2 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Set.

(Set)
1.
1.1
1.2 ( )
2. A B A B
x x A x B
( A A A)

3. A n 2n

4. P(A) A P( A) {B| B A}

4.1 P( A) ; A P( A) ; P( A)

4.2 P( A) P(B) P( A B) P( A) P(B) P( A B)

5. A xx U x A A B x x A x B

6. Operation
A A A, A A A
A B B A, A B B A
A B C A B C , A B C A B C

A B C A B A C

A B C A B A C
A B A B , A B A B
A B A A B A B B A

7.
A , A A
A U A, A U U
A A B A, A A B A
A A B A B, A A B A B
A B A B A, A B A B A

8.
nA B n ( A) n (B) nA B
nA B C n ( A) n (B) n ( C) nA B

nA C nB C nA B C
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Real Number. 3

(Real Number System)

1.
x, x 0
1.1 | x|
x, x 0

1.2 x2 x x x
2
1.3 x2 x x2

x |x|
1.4 | xy| | x|| y| y |y|
y 0

1.5 |x y| | x| | y| | x| | y| |x y|

2.
2.1 a<b c>0 ac < bc
a<b c<0 ac > bc

2.2 a<b c<d a+c < b+d

2.3 0<a<b 0<c< d 0 < ac < bd

2.4 a>0
2.4.1 | x| a -a x a
2.4.2 | x| a x a x a

(Remainder Theorem)
p(x) anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0
n I ; an , an 1 , , a0 R an 0

p(x) x–c p(c)

 4 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Logic.

(Logic)
1. (T)
(F)
2.

3.
3.1 ( ) T T T , F
3.2 ( ) F F F , T
3.3 ... ( ) T F F , T
3.4 ( ) T , F
4.
5. p ~ p

6. p ~ p

7. Operation
p p p, p p p

p q q p, p q q p

(p q) r p (q r) , (p q) r p (q r)

p (q r) (p q) (p r) , p (q r) (p q) (p r)
p q ~ p q , p q ~ q ~ p

p q (p q) (q p ), p q ~ p ~ q

( Set
, , ~, U T, F)
8.
~ (p q) ~ p ~ q, ~ (p q) ~ p ~ q

~ (p q) p ~ q, ~ (p q) ~ p q p ~ q

~ x U P ( x) x U ~ P ( x) , ~ x U P ( x) x U ~ P ( x)
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Logic. 5
9.
x[P(x)] T ... U x P( x) True F
x[P(x)] F ... U x P( x) True F
x y[P(x,y)] T x y[P(x,y)]
x y[P(x,y)] T x y[P(x,y)]
x y[P(x,y)] T x y[P(x,y)]
x y[P(x,y)] T x y[P(x,y)]
10. p1 , p 2 , ..., p n c
( p1 p2 pn ) c
 6 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Relation and Function.

(Relation and Function)

1. A B
1.1 A B (a, b) a A b B

1.2 A B B A A B B A
(1) A B
(2) A B
1.3 A A

2. A B A B

2.1 Dr x ( x , y) r

2.2 Rr y ( x , y) r

3. n( A ) = m n( B ) = n
3.1 n ( A B) mn

3.2 A B 2 mn

3.3 A B nm

4. r
1
r ( x , y) ( y , x) r Dr 1 R r , R r 1 , Dr

5. r
5.1 (x,y) r (x,z) r y=z
5.2 x y y (x,y) r
5.3 y
1
6. f A B f:A B
6.1 f
6.2 Df A
6.3 R f B

7. f:A B Rf B

f A B f:A B
 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Relation and Function. 7

8. f:A B f
1 1
A B f:A B
8.1 ( x 1 , y) r ( x 2 , y) r x1 x2
8.2 y x
8.3 x
1
9. f
f
10. IA ( x, x) x A

11. Composite Function

11.1 (gof)(x) = g(f(x)) D gof x D f f ( x) Dg
gof Rf Dg

11.2 Dgof Df R gof Rg

1 1
11.3 f:A B

(1) f 1
of IA (2) fof 1
IB

(3) f 1
of fof 1

12.
Df g Df g Df g Df Dg
Df Df Dg x g( x ) 0
g

f g ( x , y) y f ( x) g( x )
f g ( x , y) y f ( x ) g( x )

f f ( x)
( x , y) y ; g( x ) 0
g g( x )

13. f g
(1) Df Dg
(2) f(x) = g(x) x
 8 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Geo + Conic.

(Conic Section)
1. ( x1 , y1 ) (x 2 , y 2 )

d ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 )2

2. ( x1 , y1 ) (x 2 , y 2 )

x1 x 2 y1 y2
,
2 2

3. R P( x1 , y1 ) Q( x 2 , y 2 ) PR:RQ = m:n
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny 1
,
m n m n

4.
( x1 , y1 ) , (x 2 , y 2 ) (x3 , y3 )
x1 x2 x 3 y1 y2 y3
,
3 3

5. n
( x1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ... , ( x n , y n )

1 x1 x2 x3 xn x1
2 y1 y2 y3 yn y1

6. ( x1 , y1 ) (x 2 , y 2 )
y2 y1
m x2 x1
tan
 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Geo + Conic. 9
7. 2 m1 m2 ( m1 m2 )
7.1 m1 m2
7.2 m1 m 2 1
m1 m2
7.3 arctan m1 m2
1 m1 m2

8.
8.1 Ax By C 0 m A
B
8.2 y mx c
8.3 1 y y1 m( x x1 )
x y
8.4 x y 1
a b

Ax1 By1 C
9. ( x1 , y1 ) Ax By C 0 d
A 2 B2

10. Ax By C1 0 Ax By C2 0
C2 C1
d
A 2 B2

(Conic Section)
1.
(x h) 2 (y k) 2 r2
(h,k) r
( x1 , y1 ) x2 y2 Ax By C 0

d x12 y12 Ax1 By1 C

2.
(x h) 2 4 c( y k) (y k) 2 4c( x h)
(h,k)
y k c x h c
4c
x y
 10 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Geo + Conic.

3.
( x h)2 ( y k )2 ( y k )2 ( x h)2
2 2
1 2
1
a b a b2
c2 a2 b2
(h,k) 2a 2b
2
2a 2b
a
a>b a

4.
( x h) 2 ( y k)2 ( y k)2 ( x h) 2
2 2
1 2
1
a b a b2
c2 a2 b2
( h, k ) 2a 2b
2b 2
2a
a
(y k) b
a
(x h) x
(y k) a
b
(x h) y
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Exponetial. 11

(Exponential)
a, b 0

1. am an am n
2. (a m ) n a mn

a n an
3. ( ab ) n an bn 4. b bn

am 1
5. am n
6. a n
an an
p
q
7. aq ap 8. mn
a mn
a

9. a0 1 a 0 10. (a b) 2 ab a b

(Logarithm)
1. log a M x ax M

2. log a 1 0 log a a 1

3. log a M log a N log a MN

M
4. log a M log a N log a
N

5. log a Mp p log a M

6. log N b M 1 log M
b N

log a M
7. log N M 10
log a N

8. a log a M M

9. Mlog a N Nloga M

log M
10. ln M log e M e 2 . 71828 ...
0 . 4343
12 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Trigonometry.

(Trigonometry)

sin a
c
c a b
cos
c

a sin
ta n
b b cos

sin cos ec

cos sec

tan cot

Co-fn sin cos

y
sec cos ec

tan cot
(x,y)
1 1
x
x cos
y sin

sin all
+
tan co

Trigonometry

30 45 60
sin 2
1
2
2
2
3

cos 2
3
2
2 1
2
tan 1
3
1 3

fn fn , fn Co-fn
( )
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Trigonometry. 13

Amplitude
y = Asin Bx, A 2
B
y = Acos Bx
y = Atan Bx B

72 4
5 1 36
4
18
10 2 5
5 1

54
10 2 5

75 2 2 75 , 15
3 1

15
3 1

1. sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan (A B) = 1 tan A tan B

2. 2sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin (A-B)

2cos A sin B = sin(A+B) - sin (A-B)
2cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)
2sin A sin B = cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)
3. sin A + sin B = 2 sin A B cos A B
2 2

sin A - sin B = 2 cos A B sin A B

2 2

cos A + cos B = 2 cos A B cos A B

2 2

cos A - cos B = 2 sin A B sin A B

2 2
14 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Trigonometry.

4. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2 tan A

2
1 tan A

cos 2A = cos2A - sin2A = 2 cos2A - 1

2
= 1 - 2 sin2A = 1 tan A
2
1 tan A
2 tan A
tan 2A = 2
1 tan A

5. sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin3A

cos 3A = 4 cos3A - 3 cos A
3
3 tan A tan A
tan 3A = 2
1 3 tan A

2 2
6. sin A
2
1 cos A ,
2
cos A
2
1 cos A
2

tan A sin A 1 cos A

2 1 cos A sin A

tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C

7. tan( A B C )
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A
a b c
8. sin A sin B sin C
2R

R=
2 2 2
9. a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A cosA b c a
2 bc

10.
A
ABC 1 bc sin A
2 b c
s( s a )( s b )( s c )
1 r (a b C B
c) a
2
s a b c
2
r=
Note : 3 y
(1) ( ) sin all
(2) Co - Co x
(3) tan
cos
 The Tutor 59

(Vector)

VECTOR
1. 3
Vector

Line Equation ; 3D Plane Equation

P0 P tu P0 P A 0

x x0 a x x0 a

y y0 t b y y0 b 0
z z0 c z z0 c
a
A u v
u b
c
P u
P0 P0 P
v

3. Vector
Check
 60

(Vector)
VECTOR

u v
u (v w) (u v) w
u 0 0 u u
u ( u) ( u) u 0 u u
u v v u

u, v 0 v m(u ) u // v
- m
- m

a i j
i x
j y
a1
a a1 i a2 j
a2
y j B (x2 , y2)
|a| a12 a 22
a
a2
2. ma tan
a1
x2 x1
Note a A (x1 , y1) i
y2 y1 x
(B) (A)

z a i, j k
k
i, j k

x , y z
a1
a
a a1 i a2 j a 3k a2
y a3
j
1. |a| a12 a 22 a 32
a1 a 2 a 3
i 2. a , ,
|a| |a| |a|
x cos , cos , cos cos2 cos2 cos2 1
 The Tutor 61

Note

VECTOR
x2 x1
1. A(x1 , y1 , z1) B(x2 , y2 , z2) AB y2 y1
z2 z1
1
2. a a a
|a|

a c a d

b d b e

a=c b=d c f

a = d, b = e c=f
a d a d
a c a c
b e b e
b d b d
c f c f

0
0
0
0
0

a d a d
a c a c
b e b e
b d b d
c f c f

a a
a a
b b
b b
c c
 62
VECTOR

a a1 i a2 j a a1 i a 2 j a 3k

b b1 i b2 j b b1 i b2 j b3k

0 180 0 180

a b a1b1 a 2b2 | a || b | cos a b a1b1 a 2b2 a 3b3 | a || b | cos

a1 b1
a b a2 b2
a b
b b1 i b2 j b3k a3 b3

n a 2 b3 a 3b 2
a 3b1 a1b3
a1b 2 a 2 b1
a a1 i a 2 j a 3k
| a | | b | sin n

0 180 n a b
 The Tutor 63

VECTOR
u v v u 1. u v v u
2. u (v w ) u v u w 2. u (v w ) (u v) (u w)
3. a ( u v) (au ) v u av 3. a (u v) (au ) v u (av)
4. u u | u |2 4. u u 0

5. u 0 0 u 0 0

6. u, v 0 u, v 0 u v 0 u // v
u v 0
u v 0 90 (u , v )
u v 0
7. u (u v) 0
2 2 2
|u v| |u| |v| 2 | u | | v | cos
| u v |2 | u |2 | v |2 2 | u | | v | cos
2 2
|u v| |u v| 2 | u |2 | v |2
| u v |2 | u v | 2 4 (u v)

| u v |2 | u |2 | v |2 ( u v) 2
u (v w ) (u w ) v ( u v) w
u (v w ) w ( u v) v (w u)
 64
VECTOR

=
v
= | u || v | sin

= |u v|
u

=
v w
= |v w || projv wu |
u
projv w u
u (v w )
w = |v w| v w
| v w |2

= | (v w) u |

u Pr ojv u av v u av
proju v v (u av) 0

v u a | v |2 0
v u
a
| v |2
v u v
projv u Pr ojv u v
| v |2
v u
Pr ojv u u
| u |2
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Complex Number. 21

(Complex Number)
1. in i , n 1 , 5 , 9 , 13 , ...

in 1 , n 2 , 6 , 10 , 14 , ...

in i , n 3 , 7 , 11 , 15 , ...

in 1 , n 4 , 8 , 12 , ...

2. z1 a bi z2 c di

z1 z2 (a c) (b d )i

z1 z 2 (ac bd ) (ad bc)i

3. z a bi z a bi z a2 b2

z z
4. 4.1) Re(z)
2
z z
4.2) Im(z)
2i
2
4.3) z z z

4.4) z z

z1 z2 z1 z2

z1 z 2 z1 z 2

z1 z1
; z2 0
z2 z2

4.5) z z z z

z1 z2 z1 z2

z1 z 2 z1 z2

z1 z 2 z1 z 2

z1 z1
; z2 0
z2 z2
1 z
4.6) z 1
2
z z
n
4.7) zn z

4.8) z n zn
22 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Complex Number.

5. z r (cos i sin ) a bi

b
r |z| a2 b2 tan
a

6. zm rm (cos m i sin m ) m = 1,2,3

z1z 2 r1r2
6.1 (cos ( 1 2 3) i sin( 1 2 3 ))
z3 r3

6.2 z1n r1n (cos n 1 i sin n 1 )

1 1
2k 2k
6.3 n
z1 r1 cos 1
n i sin 1
n n

k = 0, 1, ..., n-1
7. z2 a bi

r a r a
z i r a2 b2
2 2

+ – b
8. z1 , z 2 , , zn zn a bi

8.1 z1 z 2 z3 zn 0

n
8.2 z1 z2 zn a2 b2 nr

360
8.3
n

9. z1 , z 2 , , zn

anzn a n 1z n 1 a 1z a 0 0
an 1
z1 z 2 zn
an
a0
z1z 2 zn ( 1) n
an

a n , a n 1, ,a0 R z z
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Permutation. 23

(Permutation and Combination)

1. (Factorial)
0! 1 n ! n( n 1)( n 2)....1 n( n 1)!

2.
k
n1
n2 …..

k nk

n1 n2 nk

3. (Permutation)
3.1 n n!
3.2 n r
n n!
Pr
( n r )!

3.3 : n k
1 n1
2 n2

….. k nk
n!
n1 ! n 2 ! n k !

4.
4.1 n (n 1)!

( n 1) !
4.2 2
2
24 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Permutation.

5. (Combination)
n r
n n n!
Cr
r r !( n r )!

n n n n n n
* , 1, n
r n r 0 n 1 n 1

6. n ( )
n
n1 m1
n2 m2
n3 m3

nk mk
n!
m1 m2
( n1 !) m1 !( n 2 !) m2 ! ( n k !) mk m k !
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Probability. 25

(Probability)
N (E)
1. P(E)
N ( S)
0 P( E ) 1

2. P( ) 0 P(S) 1

3. prob E
P( E ) 1 P( E )

4. E
k
1 P1

2 P2

3 P3 E
P( E) P1 P2 P3 Pk

k Pk

5. P( E 1 E2 ) P( E 1 ) P( E 2 ) P( E 1 E2 )

P( E1 E2 E3 ) P( E1 ) P( E 2 ) P( E 3 ) P( E1 E2 )
P( E 2 E3) P( E 1 E3) P( E 1 E2 E3)
26 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Sequences and Series.

(Sequences and Series)

1. (A.P.)
an a1 (n 1) d

Sn n 2a 1 (n 1) d n (a1 an )
2 2

2. (G.P.)
an a 1r n 1

a 1 (1 r n ) a 1 (r n 1)
Sn
1 r r 1
a1
r 1 S
1 r

3.
lim a n lim S n
n n

(Convergent)
(Divergent)
r 1

lim a n 0
n

4. ( )
n n n n
Sn ai (a i b i) ai bi
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
n n n
c ( a i) c ai c cn
i 1 i 1 i 1
n n
n (n 1) n
i i2 (n 1)( 2n 1)
2 6
i 1 i 1
n 2
n ( n 1)
i3
2
i 1
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Calculus. 27

(Calculus)
1.
f(x) x=a
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) f(a)
x a x a

2. (Derivative)
dy f (x h) f ( x)
lim
dx h 0 h

3. c, n

dc
(1) 0
dx
dx
(2) 1
dx
d (cu) du
(3) c
dx dx
d ( u v) du dv
(4)
dx dx dx

dx n
(5) nx n 1
dx
dy dy du
(6)
dx du dx
d ( uv) dv du
(7) u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u dx dx
(8)
dx v v2
d fog ( x ) df g x dg x
(9)
dx dg x dx
28 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Calculus.

4. (Integration)
xn 1
(1) kdx kx c (2) x n dx c;n 1
n 1

(3) k f ( x ) dx k f ( x ) dx

(4) f ( x) g( x ) dx f ( x ) dx g( x ) dx

b
b
(5) f ( x ) dx F( x ) F(b ) F( a ) F ( x) f ( x)
a
a

5.
f ( x) 0 f(x)
f ( x) 0 f(x)
6.
f ( x) 0 f ( x)

(1) f ( x) 0

(2) f ( x) 0

(3) f ( x) 0 Fail
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Linear Programming. 29

(LinearProgramming)
(model) 2
(1) (objective function)
P = ax + by
(2) (constraint)
( )

( )
( )
 30 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic.

1.
( x)

N k k n k k
xi fi x i fi x i xi fi x i fi x i

1. x i 1
1. x i 1 i 1 1. i 1
n
1. i 1
k
i 1
n
N k N fi
fi n i 1
N i 1 wixi
wi xi
2. i 1 2. a Id
2. x i 1
N
2. x a Id n
wi
k
wi k
i 1 fidi
i 1 fi d i k d i 1
ni xi k
i 1
k d fi
N i xi k 3. i 1
k i 1
fi
3. x i 1
k i 1 i 1
ni
xi a
Ni di
xi a I
i 1 di
I

( Median )

N
fL
Med L I 2
fm
N 1
2
( Mode )

d1
Mode L I
d1 d 2
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic. 31
( H.M.)

N N
HM HM
N 1 N f
i
i 1 xi i 1 xi

(G.M.)

GM N x1 x2 x3 xN f f f
GM N x 1 x 2 x 3 x
fN
1 2 3 N
1 N
log GM log x i
Ni 1 1 N
log GM f i log x i
Ni 1

( Mid-Range)

x max x min
x max x min
2
2
x max
x max
x min
x min

N
1. xi Nx
i 1
N
2. xi x 0
i 1

3. x min x x max

4. yi ax i b y ax b
N
5. (x i a) 2 a x
i 1
N
6. a Med xi a
i 1
 32 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic.

1. x GM HM

2.
x Mode 3( x Med )

3.
4. Med Mode x

5. G.M. H.M.

6. x
Med

2. ,
(Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles)
(Med) “ 2 ”

N
Med
N 1 2
Med
2 N
fL
Med L I 2
fm

(Q) “ 4 ”

kN
Qk
4
( N 1) k
Qk
4 kN
fL
Qk L I 4
fQ
 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic. 33
(D) “ 10 ”

kN
Dk
10
( N 1) k
Dk kN
10 fL
Dk L I 10
fD

(P)“ 100 ”

kN
Pk
100
( N 1) k
Pk
100 kN
fL
Pk L I 100
fP

3.
3.1
1. ( Range) x max x min
Q3 Q1
2. (Q. D.)
2
N
xi x
3. ( M. D) i 1
N
4. (s)

n n N N
(xi x )2 x i2 nx 2 (xi )2 x i2
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 2
s
n 1 n 1 N N

( Variance) s2 (Variance) 2
 34 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic.

(n1 1) s12 (n 2 1) s 22 n1( x1 x ) 2 n 2 (x 2 x )2 N1 12 N 2 22 N1( 1 )2 N2 ( 2 )2

s 2t 2
t
n1 n2 1 N1 N 2

2. yi ax i b y ax b Sy a Sx

3.2
x max x min
1.
x max x min
Q3 Q1
2.
Q3 Q1

M. D.
3.
x
s
4.
x

( ) ( )

1. x Mode Median

2. 1
3.
4. (Z-score)
 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Statistic. 35

x x x
z z
s

N
1. z 0 2. zi 0
i 1

N
3. Sz 1 4. z2 N
i 1
5.
1.
: ŷ mx c

N N
yi m xi Nc
i 1 i 1

N N N
xi yi m x2 c xi
i
i 1 i 1 i 1

[ y mx c ( x, y) ]
2.
1) : ŷ ax 2 bx c

N N N
yi a x2i b xi Nc
i 1 i 1 i 1
N N N N
xi yi a x3 b x2 c xi
i i
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
N N N N
x2 yi a x4 b x3 c x 2i
i i i
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

2) : ŷ ab x log ŷ x log b log a

N N
log y i (log b) xi N log a
i 1 i 1
N N N
x i log y i (log b) x 2i (log a ) xi
i 1 i 1 i 1
36 THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Matrix.

(Matrix)
1. A, B, C
1.1 A + B = B + A AB BA
1.2 A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C A(BC) = (AB)C
1.3 A(B + C) = AB + AC, (B + C)A = BA + CA
1.4 AB = AC B=C
1.5 AB = 0 A=0 B=0
2. A,B
2.1 ( At ) t A 2.2 ( A B) t At Bt

2.3 ( AB) t B t At 2.4 (kA) t kAt , k R

2.5 (A 1) 1
A 2.6 ( AB) 1
B 1A 1

1 1
2.7 (kA) 1
A , k 0 2.8 (A 1 ) t ( At ) 1
k

2.9 ( An ) 1
(A 1 )n

3. (Determinant)
3.1 A a det A = a
a b
3.2 A det A = ad - bc
c d

a b c
- - -
a b c a b
3.3 A d e f det A d e f d e
g h i g h
g h i
++ +
aei bfg cdh gec hfa idb

3.4 Cij (Cofactor) a ij

i
i j
C ij 1
j
n n
det A a ijc ij a ijc ij
i 1 j 1
THE TUTOR. (A-Net) Matrix. 37

3.5 det At det A

3.6 det( AB) (det A)(det B) det( An ) (det A) n

3.7 det A 1 1
det A
, A non-singular matrix
3.8 det kA k n det A n A
3.9 det( A B) det A det B

4. A non-singular matrix
1
4.1 A a A 1
a

a b 1 d b
4.2 A A 1
c d ad bc c a

1
4.3 A 1
Adj ( A) Adj ( A) c ij
t
det A

4.4 adj A det A A 1

4.5 A adj A adj A A det A I

4.6 det kA kn 1
adj A k R

4.7 det adj A det A

n 1

5. AX = B, B 0
5.1 A 0

X A 1B

5.2 A 0

(1)
(2)
AX = 0
5.3 A 0

X 0

5.4 A 0