Chapter 9 Fallacy

CHAPTER 9: FALLACY
01 FALLACIES For instance, depending on the emphasis of the

 Leonardo Da Vinci once declared that "anyone who term "resent", the simple statement "I resent her
conducts an argument by appealing to authority is text message" can be ambiguous.
not using his intelligence; he is just using his
memory." Appealing to authority is one of the many Example:
deceptive arguments out there, and one of the most o "He didn't steal the money."
common is the appeal to force, e.g., that "might
makes right", "according to the godfather", "I will
make you an offer you cannot refuse", etc. D. Composition
The fallacy of composition exists when it is claimed
DEFINITION OF A FALLACY that the whole has the property of the specific
individual parts. The whole is never equivalent to its
 What are fallacies? Fallacies are flaws in arguments. individual parts.
They distort the ideas put forward by arguments.
Fallacious statements are deceitful. Example:
o "Each player on the team is highly skilled.
Therefore, the entire team must be highly
skilled."
TYPES OF FALLACY
 Formal
 material E. Division
There is a fallacy of division when a claim is made
that the parts, taken individually, is the whole. The
02 Fallacies of Language component part is never equal to the whole.
A. Equivocation Example:
Refers to the use of an ambiguous term, either o "The university football team is prestigious,
verbal or written, in an argument. Here, the two or so each player on the team must be
more dissimilar and inconsistent meanings of a prestigious."
single term, which is a key element to the argument,
can shift in the mind. This may cause confusion or
the witting or unwitting acceptance of an idea or 03 Fallacies Not of Language
argument.
1. Apeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)
Example:  When an argument tries to sway opinion by
o "In case things get worse, and he continues soliciting feelings of grief, sympathy, or
to bug me with his mischief, I will have to compassion, rather than using relevant evidence
resort to some criminal action." or reasons. This can be seen in situations where
someone emphasizes personal hardship or
misfortune to gain support or sympathy.
B. Amphiboly
Occurs when the ambiguity is inherent in the flawed
argument itself taken as a single whole. Unlike in 2. Appeal to Popularity (Ad Populum)
equivocation, here, the very expression of the  Appeal to Popularity: Believing something is true
totality of the argument itself is ambiguous due to or good just because it's popular, ignoring actual
syntax or the structure of the sentence. evidence or reasons.
Example:
o "The coach told the players he would
3. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)
practice with a strong determination."  Is using threats of harm to force agreement,
rather than providing evidence or reasoning. This
fallacy is unacceptable because it substitutes
C. Accent coercion for reasoned debate.
The emphasis or accentuation of a term in a
statement or argument or of the whole argument
itself may give rise to some ambiguity.
4. Appeal to False Authority (Ad Verecundiam)
 Using endorsements from celebrities or non- choices are completely laid out, a complete
experts to support a claim, even though they assessment of all possibilities can be likely.
lack expertise in the subject.
13. Non sequitur

5. Attacking the Person (Ad Hominem)  Non sequitur literally means, "it does not
 Discrediting an argument by attacking the follow." This fallacy occurs when a conclusion is
character or circumstances of the person given on what does not logically follow from the
making the argument, rather than addressing premises that preceded it.
the argument itself.
15. Hasty Generalization

6. Complex question
 Asking a question that includes hidden  The quantity of the sample or the amount of
assumptions, making it difficult to answer information at hand is too small and thus
without accepting those assumptions. insufficient to make a valid conclusion. Most
people make judgments although they do not
have enough evidence or basis.
7. Fact suppression (Exclusion)
 Hiding or omitting important evidence that
weakens an argument, leading to a biased or
incomplete understanding of the issue.
8. Anonymous Authority
 Making a claim without disclosing the source,
making it difficult to assess the credibility or
expertise of the source.
9. Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)

 An argument begs the question if the subject of
a proposition expresses the same idea as the
predicate, which could only have been a
misleading paraphrasing of the proposition or
its synonym.
10. False Cause

 when someone incorrectly assumes that a
causal relation exists between two things or
events.
11. Accident
 A general rule or imperative is applied when a
situation implies an exception. This occurs when
a general rule disregards exceptions.
12. Converse Accident

 An exception is applied in a situation where the
generalization should govern.
13. False Dilemma
 A limited number of choices given, when in fact

more are available, causes a false dilemma. If all

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CHAPTER 9: FALLACY

01 FALLACIES For instance, depending on the emphasis of the

13. Non sequitur

15. Hasty Generalization

9. Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)

10. False Cause

12. Converse Accident

13. False Dilemma

 A limited number of choices given, when in fact

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