CHAPTER 6

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 CHAPTER 6

Content

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Bridge Super structures

6.3 Solid Slab Bridge

6.4 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge

6.5 Box-Girder Bridges

6.6 Design Example

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1 Introduction

 Concrete is a versatile building material.

 It can be shaped to confirm to almost any alignment.

 Concrete bridges can be designed to satisfy almost any geometric

alignment from straight to curved as long as the clear spans are
not too large.

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantage of concrete superstructure

-Can satisfy any geometric alignment

-Long life time

-Low cost of maintenance

-Better resistance against temporary overloading and impact load

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 CHAPTER 6

 Disadvantages of concrete superstructure

-Form work and false work is very expensive

-Longer construction time

-Difficult to widen and rebuild

-Large foundation required (self weight of the structure is high)

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 CHAPTER 6

6.2 Bridge Super Structure

 Bridge superstructures consist of structural and nonstructural

components

 Structural Components:
-Girder (the big beam)
-Roadway Deck (slab)
-Diaphragm

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 CHAPTER 6

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 CHAPTER 6

 Nonstructural Components:
-Asphalt Surface
-Traffic Barriers
-Railings and post
-Signs

-Lighting

-Drainage etc…

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 CHAPTER 6

6.3 Solid Slab Bridge

 The simplest type of reinforced concrete bridge

 it is used for short spans up to approximately 12m.

Solid Slab Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantages

 Less labor and form work

 Simple to arrange reinforcement and easier concrete placing

 Neat, simple and pleasing in appearance

 Disadvantage

 Not used for longer spans or non economical for longer spans

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 CHAPTER 6

 Design of Slab bridge

 The deck slab may be designed as One-Way Slab using strip

method analysis with main reinforcement parallel to the traffic
direction.

 Min Depth of slab

D=1.2(S+3000)/30 Simple

D=(S+3000)/30>165mm

(Continuous Span)
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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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.

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.

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.

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.

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 CHAPTER 6

6.4 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge

 Most commonly used type of bridge. It is generally economical

for spans between 10 to 25 m.

 Component of T-beam bridges

-Deck slab and Cantilever slab

-Curbs and handrails Typical X-section of T-beam

- Girder, Cross beam (Diaphragm) and Wearing Surface

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 CHAPTER 6
 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge
 For girder bridges, all girders rest on the
pier/abutment – Thus, they all resist
the load (almost) equally
 The slabs rest on the top of the
girder
 Diaphragms are used to prevent
girders from bending out of plane
or to offer resistance to torsion and to transfer lateral loads
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 CHAPTER 6

 Spacing of Cross beam or Diaphragm

 For spans  20m at least two crossbeams at two ends and one at
the center.
 For spans >20m it should be placed at L/3 points

 Depth of Girder:
D=0.07*Effective Span length --------for Simple Span Bridge
D= 0.065*Effective Span length -------For Continuous Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

6.5 Box-Girder Bridges

 A box–girder bridge span consists of longitudinal girders with top

and bottom slabs, which form hollow or box girders.

(a) Single rectangular cell (b) Single trapezoidal

(c) Multi-cellular

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 CHAPTER 6
 Advantages
 High torsional stiffness ( good for curved bridges)

 The in closed space may be used for different purposes (for

installation purpose, for walking

 Good appearance

 Disadvantages

 Maintenance problem

 Great core dimension

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 CHAPTER 6
 Analysis and Design of Box Girder Bridge
 Top slab thickness: not less than 1/16 of the clear span between
girder webs, fillets , or haunches or 175 mm(Art. 9.7.1.1)

 Bottom slab thickness not less than 1/16 of the clear span
between girder webs (for non prestressed girders) and 1/30 of
the clear span between girder webs (for prestressed girders) or
140mm (5.14.1.3.1b)

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 CHAPTER 6

Depth of girder D=0.06 *L for simple span

D=0.055*L for continuous spans

D=0.045L for precast, cast-in-place

prestressed, simple spans

D=0.040L for continuous spans

L= Effective Span length

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 CHAPTER 6

 Web: Optimum web spacing are suggested to be between 2.1

and 2.75 for spans up to 45 m, and as much as 3.66 for longer
spans.

 A web thickness of 200mm is considered a desirable minimum

for practical considerations for shear reinforcement and pouring
of concrete.

 For prestressed concrete, a minimum of 300mm is used for

placement of tendon ducts.
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 CHAPTER 6
 Girder design
 The structural analysis is based on two typical segments, interior
and exterior girders. Design is usually based on the assumption
that a box girder bridge is composed of separate girders.

Interior girder Exterior girder

Figure 3.4 Box-girder Bridges

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 CHAPTER 6
 The effective width of the slab as the top of an interior girder may be
taken as smallest of the distance center to center girder, one- fourth
the girder span, and 12 times the least thickness of slab plus girder web
width.

 The effective overhang width for an exterior girder may be taken as

one half the effective flange width of adjacent interior beam plus the
smallest of one–eighth of the girder span, and six times the average
thickness of the slab plus half the web thickness, the width of the
overhang

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 CHAPTER 6

6.6 Rigid Frame Bridges

 In rigid frame bridges, the deck is made monolithic with the pier
or the vertical supports.

Rigid Frame Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantages of Rigid Bridges

 Less moment in deck being partly transferred to the support

member

 Better resistance against dynamic loads preferable used in seismic

regions

 No bearings are required

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6.7 Reinforced Concrete Continuous Bridges
 Advantages
 Less number of bearings

 Require less number of expansion joints due to which both the

initial cost and maintenance cost become less.

 Lesser depth of girder, hence economical supports.

 Better architectural appearance

 Lesser vibration and deflection

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 CHAPTER 6
 Disadvantages
 Analysis is tedious and cumbersome

 Not suitable on yielding foundation

Typical cross section of Continuous Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6
 Distribution Reinforcement
 For primary reinforcement parallel to traffic
(Example slab bridges):

 For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic

(Example decks of T‐girder bridges): :

where:
S = the effective span length in meter
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 CHAPTER 6

1. Solid Slab RC Bridge Design

 Design a simply supported typical solid slab bridge as shown in

figure for HL-93 live load with the given preliminary data. Allow
for a future wearing surface of 5mm thick bituminous overlay,
Use AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification 5th Edition 2005:
Material Concrete C-30 and Steel fy=420Mpa for bar greater
than or equal to 16mm and fy=300Mpa for bar less than 16mm

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1. Design of 10 m clear span simply supported slab bridge

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.

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.

Preliminary dimention
Clear span Lc= 10.00 m
Curb/Edge beam width (top) = 0.80 m
Curb/Edge beam width (bottom) = 0.80 m
Width of abutment = 0.40 m
Center to center of abutment S = L = 10+2*(.5*.4)= 10.40 m
Total length of superstructure = 10+0.4+0.4= 10.80 m
Clear width of superstructure = 7.30 m
Total width of superstructure = 7.3+0.8+0.8= 8.90 m
No of lane = 2
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.

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 1. Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for
the flexural design.
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2. Check minimum depth of the slab

𝟏. 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = −−− −𝑨𝒓𝒕. 𝟐. 𝟓. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑
𝟑𝟎

𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 𝟓𝟑𝟔 ≈ 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟎

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

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3. Determine Live Load Strip width
𝒂. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝒊) 𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅: 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒅 −− −𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝑳𝟏𝑾𝟏
Where, E is strip width in mm
L1 is modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span or
18000mm
W1 is modified edge-to-edge width of the bridge taken to be equal to
the lesser of the actual length width or 18000 mm for multiple
loading or 9000mm for single loading
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑾𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
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𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒊𝒊) 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅: 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏
𝑾
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝑳𝟏𝑾𝟏 ≤
𝑵𝑳
Where, E is strip width in mm
L1 is modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span or
18000mm
W1 is modified edge-to-edge width of the bridge taken to be equal to
the lesser of the actual length width or 18000 mm for multiple
loading or 9000mm for single loading
W is physical edge to edge distance of the bridge in mm
NL is number of design lane
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑾𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

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 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐√(𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎) ≤
𝟐
𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑬 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ = 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟐
𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 {𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎}
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑬 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎
The equivalent concentrated and distributed loads
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑲𝑵 𝑷
𝑯𝑺𝟐𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒌: 𝑷 = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓 , = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝒎 𝟒𝑬
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒎: 𝑷 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝟗. 𝟑
𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅: 𝑾 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑

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𝒃) 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑:
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍 … . . 𝑨𝒓𝒕. 𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟏. 𝟒
𝟏
𝑬 = 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + ∗ 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ≤1800mm
𝟐
𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝑬 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 > 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟐
𝑬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 (strip width is limited to 1800mm,one-lane loaded (wheel line=1/2 lane
load) with a multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical.
The equivalent concentrated and distributed loads
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑲𝑵 𝑷
𝑯𝑺𝟐𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒌: 𝑷 = ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑 , = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎 𝟒𝑬
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒎: 𝑷 = ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖
𝟗. 𝟑
𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅: 𝑾 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑
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4. Influence Line for shear force and Bending moment
• The applicability of the live load shall be based on Art 3.6.1.3.3
• Slab bridge shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified
in AASHTO Art.3.6.1.2, including lane load.
a) Interior Strip
i) Maximum shear force
 Hs-20 truck loading
Vmax=44.5(1+.59)+11.3*.17

=72.70KN/m

VLL+IM =1.33*72.70 KN/m

=96.69KN/m
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 Tandem truck loading
Vmax=33.8(1+0.89)

=63.88KN/m

VLL+IM=1.33*63.88KN/m

=84.96KN/m

 Lane Load
Vmax=3.1*(0.5*10.40*1)

=16.12KN/m (IM ignored)

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ii) Maximum bending moment

 HS-20 truck Loading

Mmax=44.5*2.55+44.5*0.69+11.3*0=144.2KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*144.2=192KN.m/m

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 Tandem Loading

Mmax=33.8*2.6+33.8*2.00=155.5KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*155.5=206.8KN.m/m

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 Lane Loading

Mmax=0.5*2.6*10.40*3.1=41.9KN.m/m

=41.9KN.m/m (IM Ignored)

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b) Edge Strip
i) Maximum Shear force
 Hs-20 Loading
Vmax=48.3(1+.59)+12.1*0.17
=83.7KN/m
VLL+IM=1.33*83.7KN/m
=111.321KN/m
 Tandem Loading
Vmax=36.7*(1+0.89)
=69.36KN/m
VLL+IM=1.33*69.36KN/m
=92.25KN/m

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 Lane Loading
Vmax=3.1*0.5*1*10.40
=16.12KN/m
=16.12KN/m (IM ignored)

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ii) Maximum bending moment

 HS-20 truck Loading

Mmax=48.3*2.55+48.3*0.69+12.1*0=156.49KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*156.49=208.1KN.m/m

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 Tandem Loading

Mmax=36.7*2.6+36.7*2.00=168.82KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*168.82=224.53KN.m/m

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 Lane Loading

Mmax=0.5*2.6*10.40*3.1=41.9KN.m/m

=41.9KN.m/m (IM Ignored)

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5. Live Load Combination

a) Interior Strip

Comb 1 VHS-20 + VLane Load =96.69+16.12=112.81KN/m

Com 2 V tandem+ V lane Load =84.96+16.12=101.08KN/m

Vmax=112.81KN/m

Comb 1 MHs-20+M Lane Load=192+41.9=233.9KN.m/m

Comb 2 M tandem + M lane Load=206.8+41.9 =248.7KN.m/m

Mmax=248.7KN.m/m

Tandem Loading + Lane Loading has Governed

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5. Live Load Combination

b) Edge Strip

Comb 1 VHS-20 + VLane Load =113.32+16.12=129.44KN/m

Comb 2 V tandem+ V lane Load =92.25+16.12=108.37KN/m

Vmax=129.44KN/m

Com 1 MHs-20+M Lane Load= 208.1+41.9=250KN.m/m

Com 2 M tandem + M lane Load=224.53+41.9 =266.43KN.m/m

Mmax=266.43KN.m/m

Tandem Loading + Lane Loading has Governed

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6. Dead Load Force Effect
a) Interior Strip
𝐊𝐍
Take one meter strip width , 𝛾 = 𝟐𝟑
𝐦𝟑

 DC (Slab+Curb+Post &Railing)
DCslab=0.6*23*1=13.80KN/m
DCcurb=2*.25*.8*23/8.9=1.0KN/m
DCpost=2*.25*.25*.8*23/8.9*1.5=0.007KN/m

DCRailing=2*0.25*0.30*23/8.9=0.39KN/m

DC=13.8+1.0+0.007+0.39=15.20KN/m

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 Dws (Dead load of wearing surface)
𝐊𝐍
 5mm of bituminous wearing surface, 𝛾= 𝟐𝟐
𝐦𝟑
Dwswearing surface=0.05*22=1.1KN/m

 Dead Load effect due to DC

𝒘𝑳
VDC= =15.20*10.40*.50=79.04KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDC= =15.20*10.4*10.40/8=205.5KN.m/m
8

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 Dead load effect wearing surface

𝒘𝑳
VDW= =1.1*10.40*.50=5.72KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDW= =1.1*10.4*10.40/8=14.87KN.m/m
8

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b) Edge strip
DCslab=0.6*23=13.8KN/m
DCcurb=0.25*0.8*23/1.8=2.56KN/m
DCPost= =.25*.25*.8*23/1.8*1.5=0.43KN/m
DCRailings=0.25*0.30*23/1.8=0.96KN/m
DC=13.8+2.56+0.43+0.96=17.75KN/m

VDC=17.75*10.4/2=92.30KN/m
MDC=17.75*10.4*10.4/8=239.98KN/m

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 60
 Dead load effect of the wearing surface

𝒘𝑳
VDW= =1.1*10.40*.50=5.72KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDW= =1.1*10.4*10.40/8=14.87KN.m/m
8

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 61
7. Select Resistance Factor --------------------Art. 5.5.4.2.1
Type Resistance Factor( 𝝋)
Flexure & Shear 0.90
Shear & torsion 0.90
Axial Compression 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.70

8. Select Load Modifier and summary of service load

Strength Service Fatigue Art.
Ductility(𝜂𝐷) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.3
Redundancy (𝜂R) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.4
Importance (𝜂𝐼) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.5
𝛈𝐃*𝛈𝐑*𝛈𝐈 1 1 1
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 62
 Summary of service shear force and bending moment

Summary of service shear force and Bending moment

Interior Strip Edge Strip

VLL (KN/m) 112.81 129.44

VDC (KN/m) 79.04 92.30
VDW (KN/m) 5.72 5.72
MLL (KN.m/m) 248.70 266.43
MDC (KN.m/m) 205.50 239.98
MDW (KN.m/m) 14.87 14.87

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 63
9. Select applicable load combination --------------------table 3.4.1-1
Strength I 𝛈(1.25DC+1.5DW+1.75(LL+IM))
Service I 𝛈(1.0DC+1.0DW+1.0(LL+IM))
Fatigue 𝛈(0.75(LL+IM))

10. Design of main reinforcement parallel to traffic

10.1 Flexure: Equivalent Rectangular stress distribution ----------Art. 5.7.2.2.2

a) Interior Strip

Mu=1.00(1.25MDC+1.5MDW+1.75M(LL+IM))

Mu=1.00(1.25*205.5+1.5*14.87+1.75*248.7)=714.41KN.m/m
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 64
 Dprovided=600mm
beff=1000mm
∅=30mm
fy=420 Mpa (∅>20mm)
Cubic Comp.=30Mpa
fc’=30/1.25=24Mpa (cylindrical comp
strength)
Cover=50mm
dprovided=600-50-30/2=535mm
as=3.1416*30*30/4=706.86mm2

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 65
For rebar greater than or equal to 16mm

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0243
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 420 600 + 420

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 = 78.49 Mu = 714.41KN. m/m

𝑴𝒖 714.41∗106
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒂 = 78.49 = 3812.31mm2
𝝓𝒇𝒚 𝒅−
𝟐 (0.9∗420(535− )
2

𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 3812.31 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 78.49𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 24 ∗ 1000

So that As=3812.31mm2 (total area of reinforcement steel)

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 66
 1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠

706.86
𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 185mm Smax = 450mm
3812.31

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 150𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝------S1

𝑎𝑠 706.86
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1000 ∗ = 1000 ∗ = 4712.39𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 150
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒇𝒄 24
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃 = 0.75 ∗ 0.0243 = 0.0182 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 0.03 ∗ = 0.0017
𝒇𝒚 420

𝐴𝑠 4712.39
𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.0088 (0.0182 < 𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 0.0017 𝑶𝑲!
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 535
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 67
b) Edge Strip

Mu=1.00(1.25*239.98+1.5*14.87+1.75*266.43)=788.53KN.m/m

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0243
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 420 600 + 420

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 = 87.42 Mu = 788.53KN. m/m

788.53∗106
𝑨𝒔 =
𝑴𝒖
𝒂 = 87.42 = 4246.08mm2
𝝓𝒇𝒚 𝒅−𝟐 (0.9∗420(535− )
2

𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 4246.08 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 87.42𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 24 ∗ 1000
So that As=4246.08mm2 (total area of reinforcement steel)
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 68
 1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠

706.86
𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 166mm Smax = 450mm
4246.08
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 130𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 −−− −𝑆2

𝑎𝑠 706.86
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1000 ∗ = 1000 ∗ = 5437.37𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 130
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒇𝒄 24
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃 = 0.75 ∗ 0.0243 = 0.0182 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 0.03 ∗ = 0.0017
𝒇𝒚 420

𝐴𝑠 5437.37
𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.0102 (0.0182 < 𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 0.0017 𝑶𝑲!
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 535
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 69
10.2 Check for shear

a) Interior strip

Vu=1.00(1.25VDC+1.5VDW+1.75V(LL+IM))

Vu =1.00(1.25*79.04+1.5*5.72+1.75*112.81)

Vu=304.80KN/m

Allow. shear stress(𝜎)=0.166*sqrt(fc’)=0.166*sqrt(24)=813KN/m2

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 𝜎 ∗ b ∗ d = 0.9 ∗ 813 ∗ 1 ∗ .535 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝐊𝐍/𝐦

If factored Shear force 𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 … . . 𝑂𝐾‼!

304.80KN/m < 391.46KN/m…………………………..OK!!!

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 70
b) Edge strip

Vu=1.00(1.25VDC+1.5VDW+1.75V(LL+IM))

Vu =1.00(1.25*92.30+1.5*5.72+1.75*129.44)

Vu=350.48KN/m

Allow. shear stress(𝜎)=0.166*sqrt(fc’)=0.166*sqrt(24)=813KN/m2

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 𝜎 ∗ b ∗ d = 0.9 ∗ 813 ∗ 1 ∗ .535 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝐊𝐍/𝐦

If factored Shear force 𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 … . . 𝑂𝐾‼!

350.48KN/m < 391.46KN/m…………………………..OK!!!

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 71
10.3 Distribution reinforcement for main reinforcement parallel to traffic … Art
5.14.4.1
a) Interior strip
The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage
of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as :

𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎 1750
≤ 𝟓𝟎% , = 17.20%
𝑺𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝑳 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 10400
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠. = 0.172 ∗ 4712.39 = 810.53𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅16 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑠 = 210𝑚𝑚2

201
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 247.98𝑚𝑚
810.53
So use ∅ 16, c/c 210mm for bottom distribution reinforcement----------S3
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 72
a) Edge strip

The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a

percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as :

𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎 1750
≤ 𝟓𝟎% , = 17.20%
𝑺𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝑳 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 10400
𝐴𝑆 𝑑𝑖𝑠. = 0.172 ∗ 5437.37 = 935.23𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅16 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑠 = 210𝑚𝑚2

201
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 215𝑚𝑚
935.23

So use ∅ 16, c/c 210mm for bottom distribution reinforcement-------S3

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 73
10.4 Shrinkage and Temperature reinforcement
a) Edge strip/Interior Strip
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stress shall be provided near surface of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes. The stress shall be distributed on both sides.

𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑨𝒈
𝑨𝒔 ≥ 𝐴𝑟𝑡. 5.10.8
𝒇𝒚

600 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.11 ∗ 1000 ∗ = 220 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅12, 𝑎𝑠 = 113𝑚𝑚2
300 𝑚

1 𝑚𝑚2 113
𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝐴𝑠 = ∗ 220 = 110 𝑠𝑜 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 1027𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450𝑚𝑚
2 𝑚 110

So use ∅ 12, c/c 450mm for Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement------S4 & S5

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 74
11. Control of cracking (Service Limit states)
 To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well
distributed within the maximum flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking,
the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in MPa shall not
exceed fsa,
1
𝑍 = 𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝐴 3

𝑓𝑠 ≤ 0.6𝑓𝑦 = 0.6 ∗ 420 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎

Where z=cracked width parameter in N/mm,30,000N/mm for moderate climate
dc=depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar ;
for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to compute dc
shall not be taken greater than 50mm.
dc=50+30/2=65mm
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 75
A=Area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile
reinforcement and bounded by the surface of the cross section and a
line parallel to the neutral axis divided by the number of bars
(mm2)clear cover less than or equal to 50mm.
Y=50+30/2=65mm
S=130mm for edge strip
S=150mm for interior strip
For single layer reinforcement
S=b/No bars
Aedge=2*65*130=16,900mm2
Aintrior=2*65*150=19,500mm2

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 76
 The concrete considered cracked if tensile stress in concrete > 80% of
the modulus of rapture, fr=0.63*sqrt(fc’)…………Art.5.7.3.4 &5.4.2.6

a)Interior strip: Check concrete tensile stress against 0.8fr

Ms=1*(1*205.5+1*14.87+1*248.7)=469.07KN.m/m

𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 2 = 469.07 ∗ = 7.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑏ℎ 6002
1000 ∗
6 6
0.8𝑓𝑟 = 0.8 ∗ (.63 24 = 2.47𝑀𝑝𝑎

fcten>0.8fr ……..Section has cracked

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 77
 From previous, d=535mm,As=4712.39mm2, 𝜌=0.0088
𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 4,800 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 48000 ∗ 24 = 23,515𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝑛= = = 8.5 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23515
𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘= 2 ∗ 0.008 ∗ 9 + 0.0088 ∗ 9 2 − 0.008 ∗ 9 = 0.3266

jd=(1-0.3266/3)*535=476.75mm
𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑠 = = 469.07 ∗ = 208.79𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑗𝑑 4712.36 ∗ 476.75
1 𝑁 𝑁
𝑍 = 208.78 ∗ 65 ∗ 19500 3 = 22,595 < 30,000 … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘‼
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
There fore the provided concrete section and reinforcement is adequate.
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 78
b) Edge strip: Check concrete tensile stress against 0.8fr

Ms=1*(1*239.98+1*14.87+1*266.43)=521.28KN.m/m

𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 2 = 521.28 ∗ 2 = 8.79𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑏ℎ 600
1000 ∗
6 6
0.8𝑓𝑟 = 0.8 ∗ (.63 24 = 2.47𝑀𝑝𝑎

fcten>0.8fr ……..Section has cracked

8.79Mpa>2.47Mpa …..section has cracked

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 79
 From previous, d=535mm,As=5437.37mm2, 𝜌=0.0102
𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 4,800 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 48000 ∗ 24 = 23,515𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝑛= = 8.5 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23515
𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘= 2 ∗ 0.0102 ∗ 9 + 0.0102 ∗ 9 2 − 0.0102 ∗ 9 = 0.3464

jd=(1-0.3464/3)*535=473.23mm
𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑠 = = 521.28 ∗ = 210.35𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑗𝑑 5437.37 ∗ 473.23
1 𝑁 𝑁
𝑍 = 210.35 ∗ 65 ∗ 16900 3 = 21,704 < 30,000 … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘‼
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
There fore the provided concrete section and reinforcement is adequate.
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 80
12. Fatigue Stress Limit
 Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m axle spacing. So the
maximum moment results when the two front axle on the span and the
rear axle is out of the span.
a) Interior Strip
Mmax=35*.6+145*2.58
Impact Factor
=395.1KN.m
Mfactored=1*0.75*395.1*1.15
=340.77KN.m

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 81
a) Tensile Live load stress
299.77∗106
One lane loaded, E=4.291m
4712.39∗476.75
MLL+IM=340.77/4.291=79.4KN.m/m
MLL+DL=79.4+205.5+14.87=299.77KN.m/m fmax=133.4Mpa
106
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 205.5 ∗ = 98.08𝑀𝑝𝑎
4712.39 ∗ 476.75
fs =133.4-98.08=35.35Mpa
b) Reinforcing bar
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)-------------------ff=stress range
Take r/h=0.3
ff=145-0.33*98.08+55*(0.3)=129.14Mpa
35.35Mpa << 129.14Mpa ……….OK!!!
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 82
13. Deflection
13a Gross Moment of Inertia
𝑏ℎ3 600 3
𝐼𝑔 = + 𝐴𝑑2 = 1000 ∗ = 1.8 ∗ 1010 𝑚𝑚2
12 12
= 0.018𝑚4
Centroid =y=600/2=300mm
13.b Cracked Section Moment of Inertia
From previous, n = 9, 𝜌 = 0.0102,
𝑑 = 535𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 = 0.3464, 𝑘𝑑 = 185.32𝑚𝑚
As=5437.37mm2
Mservice=266.43+239.98+14.8=521.28KN.m

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 83
 Cracked Moment of Inertia
Item Area(m2) Yi(m) Icg(m4) d=kd-yi(m) Ad2(m4) Itotal(m4)
beam 0.175 0.0875 0.00045 0.0875 0.00134 0.0017
Steel 0.0424 0.535 0 -0.36 0.0069 0.006
Yi is measured from the compressive side extreme fiber to C.G. Icr(m4) 0.0077
of the component. Icr(mm4) 7.7*10^9

𝑓𝑟 ∗ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = where fr = 0.63sqrt fc ′ = 0.63 ∗ sqrt 24 = 3.09Mpa
yt
1010
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 3.09 ∗ 1.8 ∗ = 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝐊𝐍. 𝐦
300 ∗ 106
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
185.4 3 185.4 3
𝐼𝑒 = ∗ 0.018 + [1 − ]*0.0077=0.0084m4
<0.018m4
469.07 469.07
If Ie<Ig Section provided is adequate
12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 84
13.c Dead Load Deflection
 Short term deflection
𝟓𝑾𝑳𝟒 𝑷𝑳𝟑
∆𝒔 = + −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝟑𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑊 = 17.75 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −1775
𝑚 𝑚
𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑃 = 0.0 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −0.0
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝐿 = 10.40𝑚 −−−−−−−−−−−−− −10.40𝑚

10
𝑁
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒: 𝐸 = 23515𝑀𝑝𝑎 −−−−−−−−−−− −2.3515 ∗ 10
𝑚2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑒 = 0.00855𝑚4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −0.00855𝑚4

5 ∗ 1775 ∗ 10.44
∆𝑠 = 10
+ 0 = 0.0136m = 𝟏𝟒𝐦𝐦
38 ∗ 2.3515 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.0084

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 85
 Long term deflection
1.2𝐴𝑠 ′
∆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 = ∆𝑠 3 − −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0𝑚𝑚2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐴𝑠 = 5437.37𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 = 4712.39𝑚𝑚2

∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 14 ∗ 3 − 0 = 42mm
42 ∗ 100
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 = = 1.0% 𝑜𝑟 52𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.5 ∗ 10.40 ∗ 1000

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 86
13.d Live Load deflection

Load a b X

P/4 0.900 9.500 5.200

P 5.200 5.200 5.200

P 9.500 0.900 5.200

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 87
 Live Load deflection
Due to P/4, D1 = 0.00045 m
Due to P at Mid Span, D2 = 0.00700 m
Due to the rear P after Mid-Span, D3 = 0.00180 m
TOTAL = 0.00925 m

Total Live Load D = D1+D2+D3 = 0.00925 m

Total LL Deflection = 9.25 mm

Allowable Live Load Deflection Dall = L/800 = 13.00 mm

Live Load Deflection is below the maximum allowable, Ok!!

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 88
 Length of standard hook
L_hook=𝜋 ∗ 5𝜙 + 4𝜙 = 𝜋 ∗ 5 + 4 𝜙
Length of Bar S1 & S2= L𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 2 ∗ 5𝜙 + 2 ∗ 𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘
L=10.8-2*.05-2*5*0.03+2*0.03*(3.14*5+4)=11.58m

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 89
Bar Size(mm) Length(m) Spacing(mm) Number Type of bar
S1 30 11.58 150 33

S2 30 11.58 130 30

S3 16 8.78 210 52

S4 12 8.78 450 25

S5 12 10.7 450 16

C1 12 3.40 300 74

C2 12 10.7 12

12/19/2016 Chalachew A. 90
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