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Co-nperanve V.ctona Road.

^Yest Pakistan.

Marke

KARACHI

PUNJABI

MUSALMANS
Lt. Col. J.M. Wikeley

Second Edition

THE BOOK HOUSE

8,

Trust Building P.O. Box 734,

LAHORE.
Price Bs.

7-50

LIST

OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
Hamilton.

'Punjabi Musalmans' by Captain

The Gazetteers of

the Punjab

and North

Western Frontier Province.

3

Census Report 1891, 1901, 1911 and

Tod's 'Rajasthan'.
-\
India'.

1931,

4
5

^
I

Thompson's 'History of

6
7
?

Elphinstone's 'History of India'.

'^
Vj

McGrindle's 'Ancient India'

^
.

Handbooks an

'Rajputs, Jats and Gujars

Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the

Punjab
Province.
10
11

and

North

Western

Frontier

'The Gypsies of India' by Mackeritchie.

'A History of the Muglia:l&=^:egatt' Asia' by N. Elias and

Printed By

Muhammad

Saeed Sheikh at

ACCURATE PRINTERS

And

Publisaed by Him fOR

THE BOOK HOUSE, LAHORE.

The aim
book
is to

in

produciug

this

put into an easily accessible

as possi-

form and as much informative

ble
etc.,

concerning the history,

of the people of Punjab

customs

who have

embraced Islam. This book gives the

origin

and history of almost

all

the

important Punjabi Tribes.

Publisher

PUNJABI

MUSALMANS
I

Chapter

The term Punjabi Musalmans roughly describes those Muslim Classes and Tribes which are to be found m that portion of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province which lies between the Indus and the Sullej Rivers
South of the main Himalavan Range. This includes Hazara District, portion of Jammu and Poonch (Kashto the

mir

territory),
2.

and the

Hill Tracts of

Rawalpindi

District.

Four Main Divisions of Punjabi

iVlusaltnaas.

Punjabi main heads

Musalmans may

be classed

under

four

(0

periods prior to the

fanciful or mythical
satisfied

Muhammadan
ancestors,

invasions, others claim

while

the

remainder are
the
are,

into the country with they came Muhammadan conquerors. The traditionsof their past

that

as a rule,
in

handed down by
the

the tribal 'mirasis'

who

record

song

exploits of their heroes.

tree,

the tribal genealogical

These bards keep the roots of which extend

:

back to some legendary hero

in

some

cases even to

Adam.
In the absence of

more

satisfactory records

we have

generally to accept these statements, where they are not at variance with the opinion of ethnological authorities.
In chapter

there

is

a short

account of each

tribe,

based on these sources of information.

or sub-tribes are dealt with which are of

Only those

tribes

some

interest.

Below
mentioned

is

the description of the

four main divisions

in

paragraph

2.

RA

.1

UT

Aryan Origin of Rajputs.

All 'Rajputs' claim

Aryan

origin

and

this

claim has

been accepted as correct by mosi ethnological authorities. Their common birth dates back, however, to so remote
a
past,

that

the

term

Rajput now

describes

races

which are most

dis-similar.

The

effects of time, claimate,

have wrought great changes in the various branches of the race. We now find the Rajputs of Rajputhana differ greatly from the Rajputs of Southern Punjab and these again from the Rajputs of the

and

political vicissitudes

North West portion of that province.

Punjab there are many types of the race, distinguished from one anIn

other by

their
in

moral and physical

characteristics,

and

possessing,

varying degrees, the qualities which

make

good

soldiers.
all

The Aryan descent of

Rajputs cannot be said to

have been established beyond dispute, and it is probable that some, at least, of the Rajput tribes are of Scythian or
Rajputs are sprung from this source, for they belong "These chiefly to the Agnicular or 'Fire-born" tribes. are generally considered to have been Scythian v^arriors

Hun man

origin. It

seems

likely that

most of the Punjabi Musal-

who

assisted the

Brahmans

in their final struggle

with the

Buddhists, and were admitted into the ranks of the 'twiceborn' as a reward
title

for their services to Hinduism.

in

The

order to distinguish them from the original Rajput races which claim descent from the Sun and Moon."

'Fire-born'

was bestowed on them

The word Rajputs

had won from the
improved

is

derived as follows
settled

The Aryans having

in civilization

down
the

in

the lands they

Dravidians, aboriginal race, and by a process of natural selec:

tion gradually resolved themselves into three classes

(1)
(2)

The Barhman, or

priestly class.

Rajput or governing and military caste, composed of the Maharajas and their warrior kinsmen and companions, whose
i.e.,

The Kshatriya,

duty

it

was

to

fight,

rule

and

administer
in general.

justice,
(3)

and protect the community

The

Vaisiya, or trading

and agricultural

caste,

now

represented by the Bunnia.

Rajput a Social Grade.

the

The Rajput therefore represented the aristocracy, and word implies this distinction to this day. So much
is

so

mean

the case that Rajput in the a social grade rather than an

Punjab has come to

ethnological term.
tribes

The decennial censuses show how many

our
to substantiate their

endeav-

claim to high social position by returning themselves as 'Rajput', numbers of whom have

no

title

to

that distinction.
to their

Others

have

fallen

io

Jat

status

owing

non-observance of those social laws

as Rajputs.

recognised as necessary for the retention of their position Many tribes have both a Rajput and a Jat
in

branch, while others rank as Rajputs

Jats in another.

one

district

and

So
fiajput

clearly
it is

is

this social position

of the Rajput recothe

gnised, that
to

common
name of

to find

men adding

word
is
;

the
to

their tribe,

even when the tribe

to Rajput

well
It

known

have no claim whatever

origin

implies that the

man

considers himself to

be

of Rajput

status.

Pride of Race or Tribe.

The Punjabi Musalman Rajput

as a Rajput has

what

be called a "pride of tribe' of which he is most tenacious and which he maintains by strict adherance to

may

the

which govern his marriage customs. He does not look on himself as a Rajput first and then as a Gakhar, or a Janjua or an Awan, but as member of one of these tribes first, and then as Sahu or as Rajput which
rules
entitles him to a certain social It position. which distinguishes him and of which he
is
is

his

tribe

proud

member.

This

is

a feeling

which
in

it is

important to
to

foster.

He
any

will not give his

women

marriage

members of

tribe

which

is

than his own.

labour,
unless

As

a rule

regarded he will not undertake menial

thereto by stress of circumstances.
tribes

as lower in the social scale

driven

Those Punjabi Musalman

in

which have become lax

observance of these social laws have inevitably fallen from the rank of Rajput to that of Jat.
the

The Aristocracy of

the Rajput.
the
aristo-

The Punjabi N'lusalman Rajputs belong to cracy of the Punjab, and though a few other

tribes

con-

sider themselves their equals, there are, with the exception of the Sayads and the Gakhhars, none that rank above

them.

Conversion
Hinduism

to Islam.
the

Muslim Rajputs from have taken place towards the supposed end of the 13th or early in the 14th century A. D. The
is

The general conversion of

to

Muslim conquests undoubtedly accelerated this change of religion, but the preaching of several renowned Muslim Saints, especially Bawa Farid of Pakpattan and Syed Ali
(Data Gunj Bakhsh) of Lahore, whose eloquence drew large numbers to hear them, helped considerably to
Hijveri
this end.

Separation

of

the

Hindu Rajput from the

Musalman
Prior to

Rajput.

Muslim conquests the who4e of the Punjab and Northern India was ruled by the Rajput The decissive battles of Thanesur, Kanouj and princes.
the

Benares

fought

by

Muhammad

Ghori

in

1193 A. D.

Rajputs and Rathors, broke up their power and their effective combination. A great immigration of Rajputs into Marwar and Northern and Western Rajputana
against
the

then followed, and in that quarter they became the ruling

race
;

there they retained their independence

final

and

religion,

separation between the two branches (Hindu and Muslim) was then complete.

and the

Military service

is

looked on by the best Punjabi

'Metier',

Muslim Rajputs

in their true

and

all

the

best

known

families have given their sons to the

J

Army.

ATS

Origin.
as Jats in the North origin of the people known Western Punjab, and as Jats East and South of the Sutlej,

The

has

been

the

subject

of

much

learned discussion by

ethnological authorities, and

very divergent views have been expressed. No degree of certainty has been reached, and what the Jats are, or whence they came, is still an
historical

problem

which

remains

to

elucidated

by

archeaological or other antiquarian research.

Conjectures as to Origin of Jats. The Jats have been identified by one writer with the
gypsies

of Europe, another makes their original home in the Mesoootamian marshes, others again consider them to be the descendants of the Jatii, Getae and other Scythian

which entered India about the beginning of the Christian era. Recent opinion, however, leads to the a Jat or Jaat race conjecture that at no time has there been
races,

as distinct from the Rajput race.

It is

probable that both

have spung from the same Ayran stock.

"Jat" Signifies Social Status.

Whatever the
signifies

origin of the term Jat

may

be,

it

now

in the North Western Punjab an occupation or of social status, rather than a tribe or race. Rajputs degree represent the highest social grade while Jats may be considered to rank next to them.

in
in

The term Jat is also used to describe an occupation one locality it means the cultivator or "Jat Zamindar", another it is applied to the camel-driver, and elsewhere
:

to

cattle

graziers.

Jats

are essentially

tillers

of the

soil

and as cultivators they superior

Jat

to Rajputs.

Claim

to Rajput Descent.
tribes trace their origin

In fact,
status,

most Jat

and ascribe

their fall in social

from Rajput rank to the mesalwith a person

liance of

some Rajput prince or

princess

of lower grade.
Punjabi Musalman
tive

To

ancestry for all Jats and to describe them as distinclay

facts, tribal

down

common

race,

is

warranted by neither historical

The majority of legends, nor distinctive physiognomy. the traditions of the Jat tribes in the Punjab point to
their being recent arrivals in the land of their adoption.

Stability for the

Army.

a recruiting point of view Jats vary considerably according to the locality in which they are found.

From
in

While

not good, in another they are well worthy of consideration. The Muslim Jats of the Eastern Punjab and the districts bordering on it, are
district they are

one

a very different people to

the Jats of the

North West,

and these again from the Jats of Multan.

Jats often to be Prefered to Rajputs.

There are Jat tribes which in every way, physique, as soldiers to spirit and manhness, are to be prefered
others of Rajput status.

Mention of Jats
find

in History.
first

Subsequent to the
A. D.

Muhammadan

invasions

we

the Jats frequently mentioned

in history.

In 1024

of Ghazni had great difiiculty in overcoming the Jats of Sind, and he is said to have finally reduced them after a naval engagement near Multan,

Mahmud

presumably on the Chenab. It that the word Jat has been used
the historians
Jats

who
as

probable, however, a very loose sense by in In 1658 A. D. the this event. relates
is

appear

valuable
that

allies

to

Aurangzeb
the
Salt

in

the

troubled

times

followed

deposition

of

Shah Jehan. Babar mentions the Jats of the in his memoirs.

Range

Good Physique of Jats.

In

the area where water

is

scarce,

the Jats are a

in

pastoral people owning in

one place

cattle,

another

camels.
effected

The opening of the great Punjab canals has them greatly and now they are well-to-do cultiTheir occupations, especially in localities where

vators.

they have led a pastoral life, have affected their physique favourably; they are, as a rule, heavy thickest men with

good

chests.

Their mental equipment

is

also

now

ap-

attention to Education. preciable due to their paying

Conversion to Islam.
Gujars of the India in Punjab embraced Islam, but when Baber invaded
It
is

uncertain

when

the Jats and

1525 A. D. he found that in the Salt Range they had been subdued by the Awans, Janjuas and other Rajput tribes,

adopted the Muslim religion; we may conware Muslims. that clude therefore Punjabi they Jats have been, and still are, democratic in Musalman

which had

their tribal

arrangements.

PUNJABI MUSALMAN
Origin,

GUJARS

While the

/ar/7

and Getae were moving into India

from the Kandahar valley, another Scythian tribe called the the Yuch-Chi, whose modern representatives are in Kabul, Kashmir and Gujars, had established themselves
the Northern Punjab, where their settlements
in

may

be traced

names of places and districts such as Gujranvvala and Gujrat. Before the end of the 3rd century a portion of Yuch-Chi had begun to move Southward and were Northern brethren shortly afterwards separated from their by the advance of the Getae or Jats from the Bolan.
the

As has
Jats,

before been noticed, the distinction between

Gujars and Rajputs is probably social rather than Those families of the Aryo-Scythian stock whom ethnic. the tide of fortune raised to political importance, became
Rajputs, almost by virtue of their rise, and their descendants have retained the title with the privileges by

observing the rules by which the higher are distinguished from the lower castes in Hindu scale of precedence ; by by refusing to intermarry with families of inferior rank
;

rigidly

and by refrainThose who ing from menial and degrading occupations. estate and transgressed these rules fell from their high
abstaining from widow-marriage
;

were reduced, some to the grade of Jats or cultivators, others to that of Gujar or herdsman.

10

Gurjara Empire,
Indian history also mentions an obscure tribe
as the Gurjaras

known
North

who

apparently flourished

in

the

West for the short period about the 3rd or 4fh century
Empire, with its the whole of capital at Kanauj and embracing nearly This Northern India, about A. D. 840 under Bhojal. It tribe is supposed to be of Scythian or Hun origin.
A. D.

One

authority fixes as Gurjara

seems more than probable that the words Gujar, Gujrat and Gujarat are derived fro.n this source. But the origin obscure that no definite in history of the Gujaras is so
statement can be

made on

the subject.

Gujars, a Pastoral People.

The Gujars
as
a

as

a race

have always been recognised

past ral

occupy
goats.

people, and the larger portion of them themselves with the herding of cattle, sheep and
the Punjab

They are found throughout

they

belong to the resident combine cultivation of land with the herding of

localities

some population and

;

in

cattle, in

As already mentioned others they are purely nomadic. the Punjabi Musalman Gujars were probably converted
during the 15th Century A. D. The Punjabi Musalman Gujar is a patient tiller of the soil, arid his physique is good. As in the case of Punjabi Musaimau Jats it is impossible to describe the characto the

Muslim

faith

Punjabi Musalman Gujars as being alike. Both vary with the locality in which we find them, and the ocupation which they follow. The education standard
teristics

of

all

of this tribe

is

now

raising.

OTHER TRIBES
Among
Punjabi Musalmans there are certain tribes

11

which claim to be of other origin than that of Rajput, Those may be classed as Foreign tribes Jat or Gujar.
of comparatively recent date. They came with the Muslim conquerers and have always been Musalmans by religion.
as there advent into India
is

Arab Invasion of Sind.

conquerers o\ India they appeared in Sind during 8th century A D. having landed at a point near the site of Modern Karachi.
first
;

The Arabs were

the

Muslim

They overcame the Brahmans and, leaving behind, marched up the Right bank of Indus.

garrison

Brahman armies

en route they

finally

Defeating captured Multan.

Punjabi Musalman tribes appear to claim descent from these Arabs, though it may be that with these
adventures came the
first

No

Sayads and Koreshis.

Awans and Gakkhars.

Mahmud
of
India

of Gazni was the next Muslim Conquerer Several tribes, the (1001 A. D.). notably
to

Gakkhars and Awans claim

through
it

have come with him,

is

difi^ieult

to reconcile their statements with

historical records of the time.

Turks and Mughuls. Both Timur and Babar brought Turks and Mughals with them. From the latter a number of tribes claim to
be descended, and
it is

now

the fashion for

many Punjabi

Musalman
these

tribes to

call

themselves Mughals.

Among

are the Khattars, Kassars, Ghebas and others. Of the Turks but few remain, a single tribe in Hazara being the sole representative.

Persians.

The Gakkhars

are

the

only

tribe

which claims

12
Persian origin.
pedition
to
If

we except Darius who

about
500 B.

sent

an ex-

fndia

monarch
A. D.

who invaded India He came and went, but

rule.

only Persian was Nadir Shah in 1739

the

C,

leaving

no garrison and

no Persian

Sayads, Koreshis and Sheikhs.

The Sayads and Koreshis are Arabs,

the former being the

the direct descendants of the Prophet's tribe,

ancient

guardian of the "Kaaba" at Mecca. Both tribes have many branches, which claim to have come into India at
different periods.

Shiekhs.

The only
is

caste which includes miscellaneous converts

the "Sheikh",

which

is

really a title of respect

and was

applied originally to the

Arab
little

spirtual guides.

These
the
rare

tribes

have

to

distinguish

them
:

from
in

ordinary
instances

Punjabi

Musalman

Rajput
true

except

(especially

among

Moghals)

their

physiognomy and

characteristics are those

lies.

of the people

among whom

they

further account of

them

will be

found

in

Chapter V.

Pathans.
Inhabiting

Hazara

District,

North West
Indus
in

Frontier

Province, and the banks of the

Attock and

Mianwali Districts are purely Pathan

allied to Pathans.

tribes

and

tribes

These

tribes are fully dealt with in

Chapter VI.

Chapter

11

SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE PUNJAB

The
Muslims,
ties

history of the
is

Punjab before the advent of the

and

a record of legendary events, obscure dynasof which has foreign invasions, the sequence

not yet to be clearly established.

It is difficult

to fix definitely

when legend ends and

true history begins.

The
fact,

first

event which stands

out as a solid historical

recorded by trustworthy writers, is the campaign of Alexander the Great, in B. C. 327-324.

Before this (with the exception of the Persian expedition under Syklax), we have to rely for our knowledge

on the legends contained

in the

Vedas

after

it,

the scanty

information we possess has been obtained from the coins and inscriptions found in various parts of the country, and, for short periods, from the memoirs of two Chinese
writers.

The record of the expedition under Syklax was found in Persia, and is contained in two inscriptions. The force was sent out by Darius 1 of Persia between It passed through the Punjab and 521 and 484 B. S.
Syklax "Fitting out a Fleet of boats, navigated the Indus to its mouth and utlimately returned home by a sea
route".

(Thompson).
thus anticipated

He

Alexander's similar

movement
is

by over 160 years.

portion of the Punjab

13

supposed

14
to

have formed a Satrapy of the Persian Empire of Darius, and later it may have been included in the
that country.
this the

Achaemenian Empire of

to
in

Aryans are supposed have entered India from the North West. They came succeeding hordes which followed each other at great

Many

centuries

before

intervals of time.

Until recently the approximate date of those immig-

between 2,000 and 1,003 B. C, but Pandit Hari Kishan Kaul, in his "Report on the Census
rations
fixed at

was

of 1911", has antedated the Aryan invasion by 3,i00 years, and fixes the date of the first Aryan movement as
being not later than 5 000 B. C. conclusions are based on

This learned

writer's

Count

Bjournstjerna's

"Theogany of the Hindus", and are further strengthened by certain dates, fixed astrologically, in the Vedas.
"That
ancient
in

Bactrian

documents

called

h e

"Dabistan" found
list

of Bactrian kings,
to India.

Kashmir by Sir W. Jones gives a who were Hindus whose first king
thus prove that India
civiliza-

reigned in Bactria, 5,000 years before Alexander's expedition

And what would

Bactria,

was linked with

and enjoyed a splendid

tion 6,000 B. C./or nearly 8,000 years ago."

We know very little know has gathered from

the Rig Veda.

of the Aryans, and all we do the ancient Hindu documents,

We
tribes,

learn that

the Aryans

overcame the aboriginal

whom

they drove before them as they penetrated

into the country.

These

aborigines

have

been

named

Dravidians

15

nothing
is

is,

hid

in

however, known about them, and their origin The wild and semithe mists of antiquity.
Sonthals and
the Bhils and

wild tribes of India, such as

others, are supposed to be their descendants.

probable that a large portion of the Dravidians became subjects of Aryans, and an inter-mixture of blood
It is

may have

taken place.
their

Each successive swarm of the Aryans pushed predecessors further into India, East and South.

The Aryans founded

the

Hindu

religion

and divided

themselves into three great branches or castes:

The

Brahmans the Kushtriyas and

the

Vaisiyas,

Ruling or which represented the Priestly caste, Fighting caste and the Trading or working caste.
the

The country was divided into principalities, under different rulers who waged war on one another.
of the country, and the Brahmans paramount, until the 4th Century B. C. when

Hinduism was the

religion

a change came.
teaching,

Gautama, the Buddha, commenced his

rapidly,

Budhism increased
B.

rose

to

its

zenith

under

Asoka 272-231

C and

remained the popular

religion for over 600 years.

In
scene.
first

327 B. C. Alexander the Great appeared on the His Army entered India in two columns, the
itself

followed the Kabul river into the Peshawar valley

and established
menced.

on the

right

near Attock, where a

bridge to

bank of the Indus span the river was com-

Alexander led the second column through the moun-

16

of the Peshawar velly and the the brave tribes of these hills were overYusufzai plains: come and the flank of the great made secure.

tainous country north

Army

Indus, Alexander entered the kingdom of Ambhi, who reigned over the territories lying between that river and the Jhelum, and who had already tendered
his

Crossing the

submission.

The Macedonians were

guests

rather

than conquerers while at Taxila, the capital of Ambhi's Taxila has been indentified with the kingdom.
ruin

Rawalpindi district, and extensive excavations are now in progress on the former site of this city, under the direction of the
Archaeological department.

mounds near Shah-ki-Dheri

in

the

very complete account of Taxila,

its

institutions,

religion and learning has been recorded by Aryan, the historian of Alexander's campaign. The brilliant exploits which followed and their termination in the death of

Alexander while

in

Persia, are too

well

known

to

need

further record here.

of the campaign were but transitory, and the history of the Punjab was unaffected by them. The Bralimanical chronicles do not even meation Alexander's
effects

The

name, though
Asia.

his

fame

is

established throughout

Muslim

The Macedonian garrisons were driven out of the country or submerged by 324 B. C.
the Punjab appears have been under the rule of three kings, the names Ambhi, Porus and Mousikanos have come down to us.
to

All the time of Alexander's visit

The Mouryas dynasty, which consolidated tories under one throne, and which ruled

these

terri-

the Punjab

17
(as

well

as

great

Chandra Gupta in The great Budhhist king Asoka, belonged to this years. line, and has left lasting monuments of his piety in ihe edicts, named after him, and found throughout India.

portion of India), came in with 321 B. C. and lasted for about 90

Then followed
era.

the

Bactrians, the

Parthias,
third

and Kushan
of our

dynasties, which bring us into

century

The Bactrians had attained Greek civilization, and their Macedonian and Greek. Their
ruled the Punjab
until

a considerable

degree of

ruling

classes

were
to

princes

appaar

have

from the

about the end

of the Mauryan dynasty of the second century B. C, when

fall

the Parthians

came on

the scene.

east

The Parthians came from the country to the Southof the Caspian Sea, and are described as a nation
horsemen.

of

fierce

They were followed

in

the

first

century A. D. by the Kushan emperors, who belonged to that section of a people known as the Yuch-chi.

The best known of these emperors was Kanishka, whose empire included Bactria, Afghanistan, Kashmir and Eastern Turkistan as well as the Punjab. Kanishka,
Asoka, encourged Buddhism, and his name as celebrated in China and Tibet as that of Ashoka in Burma and Ceylon. His capital was at Peshawar, then
like

2nd Century A. D. has been fixed as being the period in which this monarch reigned.
as

known

Purushapura.

During the 3rd and 4th centuries A. D. the history of the Punjab is shrouded in obscurity. The Gupta dynasty, commencing with a second Chandra Gupta,

IS

appeared in the south, about 320 A. D., but the PunjJb does not seem to have come under its sway.

The White Huns entered the Punjab early in the 6th century and remained in power until about the year 530
A. l>.
Sialxot,

"

Their capital was Sakala,

now

iden'ified

with

and

their best

known

kings were

Tdramana and

Mihiragula, of

whom

the latter overraij Kashmir.

These Huns "were akin to those other Huns, who

and wide
the

cavaged-the e:9stjofEyropg and) spread theiir terror far manaers and . the^.by the-, j^ayagery of ila^eir
, . .
,

uncouthne^ss of their appearance.

ThBy;, were

ai

race J>i

Mongolian t\pe with'the high icheek" bones, sunkieni eyes and snub noses." (Thompson's fiistoryof India). With them were associated, in some obscure manner, a
the Guriara. peo Te known as ' -; . \'

'

'

'

>..

Though
th.^y
left

the

their

power of the Huns did not last long, mark on the histor "And' added a new
.

clement to the population of India". (Thompson). One of the Royal clans of Rajpuiana the Hunas. may possibly be their descendants, and a small Rajput tribe in the

Punjab

is

known

as

Hun.

The Gurjara
tors of the

are supposed by

some

to be

the ances-

Gujars and have left their name in Gujar Khan, Gujrat, Gujranwala and Gujarat: The downfall of the Huns was accomplished by the Yaso'dharman,

whose name only has come down

100
years

to us.

gap of about

follows
lost
its

this

obscure event.
the

Budhhism

place

as

This period popular religion of the

raised

country, and

the

Brahmans again

Hindiism

in

its,

former position and themselves to power. This change was not brought about by peaceful methods alone, and

19

the Agnicular or "Fire-born"

Rajputs

tribes

are

said

to

have owed

their admission

gave to the Brahmans

After the

into the fold for the help they during their struggle for superniacy.

appears to have come under the rule of petty Rajput princes, who parcelled out the country into small independent states, of which, early in the 8th century, the most important

Huns 630

A. D.

The Punjab

had

their

capital

and Lahore.
ruled
a part of

Garh Gajni (Rawalpindi), Si.tlkot, The Hindu kings of Kashmir probably

at
.

end of the 9th century, vvheti the Northwest Punjab west of the river Jhelum, came under the Brahman rulers of Kabul, known as Shahi
it

until the

was these kings whom Sabuttagin, the the Ghaznawid (Muslim) dynasty overcame.
kings.
It

first

of

In

712

A.

D.

Islam

made

its

first

appearance in

the country with Arab conquerors of Sindh.

a cousin of the Governer of the province BabyloniEi, under jthe country npar modern Karachi. A portion of tlKir.ifarce

The Arabs under Muhammad Bin Kasim,

came gverland ^hile the Arab fleet Overcoming

up the
right

rei^aindpi;

the

wer(?,cpnveyed. by an Hindu Kings they pi^rched

finally

bank

of

the

Indus, an'd

established

themselves at'M'ultain.

"The Afab

soldiers

renamed

in

Sindh, where they formed Military colonies and settled

down

permanent occupancy. When the powers of the Khalif of Baghdad and of the Provincial Governor
in

declined,

the

local

rulers

became independent.

From

about the year 879 A. D. there were Sultans reigaingat Mansura and Multan." (Thompson's: History of India) Their power did not however, last long, and their adveat made little or no change in the religion of the country.

20
Sabuktagin, the
first

of the Ghaznawids, added Kabul

and Peshawar,

dominions, and defeated Jaipal. at Lamghan in 988 A. D. He was succeeded by his son, Mahmud of Ghazni, in 988 A.D., and followed the Muslim conquerors of India. Mahmud
to

his

King of Lahore,

said to have
first

undertaken 17 campaigns against India.

great battle was against Jaipal, who had suffered defeat at the hands of his father in 988 A. D.

Mahmud's
tight

The

is

believed

to

have

taken place on the Chach

plain near

Hazro on the Indus. The Gakkhars, at that time a very powerful race, who held all the hilly country

Jrom the Margalla pass to the Jhelum, made an impetuous change with 30,000 men on Mahmud's camp and almost
decided
the
fate

of the day

in

favour ot Jaipal, but

the
battle.

Mahmud

averted disaster and

won

In

the

year Mahmud met the Rajput confederacy under Anandpal, the son ot" Jaipal, at Bhaimda, and for the second time the Gakkhars were nearly succeeding in scale in favour of Rajputs when. turningthe Anandpal's
1009 A. D.
elephant, which had

been wounded, bolted from the

their
his his

field,

and the Hindus concluding that gave away. Mahmud thus won

leader was fleeing,

second great victory.

son

Miihmud was succeeded by

death
in

Muhammad, who
to
his father

was early deposed by Masud, another son, and put

1030 A. D.

Masud emulated

with

but poor success, and lost most of the territory he had

won: Ghazni and a portion of the Punjab alone remained.

The Ghaznawids were expelled from Ghazni in 155 A.D. by Ala-ud-din Ghori, and the last of them took refuge in Lahore where he was captured by Muhammad Ghori
1

in

1185 A. D.

Muhammad

Ghori,

also

known

as

Shahab-ud-din

21

Ghori, was a nephew of Ala-ud-din, the Ghori chief, from the mountains to the west of Ghazni. Mahmud
of Ghazni has been able
to

keep these chiefs

in

checic,

and

but on the decline of the Ghaznawids they rose in power finally, as we have seen, wrested Ghazni and the

Punjab from the house of Ghazni.

The Rajput Chiefs formed a coalition under Prithvitorrent of Muslim invasion, and Muslim raj to stem the met Hindu near Karnal in 1191 A. D. Muhammad Ghori was defeated and his army fled. The following year,
however,

Muhammad

the Rajputs, a battle

Ghori again led an army against was fought on the same ground as in
time Muslims were victorious.

the previous year, and this

Delhi

was

captured
power.

and

became

the

centre

of

Muhammadan

Shahab-ud-din Ghori was assassinated in 1206 A. D. by a hand of Gakkhar or Khokhar (it is uncertain which)
tent at night.

Muhammad

who swam

the river Indus

and entered

his

the

The Ghoris were followed by the dynasty known as Slave Kings, which commenced with Aibak, and ruled
from 1206
to 1290

was during the reign of Altamash of this line that the Moghals first appeared Chingiz Khan ravaged the Punjab and Sindh.
at Delhi

A. D.

It

After the

Slave Kings

came

the

Afghans known as

Khaljis 1290-1320 A. D.
Shahis, 1320-1412 A. D.

who were

followed by the Tuglak

of the Sutlej, appears at this time to have been under the rule of governors appointed

The Punjab,

to the west

from Dehli.

22

Moghal) entered India in 1398 A. D. He crossed the Indus at Attock and marched on Delhi, meeting with no opposition on the way. Delhi was taken after a battle fought under its walls. Taimur
(a

Taimur

the Tartar

remained

in

waged
valleys.

war

Delhi only a fortnight, and during his return against the Hindus of the Himalayan

was no permanant and the Punjab appears to have India, power ruling been held by Viceroys, nominally under the authority of
in

From

1412 to 1526 A. D. there

the king of Delhi, but in reality

more or

less

independent.

Saya J, Khizr Khan, Governor of Miiltan, sie2ed the throne and established a line known as the Sayads/who; were followed by the Lodhis, and Afghan Thethird king of this clan, from 1451 to 526 A. D.
{he
1

"

lni414A. D.

dynasty gave grea^qflfepce tp the, Afghan nobles,, and one of them who wa^ t]ien Qftve.rnor of. the Punjab "Invited
the

Moghul Babar,

to

^ep

in

^nd (redress

their grievaacjaa"
. .

(Thompson).
Babar, sixth
the
in

descent from
in

Delhi, and at Panipat,

decissive

battles of

Taimur, advanced on April 1526 A. D. tought one of the world and gained a great
in

He elected to stay victory. him commenced the line of the

Until the dechne of the
the Punjab

the country

and with
j

great

Moghal Emperors,
in 1707

Moghal power

A. D.

form of a settled Government, and in Akbar's reign formed one of the fifteen "Subahs" or provinces, under a Viceroy.
the
J

was under

The year 1739 A. D.

is

memorable

for the invasion of

Nadir Shah.

That such an expedition was possible shows^

23
the
state

of decay

and weakness

to

which the Moghal

power had fallen. Another batile was fought near Karnal, and Delhi was sacked for the third time. Nadir Shah took away with him to Parsia an immense amount of
booty, which included the famous Peacock throne and the
Koh-i-nur.

During

this period,

with the loss of

all

central control

from Delhi, the Punja-b seems to have broken away from authority and to have formed a systeni of small states owned by petty tribes, which were more -or less independent.

There were the Gakkhars

in the hill C-dUfitry

between

the Margalla pass

in.

and the Jhelum, iheJ-diipa^ Q.ti6Awans>

Range, the Sials. pjT Jhapg^,,. the Kharrals of Montgomery, and others, who appointed, tli.eir owi^ chiefs
the J S^lt
^

and fo -med
state
unt^l

their

pwn

revejiues.

Matters .remained in

this

the Siklis

rose to

power

and

asserted their

authority

from

Lahore.

Sikh

Sardars

were placed.as

Governors and, backed

revenue.

up by Sikh troops, took over the

This was
at)d

not accomplished without severe fighting,

tribes,

some of

the

notably the Gakkhars and Janjuas

gave the Sikhs

infinite trouble.

From

the latter
\Vas

half of the 18th

5//:/z

century the North

British after the^

West Punjab

under

dominion, and it'sorehiained

until the country

was taken over by the

in 1849.
.

second Sikh war

This short sketch of the history of the Punjab shovJ^s' that, from earliest times, the movement of 'the peopfes'
into the

Punjab has been from the North West. Until conn' paratively recent times almost each century has been the

arrival of new

racesAryafts, Bactrians, Scythians, Huns

24

and many

others, differing

Punjab some have physiognomy, and some passed on further east and south. It remained is impossible that there has been no intermingling of blood
:

have

widely entered the

in race, in culture

and

becomes exceedingly difficult to fix, with any degree of accuracy, the origin of most of the tribes which we now call Punjabi Musalmans.
and
it

There

has,

however,

been also

another current of

immigration into the Punjab which this account c.innoi show, viz from Rajputana and Hindustan into the southern

and eastern parts of the

even further north.

Punjab, and

is

ib.olated instances,

The
and
its

details of this

second movement are most obscure

causes not easily explained.

The Manj, Punwar

and Chauhan Rajputs appear to have been those which were most effected by it. The best known of these movements
occured
in

the

reign of Ala-ud-din, of the Khalji dynasty

(1296-1316),

when

the ancestors of the Kharrals, Tiwanas,

Ghebas and Chaddars, emigrated from the Provinces of

Hindustan to the Punjab.

Some
others

retained their
Jats,

status

became

but

and name of Rajput while the tribes which have resulted

second movement are probably of purer Rajput and Jat descent than the other Punjabi Musalmans who

from

this

claim the same origin.

Though four main

tribes, in

Punjabi Musalmans have been devided into

sections,

Rajputs
it

another chapter,

Gujars and other must not be concluded that

Jats

this division is ethnologically correct.

Chapter

III

HISTORY OF ISLAM
Birth of

Muhammad

(Be Peace upDn him)

(Be peace upon him), the founder of the Musalman rehgion, was born at Mecca in the year 570 A. D. His parents belonged to the Koresh tribe. The
sanctity of

Muhammad

the Koresh

dates

from

nearly two centuries

before

the birth of

Muhammad

(Be peace upon

him), at

which period the tribe acquired the guardianship of the "Kaaba" at Mecca. The "Kaaba" is said to have been built by prophet Abraham, and from remote antiquity,

had been a centre of pilgrimage and

tribes of Arabia.

worship

for all the

The Arabs
their

at this time

were steeped

in

Idolatry

and
(Be

religion

was

decrepit

and

effete.

Muhammad

peace upon him) received light from heavens and declared that he is a prophet, commissioned by the only GOD, to put down the idolatry, and restore the religion of Abraham. He told about the Day of Judgment when

everyone will appear before the Creator of the World and will be rewarded for his goods and punished for his sins. The Meccans were annoyed wiih this announcement, for
the

Gods denounced by Muhammad

their

(Be peace upon him)

were

holy

things

and

their

attachment

to

the

traditional worship of their

fathers
rested

was the greater since

the prosperity of their the "Kaaba," which,

town

upon
for

the sanctity

of

besides

being a

great
all

centre of
tribes of

pilgrimage, was also a trading mart

the

Arabia.

25

26 During the next few years Muhammad (be peace upon him) endured every species of insult and persecution,
at the to

hands of the people of Mecca.

fled to

He

finally

decided

abandon Mecca and had taken kindly to

'

Yaihreb, whose inhabitants the new doctrine. This flight or

Hijra" took place in 622 A. D. and has become the era of Islam. It marks the establishment of a new religion

of the most powerful influences of civilization tne world has ever known. Yathreb was hencedestined
to be

one

forth

named

the city of the

or shortly Madina.
elected

Prophet "Madinat-un-Nabi" Muhammad (be peace upon him) was

chief

magistrate of Madina.

By wise

decisions

and

the creation of law

and

justice

where previously only

his

violence existed,
lovers

the people of

Madina became

great

and devotees.

After a series of victories which he was granted from Almighty, he advanced to Mecca where he entered as a
victorious.

While entering

in

Mecca,

Muhammad

(be

peace upon him) declared that there should be no bloodpains to preserve the sanctity of the city, and confirmed all its rights and privileges. Besides the
shed.

He took

abolishing of idols, every sanctuary, except the "Kaaba," vvasdestroyed. '"Kaaba" was declared there cognised centre

of Islam.
After that, the faith of Islam rapidly spread throughout Arabia. In 632 A D. at the time of the death of

Muhammad
of true
speard over

(Be peace upon him) the Arabia was full Muslims. Within six years of his death Islam
Syria, Persia

and

Egypt,
the true

which was
believers

in fact

due

to

the sincere efforts of

of

the

Islam was meant to throw light of civilization Prophet. on the whole world and this light was spread over a great

27

world by the followers of Muhammad (Be peace upon him) who understood the reality and importance of Islam. Rome, Africa and Spain were introduced with the Islamic civilization, and within a century the true
part of the

Muslims had pushed

France.
All

their

conquests

into

the

heart

of

by

Europe would probably have been overrun the soldiers of the Crescent, had not the Muslims

stopped their advancement.

On
Hazrat

the

death

of

Muhammad

(be peace

upon him)

Abu Bakr was appointed "Khalifa" the Amir-ulMusalmeen. Hazrat Abu Bakr died in 634 A. D. and was succeeded by Hazrat Omar the Great. Hazrat Omar the
Great died in 6-14 A. D. and was succeeded by Hazrat Osman. Hazrat Osman faced amutiny in 656 A. D.
in

which he

lost his

life.

On

Hazrat Osman's assassination

KhaJif
unconditionally.

Hazrat

Ali

was

elected

He,

however, met with

follower of his
to

opposition from Moawiyeh, a predecessor, who compelled him to come

led to a

much

terms.

This

conspiracy

among

his

own

partisans, three of

mosque.
over
his

murdered him at the doors of a A great mausoleum was afterwards erected tomb, which became the site of the town of
holiest shrines of the Shiah pilgrims.
All's death in 661

whom

Meshed, one of the

On
in

Hazrat

A.D.

his eldest son

Imam

Hassan was elected

to the Khalifate, but he resigned office

favour of Moawiyeh, on condition that he should resume it on the latter's demise. Moawiyeh, however, who

wished his son Yazid to succeed him, caused Hassan to be murdered by his wife. Yazid succeeded his father, and
the

Omayyad dynasty was

thus firmly established in the

Khahfate.

Up

to this time

the office of Khalifa

was

elective

and

28
democratic, but Moavviyeh,
election,

whilst retaining the

form of

made

it

in reality hereditary.

to

With the accession of Moawiyeh the Omayyad came inpower, and from this time, the feud between the Hashmi
Koresh
tribe

(the

to

which

Muhammad

him) belonged and the Omayyad,

centuries before the birth of the

upon which originated two

(be peace

Prophet (be peace upon and had been passed on from generation to generahim)
tion, received fresh impulse.

Hussain, the second son of Khalifa Ali, has never acknowledged the title of Yazid, and when the ^Tusliras

Imam

Mesopotamia invited him to release them from the Omayyad, he proceeded to Iraq, accompanied by his family and a few retainers, to place himself at the head of
of
the former.

On

the way, at Kerbala,

Imam

Hussain was

overtaken by an Omayyad army and, after a heroic struggle listing four days, he and his following were all
slaughtered, save the

women and

a child

named

Ali.

This took place on the 10th of Muharram in the year 680 A. D. It is in Commemoration of this e\ent that the

of Pakistan, India and Persia observe the days of the Muharram as a period of mourning.
Shia/is

first

ten

Thus

within

Islam,

from

earliest

times, there

have

been two faction, the Hashmites and the Omayyad. The Hashmites are to-day, generally represented by the Shiahs,

and the Omayyad by the

Siinnis.

The Shiahs

believe in the absolute sanctity of the Des-

cendants of Hazrat Ali. They maintain that on the death of Prophet Muhammad (be peace upon him) the office of

Kbalif

is

vested by divine right in Hazrat Ali, and

after

29

him

in his

two sons

Imam Hassan and Imam

first

Hussain. and

they reject as usurpers, the

three Khalifs.

They

detest the

memory who

of the

Omayyad

Khalifs

who

wrested the Khalifate from

cular, that the Yazid,

its

rightful holder

and

in parti-

slew the martyr

They observe the first ten days of commemoration of the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali and his sons, and carry about "Taziahs,"' meant to represent the tombs of the two latter, witli loud lamentation and
mourning.

Imam Hussain. Muharram as a fast in

The Suiwis observe only the tenth day of Muharram and abhor t'le "taziahs". They consider themselves the only true followers of Muhammad (be peace upon him) on the ground that they accepted Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Omar the Great and Hazrat Osman as rightful Khalifs and that they submit themselves the authority of the "Sunneh" or "Hadis," recognising six books of
"Hadis."
Shiahs recognise only four books.

The

religion of Islam.

The Sunnis are devided into four schools //o/zq^, Sliafi, Maliki and Hambali. Majority belong to the first.

The Shiah or Imamate doctrine

being a light (nur) which

indicates the

Imamate

passed by natural descent from

are divine,

one

to the other, the

Imam

and

this heritage is

inalienable.

Thus the second Imam, Hassan, the

Ali.

eldest

son of Hazrat

could not resign

the

although he resigned the Khalifate Imamate which had descended to

him, and on his death passed by inheritance to Imam Hussain. Its subsequent devolution followed the natural
line of descent, thus
:

30

Hazrat Ali (the

first

Imam)

Hassan

(the

2nd Imam)

Husain
Ali

(the 3rd
I

Imam)

II,

Zain-ul-Abid-din (4tb)

Muhammad
Jafir

Bakar

(5th)

Sadiq (6th)

Ismail

Musa Kazim

(7th)

Ali III Naqi (8th)

I

Muhammad

Taqi (9th)
I

Ali IV (10th)
I

Hassan Askari (11th)

Muhammad Abdul Qasim

or

Imam Mahdi
Jafir,

(12th)

the sixth

Imam, nominated

Ismail, his eldest

son, but on the latter's premature death he declared that Musa was his heir to the exclusion of Ismail's children.

The claims of Ismail were supported by one party among the Shiah despite the declaration of Jafir, and thus was founded the Ismail sect who held that the last

31
visible

Imam was

Ismail,

after

whom commenced

the

succession of concealed Imams.

The other
Qasim,
is still

party, the

Imamites, support the claims of

Musa, and believes

that the 12th

Imam, Muhammad Abdul

is

alive that

he wanders over the earth and

destined to re-appear.

Shiahs and Sunnis

have minor differences

is

their

manner of offering prayers and performing ablution. The principal difference being that Sunnis, when praying, cross the arms over the breast, while Shiahs, keep the arms straight by the sides.
Another sect which may be mentioned is that of the Wahabis, founded by Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahab. This sect are very puritanical and rejected all traditional
teaching except that of the Prophet's (be peace upon him) companions. They prohibit pilgrimages to shrines or

tombs, and in other respects try to restore Islam to its They are extremely fond of advocating pristine purity. 'Jihad' or Holy wars against infidels.

The

great majority of Punjabi

Musalmans are

Sunnis.

DOCTRINE
the

Holy book of Islam, embodying orders of Almighty and the teaching and precepts of
is

The Koran

the

the Prophet (be

in prose,

peace upon him) The work

its

is

written

importance, is a model of literary elegance, and a perfect storehouse of

religious

and apart from and most

is

the purest

classical

Arabic.

The name given

to this religion
its

Islam,

signifying 'safety' or 'salvation'

adherents being called either Musalmans, Muslims,

or

Momins.

32

The cardinal principle of Islam is a belief in the Unity of God and the acceptance of Muhammad (be peace upon him) as the messenger of God. "The central
porposition which regulates
there
is

fear in Nature,
fear.
It
is

the structure of Islam, is that and the object of Islam is to free

fear

man from
essential

that

dominates man.

The

nature of

man

consists in will,
fate
is

not intellect or

understanding.

That a man's

written on his fore-

head

is

entirely of

Hindu

origin."

(Extract from a lecture

by Dr. Sh.

Muhammad

Iqbal).
belief in the

The Koran
soul,

inculcates

immortality of the
life

man's moral

resposibility

for his

on

earth, a

day

of judgment, and
in paraside, or a

in

the

hereafter a

reward of existence

punishment.

The Muslim creed enjoins prayer, charity, truthfulness industry and thrift, justice, devotion and humanity to
animals.
Periodical
the senses,
fasting as

an excercise

in

subjugation of

and purification before prayer are prescribed. As regards the former "but he amongst you who shall be ailing or on a journey (shall fast) an equal number of
other days, and they that are able to keep it (and do not) Reshall make atonement by maintaining a poor man".

garding the

latter, purification,

the hands, face and feet as

is

the parts most likely to be soiled,

intended.

Conditions

may

exist,

however, which

may

render ablutions impossible

traveller in
tiie

and a

soldier in

the field, a

desert,

the

denizens of a wintry land, and others similarly may dispense with ablution before prayer.

situated,

33
Haij.

To keep

alive

the

feeling

of

brotherhood and

to

perpetuate the

of the sacred spot where the great directed if circummessage was delivered, Muslims are

memory

stances permit, to

make

a pilgrimage to

Mecca (The

Hajj).

A man may
provided
allowed.

marry one, two, three or four wives he can deal with them "equity." Divorce is

Envy and mischief-making,

alike

pride

and vanity, are

strictly

condemned, and compulsion

Drinking intoxicants
is

in religion is

forbidden.

reprehended.

RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCES
The Khutbah.

AND

FESTIVALS

or sermon delivered every Friday and on the Idul Fitr and the Id-ul-Zuha, after the

The khutbah

is

the oration

mid-day prayer.
Zikr

ceremony or act of devotion practiced by the various religious orders of "Fakirs" and "dervishes." "Zikrs" are either recited aloud or in a low voice or mentally. The most common form of "Zikr" is
"Zikr"
is

the

religious

a recital of the ninety-nine

names of God, and

in paradise.

for those

who

recite

them have their reward

The Tasbih.
of ninety-nine beads and is used to facilitate the repetition of the ninety-nine names of God. In addition to the "Zikr" already mentioned, there are

The Tasbih

consists

34

more generally used. They are used as exclamations of joy and surprise, such as "Subhan Allah"
"Holliness be to God.",

four others even

Alham-do-Lilla," "Thanks, be to

God",

"La-ilaha-il-lal-lahu,"

"There

is

no

diety but

God".

"Allah-Akbar,"

"God

is

Great".

The
times,

hundred and evening ensures forgiveness for all morning

repetition

of two of these sentences a

venial sins.

Imams, Maulvies or MuUas.

Each Musjid has its Imam, who leads the daily prayers and is in receipt of the revenues of the
Masjid,
while the
Faith,

Mouh ies

and Mullahs are the teachers of the

less,

and correspond, more or

to the

doctors of

divinity.

The

religion of Islam comprises

two

essentials

"Iman"

or "implicit faith," and "Din" or "practical religion."

The foundations of
1.

the Islam are five in

number :

The

recital

of the "Kalima" or creed.

the

2.

The observance of

"Namaz"

or "Sula"

i.

e.

the five prescribed periods of prayer.

3.

The observance of fast Ramzan.

the

"Roza"

or thirt>

days

4.

The bestowal "Zakat" or alms.

The performance of
Mecca.
the "Hajj" or pilgrimage to

5.

It

by far the most important. consists of repeating the following Arabic sentence
is

Of

these the

Kalima

35

follows "La-ilaha-Illallaho Muhammad-urRasul Allah." "There is no God but God, and Muhammad It is in fact, the Muslim confession of is his messenger".
correct
as
faith,

and has to be repeated when anyone

is

converted to

Islam.

Namaz

or

five

periods of prayer.

name given to the five p:riods of prayer which a devout Musalman is required to observe daily. The prescribed periods are day break, 2 o'clook in

"Namaz"

is

the

the afternoon, before

to rest.

sunset, after sunset

and on

retiring

Takbir and Rikat.

The

regular form of
is

or introduction which

prayer begins with the "Niyyat" recited in the "Quiam" or stand-

ing position, the right hand placed on the left and the eyes looking to the ground in self-abasement. Next follows the *Tateha"
i.

e.

the recital

of the

first

chapter of

the

Koran,

after

which

come "Takbir-i-Ruku"

and the

"Takbir-i-Sijdah," the former repeated while making an inclination of the head and body and placing the hands

upon

the knees,

and the

latter in the attitude

is

of "Sijdah''
to

or prostration, in
the ground.

which the forehead

raising

made

touch

and body and sinking backward on the heels and placing the hands on the thighs,

Then

the head

the worshipper says

the "Takbir-i-Jalsa"

in the

"Quiam"

or standing position as before. A "Takbir" in the standing position completes each "Rikat" or form of prayer.

Each "Takbir"
tions repeated

consists of a

several

number of pious ejaculatimes such as "Allah Akbar"

"God

is

Great."

36

The "Azan" or Call

to Prayer.
in private

Namaz may
the Masjid.

be said
latter is

The

company, or in considered the most meritorious

in

or

and must be proceeded by the "Aza:i" or call to prayer recited by the "Muezzin." All prayers must be made in the direction of Kaaba.

The "Roza" or

thirty days fast.

The toza or thirty days fast take place in the month of Ramzan. The Ramzan according to Christian calendar
changes about
it

a period often days id each

year,

e. g., if

commences on the 10th day of September in one year, it will commence about the 31st of August in the following The fast is strictly observed from sunyear, and so on. rise to sunset daily the fast does not commence in the Muslim world until the new moon is seen and the news telegraphed in each country by the Imams of the "Jammia Masjid" or by the concerned department of a Muslim State.
:

Tf the sky

is

overcast

and the moon not

visible,

the

fast

commences on

of thirty days from the beginning of the previous month. The fast of the Ramzan should be kept by every Musalman except the sick, the
the completion

aged and
children.

woman who
Soldiers on

are either pregnant or nursing their

service

and

travellers

are

also

In the case of a sick person or a traveller, the exempt. fast should be kept as soon as circumstances permit.

"Zakat" or alms giving.

The term Zakat

the

literally

name now given to Musalman is enjoined by

means "purification". It is the legal alms which every devout

the

Koran

to bestow

poor or to devote for religious purposes.

upon the "Zakat" should

37
be given annually on five descriptions of property,
viz.,

money, cattle, fruit, merchandise, and land, provided the donor has been the possessor of a minimum amount of each for a year. The' 2| per cent on money, cattle, and
merchandise should be given, but on land the amount may vary from l-20th to 1-lOth.

The Hajj

or Pilgrimage.

The Hajj is enjoined on all Musalmans possessing the means to perform it. Pilgrimages to minor shrines of Islam are called "Ziarat" to distinguish them from the Hajj or great pilgrimage to Mecca. All Musalmans who have performed the Hajj enjoy the title of "Haji" and may
wear a green turban as an outward indication of
rank.
their

Observances by the Masses.

following principles of the religion:

1.

All Punjabi

Musalmans

are, of course,

observe

the

The performance of circumcision. The

be
five daily

2.

prayers (which cannot be said to

strictly

observed by the majority).

in

3.

The assembled prayers on Friday

The abhorrence of pork
Observance of the
fast

a mosque.

4.

5.

of

Ramzan and

the

celebration of the Ids.

Piri

Muridi
practice
is

The

common

all

over the Punjab, but most

38
prevalent in the
is

Upper Punjab where every

single person

supposed to have a Pir or preceptor, who initiates him into the secrets of divine worship and guides him in his No one can inspire confidence as a spiritual progress,
truthful

or

straightforward
himself)

man
to

until
Pir.

he

has

done
this
is

"Bai'at"

(affiliated

some

Once

done, the "Murid" (disciple) depends upon

helping

the Pir

for

him through

all

his

difficulties

and

having him

absolved of

all his sins.

Pirs are a class separate

selected.

from the

priest or Mulla;

Sayads are generally

Ghaziz
Those who engage in war against infidels are called Ghaziz, and their reward is distinctly indicated in the following quotations from the Koran: "God hath indeed
promised
paradise to every one, but

God
will

hath preferred
fight in

those that fight for the faith."

And, "Those who

defence of God's true religion

God

not suffer their

works

to perish".

Shahid

The

title

of "Shahid" or martyr

is

given to

who

dies as a soldier for the faith; accidentally at

any one the hands

of another; from the plague or by drowning; by the accidental fall of a wall; by burning; from hunger; through
refusing to eat unlawful food;

and while performing the

pilgrimage to Mecca.

Fakir or Darweshes.

The word Faqir means "poor,"

of one "poor
in the sight of

it is

used in the sense than "one in

applied to those

God"

rather
is

need of worldly assistance".

Darwesh

39

who have no

worldly ambitions. Both terms are generally used for those who lead religious lives. Those who attain
while

to a high degree of sinctity are called "Pir"

those

who

attain

the

highest

and "Walis", rank are called

"Ghaus".
Angels.
Belief in angels the
is

enjoined by the
are
is

Koran.

Of
is

these

four

most

messenger,
Israfil

important Michael who

will

Gabriel

who
of

God's

the
last

protector
at

the Jews,

who

sound the

trump
the

the final resur-

rection of

the

dead,

and Azrael

angel

of death.

Besides the above, there are a few angels to whom special functions are allotted. The "Muaqqibit" are recorders

of good

and

evil

and are perpetually

engaged

in

noting

good or evil ? Munkir and Nakir are two angels, whose business it is to interview every man in his grave, and assertain the genuineness of his faith in Allah and His Prophet Muhammad (be peace

down

a man's actions whether

upon

him).

Devil

and Ginns.
is

The

devil

known

as

Ibh's

or Shaitan, and

is

con-

sidered to be fallen

he refused to

angel turned out of paradise because do homage to Adam. Jinns are really the

old house hold gods

parts of the world.

worshipped before Islam in many Jinns are of two kinds -good and evil.
the latter repulsively ugly.

The former extremely handsome,

Prophets of Islam.

The
are

six

prophets (besides others) recongnised by Islam

Jesus and

Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses,

Muhammad

40
(be peace on

supposed to have been entrusted with special mission, and to have brought new law for the guidance of mankind which
these).
is

all

Each of these

successively abrogated

those that preceded

them.

The

Koran contain everything worthy of record contained in It is called Koran all previous works. Sharif, the noble
Koran.

FOOD
theory) cannot object to feed with a Christian so long as the food he eats is "halal". Any
(in

Muslim

objection to do so must arise from ignorance.

Rules regardiog the slaughter of animals for food.

No

animal's flesh
i.

is e.

lawful food to a

Muslim

unless

it

the manners prescribed in the Koran, viz., by drawing a knife across the throat, and cutting the wind-pipe, the carotid arteries, and

has been "halaled"

slaughtered in

the

gullet,

repeating

at

the

same
the

time

the

words

"Bismillah Allah

Akbar" "In
so

name

God."

clean animal

slaughtered

of the Almighty becomes lawful

food for Musalmans.

The following creatures are "Hilal" or lawful:

1.

Animals that are clovenfooted and chew the cud and are not beasts of prey.
Birds that do not seize their prey with their claws or wound them with their bills, but pick

2.

up food with
3.

their beaks.

Fish that have scales.

Locusts.

4.

41

Horse-flesh and
generally considered utter abhorrence.

fish

found dead

in

the water
is

are
in

unclean.

Swine's flesh

held

FESTIVALS
The
n

Islamic year.

An

account of the principal festivals of Islam

may

appropriately be prefaced with a list of the twelve Islamic months. The twelve lunar divisions into which Musalmans
divide their year are as follows:
1.

Muharram

42

The Id-ul-Zoha

or Bakr-Id.
is

The Id-u!-Zoha or Bakrid

the

held

on

the
is

ninth
said

of
to

month
it is

called

Zul

Hajja.

The

festival

commemorate
Ismail
;

Abraham's willingness
At
this

to sacrifice his son

is

the greatest Islamic festival, and

feast

celebrated

most magnificently.
is

every
i.

Muslim
e.

who
tolas

in possession

of the regulated
to

means,

seven
a

of gold or money equivalent

that, besides

house
or

and furniture,
sacrifice

is

bound

to

sacrifice
in the

either

goat,

ram, or cow, or female camel

is

name of God.
is

This

generally called Kurbani, and the the Kurbani is divided into three portions, one

flesh

of

reser-

ve J for the sacrificer himself

to the

a second
third
is

is

given

in

alms

poor and indigent relati^'es and friends.

the

bestowed among

The

sacrifice

of a cow or camel
goats or rams.
is

is

held to be equiva-

lent to that as seven

The

special
offer

reason

given for the sacrifice

that

those

who
to

animal

will find

them

in

readiness

assist

up the them over

hell,

the puhirat or bridge

over which
rection day.

all

which separates heaven and mankind will have to cross on the

will pass

resur-

The righteous
the

over
:

it

with ease,
the

and with
will

swiftness

of lightning
fall

but

wicked

miss their footing, and

headlong into

hell.

Muharram
The Muharram commence on the
of that
is

first

of the month

name and

is

continued for

ten

days.

The period

observed by the Shiahs to commemorate the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali, and of Imam Hassan and Imam
Hussain.

The Ashura

is

also held sacred by Sunnis

as

it

43
also

commemorates

the birth of

Adam and Eve

race.

and the

creation of heaven, hell, and the

human

Muhammad
followers
the

peace upon him) enjoined on his observance of ten customs during the

(be

Muharram,
1.

vize.,

Bathing.

2.
3.

Wearing Fine apparel.

Allpying Surma to the eyes.
Fasting. Prayers.

4.
5.

6. 7.

Cooking more food than usual

for the poors.

Making peace with it among others.

one's enemies, or

establishing

8.

Associating with pious or learned Moulvies.

9.

Taking compassion on orphans, and

Bestowing alms.
the

JO,

The ceremonies of
observed by Shiahs.
a place
is

Muharram vary
are the before the

greatly in

different places, but the following

main features

few days

Muharram

prepared called as Imambara, or Ashurkhana in the centre of which is a pit, in which fires are kindled at night. Across those fires the people fence with sticks

and swords, and while dancing round them, "Ya Ali Shah Hassan, Shah Hussain! Hai dost!

call

out

Rahio!"
!

"Oh

Ali

Noble
!

Hassan
These

Noble

Hussain

Alas

friend stays

are repeated until the reach the highest pitch of excitement. people They then form themselves in a circle and beat their breasts while
;

etc.

cries

the Maulvies read extracts from

the

Rowzatul Shahadat

or

Book of Martyrs.

Muharram banners are conveyed in procession and representations are made of the marriage of Kasim who married Imam Hussain's

On

the seventh day

of the

daughter on the morning of the battle of Karbela which the latter lost his life. Commemoration, that
called

in
is

Mehndi.

On

the

eighth

day a spear

is

carried

ab~)iit in the

morning to represent Imam Hussain's head which was carried on the point of javelin, and in the

evening there are processions of men carrying banners and representation of Zul-Jannah the emblem of Imam
Hussain's celebrated charger. On the ninth day it concludes with illumination and processions of tabuts or
Tazias

which are supposed

to

be

models of

Imam

They generally consist of a bamboo frame work covered over with tinsel and coloured paper, inside which are two miniature ullums or tombs, intended to represent those of Imam Hassan and
Hussain's
at Kerbela.

tomb

Hussain.
or 'day

The
all

last

or tenth day

is

the

Shahdat-ka-roz,
p.

of martyrdom'.
to

On

it,

upto 8
in

Jannah and

the tazias are

conveyed
place.

m. the Zulstate from the

imambaas

some

selected

This completes the

Commemoration.
Shab-i-Barat.

The Shab-i-Barat

is

'the

night

of

record.'

It is

observed during the evening of the fifteenth day of the month of Shaban, and is so called becuase the AUniighty

on that night registers all actions which men are to perform in the course of the ensuing year. Some Muslims often call the Shabi Barat the Shub Quadr, o^ 'night of
power.' and thus confuse
totally distinct festival
it

with

the

which

takes

Lylatul Quadr, a place on the 27th

night of the

month of Ramzan.

45

Bara Wafat.

The Bara Wafat commemorates the death of the Prophet (be peace upon him) which occured on the 12th of the month known as Rabbi-ul-awal. Devout Muslims assemble daily, morning and evening, either in the mosque
or at their

own houses and

the

recite

from

the

Hadis

(The

Hadis are records of

sayings

of the

Prophet (be

peace upon him), and they form the oral law of the Musalman legislator and are regarded as a supplement to
Korran). They also read the Buran and the Wafat-nama or story of the Prophet's (be peace upon him) death.

Akhiri Chahar Sbamba.

The Akhiri Chahar Shainba, or last Wednesday of the month of Safar, is observed as a festival by Muslims,
because the Prophet (be peace upon him), took his bath on that day on curing from sickness. Among devout Muslims it is usual on this occasion to write texts from the Koran on slips of paper, and then to wash off the ink
with water, and drink the liquid to secure immunity from misfortunes. The day is observed as a holiday, and is
spent in prayer.

Chapter IV

CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES OF THE PUNJABI MUSALMANS.

1.

Ceremonies relating to brith.

a child
is

When
utters

born the

Moulvi

is

sent

for

and

the call to prayer (bang or azan) in the child's ear,

present.

receiving a small
hair
is

After a few days

the child's

given it and presents are made to the midwife, moulvi and menials. The usages are the same on the birth of both boys and girls, but the rejoicings are
cut and a

name

is

much
2.

greater on the birth of the former.

Circumcision.

Circumcision (sunnat or Khatna karna) is performed up to 8 or 12 years of age by the nai when sweetmeats are
distributed and the nai receives a small present of
3.

money.

Marriage.
is

Marriage accoring to Islam

a sacrament

and not

merely a social function or a matter of convenience. Although the Musalman tribes of the Punjab are, to a large extent, of Hindu origin. Islamic Law has had such a
strong effect as regards inter-marriage, that
in fact, the
it

has entirely

abrogated the rule forbidding marriage between relations

endeavour is always made to arrange marriages within the circle of near relations, and marriages between first cousins are common. If it is found necessary to go further afield a bride is usually sought within the tribe,
failing

even that, a marriage

is

arranged with a

girl

from

47

48
a tribe

of equal or only
will give

slightly

lower status.

Punjabi

Musalmans

their

daughters only
in

to tribes of

equal or higher social

dalighters to
status

position. All

tribes will give their

SayVads, keeping

mind
rule

their
is

religious

and

dignity.

The only abiding

that in every

marriage the husband's family must be at social estimation to that of the wife.
4.

least

equal in

Betrothal

, no Sf

thal

Marriage is nearly always preceded by formal betroinata, Vurmai or mangewa) which usually takes place

After some preliminary the ages of 15 and 25. negotiations conducted by the nai, or mirasi, or a
bestween

kinsman, a date
provides
the
girl,

gw

appointed upon which the boy's father or mit/uii, a small sum of money, clothes for
is

a plain

and jewels according to their station very often ring. These are placed on the head of the nai, who
girl's

wiib the mirasi accompanies the boy's father to the

hotts^i, In

Rawalpindi and Attock and in Shahpur a clove and some coloured thread is also sent.

The

girl's/

father

takes the gur or mithai inside,

and

the nai takes care of the rest. That night the girl's father,
th^ boy's father and others, and next morning the" girl's relations assemble and feast the guests, and place the giir or mithai sent by the boy's father,
gives a fea,sV to

before

all

the relations of the

girls.

The other

articles

clothes, jewels, clove, etc., etc., taken charge

of by the nai

are placed in a thai or open vessel, and set before the girl's relatives. The Mullah then comes forward and prays for a

on the betrothal ( dua khair ) which sometimes repealed three times. The gur or mithai then divided amongst all present and all the other articles are taken
blessing

49

some districts one rupee is placed hand as a token (nishan ). Presents are made to the Mullah, nai, and mirasi, and the boy's father and relatives then take leave. The clove bought by them,
by the
girl's relatives. In

in the girl's

coloured with saffron,

girl's

is

at the

same time returned by the

father to the boy's father.

are given to

some

Occasionally, too, purgis of those accompanying the boy's father.

The

girl's father

then feeds his

own

relatives

and dismiss
songs

them. The
of rejoicing.

girl's

female

relatives

at this time sing

On

the

"Id

following,

the

boy's

parents

send

present of clothes,

ornaments

and money

and

soaie

eatables, according to their status, for the girl.

Others do without any formal ceremony except that of having the ''dua khair'" recited in the presence of the

assembled

relatives. It

is

not usual to write out a contract

cS betrothal.
5.

Marriage
the

The date "ukad" of

actual

marriage

is

tixed

at

another meeting, accompanied by ceremonies, and courtesies arranged at the instance of the boy's father. After fixing the date the parents of both parties despatch presents of gur, methai etc, to their more distant relatives and friends by the^ hands of the nai, who receives small

presents of money, or of grain at each tice is known as sending the "gandh''

house.

This prac-

wedding, the ceremony of enointing with oil is performed. In the afternoon the female relatives and those of the mirasi assemble and sing at the
the

week before

houses of the bride and bridegroom.

the betrothed, at their respective houses,

They place each of upon an inverted

50
basket in the yard of the house and four

women

hold a

canopy over

his or her

head.

From

that date until after the get

wedding

the betrothed

do no work but

good food. The wom;n of both

the

houses assemble and sing.

On

Then comes the ceremony of bathing the bridegroom. the morning of the ''baraf' (marriage procession) the pott:r's wife brings an earthen vessel. The waterman
it,

fills

this

is

called

"gharah garauli" The Miissali or

Khara'n

sweeper then prepares and brings a

turns
it

or basket,

upside down, puts the bridegroom on it, and lights a lamp under it. The bridegroom is then bathed by the village servants with the water from the gharah, the whole

brotherhood, male and female, standing, around. In Shahpur the brother bridegroom's sister or niece siezes his
sheet

and

is

bribed

\y\i\\

pindi the nai places water

scatters
it

a present; to let it go. In Rawalin the bridegroom's hand, who

points,

to

the four cardinal

signifying

his

desire to include all in happiness similar to his

own.

On
with
his

getting
right

up
foot

off his

seat the

bridegroom crushes
lid

the earthenware

of

jar,

this is

supposed to avert the "evil eye." The dirty clofhes worn by the bridegroom are then taken by the nai as his perquisite,

and the bridegroom

is

clothed in

new graments.

The order of the foi^egoing ceremonies is sometimes altcicd. Then comes the receiving of the wedding presents {netmdra). Tne wedding procession {harat or janj) is then formed and proceeds to the village of the bride. In various
districts

of the Punjab before the departure of the /jtf/ar the bridegroom's sister offers grain to his horse and holts
its.

halter, for

which she received a present. The party on

51

arrival

at

the

village

of the

bride

is

received by the

respectable people of the village. The party adjourns to some large building arranged for the purpose., where the bride's father gives a feast to the guests, fakirs, beggars,

of the guests accompaning the bridegroom and his father enter into the hjuse carrying trays of present. After this the marriage contract {nika) is perfor-

etc. Then certain

med by

the Maulvi.

The

bride's elders

answer

for her

and
(

the bridegroom answers for himself.

display

is

then

made of

ihe bride's

dower

(daj).

After that the barat conveys the tribe to the bridegroom's house. She remains there for two or three days and she

then returns to her parents. Her husband later on goes in procession (bpdah) to fetch her home for good.

Marriage customs
tribe or

slightly according to the but the foregoing gives some idea of the locality,

differ

obsprvance. Amongst Muslims marriage nearly always takes place of, puberty and the bride goes to live

main

with

hqr .husband at once other-wise ^he parents till of fit age.] ,,,

lives

with her

Expanse of MarrikgfeS.
Marriages are usually very extravagant, each stage
of
the

whole ceremony being

marked

presentations by either or both parties, and menials of both parties reap a rich harvest of

by feasts and and the mirasis

gifts.
.-.

Thus
status

the

average

expense

of

Rs. 1000/- to

Rs.50,000.00 or

wedding ranges from more according to the"

has been

of the parties.
the

An endavour

made

to

reduce

framed to

marriage expenditure and recently law is minimise the expenses made on do\vree (Jahez)).

52
6.

Marriage Seasons.
is

,.

There

no special time or season for marriages, but

they are forbidden during the month of Muharram, on' the 'Ids, during the first thirteen days of Safar.
7.

Widow

re-marriage
(Islamic

The
mai'riage

'Sliara'

Law)
the

does

not

forbid

the

of widows and

general

custom amongst

Muslims does not enforce widowhood.

8.

Marriage (>ontract.
a

At no age can
her

women

enter

into a contract for,

is

marriage. The contract of betrothal at any time before the actual Nikoli.

own

revocable,

9 marriage within the tribe.

Punjabi Musalmans marriages are generally confined to one's own tribe, sub-tribe or caste, and where

Among

possible, alliances are arranged between the brothers and sisters offspring as a means of retaining the same family,

the property inherited by the boy

and the
is

girl.

Marrying

outside one's

own

caste

or tribe

not against Islamic

Law.

TERMS OE RELATIONSHIP
Father
...

Bap. Walid or Piu

Mother
Fatljer's.

...

Man
Dada

or

Ma

Father

...

Father's

Young

brother

...
...

Chacha
Phupi or Bua

Father's sister Father's sister's husband

...

Mother's

sister

...

Phuphar Masi

53

Mother's brother Mother's brother's wife

...
... ...

Mama
Mami
Nana
Nani
Parnana
Parnani
Susra or Saohra
Sas or Sass
Sala
Sail

Mother's father
Mother's mother

...

Mother's father's father

...
... ...
...

Mother's mother's mother

Father-in-law

Mother-in-law
Wife's brother Wife's sister

...
...

Wife's sister husband

... ... ... ...

...

Sandu
Beti

Daughter Son
Sister's child

Beta or Putr

Bhanja or Bhanji
Bhattija or Bhattiji

Brother's child

Burial Ceremonies.
Funerals

At

funerals the services

prescribed in the

Koran are followed. The grave is dug with a xqcqss, {same) along the western side, in which the body is placed with
its

face towards

the south.

Bricks and

stones are then

rest

placed leaning over

the corpse so that

no earth may

on

it.

Before the burial the

(janaza)

Imam

recites the burial

service

accompanied by the

mourners, and

after

the

burial alms are given to the poor.

The Imam

is

presented

with a copy of the Koran and a small

money

present.

On

the third day after the funeral the relations

distribute

read
to

the "ATw/" and

food

to those

who came

condole with them.

of tnourning, the
forty days.

This completes the obligatory period

full

period according to the Koran

is

54

Language.

With the exception of the Mishwanis of the Hazara

district,

the

universal language
dialects.

is

Punjabi, but each tract

has

its

own

tibly into

one

shade off impercepanother and the residents of one tract are

These dialects

intelligible to those of

any other

tract.

Manners and Gestures.

When

friends meet

they join

hands,

or

if

they are

embrace each other breast to breast, great friends, they If a man meets a holy first one side and then the other.
hands by way of salutation. Shou|d'^cqua^nia!iices pass each other, one says "Salam alaikyrn",(peace;^e unto thee) and the other replies "Wa
person he kisses
the lattcr's

Alaikum ussalam"

(and on thee

be peace).

They

then

enquire after each other's health the usual question being "is it well" (khair)' undthe answei^ '''fairly*^ fw/) or

"thank to house he
"a'ji
-

God"
is

(shukf')/

'Whtn a
with
a

visi

or

comes

to
ij

>a

wdlcome o^j aea nun" and answers "Blessings be oA thee"

saluted

i^i;

{khoiri

howi)

iS^ j^
salutations.

Thr salam and

'^selam^'

When

a person

makes

and any of the assembly rise and return it, it is The lesser considered sufficient for the whole company.

number should always

should salute

salute the

greater,

he

who

rides

him who walks, he who walks to him who A man should stands, the stander the sitter, and so on. not salute a woman on the road. Salutes should be m.de
with the right hand.

Salams are

among

the ordinary salam equals consists of merely touching the forhead with

of

various

kinds,

55
the right hand.
thai the head
is

"Bandugi"'

is

very

much

the same, except

hand.

"Kurnish'^
is

inclined gently forward so as to meet the is the same as the latter but the o-'-'-^well

body

bent as

as the

head.

"Taslimaf
finger

c.UJl_7

consists in touching the

ground with the

and then
before

making "salam".
the Kings (that
is

It is

generally

repeated

thrice

the

custom
form
of

of old days, and not now)

salutation

"Gale

tnilna'' is

the

usual

among

intimate
their

friends

who embrace each

first

other -by throwing

arms across each

other.

other's necks, and, in that position

incline the

head three times,

on one-shoulder and

then on the

Homage
feet
>

or

"Kadm

hosf'

^-ji f-^

is

paid by

kissing the

of the

ruler or the edge

of the

Soldiers or persons allowed carpet on which he stands. to bear arms, generally offer their swords to superiors as
a ''nazzar''

or

offering of

their

services.
gift

The person
is

saluted signifies his acceptance

hilt

of the
in

by touching the

of the

weapon.

Homage

some countries

sometimes paid by casting the turban at the feet of the conqueror; a man who wishes to throw himself on one's

mercy

and

asks for

clemency, will

sometimes do

this.

Touching the knee of the person saluted is often the sign of affectionate respect. (This old Hindu custom is now
no more anywhere
in

Punjab.

Gestures.- '^om^

of
a

their

gestures

are

peculiar

although as in Europe,

the head means "yes" or "come" and a shake of the head means denial. Thus a backward nod means enquiry; a click of the tongue with a toss of the head means "no"; jerking the fingers inwards means "I do not know"; holding the palm inwards and shaking the hand means enquiry, holding the palm outwards and shaking the hand is a sign of prohibition.

nod of

56

holding
refusal
;

up the
wagging

thumb

(thutth)

means contemptuous
(dhiri)

the middle finger

provokes a
is

person to anger, and

insult.

holding up the open palm

to a

a great

In beckoning

person
fingers

the

hand

is

held

up

palm

outwards and

the

moved

downwards and

inwards.

Laws of

Inheritance.

Muslim law,
customs

Although the question of inheritance is dealt with by most Musalmans adhere to their tribal

which are generally those of the races from which they were originally converted. In many parts
of the Punjab, succession to landed property
is

regulated
is

by two
equally
wives,

rules, viz., "Pagriband''

when
the

the estate

divided

among

the

sons

irrespective of

the

number of
is

and

''chadarband"

when

property

divided
in

among
share.

the wives so

that each family

may come

for

Where there are sons, daughters receive nothing and widows are only entitled to maintenance. Where there are no sons, a widow may have a life interest in the
property,

which

would

afterwards
collateral

descend either to a
in

daughter, or

to a distant

the

male

line.

landed property, and when they do, it is necessary that the land should have been given as a dowry, or formally bestowed during the

Daughters

very seldom succeed to

life-time of the father.

son, however, by
legally married,

An illegitimate son cannot inherit. woman whom the father could not
girl,

have
or a

such as a dancing

prostitute,

of very low caste, cannot inherit under any circumstances. Adoption is very rare among Muslim. It

woman

only permissible on the failure of issue, and even then must be proclaimed openly by the adopter during his life
is

time and supported by the written deed.

57

Food and Drink, Cloths, Personal Habits

etc., etc.

The Punjabi Musalman has usually two meals a day, first inthe morning and second in the evening. Lunch (mid-day meal) is familierin the cities. If a cultivator has some hard work in hand, he generally eats some of the food left over
from the previous
before starting for his daily toil. His morning meal, which consists of three or four cakes made of wheat, barley and gram or jowar is sometimes
night,

brought

to

him

in

the fields

but

is

more

often eaten at

home, as the woman being secluded, are unable to leave The evening meal consist of roti, i. e., their houses.
chapatis,

pulses,

/.

e.

dal, lentils,

etc.,

vegetables

and a

few relishes, such as

salt, pepper, chillies, curry-stuffs, with masala or various kinds of condiments. As a change,

and

most Muslims, eat

rice, khichri, i.e., rice fish

or "bajra" mixed

with dal, dhai or curds, eggs,

and enormous quantities Meat is too expensive of sugarcane whenever procurable.

be indulged in
it is

a luxury to

more than

occasionally, but

when

served in various forms, such as pillaos, kabbabs and curries. Lassi or butter-milk is an important article of diet, particularly among Jats. At the
it is

procurable,

Bakr-Id and on the occasions of

rejoicing, such as births to sacrifice

and marriages, even the poorest classes manage a goat or dumba, i. e., fat-tailed sheep.

The usual beverages

All kinds of

are water, milk, and sherbets.

in

drugs and liquor are forbidden

indulge
in

the

Koran.

Some Muslims however,

the former

"sub rosa", and the use of the latter in the form ofcharas, bhang and opium, is very prevalent. Charas (the exudation of the flowers of hemp, collected with the dew, and pre-

58
pared for use as an intoxicating drug) is generally mixed with the tobacco of the huka and smoked, -bhang (made with the leaves of the hemp plant) is taken in a liquid
form.

Smoking
easy reach.

is

universal,

and the huka

is

always within

Clothes Tht usual garments are a majh or loin cloth worn round the waist like a kilt, a kurta or loose skirt
sometimes confined by a kainmarband, a chadar or wrapper and a turban or /;ag wliich varies ia size and colour
according to the rank of the wearer. The pagri and majla of the well-to-do classes is usually white, but Jats,
Gujars. and Baluchis,
delight in coloured garments,

blue

The wealthy and educated classes are taking more and more to clothes fashioned on the English pattern. Salwar, Kamee: and Achkan is the
being
their

favourite dye.

National dress.
Hospitality to
is

strangers

is

enjoined by the Koran and

marked

characteristic

of

Travellers are lodged

in the /iw/Va

Punjabi Muslims. or guest-house of which

the

every village possesses at least one or two. Guests are fed at the public expense and their wants are attended to

by the Kamins or
resort

village

servants.
is

The
a

hujra

besides

being a resting place for travellers,

place of public
village

where the

male population of the

meet

in

the evening to discuss affairs.

Personal habits.
cleanliness,

Although the Koran enjoins personal

pay as much attention to
viz.,
is

majority do not their ablutions as instructed.

Ablutions are of two kinds,

face,

wazu or washing the

hands and

feet, etc.,

which

necessary before every

59

kind of prayer, and

ghusal or washing

the

whole body

after certain defilements.

Besides

the

ablutions prescribed

by

their

religion,

Muslims observe certain practices called '"fitraf which have been prevalent among Arabs since the time of

Abraham.

The

more important of
hair

these are the clipping

of the moustache, so that the

may

not

enter the

mouth; not cutting or shaving the beard; cleaning the

teeth;

cleaning

the nostrils with water at the usual ablunails: cleaning the finger joints; pulling

tions; cutting the

out the hair under the arms: and a few similar customs.

Amusement and Games.

Although the agriculturist of the Punjab leads
laborious
life

hard

amount of time for recreation. Attendance at weddings and other domestic celebrations afford one means of breaking the
as a rule, he allows himself a certain

monotony of
visited in the

his

life,

and a

fair

or

two

are

probably

course of the year.

Pir kaudi.

There are
to

also

games of various kinds,

in, varies

though the extent

which these are indulged

good deal
is

in

different localities.

The

best
in

called

"Pirkaudi".

The competitors
and backers.

known game this game form

{bahari)

groups at two sides of a square where they are surrounded

by
is
is

their respective friends

One man

selected

from a

side
all

and advances into the arena

comers.

this

the challenger of
selected

Two

opponents (andari)

are

and advance against the challenger, their object being to throw the challenger over and make his back and shoulders touch the ground, while he tries to
tackle one at a time

and do

likewise.

The opponents of

60
the challenger, however, are not allowed to their attack until he has touched them.

commence To keep his

opponents off, the challenger is allowed to slap, push or throw them over or to trip them up in any way he can, and dodge away before they can touch him. if the two
succeed in throwing the challenger, their side have to send out a man as challenger, and so the game continues until
the

champion

is

determined.
parts another

Saunchi. In some

form of kaudi

is

played called ''saunchr.

the

stand facing each other bare-breasted, one hits the other with his open palm

Two men
his

whole game consisting in without letting his opponent seize

endeavour to do so

his wrist.

Lamhi Kaudi and Kaudi Kabadi.Thtse are quite different from "/?// kaudi'^ and are kinds of "prisoner's
base."
the same as Chappan chott and Lukcbbip- These are "Hide and Seek."
^:a/!i/n7a/<7. Correspondence to tipcat.

Chinji tarap.lhxs
Culli

is

a form of "Hopscotch".
like

danda. Is very

hockey.

There are various other games of a similar kind to the

above.

Bagdar uthana or Tarar

lifting

ul tan. This

consists

in, the

of heavy weights.
is

Mungli pherna. This

clubs.

the

working of heavy Pak

61

Putting the stone also arouses

great interest

and

competition.

The old men play

similar to

"Chaupatt"' a
played with dice

backgammon

game something (fcaMr/), and some

play chess ''Shatranj.''

favourite card

game

is

'Uash'\

This

is

somewhat

similar to whist

and

is

played with 51 cards, the deuce of

diamonds being discarded.

Shikar with long dogs
is

most popular

in

Rawalpindi,

Shahpur and Mianwali

Districts.

SUPERSTITIONS
In matters pertaining to his superstitions, the Punjabi Musalman now does not belive much in fabulous tales due
to general rise in
stitions.
It
is

education.

But

illitrate

are

yet super-

not so long ago that an individual in the Rawalpindi district, extracted large sums of money

out of the inhabitants

to double

of his

tahsil

by claiming the power

any money placed in his charge. In very recent years a belief that the foxhounds in Peshawar were periodically fed on criminals, who were actually "thrown
to the dogs,"

was prevalent.
live in the hills are

Those who by Buckle "The

possibly

more

supersti-

tious than the plains folk, a

similar fact

being observed

in his "Civilisation in
evil

Europe."

"
eye
talisman,

amulets lucky and unlucky

days, etc., etc., all have a real significance to the Punjabi

Musalman.

Horses

and

cattle

may have

lucky

and

branded on an animal may improve it, for instance, a very sluggish horse can be turned into a spirited animal if a line is branded horizontunlucky Marks.
Certain marks

62
ally

round

its

body,

the idea being that

the

always be endeavouring to jump out of

this

animal mark.

will

There are n uriierou s

P/r5'

or

saints
in

power of preventing hydrophobia been bitten by a mad dog or jackal.

who have any one who

the

has

Visits to different Ziarats or shrines are

often under-

taken for a specific object connected w

ith the

supposed

power

in the shrine to cure certain ailments.

supposed to be haunted, and no one vv'ill go near them after dark. Instances have actually occurred where sentriee have been overcome by fear

Many

localities are

owing

to this belief.

The

belief

in

the

e\\]

eye

is

universal.
is

An

amulet

{tawiz) containing

a verse

from the Koran,

worn as a

is worn round the protection against the evil eye. This Every arm, the neck, or tied up in the end of the pugri

will have a small portion of carpet or piece of embroidery as a protection it which is out of harmony with the pattern

against the evil eye.

unlucky on which days and Mondays and Fridays are lucky days For a southward to start on a journey, northwards.
J(?wr/iey5. Tuesdays

and Wednesdays

are

journey

Thursday is a bad day and Wednesday a good and Saturday are bad day on which to start. Monday and Sunday and Tuesday good for an eastward journey. For a vv-estward journey Sunday and Thursday are bad and Monday and Saturday good.

On

starting

on a journey

it

is

fortunate to

meet
with

^6riieone carrying water, a

sweeper, a dog, a

woman

63
a child, a maiden,
all

kinds of

flowers, a mali,

a donkey,

a Raja, a horseman, a

drum

or anyone

who

is

carrying a

vessel containing milk, curds, ghi, vegetables or sugar.

It
is

considered

unlucky to meet a Brahman, a

weeping, a

man

with

a bare

head, any person

crow

flying

towards one, a broken vessel in a parson's hand, a cat, a mali with an empty basket, a goat or cow or any black
animal, a snake, or an empty gharah carried by someone. To hear the sound of crying or sneezing while on a

journey

is

most unlucky.

Enquires as to a mans tribe, sub-tribe, etc., etc. To find out a man's clan, sub-section or sub-tribe, is some
times
difficult,

owing to the various meanings of the words

"zat," "got,"

"kom,"

etc.

"Zat" and "kom" are usual for the

ki zat"

tribe,

/.

e.,

"teri
his

or "ki kom," the

man

then gives the

name of
etc.,

tribe, viz.,

Awan, Gakhar, Dhund, or Tanaoli,

and

the

next

"kera Gakkhar";
Sarangal,
etc.,

question would generally be "kera Awan" or this should elicit the answers: Admal,
etc.,
is

or

further information

"Kutbshahi" for the Awan. If required, the questions would take

se

the form of "kis

Khandan

hai"

or "teri ki walhai"

or "kis pusht se chala hai," etc., depending on the tribe the man belongs to or the part of the country he comes

from.

Chapter

DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES,
Short accounts of Punjabi
Jat, Gujar

Musa Iman

tribes

of Rujput,

and

others.
1.

Alpials.
4,500.

1.

Male

/Jo/7w/^//o. Approximately

(Census

1931).

Locality Tho. Alpials occupy a compact block of Sohan river, in the Sil Sohan villages on both banks of the circle of the Fatehjang tahsil, Attock district.
.2.
3.

Headman. The

belong to
.

recognised head of the the family of the Chaudris of Chakri.

tribe

5.

History and particulars. The alpials have recor-

ded

themselves

Rajput origin
settled in their

Manj Rajputs, and their claim to is generally admitted. They appear to have present locality about the same time as the
as
e.,

Jodhras and Ghebas, /, first wandered through

about the 15th Century, having the country now contained in the

Khushab and Talagang

tahsils before settling

down

in the

southern corner of Fatehjang.

The Alpials
tors,

generally

hardworking and excellent cultivatheir own land, and working tilling

are

laboriously

on

their

own

wells. Socially they

rang high,

and they inter-marry

freely with the Ghebas.

They are reported

to

be

bold and courageous,

65

66
Sturdy, independent, and wonderfully

quarrelsome. Their

physique

is

fair,

the

men

being somewhat light and of

medium

stature.
2.

Andwal.
1,300 (Census 1931)

1.

Mole population. About

Locality.- -The

2.

Andwal

are found in the Abbottu-

bad

tahsil
3.

of the Hazara

district.

by Denzii Ibbetson as being a section of the Dhunds.

Particulars.

The
at

Andwal

are

classed

Sir

They endeavour,
Hindwals, which
is

times to pass themselves otf as a section of the Tanaoli^.

3.

Arains.

Male population. 7,26,913 (Census 1931)

The Arains or Rains are tribe, good cultivators, skilful,

thrifty.

Musalman

agricultural

industrious,

hardy and

The Arains claim

Arabia,
to

to

have

come

originally

from
in

have settled

in Sind,

thence spread to

Uch

Upper Sind, and later migrated to the Punjab by way of Multan and Sirsa. They may be designated as a fighting
race which has produced

many

Civil

and Military Officers

who have

rendered good services to the nation.

4.

Awan.
1931)
the

1.

Male population. 2,S8,:A0 {Census

Locality. Awans
are

2.

found

throughout

Punjab,

but their characteristics,

physique

and

social

67
status vary greatly in each district.
in the Salt
3.

They are

at

their
it.

best

Range and

in the districts adjoining

Leading Families. A\l Awans of the Salt Range acknowledge the Malik of Kalabagh as their head. Other well-known families are to be found in Lawa, Kund,
Kufri,

Tamman, Monara,

Kallar Kahar,

and

Buchal

Kalan.
History and particulars. The Awans claim Arab descent from Kutb Shah of Ghanzi, who ruled at Herat, but joined Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in his invasions

of India

(1001 A. D.)

ofAwanor
Hazrat
him) and

and received from him the name "helper". Kutb Shah was descended fVom
(Peace be upon
the

Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet,

the

Awans have been Musalmans from

six sons:

beginning; Kutb Shah had

who settled near Kalabagh, Gauhar Shah who settled near Sakesur,
Kalan Shah

Chohan Shah who

Indus,

settled

in

the

hills

near the

Khokhar Shah who

the Chenab,

settled

in

the country about

Tori Shah and Jhajh

trans-border country
still

Shah who remained

their

in the

where
the

descendants are said

Valley.

to live in Tirah

and

Kurram

Doubt has been thrown on this account by some ethnological authorities and a Hindu orgin has been assigned to the Awans by some writers, who point to the originally Hindu character of two of Kutb Shah's sons.

68

Chohaii and
the
tradition

Khokhar, which is not explained away by that these two sons took their mother's
precise version of the

name.

more

Awan

legend, which

obtains

among

the

Awans of Kapurthala, make them

Alwi Sayads who, oppressed by the Abbassides, sought refuge in Sindh and eventually allied them-selves with
Sabukhtagin (Father of Mahmud of Ghaznavi), who bestowed on them the title of Awan. They may, according
to this
first
It is

tradition,

possibly have

come

into Sindh with the

their

Arab invaders and have worked

way

north.
in

beyond question that they found the Janjuas possession of the Western Salt Range and ejected them.

by the Awan and others, has been rejected by Pandit Harikishan Kaul in his report on the census of 1911. Pandit Harikishan Kaul

The above explanation of

their origin,

considers the evidence in favour of the Hindu origin of the Awans to be too strong to set aside. He points out that
the

name Awan

is

the unalloyed

Sa^nskrit

term

"Awan"
tribe
still

meaning defender or protector.

retains strong

Moreover, the

traces

of Indian customs.

He

considers

that

probable that they have, from time immemorial, been located in the tract north of the Salt Range and that
it is

they received the

title

Awan

in the

Hindu

times,

owing to

the successful defence of their stronghold against aggression.

Further at a
invasions,

much

later date,

i.e..

after the

Muhammadan

by Syad Kutb Shah, after which the Awans began to call themselves Kutb Shahi, i.e., the followers of Kutb Shah.

they seem to have been converted

The Awans are divided into numerous clans (N4uhi) which take their name from the common ancestor. Thiis
the

Mumnals

are descended from

Moman,

the

Saghrals

from Saghar, and the Shials from Shehan, and so on.

69

The following are

the best

known of

these clans

Khokhar

Rehan
Jand

Darhal
Gulshahi

Saghral
Shial

Chajji

Mumnal
Khattar

Saidan
Parbal
Ballial

Babkal

Kang
Chohan

Sudkal
Bugdial

Kalgan

Khurana

But besides these there are over 709 sub-castes of Awans.

It is

seldom that any

Awan

will

mention one of these as

he
is

his clan, he will inveriably say that

Kutab Shahi

Awan.
6.

Political factions.

The Awans of
Khan
each party.

the Salt

Range
or

are divided
parties

into

two well-known
party and

political

factions

: Ujjal Khan's

Beg's party. Every

village has its adherents of

The

parties inter-

marry freely, but yet they are antagonistic to one another and will always take sides with their faction in any dispute.

The Awans have possessed

adjoining districts, the Army is to be obtained.
it is

political

importance for

a considerable period of time in the Salt

Range and

in the

and

here that the best material for

In the Salt

Range the Awans are described

irascible

as

being a

brave, high-spirited people with frank, engaging manners,

at the

same time headstrong and

to

an unusual

degree.

Their characteristic failings are vindictiveness and a proneness to keep alive old feuds. As a rule they do not give their daughter in marriage to other tribes except to Sayads.

They abstain from marriage

in the

same got or

sept.

70
5.

Bachharas.

1.

Male

Population.

Approximately

2,000 (Census

1931).
2.

district.
3.
is

Locality. The South East border of the Mianwali Their chief village is Wan Bucharan.

Headman. The most

influential

man

of the tribe

a Zaildar.

His son was given a direct commission in a

cavalary regiment.
4.

History and particulars. The Bachhars are

Khokhar
in the

Rajputs.

They

state that their original

home was

Gujrat district, whence they moved, first to Buggi Bhooki near Girot in Shahpur, and later to their present site, which was chosen on account of the "wan" or large well

by Sher Shah. These wells were placed at intervels of about a day's march apart on the road from Gujrat to
built

Bannu and

the frontier.

The name "Bachhar" seems to have been a form of endearment applied to them by some forgotten Tir".
Their circumstances have been

much changed of late,

was most
:

owing

to their discovery that the soil of "thai"

suitable for the cultivation of

well-off.

gram

they are

now

very
they

In appearence and general characteristics

district,

resemble the people of the Shahpur

6.

Badhal.
is

This small tribe

supposed to be
itself

allied to

Bhakral,
to
this.

but the members of the tribe

do not agree

Like the Bhakral, they are said to have

come

across from
it

Jammu

territory.

The

tribe to classed as

Rajput, but

71

does not hold a very high social position. They are of fine physique and good cultivators.

They

enlist

freely

and

make good

soldiers.
7.

Badhan.
1

1.

Male population. 3,0m (Census 193

Locality.

).

2.

Found chiefly
Poonch

in

Jammu andPoonch,

few are met with

3.

in the Sialkot district.

Particulars. In

the tribe

is

reported to

have originaily been weavers.

deny that they were ever weavers and claim to be Janjaus. Some of the tribe also claim connection with the Sudhans, but the Sudhans look them
utterly

The Badhans

with contempt. They share a few villages with the Sudhans

in

Poonch.
8.

Baghial and Bangial

1.

Male population.-ApproKimsiiely 2,000 (Census

1931).
2.

Locality.

The tribe

is

found

chiefly in the

Rawal-

pindi district, where they occupy five villages in the Giijar

Khan

tehsil.

There appear

to be a

few also

in the

Jhelum,

Gujrat and Gujranwala

3.

districts

Particulars. The Baghial and Bangial appear to be the same tribe, those members of it which are in the

Rawalpindi

district are classed as Rajputs, while in Gujrat,

Gujranwala and Jhelum they are

Jats.

They describe
first

themselves as being Punwar Rajputs. The

ancestor of

Musalman

faith

was Bangash Khan.

72

They

enlist freely
is

and make good

soldiers

The
tion.

tribe

not to be confused with

the Bagial

sec-

tion of the

Gakkhars with

whom

they have no connec-

9.

Bajwa and Bajju.

1.

Male population.
Locality.

3,500

(Census 1931).
mostly
in

2.

The Bajwa

are found

the

Sialkot district, but also in the Multan district.

Chieffamilies. The families of the Chaudhri of Chakwandi and Khanawali in the Zaffarwal tahsil of the
3.

Sialkot district, are the

4.

most important.
ranks as Rajput Both branches have given their
at the foot

History and particulers.

- The Bajju

and the Bajwa as Jat. name to the Bajwat or country

hills in the

of the

Jammu

Sialkot district.
their ancestor,
in

They say they are Solar Rajputs and that Raja Shalip was driven out of Multan

the time of
their

Sakandar Lodi. The Bajju Rajputs are said to marry daughters to the Chibs and Manhas Rajputs.
In their betrothals, dates are used,

haps brought from Multan.

all

and custom purThe Bajwa inter-marry with

the principal Jat tribes.

10.

Baluch.

1.

Jidale

population. 3,4^,544 (Census 1931).

2.

Locality. The Montgomery, Shahpur, Mianwali,

73

Dera Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargarh, and

districts,

Ghazi Khan

Bahawalpur State and the Chenab Colony.

Chieffamilies. \n the Shahpur district there are two families of importance, one in Sahiwal which is mentioned in the "Punjab Chiefs" and another in
3.

Khushab.
4.

History

and particulars. The.

Baluchis

claim

Arabian extraction, asserting that they are descended Amir Hamza an ancle of the Pra/7/7eM-^) (peace be
him) and from a
fairy (Pari).

from

upon

They consistently place their first settlement in Alleppo, from which they were expelled in A. D. 680 by
Yazid, the second of the

Ommayyad

Caliphs.
to

Their migration took them

Sistan,

first

Karman, then

to

portion of the race, into the Punjab plains about the 13th century. Their claim to Arabian descent has generally been allowed.

and

finally, a great

About

the beginning of the 16th century the Baluchis

were driven out of the Khelat valley by the Brahuis and Turks. Yielding to pressure they moved eastward into
the

Sulaimans, drove out the Pathans, and settled along the banks of the Indus. Three Baluch adventurers

Khan, Fatteh Khan, and Ghazi Khan, founded the three Dehras that bear their names, and established themselves as independent rulers of the Lower Derajat and Muzaffargarh, which they and their descendants held for Thence the southern Baluchis gradually nearly 300 years.
Ismail

spread into the valleys of the Indus, Chenab, and Sutlej,

74

and

in

1555 a large body of Baluchis, under their great

leader

Mir Chakar, accompanied the Emperor

It
is

Humayun
settle-

into India.

probable that

many
of

of the Baluch
the

ments,

in the

Eastern

districts

Punjab,

were

founded by Humayun's soldiers. Mir Chakar settled in Sahiwal and his tomb still exists at Satgarha, where he founded a military colony of "Rinds."

Long before Mir Chakar's

one of the B.iluch historical

time,

Mir

Jalal

Khan was
his four

rulers,

and from

sons Rind,
Baluch

Lashar,

Hot and Korai

spring the four

main

tribes.

The

Jatoi are the children

ofJatoi, Jalal

Khan's daughter. These main sections are now divided into innumerable septs. Throughout the Punjab the term Baluch denotes any Muslim camel-man. The word has

come
the

to

be associated with the care of camels, because

the Baluch settlers of the

grazing

and

Western plains have taken to breeding of camels rather than to

Baluch
is

husbandry, and every

supposed to be a camel-

man and

every camel-man to be a Baluch.

tlie

Punjab plains is now altogether separated from the Baluch tribes of Baluchistan and the Derajat, although the same tribal names are still found

The Baluch of

among them. Long

characteristics,

residence in Punjab and inter-marriage

with the Jats has deprived them of

and they language and have abandoned the Baluch

many of their national have now forgotten the Baluch

dress.

They are good Muslims,

fair

agriculturists,

and

make good soldiers. the number that enlist

small.

In

proportion to their population

in the

army

as well as in the civil

is

In character they are brave, chivalrous,

and honour-

75
able.

In

physique they are

tall,

thin, wiry, hardy,

and

frugal in iheir habits.

The following
in the

clans are those

Cis-Indus districts

most commonly fonnd of the Punjab

:

Korai
Jatai

Gopand
Gishkauri
Jatoi

Muhori
Mazari

Rind

Gumiani
Pitafi

Dashti

Hot

Zangeza

and Korai are numerous in Multan, Jhang, Sahiwal, Shahpur and Muzaffargarh districts.

The Rind,

The Gopangs The Hot

garh.

are

servile

tribe

as

also are

the

Dashtis, both are found in the Muzaffargarh district.

are found in Jhang,

Multan and Muzaffar-

The Gurmanis, Giskhauris, Pitafis in Muzaffargarh. The Mazaris in Jhang. The Zangeza are met with in the
Mianwali and Shahpur districts. They are Shiahs. The Magassi Baluch, who are found in Multan, Muzaffargarh, Mianwali and Jhang, appear to be a "peculiar people" rather than a tribe. Both Sunnis and Shiahs are found among them and they have several peculiar customs not to be found among other Baluchis.

The Baluchis of the Punjab

Jats.

inter-marry with the

11.

Bambas.
the

Though few
tribe in

in

numbers

Bambas

are an important

Kashmir, where they are chiefly found in the Muzaffarabad district between the Jhelum and Kishen-

ganga

rivers.

They

are represented in the Boi tract of the

Munsehra

76
tahsil

of Hazara by

two

families,

ons of Boi and the

is

other of Jabri Kahsh.

The Boi

family,

one of great

importance

in

the

Hazara

district,

second only to the

Amb

family of Tanawal.
12.

Bhakral,

1.

Population. -6,600. (Census 1931)

Locality.

2.

In

the Gujar

Khan and Rawalpindi

in

of the Rawalpindi district, also a few villages the Chakwal tahsil of the Jhelum district.
tahsils
3.

Chief families.
in

There
to

are

several

pensioned

Military officers

Mora

Saba belonging the Chakwal Tahsil (Jhelum) and Kamtrila in

the
tribe notably at

the Gujar
4.

Khan

tahsil (Rawalpindi).
-

History and particulars.

The Bhakral claim

to

be

Punwar Rajputs, and since the 1901 census was taken, a large number have returned themselves as such. They probably came from Jammu territory across the Jhelum river. The tribe now ranks as Rajput and appears to
They do not appear to marry outside the tribe. They are good cultivators, of fine physique, fond of military service, and make excellent
hold a high place
in

the social scale.

soldiers.
13.
1.

Bhatti.
P///;yfl/).

Population

in

the

Rajput. 319,800,

Jat,

41,500.
2.

(census 1931).

Locality. The Bhattis are found throughout the

Punjab, but are most

numerous

in the

Lahore, Multan,

Rawalpindi, Giijranwala and Sialkot

districts.

77
History and particulars. The Bhatti is one of the best known of the Rajput clans, the modern representa3.

tives

of the ancient Yadiibansi Rajputs, and supposed to be the "Baternae" mentioned by Pliny.
Their
traditions

connect

the

tribe

with Bikaner,
In

Jaisalmer and iht

locality

old

fortress

of

Bhatner.

each

appear variations of the story of their origin. The most common story is that they were driven across
the Indus,

from the East,

in very early times,

and that they

returned across the river

some 700
its

years ago,

when

they

took possession of the country to the south of the lower

Sutlej.

The
the

tribe

gives

name

to

the

Bhattiana,

and

to

Bhattiora tracts, as well as to various places

etc.

such as Bhatinda, Bhatner, Pindi Bhattian,

The various branches of

status

the

Bhatti differ

in

social

and

characteristics

according to the locality in

which they are found.

Probably the best representatives of the tribe are now to be found in the Bhattiora tract north of the

Chenab

(in the

Sarghoda

tahsil

and the Chiniot

tahsil

Here, they are "fine race of men, industrious agriculturists, good horse breeders, and very fond of

of Jhang).

sports" and they have also

soldiers.

now proved

themselves good

Gujar Khan tahsil of the Rawalpindi district there are also to be found good represenetatives of the
In
the
tribe.

of Gujranwala enjoyed considerable political importance and still hold 86 villages in that
Bhattis
district.

The

The Bhattis of

the Sialkot district will not give

78
their daughters in marriage
tribes.

any of the neighbouring In the Salt Range the Bhatti seem to hold ordito

nary position.

Muslim

Bhattis were converted about the end

of the

15th century.
14.

Chaddar.

1.

Population. Jat~n, 000, Rajput

3,600.

(census

1931).

found along the whole length of the Chenab and Ravi valleys, but is most numerous in the Chenab Colony and Jhang.
2.
is

Locality. The tribe

History and particulars. The Chaddars of Jhang claim to be Rajputs, elsewhere they rank as Jats.
3.

They say

that they

putana in the time in Bahawalpur, where they were converted by Sher Shah of Uch. Thence they came to Jhang, where they founded

home in Rajof Muhammad of Ghor and settled

left

their

original

an important colony and spread in smaller numbers up the Chenab and Rabi. The Chadder are of Tunwar

Rajput

origin.
:

Their chief sub-tribes are

Jappas,

The Rajokes,

Kamokes,

Luns, Pajiken,

Deokes, Bullankes, and Sajokes.

They are described

as being

good

agriculturists.

The name of
spelling Chaddrar.

this tribe

is, better

represented by

the

79
15.
1.

Chattha.
(census 1931).
is

Population. 4,600.
Z,om//7r. This

2.

tribe

chiefly

found

in

the

Gujranwala district, and also about the central Punjab.

3.

in small

numbers scattered

The Chattha

is

a Jat tribe.

They claim Chauhan

Rajput descent. From Chattha, a grand-son of Prithi Raj, the Chauhan King of Delhi. Some 500 years ago, Dahru

came from Shambhal in Moradabad, where the bards of the Karnal Chauhan still live, to the banks of the
Chenab, and married among the Jat tribes of Gujranwala. They were converted to Islam about 1600 A. D. The
tribe

rose to

considerable importance under the Sikhs,

family
is

and

their

leading

mentioned

in

the

"Punjab

Chiefs."
16.
in the

Chauhan.
Pimjah.^lX, 000. (census 1911).
in

1.

Population

2.

Loc^///r. Chiefly found

districts, in

the

Amballa and

Karnal

small numbers in the Lahore, Jhulem,

districts.

Rawalpindi and Multan

3

Particulars.
tribes.

The Chauhan
the

Rajput

Pirthi Raj,

one of the 36 royal last Hindu ruler of

is

Hindustan, was of this tribe. Ajmer and Sambhar seem to have been their original home before they moved to
Delhi.
position.

In

Punjab they now retain their dominant They are found scattered throughout the
the
tribes

Punjab.

Many

of doubtful status

claim to be

Chauhans.

80
17.
1.

Chib.
in

Mole population
(census 1931).
Locality.
tahsil

the

Punjab

and

Jamnni.

10,800.
2.

This

tribe

is

found
in

chiefly

in

the

Kharian
ritory of
3.

of Gujrat, and also

the adjacent ter-

Jammu.
Chieffamilies. The Pothi family
is

head of the

tribe,

the present representative lives in the Jhelum and

receives a pension

from Government.

In Besa the family

is

of a late Risalhar-Major of the 12th Cavalry

vvellknown,

and

In good village. Mirpur (Azad Kashmir) there are well-known representatives of the Chibs in Panjeri, Kosgoma, and Lehri.
there are other
families in the
4.

same

History and particulars.

The
its

Chib
to

is

Rajput
Chibhal,

of high standing. It gave the hill country of Kashmir

tribe

name

the

on the

left

bank of the

Jhelum

along the Hazara border, though it no longer occupies those hills. The tribe claim descent in the female line from the Katoch and Kangra, and their
river

eponym, Chib Chand, is said to have left Kangra Sur Sadi was 14 centuries ago and settled near Bhimbar. the first of the tribe to become a Muslim, his tomb is still venerated, and no male child is considered a true Chib
have been offered up at this tomb. Sur Sadi's (or Shadi Khan's) Hindu name was Dharam Chand. He was famed for his skill in medicine and was
until his scalp-locks

summoned
was

to Delhi to attend the

Emperor Jehangir.

He

successful in effecting a cure

in

of the Emperor

changed

his

name

to

and received a daughter marriage, became a Muslim and Shadi Khan. He deserted his bride

81

and

fled

home, and was eventually

killed in

an invasion

of his country by the Moghals.

The

chief of the tribe used to be

known

as

the

Raja

of Bhimbar.

The

tribe

is

divided into three social grades Mandiai,

still

Garhial, and Dherial, feeling

runs high on the point

of these distinctions even though it is difficult to say who The Garhial stand high is Mandial and who Garhial. and will not give their daughters to the others. The Chibs
seek marriages for their daughters among Sayads and Gokkhars whom they admit to be their superiors.

There are fourteen septs

Rupyal.

82
4.

the

History and particulars. Jht largest Jat tribes in the Punjab.

Chima
It

is

one of

claims descent

from the Chauhan Rajput.

defeat of Prithi Raj by

They

fled

from DehH on the

Muhammad

of Ghor, to Amritsar,

where Chotu Mai, a son of Prithi Raj, founded a village on the Beas in the time of Ala-ud-din It is from his
grand-son Rana

Kang

sprung. They are a of the tribe embraced

Chimas say they are powerful and united tribe. The bulk
that

the

Islam in the time of Firoze Shah

and Aurangzeb, but rrany retain their old customs. marry witin the tribe as well with their neighbours.
19.

They

Dhamial.
[(Rajput, 8,000)1 ^(census 1931).
1,500).
in
J

1.

Pof Illation. 9,500.

2.

-{

t (Jat,

Locality. '-Chiei]y

found

the

Rawalpindi

District, but also in Gujrat,

3.

Jhelum and Attock.

of both

Particulars. The Dhamial are

status.

Rajput

and

Jat

The Rajput branch

receive daughters in

marriage from the Jat section but do not give girls to them, otherwise the two branches appear to mix freely

and are one

tribe.

come

originally

They account for themselves as having from Ghazni to the Sialkot district, from
to

whence they went

built a fort.

Dhamiak (Jhelum
service freely

tahsil)

where they
satisfac-

They take

and make

tory soldiers.

The Dhamial have no connection wiih

the

the

Dhanials,

two

tribes being quite distinct.

20.
1
.

Dhanial
(census

Male

population.

(Approximately) 3,400.

1931).

83

Locality. The Dhanials are found chiefly in the lower spurs of the Murree hills in the Rawalpindi tahsil
2.

of the Rawalpindi district; there are about a dozen villages of the tribe in Hazara, and two in Gujar Khan (Rawalpindi).
3.

Chieffamilies.

The

tribe

is

well represented by

pensioned Military Officers in Kala Basand, Dakhian and Karor, The Zaildars of Find Begwal, Bhambatrar and

Chirah are probably the most

4.

influential

men.

History and particulars.

The

Dhanials claim to
of the Prophet

be desended from

Hazrat

Ali, son-in-law

(Peace be upon him). The Dhanni country tahsil of Jhelum, is supposed to take its
tribe,

Chakwal name from the

in the

but no Dhanials are to be found there at the present time and they themselves do not connect themselves with
that locality in

any way.
the

The Dhanial must not be confused with

Dhamial

who

are quite distinct from and have no connection with them. There appears also to be no Jat branch of the

though the census returns have shown number.

tribe,

a certain

The Dhanials inter-marry with

Khetwals and Jasgams.

the

Dhunds,

Sattis,

They make good

soldiers.

21.
1.

Dhudhi.
(census 1931).
is

5,800. Population.
Locality.

2.

This tribe

scattered

about Lahore,

Shahpur, Jhang, Multan, Sahiwal and the Bahawalpur

State.

84

Punwar Rajputs found along the banksof the Sutlej and Chenab. They are supposed to have come originally from Multan. They are said to be "fair agriculturists and respectable members
3.

History. This

is

a small clan of

of soceity".
22.
f
1.

Dhund.
^
)

Punjab, 29,000.
In

Male population.2.

-i

Poonch (Azad Kashmir

7,800.

census of )1931 J
in the

Locality The

Dhunds

are found

chiefly

Murree tahsil of the Rawalpindi district and the Abbottabad tahsil of Hazara, also on the left bank of the Jhelum
in the
3.

Bagh

tahsil of

Poonch.
recognised

Chieffamilies. The
to

head
the

of

the

Dhunds belongs
pindi tahsil.

the Phulgraon

family in

Rawalare
in the

Other well-known families of the

tribe

found

at

Sehanna, Potha, Dewal, Chattar and Sila

district

Rawalpindi Hazara.
4.

and

in

Lora,

Bakot,

Kalahan

in

History

and

particulars. The
the

Dhunds

claim
of

descent from Hazrat Abbas,

the
tion

paternal

uncle

Prophet
their

(Peace
ancestor.

be

makes Takht Khan

upon him). Another tradiwho came with Taimur to

Delhi,

purely

MusUm

Notwithstanding this claim to ancestry Colonel Wace wrote of the

Dhunds than "thirty years ago their acquaintance with the Muslim faith was still slight, and though they now know more of it, and are more careful to observe it, relics of their Hindu faith are still observable in their social habits".
It is

reported of them that even until recent times they refused to eat with other Muslims or to allow them to

85

touch

their

cooking

pots.

They

have

now

lost

this

extreme

exclusiveness.

Among

the

Punwar

clans

Tod

mentions the Dhoonda and

by him to be extinct, are either one of these.

Dhoond which were supposed and it is possible that the Dhunds

the Sikhs

The
in 1837.

tribe

was

almost

exterminated by

They

are very proud of their tribe.

the

Physically
intelligent.

Dhunds

are

fine

race and are

are supposed at one time to have been deadly enemies, at the present day the two

The

Sattis

and the

Dhunds

tribes live

amicably together and intermarry

tribe,

freely.

There are four sections of the

into

which are divided

many "wals"
1.

or clans.

The Chandal,

found

chiefly

in

Poonch

in

the

Bagh

tahsil.

The Gaiyal, descendants of Gai Khan, whose tomb is near Duberan in the Kahuta tahsil. This section have villages on the right bank of the Jhelum near Tangrot. There is one family in Karor and a few in
2.

Poonch.
3.

The

Ratnial,

these are

common

in

the

Murree

and Abbottabad
4.

tahsils.

The Andwal, which

is

a small section in Hazara.

The Jasgams say they

are branch of the

Dhunds and

86

though the Dhunds sometimes admit this relationship, it for it except is doubtful whether there is any foundation
the mythical descent of both tribes from an uncle and ancestor of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
In the Rawalpindi
district the tribe

an

inter-marry with
In

the Sattis, Khetwals,

Dhanials and Jasgams.

Hazara

with the Karrals.

23.

Dogar.

1.

Male population. 30,000. (census 1931)

upper valleys Beas rivers above the lower border of of the Sutlej and the Lahore District; they have also spread westwards
2. Locality.
is

This

tribe

found

in the

along the foot of the

3.

hills into

the Sialkot district.

History and particulars.

as

In
The

social
trible

Dogars rank

Rajputs.
is

standing the claim to be

of Rajput descent but this

strenuously denied
distinctive

by their

Rajput neighbours, and

their
is

physiognomy
Rajput blood

makes

it

probable that there

very

little

in their veins.

They are often classed with Gujars,

whom

they

much

resemble in their habits.

There are many clans, chief of which'are:

The Matter, China, Tagra, and Chokra.
24. Duli.
1.

Male population. 1,500. (census 1931)

Locality.The Duli are
found
in the

2.

vicinity

of

Seirha in
3.

Mehanda

tahsil

of Poonch State.
that

Particulars. They claim to be Rajputs and

87
the tribe migrated from
soldiers. 25. Gaiyal.

Jammu.

They should make

fair

The Gaiyals are a branch of the Dhunds. There are about 2C0 men serving in the army who belong to this
sub-tribe.
26.
1.

Gakkhar.
17,200 and

Male population. Punjah,

Kashmir

6,700 (census 1931)

2.

Locality.
tahsil

The Gakkhars are most numerous in the

of the Jh3lum
district.

Jhelum

They
is

are found

throughout
section in

Rawalpindi district, there the Abottabad tahsil of the Hazara

the

a small

district

and

they are to be met with in

Poonch and the Mirpur

tribe
is

district

of Azad Kashmir.

The

heavily

recruited in the

army.
3.

Chieffamilies.
in

The

Admal

family

ofPharwala
Hazara.

and the Sarangal family

the former place
is

of Khanpur are the best known,

latter in

Rawalpindi and the

Other well-known representatives are the Sarangal of Saidpur. Admals of Kaniat and Channi in Rawalpindi. In
the

Jhelum

district are

the

Admals of Sultanpur,

the

Iskandrials of Lehri

and Bakrala and the Bugial families of Domeli, Padri and Baragowah. At Sanghoi, Malhu and Adrana there are also families of good standing.

The Gakkhars in popular estimation rank socially above all other Musalman tribes in which they are found, and they refuse to give their daughters in marriage to any
4.

but Sayads,

88

most obscure, and ethnological experts are not agreed as to the race from which they are sprung. Ferishta mentions them as a brave and
origin of the tribe
is

The

savage race

who

lived

mostly

in

the

hills

and had

little

or

no

religion, but

the

Gakkhars
for

hold that Ferishta

has

often confused

them with the

Khokhars, and
their

even that

he had a grudge
his

against them ancestor Hindu Shah.

maltreatment of

describe themselves as being descended from Kaigohar, of the Kaiani family once reigning in

The Gakkhars
that

Isphan

they

conquered Kashmir

and Tibet

and

ruled those

countries for

many

generations,

but were

eventually driven back to

Kabul whence they entered the

of Ghaznavi
early in

Punjab
century.

with

Mahmud
is

the

1th

This story rejected by Ibbetson, because it is their present possessions long before certain that they held invasion of India and also, on the Muhammadan
Ferishta's showing a

Gakkhar army
victory

resisted

Mahmud and
on two

almost

turned

the tide of

against him

occasions.

however, that the Gakkhars entered India considerably earlier than the date they themselves Some authorities give A. D. 300 as the probable date jBx.
It
is

believed

of their immigration.

The assassination of Shahab-ud-din Ghori has been but it seems possible that it put down to the Gakkhars, was accomplished by the Khokhars with whom the
Gakkhars have been confused by
Whatever
Gakkhars,
their

Ferishta.
be,

origin
first

may

the history invasion,

is

of the
closely

since

the

Muslim

89

interwoven with

that

of the
field

North West

Punjab,

and

their exploits in the

have always redounded to their

credit as fighters.

the

They were the ruling race Indus and the Jhelum

in the hill

until the

country between rise of the Sikh

power.
Their conversion from nominal Buddhism to Islam, said to have taken place in 1205 A. D. when they were

is

At the crushingly defeated by Shahab-ud-din Ghori. time of Timur's invasion the Gakkhars were among the
foremost of the defenders of India.

They also

resisted

Babar early

in

the 16th century

and were only subdued

after a very determined resistance.

Subsequently the Gakkhar chief attended Babar, with

Gakkhar force to Delhi. Under the later Moghals the Gakkhar Rajas governed as feudal chiefs. They espoused the
a

cause of

Humayun when be was a fugitive in Afghanistan and it was at this time (1541) that Sher Shah built the famous fort at Rohtas near Jhelum to hold the Gakkhars in
check and to hinder Humayun's return. On Humayun's return to power they were richly rewarded for their services and were held in favour by the great Akbar, one of whose

most noted generals was a Gakkhar.

Their downfall was

accomphshed by Sardar Gujar Singh, a powerful Sikh chief, who defeated them at Gujrat in 1765; and was
further accelerated by internal dissensions.

Their ancient forts are

near

still

to be seen

at

Pharwala,

Kahutah and

on

the

Jhelum

at

Dangali

and

Sultanpur.

The Gakkhar

chiefs enjoyed the title of Sultan,

now

90
they are

known

as Raja

and sometimes Mirza, though the

title is

only family which can rightfully claim the former that of the Admal chief of Pharwala.

The Gakkhars,
district, are

especially

those

of the

Rawalpindi

deteriorating physique,
their

owing

chiefly to their

marriages and to the prevailing custom of inter-marriage within the clan.

general
indolence,
early

In the Jhelum district they maintain their fine qualities

and prosperity.

The Gakkhars are divided into the branches: Admal, Sarangal, Firozal, Bugial,
Hatial.

following
Iskandrial,

Other

clans

such

as

the

Paharial,

Jodhial,

Kainswal, Farmsial, Sunal, Kul Chandral, and Sagial are not recognised as true Tulial, Sakhal,

Mangral,

Gakkhars by the

others.

The Gakkhars

are

deservedly

much sought

after

by
all

both cavalry and infantry regiments for they have on occasions proved their worth in the field.
It is

unlikely that there are as many Gakkhars at the census returns show, or that all those in the army can be

members of

the tribe.
said to

The Pharwala family and some Sarangals, are adhere to Shiah tenets, and some Gakkhars have
that

stated

they were originally all Shiahs. This belief may possibly be attributed to their claim to Persian descent.

At the present time none of them can be described as bigoted Shiahs for they do not follow Shiah customs
during the Muharram.

91
27.
1.

Gheba.

Male population, About 3,800 (census 1931)

Locality.

2.

The

Ghebas are found

in

the western

portion of the Fattehjang tahsil, Attock

3.

district.

Chieffamilies. The Sardar of Kot is the most important of all the Ghebas. Next are the Malal family.

The Dhurnal and Maiyia

4.

families are of

good standing.
claim
to

History

and particulars. The

either given their
it

tribe

be

Moghal and

are returned as such in

the census

The Ghebas have

prefer to

name, or
latter

reports. received it,

from the Gheb, they explain

be

as the

reason and

Moghals. A not improbable conjecture is that they were a small band of broken Rajput families, fleeing from the central Punjab, who

known

as

joined the Jodhras and

settled

down on

their

borders.

The

later years of

independence and in social status in the Sikh rule. They are now considered equal in rank with the Jodhras and Alpials.
tribe rose to

The

tribe

is

well off
fine

and

thrifty.

They are a
and
field

manly

race,

delighting

in

sports

they

are

horse-breeders

hawking and good

horsemen.

Owing

to their

small numbers they can give few

men

to the army.
28.
1.

Ghorewaha.
(census 1931)

Male population. 16,230.

History and

2.

particulars. The

Ghorewaha

is

of

92

Kush, the second son of Rama, Raja Man of Kot Kurman (now Udaipur) had two sons, Kachwaha and Hawah the tribes state that they are of
Rajput
:

descent from

the lineage of

Kawaha.
the
its

The name Ghorewaha

is

sup-

posed to be derived

member

of

from an offering of a horse made by a tribe to Shahab-ud-Din Ghori. The

present tract while

tribe settled in

and in the time of Akbar theii have been more extensive than they are now.

was still Hindu, possession would seem to

it

They are
Rajputs.

said to give their

is

daughters to the Naru

Their physique
hills

near the foot of the

service.

good, especially in the village and they are anxious for military

The
America.

tribe sends

many emigrants

to foreign countries,

especially to Australia,

Africa and the United States of

29.
1.

Gondal.
(census 1931)
chiefly in the

Male popuIation.~\9M0.
Locality.
tahsil

2.

The

Gondals are found

also

Bhera
the

of the Shahpur

district in the tract

known

as

Gondal Bar.

They are

found

in

the Gujarat,

Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts. Those in Jhelum and Rawalpindi have no connection with the true Gondals of the Bhera, and are unlike them in general appearance and
in their characteristics.

Chief Families. There are some families of special importance. The Zaildars of Miani Gondal and Kot Moman are men of influence.
4.

93
5.

History and particulars.

say

The Gondal's claim to be

came from

Chauhan Rajputs and

Naushahra
in the

that their ancestor

south to Pakpattan where he was converted to Islam by Bawa Farid (-^^ ai'^^-j), if this is so

they probably occupied their present abodes within the last six centuries. The tribe now ranks as Jat, it inter-

marriages freely with the other Jat tribes of the districts, such as the Ranjhas, the Harrals and Laks. Formerly,
before the Jhelum country, they

canal

was

introduced

into

their

were a

pastoral people subsisting

almost

entirely on the produce of theirlarge herds of cattle. Now they are, taking more and more to agriculture and are
in very

easy

circumstances.

Physically they are a fine

race, strong

and well made.

are well fitted for military service.
30.

The Gondals

Gujars.
83,

1.

Male population 2,

495 (census 1931)

2.

Locality. The, Gujars

are distributed

throughout

the Punjab
3.

and Kazara.

History and Particulars. Iht history of this people has been given in Chapter 1.

Gujar clans
the
service:

are most numerous, the

best

known and

most

the following being suitable for military

Kathana

51,000 27,000

Cheschi

39,0:0
.

Chaudam

Kasana

15,000

94

Poswal

95
31.
1.

Harral.
5,000. (census

Male population. (ApproximatQly)

1931)
2.

Locality.

The

Harral are found

in the

Sahiwal

Jhang and Shahpur

3.

districts.

The Harral

are a Jat clan of

32.

unknown

origin.

Hoon

or

Hun.

1.

Population. Under 500 (census 1931).

Locality. Iht

2.

Hun

are

located

chiefly

in

the

Rawalpindi tahsil of the Rawalpindi district, there are also a few in the Gujar Khan tahsil and some in Hazara.

Headmen. Iht
this clan.
4.

Zaildar of Gujar

Khan

belongs to

Particulars. The

Hun

are

Panwar Rajputs
tribe
is

de-

scended from a Raja Judgeo.

one.

The

very small,

33 Jalap.
1.

Male population.
Locality.

400 (census
small tribe
is

1931)

2.

This

met with

chiefly

in

the

Pind-Dadun Khan
also a

tahsil

of the Jheluni

district, there

are

few small villages in the Bhera

tahsil

of

Shahpur.
Chieffamilies. The best known families reside at Chak Sadi and Pinnanwal.
?>.

4.

History and particulars. The

Khokhar

Jalaps claim to be but their neighbours do not admit this Rajputs,

96
claim.

They rank with

Lillas
status,

and
but

Phaphras

and

are

probably below Rajput

that of Jat.

considerably above

The
service

tribe
until

is

well

off

and have not taken to military

certain that without
fighting

lately.

It is

qualities they could not have maintained themselves in the most valuable tract in the Jhelum district, against the

Janjuas and others.

34
1.

Janjua.

Male populatian.Approximatdy 12,000 (census

1931).

Locality. The Janjuas are most numerous in the Pind-Dadun-Khan and Jhelum tahsils of the Jhelum
2.

district; there

is

also a

large branch of the

tribe

in

the

Kahuta

tahsil

of Rawalpindi.

They

are found in small

numbers scattered

about the Punjab and North-West of Frontier. In the Shahpur district there are two villages owned by a branch of the tribe which appears to be quite distinct from the others.
heavily recruited in the army; over twenty Infantry and several Cavalry Regiments enlist them.
tribe
is

The

3.

ChieJ families. Tho. Darapur family

is,

perhaps,

the best

known,

it

has given

many

Officers

to the
all

Army:

In Chakri Malot, Saloi, are in the

Walwal and Wahali,

of which

Jhelum

district,

Janjuas are to be found.

good representatives of the In Kahuta is the Mator family,

status in

and

in

Shahpur one of good

Khutta Sagral.

4.

History and particular.

The Janjuas are said to be

Thomson: "At

of Rajput descent.

According to Mr.

97

some uncertain period, some clans of Rahthor Rajput*^, emigrating from Jodhpur, occupied the uplands of the Salt Range. The leader of this movement, according to

common

account,

seated themselves

at

was Raja Mai. The Rajputs first Malot in the west Salt Range. If
it

Babar be read with attention

presents the Janjuas

will

be seen
the
hills,

that

he

re-

as confined to
tribes,

and ruling
the
plains.

over various subject

who

cultivated

The Janjuas were long

and west of the
defeated, and

the

predominant race

in the centre

district (Jhelum).

When

Sultan

Mahmud
him, were
followed

ofGhazni invaded India

fled

the Janjuas opposed

jungles.

to

the

Mahmud

them up and succeeded in capturing Raja Mai himself. The Raja was released on condition that he and his tribe
should embrace Islam.

When

the conversion took

place

the 'janju' or caste thread

was broken, and the neophytes

have been called Janjuas ever since."

It is

impossible that the Raja

Mai who

led the

tribe

from Jodhpur to the Salt Range, was the same person who was captured by Mahmud. The first event must have preceded the second by some centuries, and another
account which relates that Jaipal, who opposed Mahmud at Nandana 900 years ago, is their ancestor, is probably

more

correct.

"Raja

Mai
is

is

little

mythical and any

action of doubtful origin

apt to be fathered upon him."

The tribe was well established between Nilab and Bhera when Babar visited the country.
They were the natural enemies of the Gakkhars from
time immemorial.

98

Raja Mai had

six sons:

Raja Wir and Jodh, whose descendants are found in the Jhelum district. Those of Jodh being
also found in the Kharian tahsil of Gujrat.

Kakha whose
Tarnoli from

descendants are found

Kashmir, and are known as

Poonch and Kakkhe.

in

whom

(the Tanaolis

spring the Tanaolis of Hazara do not agree to this and claim

Moghal

origin).

Dabuchara descendants

found

in
in

Hazara
Sialkot.

(and

known
Pir

as Janjuas)

and also

Kala the Kahrwal and

Kahro

Dallal Janjuas of the

tahsil)

ilaqua of Rawalpindi (Kahuta

are the descendants of this son.

With (he exception

Jodh the others are now

of the descendants of

Wir and

distinct tribes, having nothing in

common and
the Salt
best soldiers.

not even

inter-marrying.
aristocratic

Range

are the most

The Janjuas of and make the

The Janjuas were,

subsequently

at the time
in

of Babar's
Salt

visit

(1526

A. D.) the predominant race

the
lost

Range.

They
in

became

divided,

their

strength

combination, and the Awans and Gakkhars were able to contend successfully against them and wrest much of
their

power and

territory

from them.
like the

When

the

Sikh

power
born

arose, the Janjuas

their rule, not

Gakkhars and Awans,

came under

however, without
out
for

much

stub-

resistance.

They
at

their strongholds

many months, in Makhiala and Kusak, but were even-

held

99
tually

compelled to capitulate from the want of water. Raujit Singh himself is said to have undertaken the

siege operations against Kusal.

salt

The Sikhs took over

their

the

mines at

Khewra which had been

most valued

possession.

The Janjuas rank second only to the Gakkhars in the Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts. Their headmen are known as Sultan and the second son as Malik. In the Jhelum district the tribe is invariably known as "raja," the word Janjua hardly ever being heard.
Janjua goots are found

among such menials

as Telis,

Lobars, Tarkhans and Musallis.

Their observances at various ceremonials are
the

much

same

as those of the Chibs.

said to be

The Janjuas are

the

only

really

pure

Rajputs in the plains of the Punjab. They have great pride of race (as being Janjuas) and make fine soldiers,

most suitable for cavalry, as they are of

35. Jaral.

light build.

1.

Male population. 4,000. (census 1931)

Locality.
districts

2.

The Jaral are

of Kashmir.

found

in

the

Riasi and

Mirpur
3.

good They are said to have given Raja Gulab Singh much trouble. The rank above the Mangrals and intermarry with no other tribe, but give their daughters to Gakkhars.
standing.

Particulars.

The

Jarals

are Rajputs

of

100
36.
1

Jasgam.

Male population. T\\Q Jasgams have been included among the Dhunds in the last census. They number
.

probably about 1,200 males, (census 1931).

2.

Locality l\\\s

tribe

is

found near Panjar

in

the

Kahuta

tahsil (Rawalpindi).

Headmen. A

services in 1857 in Salitta

5.

family which was rewarded is head of the clan.

for

its

History and particulars.

Khatrils,

Dhunds and

claim
-^

-The Jasgams, like the descent from Manaf an

ancestor of the Prophet

(peace be upon him) and they

say that they got possession of the tract they

now occupy
a des-

under Gakkhar
cendant of

rule,

when one Hazrat Zubair,

(peace be upon him) came from Arabia and settled near Kahuta. On this claim they
the Prophet,

represent themselves as as
such.

They

did

Dhunds and wish to be not join the Dhunds

enlisted
in

their

attempted raid on Murree in 1857 and in character they more resemble the Sattis. They intermarry freely both
with the Sattis and Dhunds.

The

tribe

is

a very small one

They accept

all

and not very prosperous the military service they can get and

make

satisfactory soldiers.
in

The Khatril are found in small numbers Khan and Mandra and are classed as Rajputs.
37. Jar.

Gujar

Besides the Punjabi

this chapter,

Musalman

Jat tribes described in

there

are

innumerable divisions and subthe Punjab; a description of

divisions of Juts throughout

101

each will be found

"a glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, 1911.
in

The census report of

as 16,04,628.

1931 gives the

male population

38. Jatal.
1.

Male

population.

About 750 (census 1931) Kahuta Tahsil of

2.

Locality

-The

Jatal are found in

Rawalpindi
3.

district.

Particulars.

They

are classed as

Rajputs.

They

make good

soldiers.

39. Jethal.
1.

Male population About 500 (census

Lolality.-

1931)
the

2.

The

Jethal

are found

in

Jhelum

thai

between the Jhelum river and the

Particulars

Lilla estate.

-They claim Bhatti Rajput descent, but other people say they are Bhuttas and in this they are
supported by their pedigree table.
soldiers.

They make

good

49. Jodhra.
1.

Afa/e/7o;jz//ar/o/;. Approximately

1,40J.

(Census

1931).
2.

Locality. ~T\\Q Jodhras inhabit the

south-eastern

portion of the Pindigheb tahsil and the valley of the Sohan extending, on the south, to the Talagang border.

Chief families. T\iQ Maliks of Pindigheb, who are closely related by marriage with the Gheba family of
3.

Kot, have great possessions and are the best known.

102
4.

History

and

particulars.

The

Jodhras account
Islam

for themselves as being

of Rajput origin, and derive their

name from

Jodhra who was converted to

by

Mahmud

of Ghazni, and

who

settled in

Kashmiir.
to

They appear, however,

to have

come

the Attock

district about the end of the 16th century as a small band of military adventurers. They possessed themselves of the " " Sohan and Sill illaquas and much of Talagang. The Awans, the original owners, were not evicted but remained

as tenants under the conquering Jodhras,

selves cultivated.

who

never them-

The Jodhras became independent chiefs keeping up a large body of armed retainers. Their power was recognised by the Moghals, and Malik Aulia Khan, their first chief

known

to history, held a revenue assignment of Pindigheb,

Talagang and parts of Chakwal.

and other causes the tribe has lost much of its original prosperity and is now much less well-to-do than its neighbours, the Ghebas, who have been

Owing

to family feuds

their ancient

rivals

and enemies.

The two

tribes

now

inter-marry and are on friendly terms.

The Jodhras breed horses and

field

are fond

hawking and
that

sports.

They

prefer

service in Cavalry to Infantry,

and being usually of

arm.

light build are

more

suitable to

40. Joiya.
1.

Popw/ar/o. 37,190 (Census 1931).

2.

Locality. Tht Joiya are found on both banks of

the

Sutlej

from the Multan-Montgomery boundary to

103 nearly as far

in

down
in

as

its

confluence with the Indus.

Also

Lahore, Multan and Muzaffargarh, and Shahpur. They

are

numerous
3.

Bahawalpur.

Chief families. The Joiyas as a tribe regard the Rais of Shahr Farid as their chief, and his influence
extends over the Joiyas of Multan.

No

Joiya

who

has

committed
chief.

a fault will

deny the

fact in the presence

of his

History and particulars. The Joiya is one of the 36 Royal races of Rajputs, but at the present time at least
4.

one-third of their

number

is

returned as Jat.

The ancient

chronicles describe

them as holding Hariana, Bhatiana Bhatner and Nagor, and also in common with the Dehia,

with

whom
Some

their

name

is

always coupled, the banks of the

Indus and Sutlej near their confluence.

seven centuries ago they were apparently driven

out of the Indus tract and partly

by the Bhattis. In Bahawalpur the Daudpotras overcame them in the time of Nadir Shah.
subjugated

Sahiwal and Multan the Joiyas as a tribe appear to rank both as Jats and Rajputs, and in Shahpur as Jats.
In

They
to horses

are considered a brave race.

They

are

devoted

and

buff"aloes.

The Joiya
clan
is

septs are

very numerous.

The Lakhwera

the highest in the social scale

ation for courage.

light physique.

and has a grat reputThe men are generally short and of

42.
1.

Junhal
700. (Census 1931)

Male population. About

104
2.

Locally. The Juhnal are found

in

Poonch

State

and also Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi

3.

District.

Particulars. The Junhal claim to be Rajputs.

They were once numerous and powerful but were

nearly
all

destroyed by the Gakkhars.

They make good

soldiers.

43.

Kahlon
(Census 1931).
is

1.

Male

fopulation.

UfiiO.

Lacality. The bulk of the tribe Zafarwal tahsil of the Sialkot district it
2.
;

found
also

in

the

is

numerous

in the

Gujranwala

district.

3.

Headmen.

The most important representative

district
is

of

tribe

in

the Sialkot

the Zaildar of Dullan in

the Zafarwal tahsil.

History and particulars.

The Kahlon rank as Jat, and

that in
his

claim descent from Raja Vikramajit of the lunar race, through Raja Jagdeo of Daranagar, concerning whom
they
tell

the well

worn legend

generosity he

promised his sister whatsoever she might ask. She claimed his head and he fulfilled his promise, but was miraculously His descendant in the 4th generation, restored to life.

Kahlwan gave his name to the tribe. Fourth from him came Soli or Sodi under whom they left Daranagar and
settled

near Batala in Gurdasaur, whence they spread to

Sialkot.

The Muslim portion of the

converted to Islam, not

tribe

appear to have been

much

time passed.

105

The
physique.

tribe

is

agricultural

and

the

men

of

goo.1

They inter-marry with

44.

Jats of

good standing.

Kahlotra
social

The Kahlotra
found
in

is

a small tribe of fair

standing
tahsil

the south eastern portion of the

Kotii

of

Poonch.

(Azad Kashmir)
45.

Kahrwal.
1,600.

Male
1931).
2.

population. Approximately

(Census

Locality. The Kahrwal are found in the

of the Rawalpindi
district.

Kahuta

tahsil
3.

Chief families. There are no families of much importance, but those of Dulal and Mator are probably
the best known.

The Zaildar of Kahuta belongs

to the

Dula

sept.

4.

History and particulars.

The Kahrwal
their

is

a branch

of the Janjuas of the Salt Range,

being somewhat below

social
tribe.

position

that section of the

They rank above the ordinary Rajput and are a fine, sturdy, self-respecting race. They are far from prosperous, and even in their richest villages, are largely dependent on A large number have become Military military service.
Officers.

They claim descent from Pir Kala, a son of Raja Mai, who married Kaho Rani when he came to the Kahuta Hence the hills, and named the ilaqua Kahru after her.
descendants are called Kahrwal.

106

The
Khan.

Diilal

is

a sub-division of the tribe.

This branch

should not be confused with the Dolal Qureshis of Gujar

46.

Kahut

1.

Male

population. 5,500. (Census 1931).

2.

Locality.

The bulk

of tribe
small

is

in

the

Chakwal

tahsil

of the Jheluni district,

numbers are found

and Shah-

scatterd about the Rawalpindi, Hazara, Gujart

pur

districts.

3.

Chief famili
In

(Jhelum).

-The best known are in Kariala and Ramshinh are also representaLangah
's.

tive families.
4.

History and particulars.

The

Kahut claim

to

have come from Arabia and to be o{ Koreshi origin, but It seems unlikely this is not acknowledged by others.
that they are of Rajput extraction.

The Kahuta

hills

of

the

supposed to have derived their no record remains of them in that

Rawalpindi district are name from the tribe, but

tract.

About

the year A. D.

1359 their ancestor Said

Nawab
pagan

All migrated to Delhi, on the

way he defeated

king of Sialkot,

named Sain

Pal.

On
who

paid there respects to the King

reaching Delhi they ordered to hold the

his

Dhanni

(in

Chakwal) and the

Salt

Range on
steps

behalf.

They accordingly retraced

foot of the Salt Range,

their

and

settled at the

realising

the

revenue from the

Janjuas and

the Gujar graziers

in

Chaudri Sahnsar, 8th

and remitting it to Delhi. descent from Kahot, was their

ancestor in the lime of Babar.

107

They may be considered

status.

to rank as Rajputs

in

social

The Kahuts inter-marry to some extent with the Mairs and Kassars and now and then with Awans, both giving and taking daughters.
customs except that the males not wear blue clothes, or if they do they fall ill
special
!

They have no

will

They are bold man of independent character, and of good physique, keen sportsmen and good riders. The tribe has no clans.
47.

Kakkezat.
{in the

Male population

Punjab).

8,4003.

(Census

1931).

Kakkezai are scattered about the Punjab, the most numerous clans being in Lahore and
2.

Locality.

The

Sialkot.

Leading families. Probably the best the Pasrur family in the Sialkot district.
3.

known

in

4.

History and particulars.

The

Kakkezai claim to

be of Pathan extraction, descended from

Sistan.

Afghans of
probable that

They are known as Sheikhs.

It is

they, like the

Khoja Hindus, were converted at an early period of the Muslim invasions and affiliated to a Pathan " class. Sir Denzil Ibbetson says of them the class (Kalal)
was
raised in importance,

many

of

its

members abandoned
and
its

there

hereditary

occupation (of

distilling liquor)

Musalman

section also grew

ashamed of

the social stigma

it

conveyed by the confession of Kalal

origin,

occordingly

108
fabricated a story of Pathan origin, and adding to the first of the caste name the Pathan tribal termination
itself

letter

called

Kakkezai.

by the most wealthy

The name was at first only used members of the caste, but its use is

spreading. The well-known sheikhs are Kalals, who while claiming Pathan origin call themselves Sheikhs.

They are now mostly known as Muslim traders and are found all over Pakistan and as far west as Kandahar. They as clever and usually prosperous, generally arriving at distinction where employed, and most anxious for
aristocratic status.
48.
1.

Kakkhe.
1,500.

Male

population.

Approximately
is

(Census

1931).

Locality.

This tribe

found on the

left

bank of the
in

Jhelum between Kohala and Uri (Kashmir), and also the Bagh tahsil of Poonch.
3.

Particulars.The Kakkhe claim to be of Rajput descent from Kakha, a son of Raja Mai, the ancestor of
the Janjuas. They share with Bambas, a privileged status in the Jhelum valley, both are styled Raja and both are

looked on as the most aristocratic of the Jheium

tribes.

They inter-marry only with each

other.

The
Akbar's
1582.

Kakkhes
first

and

invasion
the

Bambas successfully resisted of Kashmir and drove him back in

they

Under

Afghans

were

practically

independent.

The Kakkhe appear

their

to

hava

fallen

somewhat from
still

former high
race,

estate,

but they are

a well-made

handsome

and should make

efficient

soldiers

The Tezal

are sub-division of the

Kakkhe.

109
49.

Kambohs.
1931).
in

1.

Male poputation. 5^^,481. {Census

Loca//7>'. The

2.

Sutlej valley as
3.

Kambohs are found low down as Sahiwal.

the

upper

History and particulars.

The Kambohs are

comSir

monly supposed

to be closely related to the Arains.

Denzil Ibbetson and other authorities,

however, consider it doubtful if this supposed relationship has any further basis than the fact that Kambohs and Arains both came

from the west, and are both of much the same social and The Kambohs are not merely agricuagricultural repute. lturists, as they infrequently engage in trade, and have
even taken service
servants.
in the

Army,

in offices,

and as private

They claim Rajput descent from Raja Karan.

Gurgaon, some centuries ago and the tombs and mosques left by them show that they must have injoyed a considerable position. Several Kamboh Sardars were Amirs and Mansabdars in
held Sohna, in
the Court of Akbar, and one of the Emperor's generals, Shahbaz Khan, who greatly distinguished himself in

Musalman Kambohs

Rengol, was a members of this

In appearance the

tribe.

Mussalman Kambohs are

is

generally

of short stature, their physical development good and their intelligence appears to hi up to the average,
50.
1.

Karral.

Male popuIation.~U, 300. (Census 1931)

110
2.

Locality. The Karrals are found

bank of the Harro river in Rajoia plain and the Dunga Gali range in the Hazara district, and also in the Boi hills of the same district.
3.

on the right the Nara tract, between the

Leading families.

The Jagirdars of Diwal

Manal

and Dabran.
4.

to

be

History and particulars. The Karrals are believed Indians in origin, though they themselves deny it,
to

and claim

be Moghals,

who came from

Kian.

Their

ancestor, Kallar Shah was, they say, in the

service of an

Emperor of
his return

Delhi, with

whom

he went to Kashmir.
hills

On
that

he took the Bakot tract and Nara

from the
the

Gakkhars.
the

As

matter of

fact,

Karrals

were already

in

more probable when these parts

it is

Gakkhars invaded their country. They appear thrown off the Gakkhar yoke in the 17th century.

to

have

The ordinary members of

and poor circumstances
their

the tribe

seem
is

to be in very

Physique

not good.

They inter-marry with

whom
origin.

they are

Dhunds of Hazara, with supposed, by some to be identical in

the
51.

Kashmiri.
1931).

Male population. \,U,1 59. (Census

Lahore Division
Rawalpindi Division

75,298

32,875
3,603
1,983

Multan Division
Punjab States
Total

113,759

Ill

The word Kashmiri members of any of the

monly used
in

is

perhaps,

applicable to
it is

the

races of Kashmir, but

com-

denote the people of the In any case the term is a geographical valley of Srinagar. one, and probably includes many of what we should, in
itself to

Kashimir

the Punjab, call separate castes.

In the Punjab

the

term

Kashmiri

connotes

Musalman

Kashmiri.

Most

immigrants from Kashmir are called Kashmiris whatever their original tribe. These must be distinguished from

Poonch and Jammu who are mostly of Rajput descent and not Kashmiris at all. The Kashmiris are a prosperous class and
tribes

the

well-known

Musalman

of

seek

eagerly

for

military

employment,

many
in

have
the

risen to

commissioned rank.

The

principal tribes

Punjab are Bat, Batte, Dar, Lun, Shaikh, Wain and Warde.
52.
1.

Mahr, Man, Mir,

Kassar

Moghal.)
4,000.

Male population. -Approximatdy

(Census

1931)

Locality.~Thc Kassars are peculiar to the north west quarter of the Chakwal tahsil, Jhelum district.
2.

Chieffamilies. The best known family is that of Dullah the head of which is the Zaildar. Another family
2.

of good standing is the one at Chawli, a member of which received a direct commission in an Infantry Regiment.
3.

History and particulars

The

K'dssavs were

noted

at

one time for claiming neither Rajput,

they asserted
that

Awan

or

Moghal
from
by

origin,

they came

originally

Jammu and

that they obtained their present territories

112
joining the armies

of Babar.

Since the census of 1881

they have recorded themselves as Moghals, and this claim

have now developed into a genealogical tree in which the Kassars are shown as being of common origin with the

Moghal Emperors.
follows
:

They now account

for themselves as

They were
in Asia

originally located in the country of

to

Kinan

Minor, whence they migrated

Ghazni

at

some

time unknown, with the ancestor of the Moghal dynasty, and subsequently accompanied Babar in his invasion of
India in A. D. 1526.

Their ancestors at that time being

to same, or Jhajha, Lati

Gharka and Bhin according

Kaulshinh according
stating that
to

and
in

others.

All agree however,

Gharka

is

buried on a

mound

in

Mauza Hatar
is

not

many

miles from

Dhok
in the

Pipil in Bal

Kassar which

said to be the original settlement of the tribe in these parts.

The Dhanni was then

while Changas

hands of wandering Gujars,

Janjua held the hills to the south Babar made living at fort Samarkand in Mauza Maira. over to them the western portion of the Dhanni, on condition that the

Khan

would drain

off the

water with which the

eastern part was then covered, and Gharka obtained some additional country to the south-west as a reward for restoring to
raja

Changas Khan a favouritemare, which the Janjua had lost.

They state that the original profession of the tribe was "hakumat" or government, and that it is now agriculture or Government employment.
Their headmen receive the
tittle

of "Chaudhri."

Their customs do not differ from the tribes surround-

113
ing them.

They hold

good position among the

in

tribes

of

the Jhelum district, ranking

the Mairs and

popular estimation with

freely with the

Kahuts.

They inter-marry
his

former, both giving and taking daughters, but a Kassar of

good family who married

daughter to a Kahut of fair standing, incurred the displeasure of the brother-hood. They do not inter-marry with any other tribe.
In character the Kassar
is

and revengeful, given

to be a

to bitter

supposed to be passionate feuds which may be said

common

trait in these parts.

Their Chaudris are

men of engaging manners and

fine

appearance, good riders and fond of hawking. They breed a very fair stamp of horse.
Their average physique is good and ihey should prove excellent material for the army.
53.
1.

Kathia. (Census 1931).

in

Male population. 1,600.

Locality.

2.

The

Kathias are found

districts,

the Ravi
in

valley of the

Multan and Sahiwal

district.

also

the

south of the Jhang

3.

History and particulars. The Kathias claim to be

Punwar Rajputs descended from

Kathia

who

lived

Rajput prince named about the time of their conversion to

a

Islam, in the reign of the

Emperor Akbar.

An

attempt

has been
in their

made

to identify the tribe with the Kathoei,

at Sangla, so stoutly
it

who

torious

stronghold army of Alexandar, but

is

resisted

the vic-

cannot be said that any-

thing definite

known about

the tribe.

114

They are of

Jat status.

Their average physique is good, owing to the fact thcit they do not allow their children of eitlier sex to marry
until they

have attained the age of puberty.

64.

Kethwal.
1

Male population.

,250 (Census 1931).

Localiiy.ThQ Charihan spur of the Murree range is the home of the Kethwalas, this tract is in the Murree tahsil of the Rawalpindi district.
2.

no families of importance, the Zaildar of Chirihan and some Military OHficers form
3.

Headmen.

There are

the aristocracy of the tribe.

4.

History and particulars.

The Kethwal belong

to the

same group as the Dhund and

Alexander the Great
!

Satti,

but claim decent from

They say that they are the oldest inhabitants of these hills and that they came into them before either the Dhund or Satti. They were almost exterminated by the Dhunds, at some time, the date of which is uncertain and they are

now a very small tribe. Their appearance and character much resumble that of the Dhunds, but their physique is
not so good.

poor one and is glad to accept all the military employment it can secure. The Kethwals inter-marry with the Dhund, Satti and Dhandial.
tribe
is

The

55.
1.

Khakha.
(Census 1931).
is

Population 11,260.
Locality.

2.

The

tribe

to be

met with

practically

throughout the Punjab.

115
3.

Particulars.

-The Khakhas are

supposed

to

b.-

Khatris converted to Islam.

trade.
56.
|.

They engage

exclusively

Kharral.

Male population. 1^,650.

Locality.

(Census 1931).
in the

2.

The Kharrals are common

in

Sahi-

Lahore, Gujranvvala, Multan and Bahawalpur. The valley of the Ravi, from the junction with the Chenab to the boundary between Lahore
district

wal

and are also found

and Sahiwal
3.

is

the chief habitat of this tribe.

Chieffamilies.
is

The best

known and one of most

is

importance

the

Kamalia talukdar family which

men-

tioned in "Punjab Chiefs".

4.

History and particulars. The

tribe,

Kharrah appear
origin
settled

to

be a true Rajput

though

considerable portion
their

of

them are

styled

Jat.

They

trace

from one
at

Bhupa, a descendant of Raja

to their present territory.

Karan who

and was there converted to Islam.

From Uchh they They are now divided into two

Uchh moved

main

factions,the upper Ravi

quarters of the latter

and the lower Ravi, the headbeing at Ket Kamalia.

rose to

The Kamalia Kharrals

some prominace

in the

time of Alamgir, but the upper Kharrals are now the more powerful. They stoutly resisted the English Army in
1857.

Their phjisique is above the average, and their activity and endurance is remarkable. The tribe has been chiefly a
pastoral one.

Many

of them served in Ranjit Singh's army.

116
57.
1.

Khattar.
\9?>l)

Male popuJation.l, 730. (Census

The Khattar country
is

9.

the Attock district and extends

Kala Chitta range of from Hassan Abdal and

the

Jani-ki-Sang to the Indus. There are also a few villages near Shah-ki-Dehri in the Rawalpindi district.
3.

Chief families. The

Wah

best

known

families

are
in

those of

and Dhreik both of which are mentioned

"Punjab Chiefs."' The Dhreik family has suffered much from internal feuds, ruinous litigation
Sir Lepel Griffin's

and bad conduct.

The Bahtar branch of

this family

is

of

considerable importance.
4.

History and particulars. Socially the Khattars hold

an intermediate place, ranking below the Awans, Jodhras and other high class Rajputs.

Ghebas,

The Khattars themselves are divided in belief as to their descent, while some claim Indian origin, others deny it and allege that they are closely allied to the Awans, having come from Arabia. The Awans do not always
admit
this relationship.

The Khattars were some time divided into two main branches, though they themselves rarely speak of it.
These are the Kala Khattars and Chitta Khattars. To the former belongs the Dhriek family, to the latter the Wah

The Kala branch, who are darkish in colour, are converted Hindus, and the Chitta of true Musalman descent
family.

overpowering and observing their predecessors.

Sir Lepel Griffin

makes them
to

originally inhabitants of

Khorasan, who come

invaders.

India with

the early

Musalman

117

The Khattars
preferring cavalry.

are

now anxious

for

military

sevice,

have a name for keeping horses and hawks, but their circumstances in the present day do not appear to permit of much expenditure in this direction.

They used

to

There are numerous

mentioned.

sects
:

though they are not often

The

chief being

Mitha, Kharial,

Firozal, Sarhal, Isal, Garhal, Balwal,

Jandal, and Ranial.

They

give

their

daughters, to G.ikkhars,

Pathans, and Sayads,

but

receive

Awans, them only

from Awans.
58.
1.

Khokhar
(Of which 12,000 are

Male population 32,6,00,

(Census 1931).

Jats).

Khokhars are found throughout the Punjab, but chiefly in the Shahpur, Jhang, Multan districts and in the Chenab Colony and Bahawalpur State.
Chieffamilies. The Khokhars, are well presented by families of good standing, some of the best known
3.

Locality. The

are

:
In Shahpur,

Malakwal family in the Bhera, tahsil, others in Majoka Jaura, and Bandiol in the Khushab tahsil, and also the Barath family near Miani Gondal.
the

In the

Jhelum

district are

Ahmedabad
tahsil.

families

Pind-Dadan-Khan and and of Badshah Khan in the Chakwal

the

118

In the Gujrat district the Garhi Gauhar of the Phalian tahsil.

5.

Khan

family

History and particulars.

all

and Arains, have

themselves vary
in

Awans, Jats, Khokhars branch and the Khokhars

Rajputs,

status.

The

origin of the

Khokhars

is

as

obscure as that of

any Punjab tribe. Tradition invariably connects them with the Awans, making Khokhar one of Qutab Shah's sons and Khokhar Qutb Shahis his descendants, who would thus be
akin to the Juhans, an

Awan

tribe in the Sialkot.

But

this

pedigree probably mainly records the fact that the Awans and Khokhars owe their conversion to Islam to Saints

Qutbshah or
teachings.

his disciples, or that they

both accepted his

In

Sialkot

Khokhars inter-marry with other

will

tribes

which the Awans

not do.

In Gujrat, where they hold

a compact block of village about

the leading Khokhars are

Mung on
the

the

Jhelum,
inter-

called Raja, as being of Rajput

decent. Yet they claim kinship with

Awans and

marry with them and the

Bhattis,

giving

wives to Chibs

but not getting brides in return.

About Pind-Dadan-Khan
said to be entirely distinct

the

Rajput Khokhars are

from the Jat Khokhars, though flsewhere in the Jhelum district the tribe has become merged with the Jat cultivators. Those of Rajputs status

marry into some of the best Janjua

families.

The Khokhars have

Gakhars, who
self

at times

been confused with the

has himsettled

state that the historian Ferishta

made

this mistake.

The Khokhars were

well

in

the Punjab centuries

before the Gakkhars, and were

119
early

spread

all

over the central districts of the province

their seats in the Salt

before the

Gakkhars acquired

Range

and

country extending from the Jhelum to the Khanpur "ilaqa" in Hazara, to which they have always
in the hilly

been confined.

The
in

earliest distinct

mention of the Khokhars occurs

the

which

"Taj-ul-Ma'asir." a History written in A. D. 1905, of the tribe against Sultan describes a revolt

Muhammad
and the Din Aibak.
in

Ghor Chenab, when

of
After this
historical

in the

country between the Jhelum they were defeated by Qutb-udthe tribe is repeatedly mentioned
as

Islamic

records

breaking out into

re-

and giving trouble generally. The localities with which they are identified were Lahore, the Salt Range,
bellion

Multan, between the Indus and the Chenab and also east of the Beas river. They appear to have played an important part in the resistance offered

of Timur.
to

invading armies Sheikh Kukari, one of their leaders, submitted

to

the

Timur and was employed by him Delhi. After Shaika, Jasrath makes

in

his

advance on

his

appearance, in

A. D. 1420 he attacked the King of Kashmir who was marching into Sindh, captured him and took all his
"material".
Jasrath

appears to have harried the country

(attacking

with varying success

occasions until 1432,

Lahore

itself

on two

when he

Khokhars Jullunder and Rachna Doabs, Multan and portions of Jammu and Sialkot, with a population estimated at 200,000

Akbar

the

In the time of disappears. held portions of the Bari Doab, the

souls.

Prior to

the historical

records

of

the

tribe a

traditional

history

of

the

Khokhars commences

their

record from about

1500 B. C. and makes them Descen-

dants of Bustam Raja surnamed Kokra,

who was governor

120 of the Punjab. Driven thence by Faridur who had acquired the Persian throne, Bustan sought refuge in the hill of

West of Kandahar, where his people ruled for generations, being called Ghori of Ghoria. Later the
Ghor,

Khokhars re-entered the Punjab under chiefs such as Jot, thenceforth held Sirkap, Vikram and many others, and
the Punjab.

The Jhelum, Gujrat and Shahpur

the best

districts

produce

men.
59.

Kichi and Khilchi.

1.

Population 5,000.

(Census

1931)

2.

Locality. The Kichi are found almost exclusively

in

round Mailsi
tahsil of
3.

the

Multan

district,

and

in the

Gugera

Montgomery.

History and particulars. The Kichi is a tribe of Jat status which claims Chauhan (Rajput) origin and desDriven out of cent, from one Kichi, a ruler in Ajmer.

Delhi by the

descendants migrated to Multan. The tribe fought with the Joiyas, then paramount
his

Muhammadans

those parts, and they say also that they were sent Baluch of Khai by the Moghals, in against the rebellious Multan. In Montgomery they state that they were conin

verted to Islam by

Bahawal Haqq.
tribe
in

Shahpur named Khilchi who have probably originated from the Khilji, a Moghal subThere
is

a Jat

tribe.

60. Kizilbash.
1.

Population. -220. (Census 1931)

121
2.

Locality. This very small clan

is

found

cheifly in

the Lahore and Lyallpur districts.

Several

prominent members of the

tribe are servinj

as Officers in the
3.

Army

as well as in the

civil.

Leading families.
Ali

The
Khan

best

known

family
In the

is

that

Nawab MuzaflFar Ismail Khan district

of
4.

of Lahore.

Dehra
status.

there are also families of

good

History and particulars. The

a
tribe

original

Kizilbash

were

of Tartar

Caucasus, who formed

the

horsemen from the Eastern backbone of the old Persian

which Nadir Shah invaded
ministers have
the

army and of
India.

the force

with

Many

of the great Moghal

notably

been

Kizilbash, and

Mir Jumla,

famous minister

of Aurangzeb.

They form an important military colon\ in Those found in the Punjab are descendants of the who came with Nadir Shah or after him. They are
all

Kabul.
families

Shiahs.
61.

Koreshi
(in

1.

Male population

the

Punjab).

Over

50,003.

(Census 1931). It is probable how-ever, that comparatively few of those who have returned themselves as Koresh have any real title to the name.
2.

Locality.

Koreshis
districts.

Punjab,

they

are

are found throughout the most numerous in the Rawalpindi,

Multan and Jhang

3.

Leading families.
is

(Rawalpindi)

Gujar Khan tahsil the family of a pensioned Subedar Major

the

In

122

who was A.D.C.

The family of

to the

Commander-in-Chief and a Zaildar.

of Banhar,
In the

the Ilaqadar
tahsil

Chak

Misri, Pinditahsil

Dadun-Khan
title

(Jhe!um).
families,

Shorkot

of

Jhang there are several

of honour.

known

as Sheikhs, here a

The "Makhdum" family of Multan and other well-known Koreshi families in the Multan district, two of whom are descendants of the Saint Bahawal Haqq.
4,

History

and

particulars.

The

Koreshis
i--*^

claim

descent form the tribe to which the Prophet

(peace be

upon him) belonged. Among those who so

style themselves

many claim to belong to the Faruqis or descendants of Hazrat Umar, the second Kaliph, or to Sadiqis or descendants of Hazrat

Abu Bakar
tribe.

the

first

Kaliph

both of

whom
as

were Koreshi by

In Gujar

Dolal, uished Officers.

Khan there is a well-known section known among whom there have been several distingin the

Another section

same

tahsil is

known

as Jagial.

The Shorkot Koreshis (Jhang

lent

district)

have an excel-

record as soldiers.

The

tribe

is

respected by for

its

sanctity.

The

best class are agriculturists.

62.

Lillas.

1.

Male population. '&90. (Census) (1931)

Locality. This small tribe is peculiar to the Jhelum district and lives west of, and near to, Pind-Dadun
2.

Khan.
3.

ages
Lilla

Headmen. IhQ Lumbardars of : Lilla Bharwana, Lilla Hindwana,

Guj.

their

four

vill-

Lilla

Bhera and

123
4.

known

History and particulars. The Lillas wish to be as Moghals, but are of Jat rank. They state ihat

they are relations of the Prophet -'-'^ (peace be upon him) on his mother's side, and therefore if they had their rights,
are Koreshis.

of Ghazni, a member of the tribe migrated to India with a band of 160 men as
as well dependants.
to

In the time

of Sultan

Mahmud

After

many wanderings from Multan

present home.

Gujranwala they

finally settled in their

They are Sunni Muslims and say they were so long before their migration to India. They show no signs
of Indian origin.

The

tribe

is

supposed to inter-marry with any Jat

tribe.

Being such a small tribe they can give but few men to
the

Army and

civil.

63.
1.

Mair and Mair Manhas

Male population. 7,800. {Census (1931)

Locality. The Mairs are
tahsil

2.

found

chiefly

in

the

Chakwal

of the Jhelum district and are also scattered about the adjacent of districts Rawalpindi and Attock.
3. Leading families. Their headmen are known as "Choudhri." In Chakwal is the family of an (late) Extra Assistant Commissioner. Other families of standing are

Rupwal Ghugh, and Mian Mir. Naurang

4,

in

Kot

Badshahan,

Chakral

Chak

History

and particulars. The

a

Mairs

say they are

agri-

Manhas Rajputs (Manhas being

cultural
cultural)
pursuits,

word denoting

applied to

Rajputs

who took

to agri-

and that they are Dogars of the same stock as

124

Maharaja of Jammu ted by one Maharaja.

the

this

has apparently been admit-

Their ancestors lived

in

the

hilly

country

west of

Jammu.
The Dhanni country (Chakwal) was then part of Kingdom of the Dogras, and was given to their forefather,
Bhagiar Der, as his share of the ancestral estates. He went there with his following, some time before the advent
of Babar.
then country was occupied by wandering who were rejected by the Mairs. The eastern Gujjars part of the Chakwal tahsil was covered by a great lake

The

which Babar drained by cutting through the Ghori Gala by which the Bunha torrent novv escapes. The Mairs
took up the drained country.

The Mairs like their neighbours, the Kassars, are passionate and revengeful. They gave the Sikhs much trouble, and it required Ranjit Singh's presence in their
tract to bring

them

to order'

Thep joined

the Sikhs in 1848 and on

making over a lady

their

(Mrs. George Lawrence) to

confiscated by the English.

them,

all

Jagirs were

themselves by some services and by good conduct, and thus obtained a reversal of their attainder.
In the 1857 they

distinguished

The Mairs inter-marry with

less extent,

the

Kassars and, to a

with the Kahuts.

There appears to be a social distinction between the the latter consider ordinary Mair and Mair Manhas themselves Rajputs and of the aristocracy of the tribe.
;

125
Physically
the
;

Maiis are active and well made and

are high-spirited
service.

well suited in most respects for military

64.
1.

Maldial.
1931)

Male

population.

57,00{Ccnsiis

2.

Locality. The Maldial inhabit both banks of the

iVTahl river in

Poonch (Azad Kashmir).

tribe

Particulars. ~l\\e

claims

to be of

Moghal

des-

cent, but can

produce no evidence to substantiate this claim, their neighbours do not allow it and will not give their daughters in marriage to the tribe.

The men
'

are of

medium

stature

and

well-built.

65. Maliar.

Maliars are cultivators and gardeners and are the same a Malis or Baghbans. They are found every where, but are most numerous in Rawalpindi, Attock and Jhelum.

Maliars are fond of calling themselves by the name of some tribe higher in the social, as Awan or Janjua.

They are

excellent cultivators.
66.

Malik

1.

Male

population.

-19, Om. (Census 1931)

is

2.

Particulars. The Malik

a tribe of lower Rajput

status found in

Poonch and Jammu.

They describe themselves as having been brought into Poonch by the Emperor Akbar to guard the passes into Kashmir from the Punjab. They sometimes call them-

126
selves
in the

Malik Manhas.

certain

number

are employed

Kashmir Imperial Service Troops.

tribe.

They do not marry outside the

67.
1.

Mangral.

iMale population.-

About 4,500 (Census

1931).

2.

Particulars. M^ngrals are of good social position

chiefly in the

and are found

Kotli

tahsil

of the Mirpur.

(Azad Kashmir). good number is seving in the Army and some of the tribe have been in the Frontier Force.

Officers

They are sometimes known as Mangral Gakkhars but appear to have no real connection with the Gakkhars except
any other tribe. The men are small but of good physique, and they are keen on military employment.
that they will not give their daughters
to
68.
1.
^

Manhas.

Male

population.

Approximately
is

2,500.

(Census

1931).
2.

Locality.

The tribe

found scattered about

in

small communities in the Sialkot and Rawalpindi districts.

3.

Leading families.TheTQ are

none of any im-

partance.

and particulars. The word Minhas or Manhas refers to agriculture and denotes that section of the tribe which took to agricultural pursuits. The Jamwal
4.

History

is

not engage in agriculture. The tribe has an illustrious pedigree and claims to be of Solar origin through Ram Chandra of Ajudhya. Their ancestors
the royal branch

who do

127
are supposed to have settled in

Jammu and
in the

Kashmir. They

now occupy
precedence.

rather a

humble place

Rajput scale of

They nevertheless make

69.

excellent soldier.

Manj.
S,000. (Census 1931).

1.

Male population. About

2.

L(3ca//7v. Pre-partition this tribe belonged mainly

is

to the Jullundur district but

pindi.

found

in

Lahore and Rawal-

The

Alpials of the

Rawalpindi

district

claim to be

Manj
3.

Rajputs.

History and particulars. The Manj claim to be connected with the Bhatti, and descended from a mythical Raja name Salvahan. South of the Sutlej the Manj Rais

of Talwandi and Raikot ruled over a very extensive territory till dispossessed of it by Ranjit Singh and his Sikhs.

North of

that river the

Manj never succeeded

in establish-

ing a principality.

With the exception of the Alpial branch, the Manj has now little to recommend him except his good physique.

Too proud
tenants.

to

till

the land themselves they cultivate

it

as a

rule through

the agency of servants,

or lease

it

out to

In either case they only receive landlord's profits,

while the sturdier Jat, cultivating with his own hands, reaps the profit of both landlord and cultivator.

The conversion of

the tribe

to

Islam

probably took
i.e.,

place in the reign of Shahab-ud-Din middle of the 12th century.

70.
1.

Ghory,

in

the

Mekan.
3,000.

Male population. Probably

(Census 1931).

128
2.

Locality. The

Mekan

are chiefly

found
in

in

the

Shahpur district, Multan and the Kharian

3.

and

also, in very small

numbers,

Jhelum

tahsii of Gujrat.

Headmen.~The

best

known of
Shahpur

the

tribe

are

two

families of the Zaildars in the

tahsil, in the villages

Kot Bhai Khan and Kot Pahlwan.

4.

Particulars .The

Mekan

are said to be of

Panwar
tur-

origin, descended from the same ancestor as the Dhudhi.

They

are a partial tribe and are said to be

somewhat

bulent.

They rankas Rajput and

71.

are generally of fine physique.

Meos

or

Mawatis
1931).

Male population. 1\, (ill). (Census

The

early history

and

origin of the

Meos

is

abscure

they themselves claim Rajput origin, alleging descent from an ancestor converted in the time of Kut-ub-Din. It seems

probable, however, that the Minas and Meos are connected and they are probably both representatives of the earlier

non-Ayran inhabitants of the country. In former times the Meos were noted for their turbulance. As soldiers they
are cheery and willing workers. Their physique
is

excellent
is

as they have strong thighs and broad chests. There material for enlistment in infantry. ample and good
72.

Moghal.
so-called

Male Population. There are over 100,000 Moghals males in the Punjab. (Census 1931).
1.

2.

Locality.

Moghals are

common

throughout the
district

Punjab but the census returns show that the Jhelum

129
contains the largest number, over 11,000 males in that district having returned themselves as Moghal; Rawalpindi
with nearly, 8,000 and Attock with 5,000
3.

come

next.

History and particulars. Moghuh or Mongols, either entered the country with Babar or were attracted

during the reign of his dynasty. Of the figures given above Irresonly a small number are of pure Mongolian blood.
pective of the mixture of blood resulting from inter-marriage of the Moghals with the local castes, there is a strong

tendency

among men

of

low

status

to claim

Moghal

descent, and it has even become the fashion of late years describe themselves as for some well-known tribes to

Moghal.

Among

such are the following

Ghebas, Kassar, Phaphras, Tanaolis, and even sometime the Gakkhars. In "A History of the Mcghals of
Central Asia"

by N. Elias and E. D. Rose we find the :"Iii origin there is little difference between following the Turk and Moghal. The word 'Moghal' even where it
is

used in an ethnic sense,

is

frequently misapplied,
in history, as to

and so

extended at certain periods comprise many tribes of real Turki race (among the others) until large numbers of people who were not of Moghal race came to
be called Moghals. This habit appears to have been prevalent first in the time of Chingiz Khan and his immediate

and subsequently during the ascendency of the Chaghatai (or so called Moghal) dynasty in India. The third conclusion is that the application and signification of all these names. Turk, Tartar and Moghal varied at
successors,
different times

and

in different countries."

great pride of race, which feeling usually accompanied those qualities which we look for in the soldier,
true

The

Moghal has

130

The

best

known
the

clans

are The
true

Barlas, Chaghatta

and
are

Kiani, whilst in

Lahore

district are

some known
will

Turkmal and Ghori.

"Beg"
prefix.

to

his

The name, and

Moghal

always add
a

generally uses

"Mirza" as

A man who
the

calls himself

Moghal but who cannot

tell

name of

his clan

should generally be rejected as an un-

desirable.

73

Narma.

The Narma is a Rajput tribe with a male population of 3,300, found chiefly in the Bagh tahsil of Poonch and the Kotlia (ahsil of Azad Kashmir. They are also to be found
in small

numbers

in

Kahutta, Gujar

Khan and Rawalpindi

Tahsil.

Their tradition connects them with Puran. said to be a son of Raja Salvahan from whom also come the Bhattis

and Manj Rajputs.

They connect themselves with

the Solhan Rajput

with

whom

they inter-marry.

They are generally of good physique, short and sturdy with good legs.
74.
1.

Naru.
12,000.

Male population. About

(Census 1931).

Loca//0'. Pre-partition this tribe belonged mainly to the Hoshiarpur and Jullundur districts, and a few in
2.

Gurdaspur and Amrilsar. Now in Pakistan they one found in Lahore and Rawalpindi and Sahiwal and Miiltan.
4.

Headmen.

Their

headmen

were

"Raaas" of

131

the four "Parganas"" in

(India).
5.

Hoshiarpur, and one

in

Jullundur

History and particulars.

The Narus say that

of

they

are Surajbansi Rajputs converted in the time

Mahmud

of Ghazni.

They came

originally

from Muttra and thence

through Jaisalmer to the Punjab.

Their ancestor, Raja Tilochand, having applied for help in a civil war to the King of Delhi, was sent to con-

quer the Punjab, which he did, and ruler of the country.

in

return

was made

His son Nihal Chand, became a Muhanimadan, and assumed the name of Naru Shah. Naru Shah first settled at

Mau in

Jullundur (India) whence his son RatanPal founded

Thence were founded the four Naru "parganas" of Hariana, Bajwana, Sham Chaurasi and Ghorewaha in Hoshiarpur and Bahr in Jullundur (India). The chief man in each of these "parganas" is known as "Rai" or "Rana".
Phillaur.
75.
1.

Panwar.
30,000. (Census
in the

Male population. About

1931).

2.

State, in
3.

Locality. The Panwar is found Multan, Sahiwal and Lahore.

Bahawalpur

History and particulars. The Panwar or Pramara

was once the most important of the Agnicula Rajputs. "The world is the Pramaras" is an ancient saying denoting their extensive sway, and the Nankot Marusthali, extending along

and below the

signified

Sutlej

from the Indus almost to

or arid territory

the Jamna,

the

Maru Asthal

occupied by them.

But many centuries have passed since

132
they were driven from their possessions, and
in 1826 they held in independent sway only the small State of Dhat in

the desert.

Ranghars (Musalman Rajputs).

The Musalman Rajputs of commonly known as Ranghars.

settled

the

Ambala

Division are

After partition they have

down

in

the

Lahore,

Sheikhupura and Multan

districts.

They belong chiefly to the Jatu, Taoni and Tonwar clans.

in quality to the

Batti,

Chauhan, Ponwar,

They are much superior

or

Eastern

ijput.

76
1.

Male population. 350.

Phaphra

Phiphra As shown

in

the census
in the

from the number who are serving army there must be many more than this.
returns (1931) but
2.

Locaity,

The Phaphra have a few

retired

villages a*

the

foot of the Salt Range, east of Pind

Dadan Khan

in the

Jhelum
3.

district.

Headmen. A

Extra Assistant

Commisinfluen-

sioner and Subedar

tial

Major are perhaps, the most

members of
5.

the tribe.

History and particulars. The Phaphras follow the prevailing fashion and call themselves Moghals, to which
they have no claim.

The

tribe

is

classed as
in

"semi-Jat" ranking somewhat

above the Jat status

marry with the Lillas, for the most part certainly

popular estimation. Gondals and Varaich,

Jats.

They
etc.,

inter-

who

are

In character, customs and physique they

do not seem

133
to differ
district.

from the othsr agricultural

tribes

of the Jhelum

77.
1.

Phularwan.
1,700.

Male population. Abowi

Locality.

(Census 1931).

2.

The Phularwan

of 10 villages in Chobara and also few villages

3.

occupy a compact block the Zaffarvval tahsil of Sialkot round

in the

Phillaura tahsil.

Headmen.

The Zaildar of Pindi

Bago.

4.

tribe

and

History and particulars. L'lttlQ is known about this it is not mentioned in the census returns.
describes
it

The "Rivaj-i-am"
for
it

as follows

as Rajput,

and accounts

One Feroze Shah became

called Bharwal.
in

a convert to Islam

and was

given land in the Jhang district, where he founded a village

For

five

generations his descendants lived

Bharwal, they then offended the authorities and all were put to the sword, except one Manga, who escaped. Manga came to Zaffarwal and his descendants established themselves in their present habitations.

has been suggested as the derivation of the tribal name, but there appears to be nothing definite
to support this supposition.
78.

Phuler

Awan

Punjabi Pathan.
1931).

Male population.~l,93,S}5. (Census

The Pathan
Indus
districts,

is

generally associated

with the Trans-

but scattered about the Punjab are to be found small colonies of Pathans who, in order to dis-

134

them from the Pashtu-speaking Pathan of the borders, are here termed Panjabi Pathans.
tinguish

These non-frontier Pathans are usually known by the town or locality in which they are settled, e.g., Kasur Pathans, Multani Pathans. These colonies of Pathans
are accounted for by Sir Densil Ibbetson in
the

manner

following

"During the Lodi and Sur dynasties many Pathans

migrated to India especially during the reign of Bahlol Lodi and Sher Shah Suri. These naturally belonged to the
Ghilzai section from which those kings sprung.

But large numbers of Pathans accompanied the armies ofMahmud Ghaznavi, Shahab-ud-Din and Babar, and many of them obtained grants of land in the Punjab plains and founded Pathan colonies which still exist. Many

more Pathans have been driven out of Afghanistan by

internal feuds or by famine and have taken plains east of the Indus.

refuge in

the

most commonly to be found in Punjab are the Yusufzai including the Mandahr, the Lodi Kakar, Sarwani, Orakzai, the Karlauri tribes and the Zamand

The

tribes

most widely distributed are the Yusufzai, of whom a body of 12,000 accompanied Babar in the final invasion of India, and settled in the plains of
Pathans.

Of

these the

India and the Punjab. But as a rule the Pathans who have settled away from the frontier have lost all memory of
their tribal divisions,

and indeed almost

all

their

national

characteristics.

Multani Pathans.The descendants of Zamand very to which early migrated in large numbers to Multan,

135

province they furnished rulers, till the tiaie of Aurangzeb, when a number of the Abdali tribe under the leadership of

Shah Husain were driven from Kandahar by

tribal

feuds,

took refuge in Multan, and being early supplemented by other of their kinsmen who were expelled by Mir Wais, the great Ghilzai chief, conquered Multan and founded
the tribe well

known

in

the Punjab as Multani Pathans.

Zahid Khan Abdali was appointed Governor of Multan with the title of Nawab, at the time of Nadir Shah's inva-

Multan was Governed by different members of this family, until in 1818 the city was captured by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, after a heroic defence in which the
sion.

Nawab and

five

of his sons were slain.

Kasw

Pathans.

When

the

Zamand

section

was bro-

migrated to the Ghorband defile, and a large number marched thence with Babar and found great favour at his hands and those of Humayun,

ken up, the Khweshgi clan

One

section of

them

settled at

Kasur, and are known as

"Kasuria Pathans"

The Kasuria Pathans

increased in

numbers and impro-

tance until the chiefs thought themselves strong enough to After some severe refuse to pay tribute to the Moghals.
fighting the Kasuria Pathans were

they

never lost

compelled to give in, heart however and maintained their inde-

pendence

until 1807,

the Sikhs.

subdued by After the confiscation of Kasur by Ranjit

finally
left

when they were

Singh, the Pathans were ordered to remain on the

bank

of the Sutlej where their leader was assigned the Jagir of,

Mamdot.
Besides
these

two

better

known

clans,

there

are,

136
as already mentioned others to be found in small colonies

throughout the Punjab.

Many
belong to

distinguished Officers, from cavalry regiments,

this class.

79.

Rajputs.
tribes

The Punjabi Musalman Rajput

this chapter

described in

have been mainly those of the Rawalpindi The term Rajput has to a large degree Civil Division.
to

come
term

mean

a social grade rather than

an

ethnological

among Punjabi Musalmans. The Census Report of 1931 gives the male population af Punjabi Musalman Raj-

puts as 9,19,165.
80. RaDJha.
1.

Male population. About

8,000, (Census 1931)

Locality. The bulk of the Ranjhas are to be found in the Bhera tahsil of the Shahpur district, there are
2.

a few also in
3.

Gujranwala and Jhelum.

//eflf/me/7. The

tribe

are the
tahsil.

Bhera

members of the Zaildars of Mid Ranjha and Bhadar in the The lumbardars of Pind Dadun Khan and
most
influential
district are

Lilla in the
4.

Jhelum

men of some

standing.
are gen-

History
classed

and particulars.

The

Ranjhas

erally
terly

as Jat though they are Bhatti Rajputs. Lat-

have claimed Koreshi origin. They closly resemble the Gondals, with whom they intera few of the tribe

marry.

The Ranjhas show

little

desire for military service.

137
81.

Sakhal.
chiefly
in

Mirpur district where they own a group of viHages round Khattar. A " "' few are also in Poonch. They are Sahu and claim to be Gakkhars. The Admal Gakkhars describe fhe Sakhal
is

This tribe

found

the

as having formerly been servants of the Gakkhars.

The

tribe

is

a small one. 82.

Salehria.

Male

population. BtiWQtn

12,003 and

14,000.

(Census 1931\
2.

Locality.

The

Salehria are mostly found

in

the

Zaffanval (Sialkot) and Shakargarh.

in the
3.

There are some also

Lahore

district.

Headmen. The
head

best

family belong to a

village
is

known and most influential named Rupar Chak in the

Zaffarwal
4.

tahsil, its

a Zaildar.

History

and

particulars.

The

Salehria are

Som-

bansi Rajputs

who

trace their descent

from Raja Saigal, of

fabulous antiquity, and from his descendant Chandra Gupta. They say that their ancestors came from the

Deccan,

as

part

of a military force,
the

to

suppress an

insurrection

among

Khokkars, and
83. Sarara.

settled in Sialkot.

1.
2.

Male population. 4,600. Census

This
tribe
is

1931).

met with only in the Boi tract, between the Thandiani Range and the Kunher river, in the Hazara district.

138

They connect themselves with both the Dhunds and the Tonaolis, but say at the same time that they come from Pakpattan in the Sahiwal district. The tribe is classed as Sahu and inter-marry on equal trems with the
Dhunds.
Their physique
is

above the average.

84 Satti.

1.

Male population. 9, 12>Q. (Census

1931).

Locality. Iht Satti occupy the lower range of the Murree hills in the Murree and Kahuta tahsils of the
2.

Rawalpindi
3.

district.

LeflJ/Mg-Za/n/V/e^.

The
hill.

head of the

Sattis

lives
is
is

at

Kanira blow the Narh

Chujjana
Zaildar.
4.

in the

Murree

tahsil,

Another good family the head of which

at

History and particulars.

Next to the Dhunds

the

are the largest and most important of the hill tribes of the Rawalpindi district. They occupy the whole of the
Sattis

Kotli spur in the Murree tahsil and they divide the whole of the mountainous portion of the Kahuta tahsil with the

Jasgams.

They are probably of

the

same descent

as the

Dhunds

who
sent

They were at one pretend to look down on them. time the traditional enemies of the Dhunds but at the preday the two
tribes

have no feud and inter-marry

freely.

have two traditions: as to their origin, one connects them with Hazrat Abbas, the paternal of the

The

Sattis

139
prophet
(peace be upon him) while the other makes them the offspring of one Takht Khan, who came with
J#

Timur
in

to Delhi.

The Dhunds account

is

for the

Sattis

yet another
as false.

manner which

absolutely

rejected

by

them

doubt that they were originally Hindu, probably Ponwar Rajput's, whose conversion to Islam is of
There
is little

comparatively recent date.

The

tribe

came

to English assistance

when

the

Dhunds

attacked Murree in 1857.

Holdings
military

among them

are

very small and without

service they could not live.

The

tribe

is

of good

and among them tribal feeling is strong. They hold together and look up to there headman.
social standing

They make
always
in great

first-rate soldiers, enlist

readily,

and are

demend.
85.

Sayad.
2,50,000.

1.

Male population.Ower
Locality. Sayads

(Census 1931).
in the

2.

are found

everywhere

Punjab.
3.

(West Pakistan).

History and particulars. True Sayads are the descendants of Hazrat Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, who

married Fatima Prophet's (Be peace up on him) daughter. Many Sayads, however, profess to be his descendants

through other wives.

The Sayads of to-day obviously contain a very

large

mixture of Indian blood, partly by marrying wives from the Indian Muslims of other castes and partly by the

140

tendency of the lower castes to stop gradually into the An niimense number of those folds of that holy caste.

who

profess to be Sayads have really no claim to the

title.

Eastern Punjab they form a comparatively small portion of the population, and are mostly the descendants
In the

of true Sayads

who

followed the

Muslim conquerors, and

were given grants of land which their descendants continue to enjoy. In the Central and Western Punjab, and more
especially

on the Frontier, on the Indus, and Range, ther are numerous.

in the Salt

As
their

income from

a rule they are cultivators and depend "

Piri

more upon

Muridi,"

/.

e.,

dues received as

holy people, than on agriculture. Their influence on the whole is declining, but they still have considerable power.

They are

as a

rule

intelligent.

Their social position

give
their

is

very high and

daughters in marriage to any one except a Sayed or Koreshi, while tribes of the highest social standing marry their daughters
they will

not

to Sayads.

Sayads generally add Shah to

respectfully addressed as

their

names and

are
in

"
Shahji
'".

They are found

every branch of the army and opinions differ greatly as

to their value as soldiers.

Probable the most compact colony of Sayads are those of the Kagan valley in Hazara, descendants of Jala Baba, who led the Swathi invasion into Hazara. It
required an expediton in
mission.

1852 to enforce complete

sub-

The following
Punjab
:

are

the

principal sub-divisions in the

141

Hasani, Bokhari, Gilani, Hussaini, Mashaidi, Shirazi, Most Sayads are " Pits," having Zaidi, Jafiri, Gardazi. " " a large following of Murids or disciples.
86.
1.

Sheikh.
1931).

Male population. US1,370. (Census

Locality.

2.

Sheikhs are

met with everywhere thro-

ughout the Punjab.

3.

Origin and particulars. The

word Sheikh means

learned," and was originally applied to holy immigrants from Arabia, but it came to be usea for converts from

"

Hinduism.

A man may

be a Sheikh by

birth

or

become

one

if

he

is

not a Muslim.

The term Sheikh includes over 1,0 JO sub-castes, many of which appear to have assumed high sounding titles. All
Koreshis are Sheikhs but, except prefer to be known as Koreshis.
in a

few

localities,

they

87. Sial.
1.

Male

population.

-About 50,000. (Census

in the

1931).

2.

Locality. The bulk of the Sials are

districts
:

Jhang

and Multan

former they are located in Shorkot and Jhang tahsils and the latter in th; Kabirwala tashil. They are found also in lesser numbers, in Sahiwal,
in the

Shahpur, Muzaffargarh,

Dera

Ghazi Khan, the Chenab

Colony and
3.

the

Bahawalpur

State.

Leading families. The descendants of Kabir Khan, the 17th Sial chief, who died in 1801, live in Jhang-

Maghiana.

142

Other families of standing are at Kharanwala, Bad Rajbana and Rustam Sargana. In the Multan district
the best
4.

known

are those of

Kund Sargana and

Bager.

History and particulars.

The Sials

are descended

from Taj Shankar a Ponwar Rajput, whose home was at Daranagar, between Allahabad and Fattehpur. A branch
of the Ponwars had
native country
that

previously emigerated from their round Delhi to Jaunpur, and it was there

Rai Shankar was born.

One

story has

it

that
-

Rai

Shankar

had

three

sons Seu, Teu and Gheu

Sials of Jhang, the

from

whom
tion

have descended the

Tiwanas of
tradi-

Shahpur, and the Ghebas of Pindi Gheb.

states

Another

was the only son of Rai Shankar, and that the ancestors of the Tiwanas and Ghebas were only collateral relations of Shankar and Sial. Owing to
that
Sial

emigrated during the reign of Ala-ud-din Ghori to the Punjab. Sial in his wanderings came to Pakpattan, and was there

dissensions

among

the

members of

the family, Sial

converted to the Muslim religion by the eloquent exhortation of the sainted Baba Farid ^M -i ^*^j of Pakpattan.

The alleged connection of the Sials with the Tiwanas and Ghebas is most improbable. The tribe is undoubtedly of Rajput origin and migrated west during the reign of Ala-ud-din Ghori when many Rajput families, including
Tiwanas, Ghebas and Chaddars, emigrated from the provinces of Hindustan to the Panjab. Crossing the river Ravi in its lower reaches,
the ancestors

of

the

Kharrals,

the tribe appears

vicinity of
it

to have reached

the

Chenab
to

in

the

Shorkot

in the 14th century,

itself

and

have found
base they

necessary to

entrench

against the local tribes, in

forts,

which mark the

country.

From

this

143

appear to have spread n:)rth and south along the river, the Thai proving an insuperable barrier to their further progress westward.

The

Sials

appear to have reached the zenith

after

of their

power shortly

Ahmed Shah

Abdali's

first

invasion of

the Punjab (1754-55). After a brief period of prosperity, the tribe gradually succumbed to the Sikhs, and was
finally

conquered by

Ranjit Singh, though

still

retaining

considerable political importance.

About
Jat,

one-fifth

of the tribes has returned

itself as

and the remainder as Rajput.

They appear
Sialkot.

to

have no connection with the town of

88.

Sohlan.

The Sohlan Narma.

is

Rajput tribe connected with the

The Muslim section district of Azad Kashmir.

is

found

chiefly in the

Mirpur

Their physique and characteristics are much the same as the Narma with whom they inter-marry.

The

tribe

is

a small one.
89.

Sudhan.

1.

Male population. 25,300. (Census 1838)

Locality. The Sudhanoti tahsil of Poonch
of the Sudhans, but
they spread also
are
is

2.

the
the

home

into
to

Havali, Bagh and Kotli tahsils and a few even

be

144

met with across the Jheluni

pindi.
3.

in the

Kahuta

tahsi of

Rawal-

Leading families. 1\\Q Rais of Alisozel

perhaps, the most influential

in

Sudha-

noti

is

man

of the tribe.

Other families of good status are

at

Neriya Chowki

and Kirk
4.

in the

same

tahsil.

History and particulars. The Sudhans are the most important tribe of Poonch, and of late years an increasing

number have been

enlisted in the

Army.

and say that they are descendants of Ismail who founded Dera Ismail Khan, and also of one Jassi, who was a Pathan.

They claim Pathan

origin

According to them they first settled near Kotli, in the Murree hills (not the place of the same name in Jammu Brahmans. territory), which was at that time occupied by A tribe known as the Bagar held the opposite bank of
the

Jhelum and tyrannised over the Brahmans, who called in the Sudhans to their aid. The Sudhans having defeated the Bagars, seized their country and named it Sudhanoti,
it

was

at this time that they

took the name of Sudhan,

which they had earned as a compliment to their valour from the Brahmans. If all this has any foundation in for there is now no it must be very ancient history
fact,

trace of the Bagars in Poonch.

physique, and other desirable which he is found. The best qualities, with the locality in are obtained from Sudhanoti, and the nearer they are to

The Sudhan

varies in

the centre of that

tahsil

the better they are

here their

physique

is

excellent.

145

Large numbers of Sudhans take domestic service and are to be met with in Murree, Rawalpindi and the Galis.

The Sudhans have

selves

pride of race and look on themtribes

as superior to

any of the other

of Poonch,

but they cannot be considerd high class Rajputs, which term, notwithstanding their claim to Pathan origin, they

apply to themselves.

They marry
and give wives
hill

chiefly
to

among

themselves but also take

the

Maldials and some of ihe

Murree

tribes.

90.
1.

Tarar.

Population.Locality.

\,

100.

(Census 1931)
of
the

2.

They

bulk

Tatars are
is

in the

Phallian tahsil of the Gujrat district,

the tribe

also

met

with

in

Gujranwal, Shahpur, Jhelum and Sialkot.

History and particulars.

3.

The Tarar rank

origin,

as Jat

though they claim Solar Rajput

Bhatti of

Bhatner.

They

say

apparently from that their ancestor Tarar

look service with

are descended moved from Lodhi, from Bhatner to Gujrat, Gujranwala and Shahpur.

Mahmud whom they

of Ghazni but that his son

They inter-marry with the Gondal, Varaich, Gil, Virk and other leading Jat tribes of the neighbourhood.
91. Tezal.
1.

Population.

About

5,400, (Census 1931)

i

Locality. The

Tezal are found on the right

bank of

the

Mahl

river in the

Bagh

tahsil

of Poonch.

146

Particulars. The tribe appears to be a sub-division of the Kakkhe and ranks as Rajput.
3.

the

They inter-marry with same locality.

They are of

the

Sudhan and Chandal of

the short stature but robust physique.

92.

Thatal

1.

Population. 1,216. (Census 1931)

Locality.

2.

The Shahpur and Jhelum district.

93.

3.

Particulars. An obscure tribe of Jat status.

Tiwana
1
,

Male

Population. About

00.

(Census 1931)

Loca/Z/v.Tiwanas inhabit the Thai country west of Kushab in the Shahpur district, a few are also to be
2.

found
3.

in the

Bhera and Shahpur

tahsils.

Leading families.

cally a small tribe

although numeripossess more families of distinction

The Tiwanas

any other tribe. In fact, "Maliks" appear to predominate over the ordinary rank and file of the tribe.

then

The Mitha Tiwana family

tant in the

is

by

far the
is

most impor-

Shahpur

district.

Its

history

given in '"The

Punjab Chiefs." There are many branches of this family, the wealthiest and probably ihe most important being that
of which Malik

Umar Hayat Khan was

the head.
in

Other families of high status are

Hadali.

Hanioka and

147
5.

History

and

Particulars.

Notwithstanding

their

claims to

high Hindu Descent, the Tiwanas were until

about a century ago an ordinary Punjab Musalman tribe, inhabiting a few villages at the north of the Thai desert.
After a severe struggle with their neighbours, the Awans, the head of the clan established independent authority over the Thai, and even after the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh,

brought them under subjection, they found it advisable to employ the Tiwana Chiefs as their local Governors. Their
earlierhistory represents

them as being

Ponwar Rajputs

who

emigrated from Hindustan to the Punjab, probably in 15th century. Their first settlement appears to have been

at Jahangir

on the Indus, where they became converts

to

Islam.

Moving eastwards they eventually occupied Shahpur,

and
in

1680 built Mitha Tiwana.

service in 1848
in

The Tiwana, rendered valuable

the

when
1857,

Multanis rose against English and again

their loyalty to the

when they proved

ing over
1

English by furnish-

,000

horsemen

for the irregular cavalry raised in

the Punjab by

Lord Lawrence.
are essentially cavalry soldiers,

The Tiwanas
serve in

and

also

infantry.

Their Maliks breed excellent horses.

Closely related to the Tiwanas are a family of Nums (Bhatti Rajputs) with whom the Tiwanas inter-marry.
94.
1.

Traggar.

Population 900. (Census 1931)

148
2.

Locality.

The

Traggar are
districts.

found only

in

ihe

Multan and Muzaffar-garh

3.

Particulars.

This tribe claim to be Bhatti Rajputs,

their ancestral

and take

their

name from

home

at

Traggar

in Bikanir.
is good, they are fond of horses and are anxious to serve in cavalry,

The

social position of the tribe

95.
1.

Varaich.
1931)
in the

2.

Male population.^ khowi 40,000. (Census The Varachi are chiefly found Locality.

Phalia and Gujrat tahsils of the Gujrat district, they have

also

spread

in

to

Gujranwala Sialkot, Jhelum, Lahore

and Rawalpindi.
3.

Leading families. Thz VVazirbad

is

most important and At Jallalpur Jattan,

mentioned

in

family is the the "Punjab Chief's."

Gujrat tahsil, there is another fanmily of good status, the head of which is a Zaildar.
in th."
4.

History and particulars. The

Varaich
of the

is

one of
Punjab.

the most

important of the Jat

stories as to
is

tribes

There are many

ly

its

origin, the

accepted

of which
into

that

their

most generalancestor Dhudi was a

of Ghazni and
Rajputs,
is

Jat

who came

India

with

Mahmud
to
be.

settled in Gujrat.

The other

stories

make them
There

which but few Varaiches claim

little

doubt that Gujrat was

their first

home and

that their

movement has been eastwards.

It is

a disgrace for a

member

of the

tribe to
is

low caste woman.

Their social standing

marry a good, and they

marry with the

best local tribes.

149

The conversion of
comparatively recently.

the

Varachi to Islam took place

The physique of good soldiers.

the

men

is

excellent

and they make

96.
1.

Virk
1931)

Po/7M/a//o/?. 16,290. (Census

2.

Locality. The Headquarters of the Virk Musal-

man's appears

The

tribe

is

Gujranwala and Lahore districts. also found in Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhang and
to be the

Multan.
3.

History and Particulars.

The

Virk

claim origin

from a Manhas Rajputs named Virak, who left Jammu and settled in Amritsar. They are now of Jat status and they marry freely with Jat tribes of their neighbourhood.
Virks are more Sikhs than Muslims.

The
tract in

tribe rose to

end of the 18th

some political importance about the century, when they ruled a considerable
until

Gujranwala and Lahore

subdued by Ranjit

Singh.
97.
1.

Wattu.
1931)

Populatio ].--24,500. (Census

Locality.

2.

The Wattu are

and Ravi
in

bank of
pur

the Sutlej

found along both the Sahiwal and Lyallto be

in

districts.

There are some also

districts.

the

Lahore and

Sheikhupura
3.

History and particulars. The V^aUu are a Bhatti

150
clan,

descended

from Rajpal, grandson of the Bhatti

Raja Salvahan of Sialkot.

Wattus have now taken to agriculture,and are peaceful and industrious cultivators.

The

Sutlej

The

tribe

was coverted

to Islam

by Baba Farid of Pak-

pattan in the 13th century.

Wattu's are also good soldiers.

Beside the Punjabi

foregoing pages, there ed in the census returns as Rajput and Jat.

Musalman tribes described in the are a large number which are class-

CHAPTER
A
peculiar to Hazara

VI.

brief account of Cis-Indus

Pathans, and tribes District N-W-F-P and akin to

Pathaus.

The Awans and Gujars of Hazara District numbering approximately 50,000 and 70,000 males respectively are spread all over the District, and from long residence
therein have acquired

the manners, customs, etc. of the

Hazara

tribes

among whom

they

dwell, are indistinguish-

able from

them and are

different to the

Awans and Gujars

of the Punjab.

Other purely Punjabi Musalman tribes such as Gakhars, Dhunds, Kethwals, Karrals, and Sararas are found in the Southern and South Eastern hills of Hazara
extend into Rawalpindi and Murre Tehsils. A history of these tribes and also of the Awans and Gujars is given in Chapter V.
District,

Akazais.
1.

Population.

Muster

1,000

fighting

men, (Census

1931)
2.

Locality. The left

bank of the Indus to the Black

Mountain.
3.

History and particulars.

The Akazais are a

soldiers

tribe

of Isazai Yusafzais, they are divided into four clans the Barat Khel, Aziz Khel, Tasan and Painda Khel.

They
country.

should

make

satisfactory

for

the

151

152

Chagarzais.
Po/?i//fl//o/;. Cis-IndusCha[?arzais

muster about 2,500

fighting men. (Census 1931)

Locality. Both banks of the Indus from the Trans-

Indus
tain

mountain on the West, on Hazara Border.

Dama

to the Black

Moun-

History and particulars. The Chagarzai are a tribe of Malizai Yusafzais, closely allied by family to the Bunerwals. They are divided into three clans, the Firoz Khel
entirely

Trans-Indus and the Nasrat Khel and Basi Khel on both banks of the Indus.

The Chagarzais are a purely race owning cows, buffaloes and goats. They are men of excellent physique, good mountaineers, have a great reputation for bravery and make excellent soldiers for the country.

Chachh Pathans.
1.

Male population. Abcut

Locality. The Chachh
Tehsil,

10,000. (Census 1931)

2.

plain

in

the

northern
left

portion of Attock bank of the Indus.

Attock

District,

on the

History and particulars. Many Pathans have migrated from Afghanistan, Tribal Territory and Trans-Indus
Territory for various causes during the past two centuries an<i taken refuge in the plains to the East of the Indus.

The Pathans

in the

Chachh area have

retained

their

coustoms and language and are mainly decendants of the Yusafzai including the Mandaur, the Lodi, the Tarin and
the Dilazak tribes.

153
Enterprise
is

very

marked
trader

characteristic

of the
is

Chachh Pathan,
a curious blend

as an

agriculturist

he

is

excellent he
is

of very good soldier when he does. physique, and makes a very good
of farmer,

and

Dilazaks.
1.

Male population. Khoni

1,200.

(Census 1931)
the

Locality.~\n Haripur Tehsil of Hazara and Chachh plain of Attock Tehsil.

2.
3.
is

History and particulars. Tho, ong\n o{ \h\s iuh&

doubtful, they are acknowledged by Pathans as belonging to the Kodai Karlani branch of the Ghurghushl

Pathans, but

are probably

a race of Scythic descent.

The formerly occupied the country about Peshawar and the Indus, and on the borders of Ningrahar. They
were
driven
across
the

Indus

by

the

Yusafzais,

Muhammadzais, Mohmands, and

near Kapur-da Garhi
century.
in

Khalils, at a last fight

plain, in the

the Yusafzai

16th

They make

satisfactory soldiers for the country.

Hasanzais.
1.

Population. ~C\s-\nd\xs

Hasanzais

muster about

1,000 fighting
2.

men

(census

1931)

Locality. hoih. banks of the Indus, the Cis-Indus portion living on the Black Mountain and the Trans-Indus portion immediately opposite them.
3.

History and particulars. The Hasanzais are a tribe

oflsazai Yusafzais.
six living

The tribe is divided into 11 clans, Cis-Indus and 5 Trans-Indus. The Khan Khel

154
is

considered

the

Chief clan and from

it

is

elected the

Khan

of the Isazais, otherwise

known

as

the Sahib-e-

Dastar (master of the Turban.)

is-

155

along the banks of the Dor between Bagra and Mangal, part of the Abbottabad plateau and its neighbourhood, and in the Nillan Valley.
their settlements are

The
1.

divisions of the tribe are

Solar
(/)
(;7)

Mat Khwazai.
Utazai.
Sulinianzai.

(///)

2.

Mansur
(/)

Daulatzai.

(//)
(///)

Musazai.
Khadarzai.

3.

Hassazai.
statute,

The men are of good physique but small they make good soldiers for the country.
Khattaks.

very complete description of Khattaks is given in The following sections of the Hand book on Pathans.
this tribe are

found
the

in

the Punjab

Part of

Saghris,

inhabiting the

left

bank of the
Bhangi
of

Indus about

Makhad
of

in the

south Western portion of

District.

Pindigheb
Khel,

Tehsil

Attock

The

inhabiting
in the Isa

the

Mountainous

tract

north

Kalabagh

Khel Tehsil of Mianwali

District.

Mishwani
I .

S4ale

population 'iSm. (Census

93 1 )

156
2.

Locai/ty.The
in

north

Eastern

end

of

the

Gandghar Range
3.

the Haripur Tehsil of Hazara.

Chieffamilies. There aie several Maliks of good standing, they are all in or near Srikot, their chief village.
particulars. The Mishwanis are Ghurghusht Pathans, said to be descended from a Sayad,
4.

History

and

Muhammad-i-Gisu Darez, by
Allied
to

a Shirani

woman and
and

thus

the

Shiranis,

Ushtaranas,

Their original home was probably in they attacked themselves as retainers to the Yusafzais in
their

Gandapurs. Baluchistan whence

Peshawar Valley in the 15th or 16th A portion of them accompanied the Utmanzai century. Yusafzais into the Hazara District.
return
to

the

They are
and
in

their loyalty

sturdy industrious and well behaved race and courage are beyond question.

Major Abbott found in them his staunchest supporters 1848 and described them as "one of the bravest races in the world." The chief clans are :
\

Mani Khel
Hasain KheL

2. 3.

Dura Khel.
Niazis,

157

the

Locality. On both banks of the Indus chiefly in Isa Khel and Mianwali Tehsils of the Mianwali
2.

District.
3.

History and particulars.

-The Niazis

are a Pathan

tribe

descended from Niazai one of the three sons of

Lodai.

Ibrahim, surnamed

They

are thus Lodi Pathans

etc.

and akin
defeat

to the

Dotanni, Prangis, Surs,

After their

of the 16th by the Marwats at the beginning of century, they found a home in the Trans-Indus portion the Mianwah District, east of the Tanga Darra by expel-

ing or reducing to serfdom the

Awans and

Jats

who

they

found
the

there.

The Sarhani

section subsepuently occupied

They are still fairly numerous in Kohat and Bannu Districts and are found in small numbers in Dera Ismail Khan. Part of the tribe is nomadic, trading between Khorasan and the Derajat,
left

bank of the Indus.

Khel in the winter. Although their language (Pashto) has been completely replaced by Punjabi in the Mianwali Tehsil and is undergoing the
pitching their

camp

at Isa

same process
pride
in

in

the

Isa

Khel

Tehsil, they

retain great

The Awans and Jats living amongst them from the great mass of the population but are in the great majority of cases only tenants. The tribe
being
Pathans.
is

almost entirely agricultural, they have been enlisted for

the Infantry

physique

is

and prove a great success as very much above the average.

Swatis.

soldiers, their

1.

Male

population. ^-20,000 (Census 1931).

2.

Locfl//7v.

The

Swatis called the Swatis of Pakhli

the

inhabit

Konsh, Bhogarmang,

Chatar

Plain, Part of

158

Agor and some villages on the Kamhar River Kagan Vally, all in Hazara District.

in the

The Swatis of Allai, in independent Territory, extend northwards from Mansehra Tehsil to Kohistan.
3.

History and particulars.

The

Swatis claim to be

Pathans, descendants of the people who inhabited Swat and Buner before the Yusafzai invasion which drive them
into

Hazara about the end of the 17th century.

The
1.

are

divided into the following clans

Jehangirai.

2.
3.

Argoshal Mulkal.
Ishmaili.

4. 5.
6.

Mir Khani Sulemani.

Sarkheii.

Mandrawi.
Panjghol.
( '

7.

Shamota.
Lochal.

8.

Doodhyal
Panjmiral.
Alisheri.

Mayor.
Bishgrami.

9.

10.

These Divisions are represented by a number of

namely, those of
:

chiefs,

Ghari Habibullah.
Mansehra.
Giddarpur.

Doodhyal.

Bhogarmang.
Ratal.

Batigram. Dhannial.

159

The country
population
is

is

rich

in cultivation

and

cattle

and the

dense.

There are a number of large and

thriving villages.

Tanaolis.
1.

Male population. 35,000, of

whom

20,00^ are

feudal Tanawal.

Locality. The Hindwal section occupy feudal or upper Tanawal and extend to the right bank of the Indus, the Pallal lower Tanawal, including Badhnak and a number of villages in the Girhian tract of the Mansehra
2.

Tehsil.
3.

Nawab

Leading families. The recognised Chief of Amb (feudal Tanawal).

is

the

The leading clan of the Fallals is the Labhya, commonly called Suba Khani, whose best known families are those of Phuhar, Bir and Shingri which are represented
by three Jagirdars besides these there are the Jagirs of Sherwan and Chamhad.
History and particulars. The Tanaolis claim descent from Amir Khan, a Barlas Moghal, whose two sons
4.

Hind Khan and Pal Khan crossed the Indus about the end of the 17th century, from the country round Mahaban, and settled in the Mountainous area now held by them and named after the tribe Tanawal.

The Tanaolis are industrious cultivators of good Physique make very good soldiers. Punjabi is the Mother
Tongue though
a few

speak Pushtu as well, they have

take

many Pathan customs and

and appearance.

much

pride in their dress

160

The
1.

sub-divisions of the tribe are

Hindwal.

-{

(0

Jamal

fCbaryal. Ledhyal.

Abdwal.
Hedrs Hedral
Baizaj

fLalal.
(//)

Saryal.

-! {

I
(///)

Jalwal.

(iv)

Bohal.
Baigal.

(v)
(v/)
(v/7)
(v//7)

Tekral.

An sal.
Masand.
Rains.

{ix)
2.

Pallal.
(/)

Labhya (Suba Khani).

Matyal.
Bainkaryal.
Dairal.

(//)

{in)
(iv)

(v)
(v/)
(yii)

Sadhal.

Judhal.
Baigal.

(vm)
{ix)

Tekral.

Asnal.

{x)
{xi)

Masand.
Rains.

161
3.

BhujaLTarins

Male population-

,000 (Census 1931).

2.
3.

Locality. Hamrsi District

and Attock

Talisil.

History and particulars.

The

Tarins are Sarbani

Pathans, despendants of Tarin, son of Sharkaban, son of Sarban. According to tradition Tarin had three sons

Abdul Khan, Tor Khan and Spin Khan from the first are descended the Saddozais and from the Durranis second and third the Tarins themselves. Some Tor Tarins lie in the Haripur Plain and there are a few Spin Tarin m Tarbela and Attock tahsil, the remainder of the tribe are to be found in the Quetta Peshin District. The Tarins came to Hazara with the Utmanzai Yusafzais early in the 18th century and rose to be the most important tribe in Lower
;

Hazara, but with the advent of the Sikhs their power waned.

The Tarin are divided

Tor Tarins
1,

into the following clans.

162
3.

Semani.
Raisani.

4.
5.

Marpani.
Lasiani.

6. 7.
8.

Advvani.

Malgrani.
are of

The men

good physique and make good

soldiers

for the country.

Tarkhelis.
1.

Mole population. 5Q0.

Locality.

(Census 1931).
the

2.

The Khari tract and

in

lower end of
in the

the

Gandgarh range

Hazara, with several villages

Attock Tehsil.
History and particulars. The Tarkhelis are a subsection of the Alazai Utmanzais, they do not inter-marry
3.

with the rest of Utmanzai, and their customs also

Inheritance
is

differ.

per capita and not by the cbundawand rule.

excellent soldiers.

The Tarkheli make

Turks.
1.

Male population. f^honX 2,000 (Census

1931).

2.

Locality. Haripur and Mansehra Tehsil of Hazara

District.
3.

Chief families.
is

The

Jagirdars

of

Biali

in

the
in-

Mansehra Tehsil
fluential
4.

probably the best known and most

man

of the tribe in Hazara District.

History and particulars.

meaning

Tartar word

The name of Turk "Wanderer". The Turks

is

are

163

descendants of the Mogolian Karlagh Turks who entered India with Tamerlane in 1399 A. D. at one time they domi-

nated Hazara District, but gradauUy Pathan and other tribes evicted them from their possessions and in A. D.
1786

Headquarters of the clan near Haripur, from which the Gurgust Pathans had ousted them.

them

they appealed to in Manakrai the

Timur Shah Durani

to reinstate

They are now of

tory soldiers.

little

importance, but

make

satisfac-

Utmanzai.
1.

Male populatiofj -2,600. (Census

Locality.

1931).

2.

Both banks of the Indus, the branch on

independent, musters about 400 fighting

the right

bank

is

men, and is situated on a narrow strip between Gadun country and the Indus their chief villages are Kabal and

Kaya
above
3.

the branch on the

tracts in

left

bank inhabits the Tarbela

to the Indus.

Khalsa

Hazara on both banks of the Siran, from

its

junction with the

Dor River

History and particulars. The

Utmaazais are a

tribe of a

Mandanr
is

Yusufzais,

the

physique of the Cis-

Indus branch
Taibela
is

good and they make excellent soldiers. a Kanazai centre and is the principal village.
into the following clans
lis.
:

The are divided

1.

Alazai

Tarkhe

2. 3.

Kanazai.
Akazai.
1.

Aba

Khel.

4.

2.

Saddozai-(Trans-Indus). \ '
'

\ 3.
.4.

Mir Ahma Khel. ^'' ^^niad Umar Khel Khe

Bazid Khel.

DS 427

Wikeley, J. M. Punjabi Musalmans

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