PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 4 - 3B

SY 2023 - 2024

Name: Raphael Seo Grade: Nine Score:

Project Name: Subject: Date of Submission:

April 19, 2024
FACTORS AFFECTING Science 9
VOLCANIC ERUPTION

I. INTRODUCTION

Multiple types of eruption can occur when volcanoes erupt. The style of eruption depends on a
number of factors, including the magma chemistry and content, temperature,
viscosity, volume and how much water and gas is in it, the presence of groundwater, and the
plumbing of the volcano.

For this quarter, you will investigate the factors affecting volcanic eruptions.

II. OBJECTIVES

Identify a factor that affects the volcanic eruptions.

Design an experiment testing the independent variable and simulating volcanic eruptions.
Explain the impacts of volcanic eruptions.

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III. ESSENTIAL SKILLS

A. Strand Skills: Understanding scientific explanations, generating scientific evidence,

reflecting on scientific knowledge

B. Transdisciplinary Skills: Analytical Thinking, Critical Thinking, Synthesis, Research Skills

C. Technological Skills: Word Processing Skills

IV. OVERVIEW OF THE AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT

Factors Affecting Volcanic Eruption

Experiment simulating volcanic eruption and the factors that affect its occurrence

V. CRITERIA

Factors Affecting Volcanic Eruption

Laboratory Experiment (40 pts.)

- All the elements needed in the experiment paper are completely and
accurately presented - problem statement, hypotheses, variables,
procedure, data analysis, and conclusion.
- The results of the experiment are also supported with photos and relevant
data.
45 pts.

Laboratory Performance (5 pts.)

- All relevant data are recorded and analyzed accurately. The task is performed
with a significant level of efficacy, involvement, and engagement.

Individual Contribution

VII. SPECIFICATION OF TASKS

Laboratory Experiment

Problem Statement

How does the viscosity of different substances affect the flow rate of magma in a volcano?

Hypothesis
Null

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If there is a difference in the viscosity of the lava flow, then the volcanic eruption will not be
affected.

Alternate

If there is a difference in the viscosity of the lava flow, then the volcanic eruption will be affected.
Variables
Independent The viscosity of the substances

Dependent The flow rate of the substances

Control a. cups

b. a straw

c. plastic wraps

d. amount of each substance and the pressure it is exposed to.

The materials used (cups, straws, and plastic wrap), the amount of pressure used for each
substance, & the amount of each substance used
Procedure

Using your own words, state the step-by-step procedure to follow in accomplishing the task.

Experiment #1
1. Prepare all the variables as well as a sheet of cardboard.
2. Pour one part of each of the substances on the cardboard.
3. Measure the length of the spread of each substance using a ruler.
4. Jot down the measurements.

Experiment #2
1. Prepare all the variables and label each cup as water, ketchup, and peanut butter for
better identification.
2. Pour one part of each of the substances into the cups.
3. Cover the top of the cups with plastic wrap.
4. Make a hole in the wraps for a straw to pass through.
5. Put a straw in and blow it for a certain time with the same or similar force.
6. Repeat No. 4 for the rest of the substances.
7. When blowing, observe the size of splashes of the substances.
8. Jot down the observations.

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Data Analysis
Provide some evidence of your experiment here (photos).

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ltx6cd1YR8upccprO9YwVNVDwJWWm0H3/view?usp=drivesdk

What did you observe in your experiment?

In the first experiment, we observed that water had the longest length of spread which is 7.2 cm,
followed by peanut butter(4.5 cm) and ketchup(3 cm). With a length of 7.2 cm, water has the
lowest viscosity, as it was expected. With 4.5 cm, peanut butter comes in second, this one was
smoother and less viscous. Finally, with 3 cm, ketchup comes in last. It's interesting to note that
the ketchup behaved more like jello than like a liquid.
In the second experiment, we observed that water had the biggest splashes, peanut butter had
fair splashes, and ketchup had the fewest splashes. Water, placed first, was the ideal material for
blowing bubbles on. Second place went to peanut butter. Compared to water, it was
considerably difficult to blow bubbles. Ketchup comes in last. The blower had to blow with all
effort. Nothing was happening at first, but eventually, a bubble did form.
These results indicate that water had the lowest, peanut butter had the middle, and ketchup
had the highest viscosity among them.

Results and Discussion

1. How did your independent variable affect the result of the experiment?
In accordance with the study, the substances' viscosity and flow rate are our independent
and dependent variables, respectively. The independent variable affected the dependent
variable, according to the experiment’s results. Water, or any other substance with low
viscosity, caused the flow rate to be rapid. Conversely, ketchup, or any other substance
with a high viscosity, caused the flow rate to be slow. In other words, flow rates increase
with low viscosity and increase with high viscosity.

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2. How do volcanic eruption simulations contribute to our understanding of geological
processes and hazards?

To forecast when an eruption will occur and what region of the volcano will be affected,
volcanic eruption simulations are required. By being aware of this essential knowledge, we
can potentially save a great deal of lives by educating the communities. For instance, we can
avoid all volcanic eruption deaths by examining the patterns that indicate when volcanoes
will erupt, such as those related to plate tectonics or erosion. More intriguingly, though, is
the possibility of simulating the dynamics of a volcano. With the help of modern technology,
it is possible to simply recreate thousands of years in the past when it comes to the
dynamics of gases, rock formation, composition of magma, mechanisms behind eruptions,
etc.

3. Based on the factor you have chosen, how does it intensify the effects of volcanic eruptions?

A volcano's magma viscosity can cause either a milder/effusive eruption or an explosive one.
More viscous magma usually results in a more violent eruption. Because of its thick
consistency, it retains gases, building up pressure that might cause an explosive eruption.
It's thick, though, so they don't flow as smoothly. Low-viscosity magma, on the other hand,
usually indicates an effusive eruption. However, they gradually cover enormous areas
because they are thinner.

4. Based on your observation, how can the devastating effects of this phenomenon be at least
minimized?

You must take precautions before the eruption even occurs in order to lessen its
catastrophic repercussions. Seismometers, gas sensors, and satellites can all be used to
prevent the early signs of a volcanic eruption. Next, draft an emergency action plan for your
household or perhaps the neighborhood. Determine your family's escape route and
destination in case of an emergency. Finally, raise awareness by including these cautions in
the curriculum for students.

5. Can volcanic eruption simulations help predict the timing of future eruptions, or are they
primarily focused on understanding eruption dynamics? Explain your answer.

To be honest, both of them could possibly be. The primary purpose for the existence of
volcanic eruption simulators is this: we can discover plenty of information about the
dynamics of volcanoes. For instance, we can examine the behavior and movement of magma
using simulations, such as the magma's rates, paths, and interactions with the nearby rocks.

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 We may learn quite a lot and develop fresh insights that may result in discoveries.

Furthermore, while not entirely accurate, volcanic eruption models can aid in the prediction
of future eruptions. The technology of today is far superior to that of the past. Since our
computers can now roughly forecast when it will occur, individuals may choose to relocate
to a safe location or refrain from building homes in that area.

6. How do volcanic eruption simulations contribute to emergency preparedness and disaster

response efforts in communities located near active volcanoes?

As previously stated in my answers, it is possible to forecast the regions that are going to
experience the impacts of a volcanic eruption to some extent. This provides us with
important information to plan particular routes. By using simulations, the researchers can
forecast whether an eruption will occur as well as the people's evacuation path. Volcanic
eruption simulations have the potential to shed light on the elements that contribute to
volcanic eruptions in a given geographic area, as these factors vary widely around the
planet. It was able to detect continuous signs of impending eruptions as well as visualize
and predict potential eruptions.

7. Can advancements in technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning,

enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of volcanic eruption simulations? How?

In my opinion, technological advancements definitely play an important role in achieving the

accuracy of volcano simulations. This is because AIs have the ability to learn from different
cases of happenings in the past and present, which makes them capable of posing different
outcomes in various situations. This could be illustrated by merely the fact that economic
and developmental improvements that had been made after the invention of AI technology
are occurring at a greater speed than those of periods before the invention of this
technology. Technological improvements can further develop AIs into more trustworthy
tools that could lead us to act according to detailed information.

8. In what ways can students engage with and contribute to the field of volcanic eruption
simulation research, even at a young age?

Students can develop science-based projects related to volcanic eruptions, such as

building simple models or simulations to understand volcanic processes. This hands-on
approach can help them grasp the fundamental concepts and contribute to their learning,
allowing the growth of their interests in this domain. Students at a young age could also
actively learn about volcanoes and spread interesting points to others to encourage them
to study in this field. This could be said to be a notable contribution to this field of study, as

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 it enlarges and makes prevalent its significance in our society.
Conclusion (2 points)

Draw your conclusion by answering the following questions:

a. Which hypothesis holds true based on the results of your experiment?

The hypothesis that has been proven to be true in this experiment is the alternative; “if
there is a difference in the viscosity of the lava flow, then the volcanic eruption will be
affected.”

b. What is the answer to your problem statement?

The answer to the question, "How does the viscosity of various substances affect the
magma flow rate in a volcano?is easy to pick up. The flow rate of magma will be slow if its
viscosity is high. On the other hand, a low viscosity of the magma will result in a rapid flow
rate, meaning that the higher the viscosity, the slower it flows, and vice versa.

Individual Contribution

What was your role in the group, before, during, and after the activity?

Before

I brought up the idea of having an experiment related to viscosity because of how easy it is to
understand and test it out, which triggered my interest. I also conferred with our groupmates
about the materials we were going to need for the experiment. I was able to figure out what I
could bring and also what others could bring.

During

I helped in the experiment by doing the following:

1. Washing the tools
2. Measuring the dependent variable

After
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I cleaned up with my groupmates after the experiment. I also clarified the measurements and
organized the things to do such as uploading of documentation.