles in the bottle in grams. giving your answer in standard form.

12. The distance from Beijing to Seoul is p metres, where p - 9.6 x 105.
The distance from Seoul to Tokyo is q metres, where Q = 1.2 x l0'-.

Beijing Seoul Tokyo


@ 9.6xlosm o 1.2 x 106 m @

(a) Express q : p as the ratio of two integers in its simplest form.


(b) If the three cities lie in a straight line, rvith Seoul between Beijing and Tokyo, find the distance between
Beijing and Tokyo. Give your answer in metres, in standard form.

) 13. It is given that the mass of one atom of oxygen is 2.66 x 10-23 grams'and the mass of one atom of carbon is
1.99 x 10-23 grams. Find, giving your answers in standard form,
(a) the difference in mass between one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen,
(b) the mass of one molecule of carbon dioxide, if a molecule of carbon dioxide is made up of one atom of
carbon and trvo atoms of oxYgen.
.
14. Find the compound interest on $2500 for 2years at3Vo per annum, if the interest is compounded
(a) annually,
(b) monthly.

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INTERIUIEIII&E
15. Simplify each of the following'
(b) -5atbt x gcttb'
(a) (-5atbt)'
-t"
(c) _ttt x (rtb: )1 (d) -(4ct3b\t ,
a;=
,
gD"

16. Evaluate each of the following rvithout the use of a calculator.


/ r \-o
(a) l" +l*| (b) 8-t + 8" - 8'
i:/
l
I (d) 16-l x 8r * 2-'
(c) 9-' + 9" + 92
/, r\ -.
\ -

(e) (;l + 3-' -3 (0 (81] - 4" ; x.3-'


\T/
I r \u .(Zl1-tl . /r\ r l
(g) l:l x'\s/
, (h) l+l
\)/
+ l25r'
\/tt 32

17 . Simplify each of the following, leaving your answer ln positive index form.
(-2r'y)t (2xtl,')t x JF
(a) T76ry (b)
1
)

' / '1 ,.\ /'t \


(d) 3l lLl
(c)
w.(+) |
\r'- /
l,l
\ x--yi

18. Given that


J-
<p
= 5-", find the value of p.
{s

19. Given ,nu, d-$ = a,,' .find the value of n,.


,l a'

20. Given that I u =2,10q = 3 and 10'= 1250, calculate the value of 103p*2u giving your answer in standard form.
"
21. With the use of a calculator, evaluate each of the follorving, giving your answer in standard form,
correct to I

3 significant figures.
0.26 x t0-o
(a) 10* - 3.12 x lo-s (b)
2.31x 23 x 10-2

(c) |,2x 108+ 2(3.5 x 107) (d)

106 )
7.5 x 10_6 (0
(e) + 4.lx 10a r--------- "
l.5x 10' V16 x l0--

22. Gwe'that a-5x 10-3 andb-2x 102,expresseachof thefollowinginstandardform.


a,
. /D
(a)
a
a

(b) " -!) 1

w | 1 t,,\i, i L.ii .i
23. It is given thatp=4x l0'and Q=3 x l0s.Expresseach of thefollowing in standardform.
(a) pxZq
2
q
(b)
p

24. Light travels I metre in 3.3 nanoseconds. Horv many seconds does light take to travel to a planet that is
4.2 blllion kilometres away from the Sun? Express your answer in standard form.

25.
Singapore Korea World
Population 5.18 million 50 million 6.97 billion

Using the information from the table, r

(a) calculate the difference in the population of Korea and of Singapore, giving your answer in standard

t (b)
form,
express, in the form | : n.the ratio of the population of Singapore to the population of the rvorld.

26, The diameter of a spherical microorganism is 0.000 001 654 cm. Giving your answer in standard form, find
(i) the diameter, in cm, of the microorganism,
(ii) the volume, in cmr. of I million such microorganisms.

2T.Itisgiventhat3xlOs+2x10' +4x10'+5x10r-3024.05,whererand)areintegers.Writedorvnthe
value of x and of r,.

28. Mr Tan accumulated a credit card bill of $20 000 from a bank which charges a compound interest of
3.ZVo per annum, compounded monthly. Calculate the amount of money he would have to pay to the bank at
the end of4 years.

29. Mr Chua invests $6050 in a bank that pays a compound interestata rate of 4Vo per annum, compounded
) every 3 months. Find the amount he has in the bank at the end of 2 yars, giving your answer correct to the
nearest dollar.

30. A sum of $25 000 rvas loaned from a bank that charges an interest of r%o per year, compounded yearly. At the
end of 3 years, an amount of $28 121.60 r,vas paid to settle the loan. Find the value of r.

31. Rui Feng invested a sum of money in a bank at 6Vo per annum compounded every half-yearly. He received
an interest of $Ll 198.38 at the end of 3 years. Calculate the sum of money invested, giving your answer
correct to the nearest dollar.

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ADUANCED
32. Every 20 minutes, a parent cell divides into trvo daughter cells. Starting rvith only one parent cell, find the,
number of daughter cells at the end of t ''

(i) l hour.
(ii.l I day.
(iii) I r,veek. ,'
Give your answers in the form 2", where n is an integer.

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33. Simplity - x
,-:+l 8l'-l

34. Without using a calculator, find the value of


ol5
L
(a) &,
, 1b) 28x54.

35. Find the integer n such that 9' + 9" + 9' = 243.

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36. Given that 16 x 64" = l, find the value of n.

37. (a) Given thal2" x 2-t = $ . nnO the value of rr.


I
(b) Given that
* = 6*' find ft.

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38. Simpliry i/{\
\ y-' / 3*-'y-'

39. Simplify each of the following.

(a) ("n.v-')1 * (t*v-')i


:l I

(b) /l2s\
l.'l
\,r /
40. (a) Expressing your answer as a polver of 11, find
(i) 1120 + lls,
I
(il)
u.
(iii) vTT.
(b) Given that 5-r x 5* = l, rvrite dorvn the value of ft.

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41. The radius of a cell, rvhich is circular in shape is 46 ptm (micrometres).
(i) Express 46 prm in metres, giving your answer in standard form.
(ii) Find the area of the cell in mt. givins your answer in standard form.

42. (a) The population of cheetahs in the rvild of Africa today is estimated to be l2 000.
Write 12 000 in srandard form.
(b) The average speed of a male cheetah is 9.7 x l0o metres per hour.
When hunting for a prey, it can increase its speed to 1 .1 4 x 101 metres per hour.
Calculate the percentage increase in the speed of the male cheetah.
(c) The average speed of a female cheetah is 29 m/s.
Calculate the average speed of a female cheetah in km/h, giving your answer in standard form.

43. In 2010,the population of Thailand rvas 6.64 x I0? .

(a) In the same year the population of Singapore was 5.011 x l0o.
Horv many more people lived in Thailand than in Singapore?
t
Give your answer in standard form.
(b) Between 1950 and 2010, the population of Thailand increasedby 238Vo.
Calculate the population of Thailand in 1950.

44. The table shows country X's 201 5 electricity consumption, in GWh (gigawatt hours).

Domestic Agriculture Manufacturing Other Industries Total


41t6.1 541r.2 11 032.8 22 971 .3 50 197.4

(a) Convert the total amount of electricity consumed into KWh (kilowatt hours).
Give your answer in standard form.
(b) Country X had a population of 3.1 I I million.
Calculate the mean domestic electricity consumed per person.
Give your answers to the nearest kwh.

) (c) From 2000 to 2015, the amount of electricity consumption by ag.riculture decreased by 41 .6Vo .

Calculate the electricity consumption by agriculture in 2000.


Give your answer to the nearest GWh.

45. The value, $V, of a flat / years since it rvas built is given by V = 20 000 x 1.1'.
(i) What was the value of the flat when it was first built?
(ii) Find the percentage increase in the value of the flat at the end of two years.

46. Tim invested some money in a savings account for 4 years.


The rate of compound interesf rvas fixed at 37o per annum.
At the end of the 4 years, there was $9004.01 in his account.
Horv much did Tim invest i6 the account?

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47. Ming invests $35 480 in an account'
The balance, $p, of the account after rr years is given by the formula P = 35 480 x I .0125".
(a) Calculate P when n = 5'
Give your answer correct to the nearest cent'
Find the percentage increase in the balance over the 5 years.
t!'
(b)

aS. (a) Mary visits her sister in Paris


To pay for the air ticket, she borrorvs $1668 for 3 years at compound interest of 2.6Vc per year.
Calculate how much interest Mary will pay on the loan, giving your answer correct to the n€arest cent.
(b) In paris, Mary spends €199 on her credit card. She pays a fee of 0.87o of this amount to the bank.
The bank uses an exchange rate of S$1 = €0.65.
Calculate the total cost in Singapore dollars Mary has to pay the bank.
Give your anslver to the nearest cent.

49. Arubber plantation has an area of 200 ha (hectares), where I ha is 1000 square metres.

An average of 4 rubber trees grow on every 10 m2.


Each tree bears an average of 60 fruits.
The owner of the plantation estimates that these trees will produce 1.44 x 107 seeds in total.
Calculate an estimate of the average number of seeds produced by each fruit.

50. (a) Alpha Canis Majoris, or Dog Star, which is the brightest star in the sky, is 8.48 light yean away from
the Earth.
Calculate the distance, in kilometers, of the Dog Star from the Earth, giving your answer in standard
form.
(b) Another star Alpha Centauri is 4.35 light years away from the Earth.
A spaceship travels at 50 000 km/h.
Calculate the time taken, in years, to 2 significant figures, for the spaceship to travel from the Earth to
Alpha Centauri.
(l light )e&r = 9.46 x 10rs metres)

(-l-!;\P l'frlt .r

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