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 NOTES
In this accompanying PDF to the audiobook of Chivalry and Courtesy: Medieval Manners
for a Modern World, endnotes from the print version of the book are abridged and organized
by chapter for easy reference. For simplicity’s sake, and for the sake of voice-to-text readers,
bibliographic details in these notes are scaled back. Please see the hyperlinked sources and
the Recommended Reading for full bibliographic details.

INTRODUCTION
learned men say Regarding the importance of manners, please see Daniel of Beccles.
opposite sex In medieval thought, there were only two genders, and while a spectrum of
gender identity is recognized today, modern ideas of chivalry still tend to imply a gender
binary. Medieval examples in this book follow medieval ideas of gender; however, in the
modern world, it’s important to be mindful of—and kind toward—people of all genders.

1
 I
HOW TO EAT
invited guests Concerning which parties to attend, how best to arrive, and the importance
of the tablecloth, please see Daniel of Beccles. For advice on when and how to wipe your
hands and face, see The Boke of Curtasye.
a well-laid table For information on setting a medieval table and the Goodman’s instruc-
tions on buying trencher bread, making saltcellars out of bread, and buying decorations from
florists, see The Good Wife’s Guide. Like today’s catered events, large feasts also involved the
temporary hiring of additional staff to prepare, serve, and clean up. The Goodman of Paris
specifies “footed hanaps” were provided for one dinner for very influential Parisians, pre-
sumably because not all hanaps were stemmed or lidded. Daniel of Beccles gives instructions
on how to lay knives on a table.
butlers and pantlers For pantlers, please see The Good Wife’s Guide; for butlers and kitchen
staff, see Rebecca Barnhouse.
hands and fingers Regarding the advice that no one should eat with unwashed hands, see
The Boke of Curtasye; for the advice on rinsing your fingers in cups as a last resort, not licking
greasy fingers, and not reaching into a dish at the same time as someone else, see Daniel of
Beccles.
spoons and knives For the cultural significance and monetary value of spoons, see Roberta
Gilchrist; for advice on how to use spoons and knives politely, see Daniel of Beccles and The
Boke of Curtasye. The future King Edward II is shown in Outlaw King (2018) eating directly off
his knife, something that a prince would definitely not have done in public, even in an army
camp. Because most medieval Europeans didn’t eat with forks, rules for their use at table
aren’t often recorded. It’s likely they resembled those set out for spoons. Forks were instead
used for cooking and serving.
salt Salt was relatively precious, but to put it back in the cellar would make a host appear
petty and cheap. Daniel of Beccles proposes a compromise: “Servants should not put salt that
has been spilled / or has touched food back into the cellar in front of guests.”
pigments For the painted pies, see Ilana Krug.
drunkenness For advice on how to behave if you’re drunk, see Daniel of Beccles. On women
and alcohol, see Andreas Capellanus, who bluntly declares: “Every woman is a drunkard.”
clean up your act For the advice on controlling bodily functions and on grooming in this
section, please see Daniel of Beccles and The Boke of Curtasye.

2
 II
HOW TO WOO
sight and love According to Andreas Capellanus, sight is so fundamental that a blind man
cannot truly love unless he saw his beloved before losing his vision. The concept of love
entering the heart through the eyes was so deeply entrenched in medieval thought that
monks and nuns were instructed not to even look, lest they became tempted. Seeing was the
first step down the sinful path of lust.
female beauty For both lyricists’ quotes on women’s beauty and blonde hair, see Carmina
Burana.
male beauty For the description of Boucicaut’s physique, see The Chivalric Biography of
Boucicaut. Regarding grooming advice for young men, see Daniel of Beccles.
halo effect Carlota Batres and Victor Shiramizu found that “across all 11 world regions
[45 countries], male and female faces rated as more attractive were rated as more confident,
emotionally stable, intelligent, responsible, sociable, and trustworthy.” Fortunately, M. Luisa
Demattè, Robert Österbauer, and Charles Spence found that something as simple as smelling
good can boost attractiveness.
demons, fashion, and cosmetics For Geoffrey de la Tour Landry’s stories about demons,
the devil’s “hinder parts,” losing marriage prospects due to fashion choices, and when to
hop on a trend, see Rebecca Barnhouse. As Barnhouse notes, another medieval manual,
The Mirror for Good Women, attributes the great flood in Genesis to the lust inflamed by
women’s cosmetics and fashion. Many of the recipes for cosmetics can be found in The
Trotula, a compendium of medical advice for women, which appears again in chapter four
(see Monica Green).
black death For John of Reading’s theory that tight hose caused the Black Death, please see
David Green.
marie de champagne It’s unlikely that the advice on appropriate love tokens is an actual
quote from the countess, but rather an imagined version voiced by Andreas Capellanus.
girdles For examples of girdles found by archaeologists and their cultural significance, see
Roberta Gilchrist; and Janet S. Loengard, who writes, “for most women, their girdles were
their most precious possessions.”
favors On favors worn at tournaments, see David Crouch. Men also wore love tokens into
battle. A spur found at the battle site at Towton (now in the collection of the Society of
Antiquaries of London) says, “you have all my heart with love.”
stillness and laughter On the benefits of stillness and how to laugh politely, see Daniel
of Beccles, and Rebecca Barnhouse. Many people, especially women, still politely cover their
mouths when they laugh.

3
love made public On the futility of love made public, see Andreas Capellanus. Capellanus
also says that beautiful people may fall in love easily, but their relationships don’t last because
they lack the wisdom to be discreet. The false dichotomy of beauty versus brains is one of
many problematic elements of courtly love that has outlasted the Middle Ages.
physical signs of love For the outward signs of attraction, see Andreas Capellanus, and
Peter Konieczny. Internationally renowned body language expert Joe Navarro confirms that
grooming behaviors and frequent glances can be positive signs of interest, although lip bit-
ing is not. When it comes to nonverbal communication, it’s important to take more than one
signal into account.
foul speech For advice on avoiding impolite speech and blasphemy, see Daniel of Beccles.
To call upon God was to bring him into your presence, which wasn’t to be done lightly, espe-
cially since this meant you could be prodding Jesus’s wounds by summoning them. God’s
name was invoked to ask him to witness or do something (such as literally damning people),
which is why using taboo words today is still called “swearing,” “cursing,” or speaking “oaths.”
Over time, people became more prudish about bodies than blasphemy, and swearing shifted
to encompass words about bodily functions or acts. Remnants of medieval swearing can still
be found in the comic book word zounds, a contraction of “God’s/Christ’s wounds.” For exam-
ples from William Marshal’s biography, including other popular exclamations such as “God’s
eyes” and “God’s legs,” see The History of William Marshal.
women’s speech For Geoffrey de la Tour Landry’s advice on women’s speech, see Rebecca
Barnhouse.
medieval marriage Consent is a complex issue when it comes to medieval love and sex. A
marriage that was known to be coerced was not binding, but there were many circumstances
in which people might outwardly agree to an unwanted marriage. Consent was essential in
sexual encounters, and rape was always a crime; however, spouses owed a “marital debt” to
their partners, which meant that marital rape was a contradiction in terms. It was also an
accepted part of medieval culture that women were to be coquettish and their resistance—
even if it involved tears—was merely a formality to be overcome. Sadly, these attitudes have
only very recently been challenged on a broad scale and still persist in many instances, as the
#metoo movement has shown.
richard iii Though Richard III’s casting doubt on the legitimacy of the Princes of the Tower
was helpful, it was their murder that cleared the way for him to rule. Edward and Elizabeth
did have an important witness at their wedding—her mother, Jacquetta Woodville—but
given Jacquetta’s investment in the marriage, her testimony was considered biased. For more,
see Gemma Hollman (Royal Witches).
margery paston For the marriage of Margery and Richard Calle, see Helen Castor.
troubadours Though the idea of love as suffering predates the Middle Ages, it was eagerly
adopted by the songwriters of the twelfth century. For Marcabru’s song and the pithy words
of Bernart de Ventadorn, as well as the lyrics of Cercamon that opened this chapter, see
William D. Paden and Frances Freeman Paden.
letters It is a myth that medieval people never traveled anywhere. They journeyed for a
myriad of reasons; trade, war, and pilgrimage being just a few. For the love letter sent from
one nun to another, see “Anonymous Letter Between Two Twelfth-Century Nuns.”

4
 III
HOW TO FIGHT
fostering For advice on fostering, see Ramon Llull; for William Marshal’s departure, see
The History of William Marshal.
horsemanship Regarding his thoughts on a boy’s training, see Ramon Llull. For Geoffrey,
Duke of Brittany’s thoughts on riding and William Marshal’s experience at tournament, see
The History of William Marshal. For the training of destriers, please listen to The Medieval
Podcast episode featuring Anastasija Ropa and Timothy Dawson.
training For military and training advice used by knights, see Publius Flavius Vegetius
Renatus. Unlike soldiers in a standing army, who live and work together in times of both
war and peace, knights were summoned only when needed. For Boucicaut’s training regi-
men, see The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut. For a video demonstration of this training using
reconstructed armour, please see Daniel Jaquet’s video “Can You Move in Armour?” For the
example of knights being inspired by dancing with ladies, see The History of William Marshal.
knighthood ceremony This description of the knighthood ceremony can be found in
Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Kennedy. It is Kaeuper and Kennedy who suggest that the
collee given to the squire is “a light tap, probably here with a sword,” while Ramon Llull is
explicit that this is a “hard slap.” Llull was writing in thirteenth-century Catalonia, while
Geoffroi de Charny was writing in fourteenth-century France.
tournament For the importance of the joust, see Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Kennedy.
On the length of lances, see Eric Jager. For the description of the mêlée and its aftermath, see
The History of William Marshal. On the importance of practice for fighters, see Vegetius.
morale On the justness of fighting for a lord, see Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Kennedy.
On fear and how to boost morale, see Vegetius. For William Marshal leading by example,
see The History of William Marshal. In addition to being a symbol of the divine, Joan of Arc
inspired the French army by fighting while injured and ensuring she was on the front lines.
For more on Joan as a military leader, see Kelly DeVries.
veterans On Boucicaut’s support of veterans, see The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut.
In Andreas Capellanus’s The Art of Courtly Love, a noblewoman declares, “We think that a
woman is unworthy of any honor if she has decided that her lover ought to be deprived of her
love because of some deformity resulting from the common chance of war, which is apt to
happen to those who fight bravely,” lending further reassurance to knights departing for war.
desperation Vegetius writes about using fear as fuel as a warning against accidentally
inspiring such desperate courage in the enemy. Instead, he says, a leader should deliberately
create an opening for flight. “For when an escape-route is revealed, the minds of all are united
on turning their backs, and they are slaughtered unavenged, like cattle.”

5
hope For Geoffroi de Charny’s advice on hope and self-confidence, see Richard W. Kaeuper
and Elspeth Kennedy.
arthurian inspiration For Gawain’s story, see Thomas Malory. While the Company of the
Star no longer exists, the Order of the Garter survives today, boasting King Charles III and
Prince William as members.
protection and women On protecting the vulnerable, see Jean de Bueil, Ramon Llull, and
Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Kennedy. Regarding Boucicaut’s championing the women
of Paris, see The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut. For women’s weakness, see Llull. On the debt
owed by women to knights in their service, Andreas Capellanus says, “When a woman has
granted any man the hope of her love . . . and she finds him not unworthy of this love, it is
very wrong for her to try to deprive him of the love he has so long hoped for.”

6
 IV
HOW TO RUN A
HOUSEHOLD
pregnancy For theories and advice on conception, pregnancy, and learning the sex of a
fetus, see Monica Green, and Madeline Jeay and Kathleen Garay. Both The Trotula and The
Distaff Gospels warn against tempting women with anything they can’t eat, in case of mis-
carriage or birthmarks, respectively. The Distaff Gospels also contains dire warnings against
eating hares or fish heads in case they affect the development of the child’s mouth. It’s not
completely clear as to whether or not the advice in The Distaff Gospels is real or satire, given
the overall tone of the text. My suspicion is that both real and satirical advice is mixed up
together, although it’s impossible to tell which is which.
infancy Regarding the naming of children after their godparents, see Nicholas Orme. It’s
extremely unlikely that all of the children in this example survived infancy, meaning that,
in the end, the family likely had only one child with each name. For cradles, rocksters, and
wet nurses, see Orme; for superstitions, see Orme, Madeline Jeay and Kathleen Garay. For
children’s toys and games, see Orme and Roberta Gilchrist.
schooling On teaching and disciplining children, see Christine de Pizan (Selected) and
Daniel of Beccles. For children’s work and tutoring, see Nicholas Orme. For women’s literacy,
see Rebecca Barnhouse and Christine de Pizan.
other children For fostering, “the stepmother’s slice,” wards, and royal scholarships, see
Nicholas Orme; on loving stepchildren, see Rebecca Barnhouse. For Lady Reason on teaching
girls, see Christine de Pizan (City of Ladies). Lady Reason goes on to say that women “know
less” because they stay at home and don’t experience as much of the world, not because
they’re intellectually inferior. On the vulnerability of maidens, see Eve Salisbury, and The
Good Wife’s Guide. It goes without saying that part of the protection of maidens involved
preventing the unwanted attentions of men, a very real danger to young women, especially
servants.
a lady’s work Unmarried men left important domestic work to their mothers and sisters,
but for simplicity, we’ll stick with wives. For the extensive advice in this chapter given by the
Goodman of Paris, please see The Good Wife’s Guide. For “many hands make light work,” see
Eve Salisbury. For the Pastons’ shopping list, see The Paston Letters. Margaret is not the same
woman as the steadfast newlywed we met in chapter two, but another Paston matriarch.
On spices kept under lock and key, see The Good Wife’s Guide. While spices weren’t
scarce in medieval Europe, some of them could be quite pricey. This is just one of the reasons
why the old idea that people spiced their food to disguise its rottenness is a myth. It would
be a waste of money to spice bad food in addition to it being risky—possibly fatal—to eat it.

7
 On churching, see Nicholas Orme.
In one touching early modern will that attests to the serious organization of some
women, a mother (Alice Lord) bequeathed bedding to each of her sons, noting that she had
already packaged up the sets and written their names on each bundle. Katherine French
found in her survey of post-plague wills that “women specified twice as often as men the
room in which an object could be found,” which demonstrates their intimate knowledge of
their households and their possessions.
a lord’s work For Boucicaut’s daily routine, see The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut.
Boucicaut, who was governing a city at the time, had more responsibilities than the average
rural lord; however, the structure of his days is similar. For hunting and the preparedness of
German towns for sieges, see Niccolò Machiavelli.
ideal marriage For the Goodman of Paris’s views on how to treat a husband, as well as
the story of the wife and the mistress, see The Good Wife’s Guide. For the necessity of wives
staying with bad husbands, see Christine de Pizan (Selected). Regarding the remarkable life
of Lucy de Thweng, please see Bridget Wells-Furby. For the father’s advice on how his son
should choose and treat his wife, see Eve Salisbury. Medieval husbands did have the legal
right to “discipline” their wives physically; however, many treatises criticize this as being
counterproductive. Unsurprisingly, they say that beatings make women resentful, and
they won’t behave better because of them. For the “oldest surviving Valentine’s letter in the
English language,” see this blog post by the British Library. This was penned by yet another
Paston bride, with another husband named John. On the impossibility of love within mar-
riage, see Andreas Capellanus, and for the example of a happy marriage, see Christine de
Pizan (Selected).
edward iv Though it appears Edward loved his wife, Elizabeth, steadfastly—and in the face
of strong opposition—it didn’t stop him from being the king who had the most affairs of
anyone in this list.

8
 V
HOW TO RULE A
KINGDOM
eleanor of aquitaine Although divorce was prohibited by the medieval church, couples
who were incompatible or childless could petition the pope for an annulment. Louis VII and
Eleanor’s annulment was granted citing consanguinity: being too closely related. While the
dissolution of their marriage should have rendered their daughters illegitimate, the couple’s
high status allowed for the rules to be bent. Eleanor was free to marry Henry; Louis was
free to marry a new queen who could bear him a male heir; and their daughters retained
their titles. Their eldest, Marie de Champagne, was Andreas Capellanus’s alleged authority
on courtly love.
agincourt Boucicaut, who we’ve encountered many times in this book, was one of the few
who was held for ransom after Agincourt. As marshal of France, he was a very important
prisoner, indeed. In the end, no one could agree on the terms for his ransom, and he died in
England six years later. For his story, please see The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut.
virtuous paths On the practical reasons for winning a crown through virtue, please see
Niccolò Machiavelli.
counselors On the importance of good counsel, please see Niccolò Machiavelli. Regarding
Thomas Becket and Henry II, Philip Augustus’s biographer said the French king was sent
to be “a bit in [Henry’s] mouth, to vindicate the blood of the blessed martyr Thomas of
Canterbury, so that through grief He might give him understanding and return him to the
bosom of the mother church” (see Rigord). For taking counsel on war, see Jean de Bueil and
Machiavelli. De Bueil cedes that some missions should be private, but points out that “no two
powers [i.e., kingdoms] can confront each other without this becoming general knowledge.”
holy kissing For suspicion around kissing, see Benedict of Nursia. For Prince Louis’s mirac-
ulous healing through relics, see Rigord. Regarding the wear on a medieval birth girdle, see
Sarah Fiddyment, Natalie J. Goodison, Elma Brenner, Stefania Signorello, Kierri Price and
Matthew J. Collins. As Jack Hartnell says, “The mouth was a key point for the sacred to flow
back and forth.”
kiss of peace For Richard’s renewal of homage, see Jean Froissart. Kiril Petkov called the kiss
of peace “the most powerful peace act,” since it “brought about the fulfillment of the most
perfect condition, the ‘Peace of Jerusalem,’ through which God reconciled humankind . . .
freeing the heart of worldly hatred.” On how to kiss politely, see Daniel of Beccles.
women and peace For her thoughts on peace and women’s ability to facilitate it, see
Christine de Pizan (Selected). For the story of the Burghers of Calais, see Jean Froissart.
Philippa of Hainault is said to have given the burghers clothes, “an ample dinner,” and safe

9
passage. Gemma Hollman has shown that Philippa was not actually pregnant at this time;
however, medieval chroniclers are known for embroidering the truth, and this is a conven-
tional embellishment to make the moment more poignant. For more, please see Hollman’s
The Queen and the Mistress.
majestic apparel On majesty, see Niccolò Machiavelli. Regarding wearing crowns for spe-
cial occasions, see D. A. Carpenter. Richard the Lionheart was imprisoned by the Holy Roman
Emperor on his journey home from the Middle East. His ransom has become a central part of
the Robin Hood legend in the centuries since. For Edward III’s sumptuary laws, see Michael
Burger. Regarding Philip Augustus’s thoughts on minstrels and donating clothes to the poor,
see Rigord.
sumptuous display On gaining “credit for liberality,” see Niccolò Machiavelli. Machiavelli
says “credit” because he believed that while a person should seem generous, they should not
be so generous that they have to tax people to fund this generosity, or goodwill will quickly
evaporate. It’s the appearance of largesse that matters. On Philip Augustus’s paving of Paris,
see Rigord. For Louis of Sancerre’s stylish words, see Jean de Bueil.
hearing the people On the importance of the goodwill of a king’s subjects, see Niccolò
Machiavelli.
magna carta Although it’s often revered as a gesture toward equality and even democracy,
the Magna Carta is almost exclusively concerned with baronial rights, not the rights of the
peasantry or unfree serfs.
castles On the importance of building works, see Niccolò Machiavelli. According to Historic
Royal Palaces, German spies were held prisoner and executed at the Tower of London.
royal names The current English king, Charles III, caused a small stir among royal-
ists when he chose this as his regnal name because of the weight of history behind it.
The previous two kings named Charles had complicated reigns to say the least, with
Charles I losing his head to Oliver Cromwell and Charles II spending years of his reign
in exile. Should Prince William, in turn, choose to keep his own name as his regnal
name, it should raise fewer eyebrows. For Edward I’s name and works, see Marc Morris.

10
 Recommended Reading
“Anonymous Letter Between Two Twelfth-Century Nuns,” translated by Peter Dronke. In
Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, edited by Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage, 211.
New York: Routledge, 2010.
Barnhouse, Rebecca. The Book of the Knight of the Tower: Manners for Young Medieval Women.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Batres, Carlota, and Victor Shiramizu. “Examining the ‘Attractiveness Halo Effect’ Across
Cultures.” Current Psychology (2022). https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/c7hf3.
Benedict of Nursia. The Rule of St. Benedict. Translated by Bruce L. Venarde. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2011.
The Boke of Curtasye: An English Poem of the Fourteenth Century. Translated by James Orchard
Halliwell. London: C. Richards, 1841.
British Library. “Valentine’s Day Love Letter, February 1477.” Accessed September 30, 2022.
https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126579.html. October 11, 2022.
Burger, Michael, ed. Sources for the History of Western Civilization, vol I. Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 2015.
Capellanus, Andreas. The Art of Courtly Love. Translated by John Jay Parry. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1941.
Carmina Burana, vols. I and II. Edited and translated by David A. Traill. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2018.
Carpenter, D. A. The Reign of Henry III. London: The Hambledon Press, 2006.
Castor, Helen. Blood and Roses: One Family’s Struggle and Triumph During the Tumultuous Wars
of the Roses. New York: Harper Perennial, 2006.
The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut Jean II Le Meingre. Translated by Craig Taylor and Jane M.
H. Taylor. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2016.
Crouch, David. Tournament. London: Hambledon and Continuum, 2006.
Daniel of Beccles. The Book of the Civilised Man: An English Translation of the Urbanus Magnus
of Daniel of Beccles. Translated by Fiona Whelan, Olivia Spenser, and Francesca Petrizzo.
Abington, UK: Routledge, 2019.
De Bueil, Jean. Jean de Bueil: Le Jouvencel. Translated by Craig Taylor and Jane M. H. Taylor.
Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2020.
Demattè, M. Luisa, Robert Österbauer, and Charles Spence. “Olfactory Cues Modulate Facial
Attractiveness.” Chemical Senses 32, no. 6 (2007): 603–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/
bjm030.

11
De Pizan, Christine. The Book of the City of Ladies and Other Writings. Edited by Sophie
Bourgault and Rebecca Kingston. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2018.
———. The Selected Writings of Christine de Pizan. Translated by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski
and Kevin Brownlee and edited by Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski. New York: W. W.
Norton, 1997.
DeVries, Kelly. Joan of Arc: A Military Leader. Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1999.
Fiddyment, Sarah, Natalie J. Goodison, Elma Brenner, Stefania Signorello, Kierri Price, and
Matthew J. Collins. “Girding the Loins? Direct Evidence of the Use of a Medieval English
Parchment Birthing Girdle from Biomolecular Analysis.” Royal Society Open Science,
March 10, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202055.
French, Katherine L. Household Goods and Good Households in Late Medieval London:
Consumption and Domesticity after the Plague. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 2021.
Froissart, Jean. Chronicles. Translated by Geoffrey Brereton. New York: Penguin, 1968.
Gilchrist, Roberta. Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell
Press, 2012.
The Good Wife’s Guide (Le Ménagier de Paris): A Medieval Household Book. Translated by Gina
L. Greco and Christine M. Rose. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Green, David. The Hundred Years War: A People’s History. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 2014.
Green, Monica, ed. The Trotula: An English Translation of the Medieval Compendium of Women’s
Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
Hartnell, Jack. Medieval Bodies: Life and Death in the Middle Ages. New York: W. W. Norton,
2018.
Historic Royal Palaces. “The Tower at War.” Accessed October 29, 2022.
https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/the-tower-at-war/#gs.h6kf1f.
The History of William Marshal: The True Story of England’s Greatest Knight. Translated by
Nigel Bryant. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer, 2016.
Hollman, Gemma. The Queen and the Mistress: The Women of Edward II. Cheltenham, UK:
The History Press, 2022.
———. Royal Witches. Cheltenham, UK: The History Press, 2019.
Jager, Eric. The Last Duel. New York: Broadway Books, 2004.
Jaquet, Daniel. “Can You Move in Armour?” Medievalists.net YouTube Channel. July 1, 2016.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-bnM5SuQkI.
Jeay, Madeline, and Kathleen Garay, eds. The Distaff Gospels. Peterborough, ON: Broadview
Press, 2006.

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Kaeuper, Richard W., and Elspeth Kennedy. The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text,
Context, and Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
Konieczny, Peter. “How to Tell if A Woman is In Love With You—Medieval
Edition.” Medievalists.net. July 2022. https://www.medievalists.net/2022/07/
how-to-tell-if-a-woman-is-in-love-with-you-medieval-edition.
Krug, Ilana. “Sotelties and Politics: The Message Behind the Food in Late Medieval
Feasts.” Paper presented at the International Congress on Medieval Studies,
Kalamazoo, MI, Friday, May 11, 2018.
Llull, Ramon. The Book of the Order of Chivalry. Translated by Noel Fallows. Woodbridge,
UK: The Boydell Press, 2013.
Loengard, Janet S. “ ‘Which May Be Said to Be Her Own’: Widows and Goods in Late-
Medieval England.” In Medieval Domesticity: Home, Housing and Household in Medieval
England, edited by Maryanne Kowaleski and P. J. P. Goldberg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 2008.
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. Translated by N. H. Thompson. New York: Dover
Publications, 1992.
Malory, Thomas. Le Morte Darthur. Edited by Stephen H. A. Shepherd. New York: W. W.
Norton, 2004.
McDougall, Sara. “Bastard Priests: Illegitimacy and Ordination in Medieval Europe.”
Speculum 94, no. 1 (January 2019): 138–72.
Morris, Marc. A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain. London: Windmill
Books, 2009.
Navarro, Joe. “A Body Language Expert Explains How to Tell if a Woman is Actually Into You.”
Men’s Health, September 18, 2019. https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a29105484/
mixed-signals.
Orme, Nicholas. Medieval Children. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
Paden, William D., and Frances Freeman Paden. Troubadour Poems from the South of France.
Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer, 2007.
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