For Mrs.

Anton Mocanu for the interview good luck , and we expect you to join us

For metering gas we have use Gas detector

Portable gas detector

A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as
part of a safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a
control system so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas detector can also sound an
alarm to operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave
the area. This type of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to
organic life, such as humans or animals.

Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases, and oxygen
depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can found in a variety of locations
such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and emerging technologies such as
photovoltaic. They may also be used in firefighting.

Gas detectors are usually battery operated. They transmit warnings via a series of audible and
visible signals such as alarms and flashing lights, when dangerous levels of gas vapors are
detected. As detectors measure a gas concentration, the sensor responds to a calibration gas,
which serves as the reference point or scale. As a sensor’s detection exceeds a preset alarm level,
the alarm or signal will be activated. As units, gas detectors are produced as portable or
stationary devices. Originally, detectors were produced to detect a single gas, but modern units
may detect several toxic or combustible gases, or even a combination of both types.[1]
How to Use a SCBA

An SCBA allows firefighters to battle structure fires while breathing safely.

When entering an oxygen-deficient environment, you need a portable air supply to avoid
succumbing to asphyxiation. A self-contained breathing apparatus is comprised of an air tank,
mask and regulator that work together to supply you breathable air when entering oxygen-
deficient or toxic air environments. Common oxygen-deficient environments that require an
SCBA include working structure fires for firefighters and confined space entry for construction
and maintenance personnel. Inspecting the SCBA periodically will ensure it performs correctly
when put in use.

Difficulty:

Moderately Easy

Instructions
Things You'll Need
 SCBA
 Non-alcohol wipes

 Out-of-service tag

1.
o 1
 Inspect the SCBA components. Check the seals around the inside of the mask for
cracks or tears. Make sure the head harness straps are not cut or twisted and the
air tank contains no cuts or dents. Check the tank harness straps for cuts or
abrasions. If you notice any damaged SCBA components, notify the proper
personnel immediately to take the SCBA out of service.

o 2

Don the SCBA. Ensure the tank harness straps are not twisted. Put one arm into
each side of the tank harness. Connect the harness lap belt to secure the air pack
to your body. Position the pressure gauge to allow you to read the amount of air
remaining in the air tank. Slide the mask over your face and adjust the head
harness straps to pull the mask tight to your face.

Breathe deeply with the air regulator closed. If the mask does not pull toward
your face, reposition the face mask to achieve a proper seal.

o 4

Open the valve located on the air tank. Turn the air regulator valve clockwise to
start the flow of air into the mask. Slide a finger under the seal surrounding the
mask. Take the SCBA out-of-service if air does not flow while your finger is
under the seal.

o 5

Close the valve located on the air tank. Press the purge valve to release the air
pressure from the air line. An audible low air alarm will sound when the air
pressure falls below 50 bar. If the alarm does not sound, tag the SCBA out-of-
service.

o 6

Read the pressure gauge. Remove and replace the SCBA if the pressure gauge
reads below 250 bar.

o 7

Turn the air regulator counterclockwise to turn off the air flow to the mask when
you are finished using the SCBA. Remove the mask. Undo the straps for the air
tank harness.

o 8
 Clean the seals around the mask and the mask lens with a non-alcoholic wipe.

o 9

Place an out-of-service tag on the SCBA. Set the SCBA in a proper storage
container.

EXTENGUISHER
Fire triangle

To understand how fire extinguishers work, you need to understand a little about fire. Fire is a very rapid
chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material, which results in the release of heat, light,
flames, and smoke.

For fire to exist, the following four elements must be present at the same time:
 Enough oxygen to sustain combustion,
 Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature,
 Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and
 The chemical reaction that is fire.
How a fire extinguisher works

Portable fire extinguishers apply an extinguishing agent that will either cool burning fuel, displace or remove
oxygen, or stop the chemical reaction so a fire cannot continue to burn. When the handle of an extinguisher
is compressed, agent is expelled out the nozzle. A fire extinguisher works much like a can of hair spray.

All portable fire

extinguishers must be
approved by a nationally
recognized testing
laboratory to verify
compliance with applicable
standards [29 CFR
1910.157(c)(2)].
Equipment that passes the
laboratory's tests are
labeled and given an alpha-numeric classification based on
the type and size of fire it will extinguish.

Let's take a look at the label pictured. The classification is:

1-A:10-BC

The letters (A, B, and C) represent the type(s) of fire for which the extinguisher has been approved.

The number in front of the A rating indicates how much water the extinguisher is equal to and represents
1.25 gallons of water for every unit of one. For example, a 4-A rated extinguisher would be equal to five (4 x
1.25) gallons of water.

The number in front of the B rating represents the area in square feet of a class B fire that a non-expert user
should be able to extinguish. Using the above example, a non-expert user should be able to put out a
flammable liquid fire that is as large as 10 square feet.

Types of fire extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different types of fire. The three most common types of fire
extinguishers are: air pressurized water, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and dry chemical. The following table provides
information regarding the type of fire and which fire extinguisher should be used.

Extinguisher Type Type of Fire

 Ordinary Combustibles

Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics

require a water type extinguisher labeled A.

Water

Flammable Liquids

Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease,

solvents, and other flammable liquids require an
extinguisher labeled B.

CO2

OR
Electrical Equipment

Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical

equipment, computers, and other electrical sources
require an extinguisher labeled C.

Dry Chemical

Ordinary Combustibles, Flammable Liquids, or

Electrical Equipment

Multi-purpose dry chemical is suitable for use on class

A, B, and C.

Multi-Purpose

Metals

Class D Fires involving powders, flakes or shavings of

combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium,
 potassium, and sodium require special extinguishers
labeled D.

Kitchen Fires

Fires involving combustible cooking fluids such as

oils and fats.

Class K Note: Your present fire extinguishing equipment may

not put out a fire involving vegetable oil in your deep
fat fryer.

Water - Air-pressurized water extinguishers (APW)

Water is one of the most commonly used extinguishing agents for type A fires. You can
recognize an APW by its large silver container. They are filled about two-thirds of the
way with ordinary water, then pressurized with air. In some cases, detergents are added
to the water to produce a foam. They stand about two to three feet tall and weigh
approximately 25 pounds when full.

APWs extinguish fire by cooling the surface of the fuel to remove the "heat" element of
the fire triangle.

APWs are designed for Class A (wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and certain plastics) fires
only.

Important:
 Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid fires. Water is extremely ineffective at
extinguishing this type of fire and may make matters worse by the spreading the fire.

 Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire. Water is a good conductor and may lead to
electrocution if used to extinguish an electrical fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged and/or de-
energized before using a water extinguisher on an electrical fire.
CO2 or Dry Chemical - Carbon dioxide extinguishers

This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a non-flammable gas
under extreme pressure. These extinguishers put out fires by displacing oxygen, or
taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure,
when you use this extinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also has a
cooling effect on the fire.

You can recognize this type of extinguisher by its hard horn and absent pressure
gauge.

CO2 cylinders are red and range in size from five to 100 pounds or larger.

CO2 extinguishers are designed for Class B and C (flammable liquid and
electrical) fires only.

Important:
 CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they may continue to smolder and re-ignite after
the CO2 dissipates.

 Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while people are present without proper respiratory
protection.

Locations:

Carbon dioxide extinguishers will frequently be found in industrial vehicles, mechanical rooms, offices,
computer labs, and flammable liquid storage areas.

Multi-purpose - Dry chemical extinguishers

 Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin layer of fire
retardant powder, separating the fuel from the oxygen. The powder also works to
interrupt the chemical reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective.

Dry chemical extinguishers are usually rated for class B and C fires and may be marked
multiple purpose for use in A, B, and C fires. They contain an extinguishing agent and
use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant.

ABC fire extinguishers are red in color, and range in size from five pounds to 20 pounds.

Dry Chemical extinguishers will have a label indicating they may be used on class A, B,
and/or C fires.

or

Locations:

These extinguishers will be found in a variety of locations including: public hallways, laboratories, mechanical
rooms, break rooms, chemical storage areas, offices, commercial vehicles, and other areas with flammable
liquids.

Class K - Dry and wet chemical extinguishers for kitchen fires

Due to the higher heating rates of vegetable oils in commercial cooking appliances
NFPA 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers, now includes a Class K rating for kitchen fires
extinguishers which are now required to be installed in all applicable restaurant kitchens.
Once a fire starts in a deep fryer, it cannot always be extinguished by traditional range
hoods or Class B extinguishers.
 Do not attempt to use a Class A extinguisher containing water or CO2 on a deep
fat fryer fire. An explosive type reaction may result.

 Place a placard near the Class K fire extinguisher which states: "In case of
appliance fire, use this extinguisher only after the fixed fire suppression system
has been actuated". Class K fire extinguishers are only intended to be used after
the activation of a built-in hood suppression system. If no commercial cooking
system hood and fire suppression system exists, Class K extinguishers are not
required.

 Extinguishing agents in many Class K extinguishers are electrically conductive

and should only be used after electrical power to the kitchen appliance has been
shut off. Class K extinguishers use a variety of agents. Potassium bicarbonate is
used in some Class K dry chemical extinguishers, and there are also Class K wet
 chemical extinguishers which spray a fine mist.

 Travel distance to a Class K extinguisher shall not exceed 30 feet.

 Install a 2-A water-type extinguisher or 6L wet chemical fire extinguisher for

solid fuel cooking appliances with fire boxes.

 Inspect, test and maintain Class K fire extinguishers yearly.

How do you clean up an oil spill?

No two oil spills are the same because of the variation in oil types, locations, and
weather conditions involved. However, broadly speaking, there are four main
methods of response.

(1) Leave the oil alone so that it breaks down by natural means. If there is no possibility of the
oil polluting coastal regions or marine industries, the best method is to leave it to disperse by
natural means. A combination of wind, sun, current, and wave action will rapidly disperse and
evaporate most oils. Light oils will disperse more quickly than heavy oils.

(2) Contain the spill with booms and collect it from the water surface using skimmer equipment.
Spilt oil floats on water and initially forms a slick that is a few millimeters thick. There are
various types of booms that can be used either to surround and isolate a slick, or to block the
passage of a slick to vulnerable areas such as the intake of a desalination plant or fish-farm pens
or other sensitive locations. Boom types vary from inflatable neoprene tubes to solid, but
buoyant material. Most rise up about a meter above the water line. Some are designed to sit flush
on tidal flats while others are applicable to deeper water and have skirts which hang down about
a meter below the waterline. Skimmers float across the top of the slick contained within the
boom and suck or scoop the oil into storage tanks on nearby vessels or on the shore. However,
booms and skimmers are less effective when deployed in high winds and high seas.

(3) Use dispersants to break up the oil and speed its natural biodegradation. Dispersants act by
reducing the surface tension that stops oil and water from mixing. Small droplets of oil are then
formed, which helps promote rapid dilution of the oil by water movements. The formation of
droplets also increases the oil surface area, thus increasing the exposure to natural evaporation
and bacterial action. Dispersants are most effective when used within an hour or two of the initial
spill. However, they are not appropriate for all oils and all locations. Successful dispersion of oil
through the water column can affect marine organisms like deep-water corals and sea grass. It
can also cause oil to be temporarily accumulated by subtidal seafood. Decisions on whether or
not to use dispersants to combat an oil spill must be made in each individual case. The decision
will take into account the time since the spill, the weather conditions, the particular environment
involved, and the type of oil that has been spilt.

(4) Introduce biological agents to the spill to hasten biodegradation. Most of the components of
oil washed up along a shoreline can be broken down by bacteria and other microorganisms into
harmless substances such as fatty acids and carbon dioxide. This action is called biodegradation.
The natural process can be speeded up by the addition of fertilizing nutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorous, which stimulate growth of the microorganisms concerned. However the
effectiveness of this technique depends on factors such as whether the ground treated has sand or
pebbles and whether the fertilizer is water soluble or applied in pellet or liquid form.

Skimmer
An oil skimmer is a piece of equipment which is designed to clean up spilled oil. There are a number of
applications for oil skimmers, and there are a number of different styles on the market to meet various
needs. These devices are used to clean up after tanker spills, to clarify mixtures of oil, water and other
substances for commercial use, and to clean up various pumps and tanks in facilities which handle oil
and other substances.