Picasso new बाल मनोविज्ञान 2024

¼Nk=kokl v/kh{kd in gsrq½ By : Anil Dixit
ewY; % :- 180
P ICASSO
cky euksfoKku
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Every Child is an artist.

The Problem is to remain an
artist once they grow up.
- Picasso
Contact us : 7803961646
Picasso Publication 1
INDEX
(Education & Psychology)
(Concept of Intelligence)
(Concept of Personality)
(Inclusive Education)
(Creativity)
(Individual Differences)
(Guidance and Counselling)
01 f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku

(Education & Psychology)
(Education)
f'k{kk ekuo fodkl dk ewy lk/ku gSA blds }kjk euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl mlds Kku ,oa
dyk&dkS'ky esa o`f) ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj mls lH;] lqlaLd`r ,oa ;ksX; ukxfjd cuk;k
tkrk gSA f'k{kk
f'k{kk txr esa dqN egRoiw.kZ fopkj /kkjk;sa gS tSls & 
1- vk/;kfRed jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk

2- HkkSfrd oknhA vkn'kZ o Js"B ukxfjd
3- iz;kstuoknhA  

jk"Vª fuekZ.k
& vk/;kReoknh nk'kZfud euq"; ds ykSfdd thou dh vis{kk mlds ikjykSfdd thou
dks vf/kd egRo'kkyh ekurs gSaA vFkkZr~ f'k{kk ,slh gks] ftlls eqfä feysA eqfä nks izdkj dh gksrh gS &
¼1½ thou eqfä
¼2½ fonsg eqfä
JhenHkxon~xhrk esa dgk x;k gS fd &

*jkx}s"k foeqäSLrq fo"k;kfufUæ;S'pju~A
vkReo';SfoZ/ks;kRek izlknef/kxPNfrA*
vFkkZr~ tks O;fä bfUæ;ksa dks jkx&}s"k jfgr dj rFkk vius o'k esa ykdj vkRe fot;h gks tkrs gSaA os bfUæ;ksa
ds }kjk fo"k;ksa dk Hkksx djrs gq, Hkh larks"k izkIr djrs gSaA
& euq"; ds ykSfdd thou dks gh lR; ekurs gSa vFkkZr~ budh n`f"V esa thou dk
vfUre mÌs'; lq[kiwoZd thuk gSA
esa & **f'k{kk og gS] tks euq"; dks lq[kiwoZd thou O;rhr djus ;ksX; cukrh gSA** pkokZd
n'kZu ds firk c`gLifr dk er Fkk fd &
vFkkZr~ ^^tc rd th;s lq[k ls th;s] _.k ysdj ?kh ih;s** D;ksafd nsg ds HkLe gks tkus ds ckn fQj mldk
vkuk vlEHko gSA nq%[k ds Hk; ls lq[k dk R;kx djuk ew[kZrk gSA pkokZd n'kZu dh rqyuk ;wukuh n'kZu
,ihD;wjlokn ¼Epicurus½ ls dh tkrh gS vkSj bl lq[kokn dk izHkko fczfV'k jktuhfrd fopkjd
ds mi;ksfxrkoknh fopkj ij iM+k gSA mi;ksfxrkokn dk y{; gS & **vf/kdre O;fDr;ksa dks vf/kdre
lq[k dh izkfIr gks** ftldh ppkZ os viuh iqLrd An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and Legislation' &
1789 esa djrs gSaA
& iz;kstuoknh euq"; dks lkekftd izk.kh ekurs gSa vkSj ;g ekurs gSa fd f'k{kk ds
}kjk euq"; esa orZeku lekt esa vuqdwyu djus vkSj Hkfo"; ds lekt dk fuekZ.k djus dh {kerk dk fodkl
djuk pkfg,A
(Meaning of Education)
Û *f'k{kk* 'kCn laLd`r Hkk"kk dh /kkrq esa izR;; yxkus ls cuk gSA *f'k{k~* dk vFkZ gS] lh[kuk vkSj
lh[kkukA vr% *f'k{kk 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ* gqvk & lh[kus o lh[kkus dh fØ;kA
f'k{kk laLÑr Hkk" kk

 ^f'k{k~* $ ^v* '
kkfCnd
  lh[kus ;k fl[kkus dh fØ;k
vFkZ
/kkrq çR;;
Û *f'k{kk 'kCn ds fy, vaxzsth esa ,stqds'ku ¼Education½ 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,stqds'ku 'kCn ySVhu Hkk"kk
ds ,tqdsVe ¼Educatum½ 'kCn ls fodflr gqvk gS rFkk ,stqdsVe ¼Educatum½ 'kCn mlh Hkk"kk ds *,* ¼E½ rFkk
M~;wdks ¼Duco½ 'kCn ls feydj cuk gSA *,* ¼E½ dk vFkZ gS & vUnj ls tcfd *M~;wdks ¼Duco½ dk vFkZ gS
& vkxs c<+kukA vr% ,stqds'ku 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vFkkZr~ *tUetkr 'kfä dks ckgj
vfHkO;fä djuk* f'k{kk* gSA
Û izR;sd ckyd esa tUe ds le; dqN tUetkr 'kfä;k¡ cht :i esa lekfgr jgrh gSA mfpr okrkoj.k ds lkFk
laca/k LFkkfir gksus ij tUetkr 'kfDr;k¡ cká :i esa izdV gks tkrh gSA
, (E)
'
kkfCnd
 vFkZ
 vanj
,tqds'ku ySfVuHkk"
 kk  ,tqdsVe 
 + ^^vanj ls vkxs c<+uk**
(Education) (Educatum) M~;wdks ¼ckyd dh vkarfjd@tUetkr
(Duco)
'
kkfCnd
 vFkZ
 vkxs c<+uk
'kfDr;ksa dks ckgj dh vks j
çdV@fodflr djuk½
Û ;fn ge iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks f'k{kk 'kCn dk iz;ksx nks :iksa esa gksrk gSA
& blesa f'k{kk py jgh gSA
& mlus mPp f'k{kk izkIr dh gSA
ysfdu vk/kqfud f'k{kk'kkL=h f'k{kk dks *izfØ;k :i esa gh Lohdkj djrs gSaA mudk rdZ gS fd fdlh Hkh izfØ;k
esa mldk ifj.kke rks fufgr gksrk gh gSA vkSj f'k{kk izfØ;k ds ifj.kke dks vc Kku] dkS'ky ,oa O;ogkj
ifjorZu ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
 çeq[k f'k{kkfonks }kjk nh x;h f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk %
Û ds 'kCnksa esa &

*f'k{kk og gS] tks eqfä fnyk;sA*
;k
l% fo|k ;k foeqä;s
Û & euq"; dh vUrfuZfgr iw.kZrk dks vfHkO;ä djuk f'k{kk gSA*

Education is manifestation of perfection already present in man
Û & *f'k{kk dk vFkZ mu loZekU; fopkjksa dks fodflr djuk gS]

tks izR;sd euq"; ds efLr"d esa foyqIr gSA*
Û viuh iqLrd *Republic' esa f'k{kk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk fd *'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk ckSf)d
fodkl dh izfØ;k gh f'k{kk gSA
Û & *LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk efLr"d dk fuekZ.k djuk gh f'k{kk gSA*
''Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body''
Û ds 'kCnksa esa & *f'k{kk O;fä dh mu leLr {kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk gS] tks mls vius okrkoj.k
dks fu;af=r djus rFkk viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iqjk djus ;ksX; cuk;sxhA*
Û & *f'k{kk dk vFkZ var% 'kfä;ksa dk ckg~; thou ls leUo; LFkkfir djuk gSA*
Û Pestalozzi & *f'k{kk euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa dk LokHkkfod] lejl vkSj

izxfr'khy fodkl gSA*
Û & *f'k{kk ,d izfØ;k gS] ftlesa rFkk ftlds }kjk ckyd ds Kku]
pfj= rFkk O;ogkj dks <kyk rFkk ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA*
Û & f'k{kk og izfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk ckyd viuh vkUrfjd 'kfDr;ksa dks ckgj dh vksj
izdV djrk gSA
Û & **O;kid vFkZ esa f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] tks thou&i;ZUr pyrh gS] rFkk
tks thou ds izR;sd vuqHko ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA**
Û & *f'k{kk ls esjk vfHkizk; ckyd rFkk euq"; ds 'kjhj] efLr"d rFkk vkRek ds
lokZaxh.k] loksZÙke fodkl ls gSA*
By Education mean an all round drawing out of the best in child and man body mind an spirit.
 ¼Education is the modification of Behaviour½

*mifu"kn* oSfnd lkfgR; dk vfUre Hkkx gSA ftlds dkj.k mifu"kn dks *ijkfo|k* osnkar] vkSj *v/;kRe
fo|k* Hkh dgrs gSa ftldk fo"k; *n'kZu* gS vkSj n'kZu dk fo"k; *rRoehekalh; rÙo* gS vkSj *rRoehekalh;
rÙo* ds vUrxZr ¼1½ ¼vkRek½] ¼2½ ] ¼3½ ] ;s rhu rÙo vkrs gSaA ftlesa *vkRe rÙo* dh ppkZ
dh xbZ gS] vkSj blh dk izHkko *euksfoKku* ij iM+k gS blfy, euksfoKku dk tUe n'kZu ls ekuk tkrk gSA
vkSj blh dkj.k euksfoKku dk izkjafHkd fo"k; jgk gSA
mifu"kn dk vFkZ gS
mi $ fu- $ "kn
  
lehi fu"BkiwoZd cSBuk
(Tripolar Aspect of Education)
f'k{kk ds /kzqoksa ds fo"k; esa f'k{kk'kkL=h ,d er ugha gSA f'k{kk'kkL=h ,Me fLeFk bls f}/kzqoh; izfØ;k ekurs
FksA muds vuqlkj f'k{kk dh izfØ;k] ^f'k{kkFkhZ* vkSj ^f'k{kd* ds chp pyrh gSA bls fuEu :i esa ge vfHkO;ä
dj ldrs gSa
tSls &
 us f'k{kk dks f=/kzqoh; izfØ;k ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds rhu /kzqo gksrs gSaA
tSls& ] * vkSj
f'k{kk
f=/kzqoh; dk vkdkfjd :i
 f'k{kk ds rhu /kqzo &

¼i½ f'k{kd ¼ii½ f'k{kkFkhZ ¼iii½ ikB~;Øe
 us f'k{k.k dks f=/kqzoh; izfØ;k dgk gSA f'k{k.k ds rhu /kqzo Øe'k% gSa &
¼i½ f'k{k.k mÌs'; ¼ii½ lh[kus dk vuqHko ¼iii½ O;ogkj ifjorZu
 & f'k{kk prq/kzZqoh; izfØ;k gSA blds pkj /kqzo Øe'k% gSa &
¼i½ ikB~;Øe ¼ii½ vuqn's ku ¼iii½ f'k{kd ¼iv½ vf/kxe
bl izdkj :ih jgL;kuqHkwfr fo|k dks tkuus ds fy, xq: ds ikl J)k iwoZd cSBuk mifu"kn gSA
loZ izFke eqfädksifu"kn~ esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd mifu"knksa dh la[;k & 108 gS] ysfdu izkekf.kd mifu"kn ¼12½
gSA ftlesa lcls izkphu ,oa o`gn mifu"kn o`gn~nkj.;d mifu"kn gSA blh mifu"kn esa jktk tud ds njckj esa
_f"k *;kKoyD;* ,oa *xkxhZ* ds chp nk'kZfud laokn dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
(Psychology)
 euksfoKku dk vFkZ %
 *euksfoKku* 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& eu dk foKkuA vFkkZr~ dgk tk ldrk gS fd euksfoKku v/;;u dh
og 'kk[kk gS tks eu dk v/;;u djrh gSA euksfoKku dks vaxzsth esa *lkbdksykWth ¼Psychology½ dgrs gSaA
*lkbdksykWth* 'kCn dh mRifÙk ¼xzhd½ Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCn *lkbdh* ¼Psyche½ rFkk *yksxl* ¼Logos½ ls
feydj gqbZ gSA lkbdh 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vkRek ¼Soul½ rFkk yksxl 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & v/;;u ¼Study½A vr%
vaxzsth 'kCn *lkbdksykWth* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & *vkRek dk v/;;u*A bl izdkj izkjaHk esa euksfoKku dh
ifjHkk"kk esa *vkRek* ¼Soul½ dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
 izkjaHk esa euksfoKku n'kZu'kkL= dk vax FkkA ysfdu n'kZu'kkL= ls vyx gksus ds iz;kl esa euksfoKku ds vFkZ
esa vusd ckj ifjorZu gqvk gSA vFkkZr~ dky&pØ ds vuqlkj euksfoKku dk fo"k; cnyrk x;k gSA
varr% euksfoKku dk fo"k; O;ogkj dk v/;;u cukA
uksV % loZçFke xSfjV uked euksoSKkfud us 'kkfCnd O;qRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij euksfoKku dks ^vkRek ds foKku*
(Psychology is the science of Soul) ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA bl ifjHkk"kk ds lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus rhu
fo}kuksa IysVks] vjLrw vkSj nsdkrZ ls bldk leFkZu Lohdkj fd;k FkkA yxHkx 16oha 'krkCnh rd euksfoKku
dh bl ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k Fkk fdUrq vkxs pydj bl ifjHkk"kk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA
D;ksafd euksfoKku dk izkjafHkd v/;;u n'kZu'kkL= dh ,d 'kk[kk Philosophy of Mind ¼eu ds n'kZu½ ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
 euksfoKku '
kkfCnd  eu dk foKku
 vFkZ
lkbdksykWth ;wukuh Hkk"kk lkbdh (Psyche)  vkRek


  + vkRek dk v/;;u
(Psychology) yksxl (Logos)  v/;;u

1- izkphu ;k xzhd ;qx ¼1½ IysVks euksfoKku dk fo"k; ekuk gSA

¼2½ vjLrw
2- e/;;qx ¼1½ lar vkxLVkbu euksfoKku dk fo"k; gSA
3- vk/kqfu;d ;qx ¼1½ fofy;e tsEl euksfoKku dk fo"k; dks ekuk gSA
¼2½ fofy;e oqM
¼3½ tsEllyh
4- ledkyhu ¼1½ ch-,Q- Ldhuj euksfoKku dk fo"k; dk foKku ekuk gSA

euksfoKkfud ¼2½ bZoku] ih- ikoyc
¼3½ oqMoFkZ
¼4½ okV~lu
 fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo tkfr ds Kku easa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk euksfoKku ds vFkZ esa dbZ
ckj ifjorZu gqvk gSA tSls &

O;ogkj
psruk
eu
vkRek
euksfoKku ds fo"k; ¼izkjaHk&var½
O;ogkjoknh euksoSKkfud oqMoFkZ ds 'kCnksa esa *loZizFke euksfoKku us viuh vkRe rRo dks R;kx fd;k] fQj
blus vius eu dk R;kx fd;k] fQj blus psruk dk R;kx fd;k] vc ;g O;ogkj dh fof/k dks Lohdkj
djrk gSA*
Û s & *euksfoKku dks O;ogkj ds /kukRed foKku ds :i easa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA*
Û & *euksfoKku ekuo ,oa i'kq O;ogkj dk foKku gSA**
Û & *euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj vkSj ekuo laca/kksa foKku gSaA**
Û & **euksfoKku okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa gksus okys ekuo O;ogkjksa

dk foKku gSA**
Û oh-,Q- Ldhuj ds 'kCnksa esa *euksfoKku f'k{kk dk vk/kkjHkwr foKku gSA*

Û oh-,Q- Ldhuj ds 'kCnksa easa **euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj vkSj vuqHko dk v/;;u gSA**
Û xSfjlu ds vuqlkj **euksfoKku dk laca/k izR;{k ekuo O;ogkj ls gSA**
Û eSdMwxy ds 'kCnksa esa & *euksfoKku *vkpj.k* ,oa *O;ogkj* dk ;FkkFkZ foKku gSA*

 
f'k{kk euksfoKku
 
O;ogkj dk ifjektZu O;ogkj dk v/;;u
O;ogkj ds ifjektZu ds fy, 

O;ogkj dk v/;;u
Û O;ogkj ds ifjektZu ds fy, O;ogkj dk v/;;u ;k ekuo O;ogkj dks mUur cukus dh n`f"V ls tc O;ogkj
dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] rks v/;;u dh bl 'kk[kk dks ^f'k{kk&euksfoKku* ds uke ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Û euksoSKkfud dk er gS fd&f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku ds loZizFke O;ofLFkr fl)kUrksa esa ls ,d

IysVks dk Hkh Fkk] tks viuh iqLrd fjifCyd (Republic) dks U;k;'kkL= dk xzaFk u ekudj f'k{kk'kkL= dk xzaFk
ekuk ysfdu vesfjdh euksoSKkfud fLduj egksn; us f'k{kk eauksfoKku dk çkjEHk IysVks ds f'k"; vjLrw ls
ekuk tkrk gSA
Û okLro esa f'k{kk&esa euksoSKkfud vkUnksyu dks izkjEHk djus dk Js; ^lkekftd le>kSrkoknh* jktuhfrd ,oa
çÑfroknh fopkjd ds fl)kUrksa esa feyrk gSA ftlus viuh iqLrd (Emile) esa
f'k{kk'kkfL=;ksa dk /;ku ckyd dh f'k{kk dh vksj fn;kA viuh iqLrd lkekftd le>kSrk (Social
contract) esa dgk gS fd ^çÑfr dh vksj ykSVks*
Û vesfjdk dh ^ laLFkk ds iz;kl ls chloha

'krkCnh esa f'k{kk&euksfoKku dks ,d LorU= fo"k; ds :i esa ekU;rk izkIr gqbZA
Û ^vH;kl ,oa =qfV fl)kUr* ds izorZd vesfjdk ds izfl) euksfoKkfud dks izFke
'kSf{kd euksfoKkfud ekuk tkrk gSA D;ksafd bUgksaus ¼1913½ esa vf/kd
O;ofLFkr <ax ls f'k{kk euksfoKku ij fparu izkjEHk fd;k Fkk vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh esa f'k{kk euksfoKku Li"V 'kk[kk
;k fo"k; ds :i esa fodflr gqvk gSA
Û fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^^f'k{kk euksfoKku O;ogkj ds ifjektZu dk foKku gS** vkSj ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd izkFkfed f'k{kd dks cky&euksfoKku dk Kku gksuk vko';d D;ksafd ;g cPpksa ds O;ogkj
dks le>us esa f'k{kd dh lgk;rk djrk gSA
 & euksfoKku dk fo"k; ^psruk* gS] fdldk er gS\
 & euksfoKku dk fo"k; ^vkRek* gS] fdldk er gS\
 & ^lkbdh* vkSj ^yksxsl* 'kCn fdlls cuk gS\
 & êuksfoKku vkpj.k ,oa O;ogkj dk ;kFkkFkZ foKku gSA* fdldk er gS\
 & ûs'kuy lkslkbVh vkWQ dkWfyt VhplZ vkWQ ,stqds'ku laLFkk dgk¡ gS\
 & ^f'k{kk&euksfoKku ekuoh; O;ogkj dk 'kSf{kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa v/;;u
djrk gSA** fdl euksoSKkfud us ifjHkk"kk nh gS\
 & ^^f'k{kk&euksfoKku O;fä ds tUe ls o`)koLFkk rd lh[kus ds vuqHkoksa dk
o.kZu ,oa O;k[;k djrk gS** fdldk er gS\
Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud euksfoKku

(Modern Psychology in India)
 & lj us iz;ksxkRed euksfoKku dk ikBÓØe rS;kj fd;k ,oa euksfoKku ds

vè;;ukFkZ ,d ç;ksx'kkyk Hkh LFkkfir dh] ijarq ;g yksdfç; ugha gks ldkA
 & esa euksfoKku foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftldk foHkkxk/;{k
dks cuk;k x;kA
 & bl foHkkx ds v/;{k cuk, x,] tks euksfoKku esa ih-,p-Mh- dh mikfèk
ysus okys euksoSKkfud FksA
 & dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 & blh ,lksfl,'ku }kjk ^bafM;u tuZy vkWQ lkbdksykWth* uked tuZy dk izdk'ku çkjaHk dj
fn;k x;kA
 & esa euksfoKku foHkkx esa ,d dks çkjaHk fd;k x;kA
& dks ds euksfoKku foHkkx dk v/;{k cuk;k
x;kA
 & esa euksfoKku ds nks vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa euksfoKku dk f'k{k.k dk;Z
fd;k tkus yxkA
& ds dks euksoSKkfud 'kks/k ,oa lsok laLFkku dk izFke
funs'kd fu;qä fd;k x;kA
euksfoKku ds laiznk;
(Schools of Psychology)
euksfoKku ds çeq[k laiznk; bl izdkj gSa &

1- lajpukokn (Structuralism)
2- çdk;Zokn (Functionalism)
3- O;ogkjokn (Behaviourism)
4- euksfo'ys"k.kokn (Psycho-Analysticism)
5- lexzokn (Gestaltism)
6- laKkuokn (Cognitivism)
7- ekuorkokn (Humanism)
 (Structuralism)
 euksfoKku ds lajpukokn laiznk; ds izeq[k izorZd uked teZu euksoSKkfud Fks] ftUgksaus o"kZ
1879 esa eu dk O;ofLFkr <ax ls v/;;u djus ds mÌs'; ls (Leipzig) esa fo'o dh
LFkkfir dh rFkk euksfoKku dks ,d Lora= foKku dk LFkku fnyk;kA
 lajpukokn laiznk; dh vukSipkfjd LFkkiuk us o"kZ 1879 esa dh Fkh] tcfd vkSipkfjd
LFkkiuk us esa dh FkhA
 lajpukokn laiznk; esa v/;;u dk eq[; izdj.k gksrk gSA
 oaqV o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa us uked eq[; v/;;u fof/k dk iz;ksx djds eu ds O;ofLFkr
vè;;u dk iz;kl fd;kA
 &
1- laonsuk (Sensation)
2- izfrek (Image)
3- Hkko (Feeling) tSls fdlh e`rd dks ns[kuk n`f"V laons uk gS] ml e`rd esa fdlh vius dks ns[kuk îzfrek*
gS vkSj ml e`rd ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okys lq[k&nq[k dks ^Hkko* dgk tkrk gSA
 oqaV ds eq[; lg;ksxh rFkk FksA
 oqaV o mlds vuq;k;h ( Structuralists) dgs tkrs gSaA
 lajpukokn dks (Introspectionism), ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 fVpuj us psruk rFkk eu esa varj fd;k rFkk dgk fd eu ls rkRi;Z mu lHkh vuqHkoksa ls gS tks tUe
ls gh vfLrRo esa gSa] tcfd psruk ls rkRi;Z mu vuqHkoksa ls gS tks ,d fn, gq, {k.k esa gksaA
 (Functionalism)
 çdk;Zokn dh LFkkiuk vukSipkfjd <ax ls us o"kZ esa fy[kh viuh iqLrd êuksfoKku
ds fl)kar* (Principles of Psychology) ds ek/;e ls dh FkhA
 bldh ladYiuk dks lajpukokn ds fojks/k esa yxHkx o"kZ 1899 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA oLrqr% tsEl]
MkfoZu ds fodklokn ls izHkkfor Fks mUgksaus eu ds v/;;u esa tho foKku dh izo`fÙk dks viuk;kA
 tsEl dk ekuuk Fkk fd lajpukokn eu ds laca/k esa dqN ugha crk ldrk] D;kasfd vuqHkoksa dks rRoksa ds
:i esa foHkä ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% muds vuqlkj psruk dh fo"k;&oLrq rks vo'; gh Fkh] ijarq
psruk dh fØ;kvksa rFkk dk;ksZa vFkkZr dk;kZRed mi;ksfxrk (Functional Utility) vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
 izdk;Zokn dks ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 çfl) vesfjdu nk'kZfud rFkk f'k{kk'kkL=h izdk;Zokn laiznk; ds izeq[k leFkZd FksA
 rFkk vkfn fopkjdksa us izdk;Zokn dks oSKkfud fopkj/kkjk iznku
fd;kA
 ç'ukoyh] vuqlwph rFkk ekufld ijh{k.k tSls oLrqfu"B midj.k izdk;Zokn dh gh nsu gSaA
 vkxs pydj izdk;Zokn fuEuor nks 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkä gks x;k&
 
f'kdkxks izdk;Zokn ¼leFkZd½ dksyafc;k izdk;Zokn ¼leFkZd½
 tkWu Mhoh  oqMoFkZ
 fofy;e tsEl  FkkWukZMkbd
 tsEl vkj- ,afty
 gkoZ ,-dkj
 bZ-th- cksfjax
 (Behaviourism)
 O;ogkjokn dh LFkkiuk chloha lnh ds igys n'kd esa o"kZ esa us tkWu gkWifdUl
fo'ofo|ky; esa dh FkhA
 okWV~lu ds vuqlkj] euksfoKku ,d oLrqfu"B rFkk iz;ksxkRed foKku gS vr% bldh fo"k;&oLrq flQZ
O;ogkj dk gh v/;;u oLrqfu"B vkSj iz;ksxkRed <ax ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 O;ogkj dh fopkj/kkjk ekuus ds dkj.k bl laiznk; ds euksoSKkfudksa dks (Behauiourist)
dgk tkrk gSA
 ds O;ogkjokn us (Stimulus response) dks tUe fn;kA
 O;ogkjokn oLrqr% tho foKku dh fof/k;ksa ,oa :lh euksoSKkfud boku ikWoyko ds v/;;uksa ds ifj.kkeksa
ls izfjr FkkA
 O;ogkjoknh fopkj/kkjk us euksfoKku dks HkkSfrd] ;kaf=d rFkk oLrqfu"B :i nsdj ,d u, ;qx dk vkxkt
fd;kA
 O;ogkjokn esa ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djus ds fy, î'kq O;ogkj* (Animal Behaviour) dks fo"k;&oLrq
ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 O;ogkjokfn;ksa us ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ^cfgnZ'kZu fo/kh* dk iz;ksx fd;kA cfgnZ'kZu
fof/k ds iz.ksrk ^tkWu oh- okWVlu gSA
 O;ogkjokn tho foKku vkSj :lh euksoSKkfud boku ikWoyko ds v/;;u ds ifj.kkeksa ls izsfjr FkkA
 vf/kxe] vfHkizsj.kk rFkk iquoZyu ij tksj nsuk O;ogkjokn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
 O;ogkjokn ds izeq[k leFkZd DykdZ gy] ,MoMZ VkyeSu] oh-,Q- fLduj gSA
 (Gestaltism)
 (Gestalt) ,d teZu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gS] ftldk fganh :ikarj.k eq[; :i ls O;ofLFkr lexz
(Organised Whole) gSA
 bl laiznk; dks Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 bl laiznk; dh LFkkiuk (Max Wertheimer) us o"kZ 1912 esa fd;k FkkA
(Kohler) rFkk dks¶dk (Koffka) blds lglaLFkkid ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA
 xzLVkYVoknh euksoSKkfudksa esa ] ] k rFkk eq[; :i ls tkus

tkrs gSaA
 fdlh oLrq@ifjfLFkfr dks mlesa lfEefyr rRoksa ds lewg ds :i esa u ns[kdj mldks ,e lexz :i
¼ifjiw.kZrk½ esa ns[kuk gh eq[;r% xsLVkYVokn gSA
 xsLVkYVoknh lh[kus ds mÌs';ksa rFkk vfHkizj.kk ij vf/kd tksj nsrs gsaA
 ikBÓØe fuekZ.k] vfHkizsj.kk rFkk f'k{kk&mÌs';ksa ij tksj nsuk eq[; :i ls xsLVkYVokn dh gh nsu gSA
 xsLVkYVokn ds vuqlkj] leL;k vFkok ifjfLFkfr dks lexz :i esa ns[krs le; mlds fofHkUu vaxksa ds
chp ds vuks[ks lac/a kksa (Unique Relationship) ,oa vuks[kh var%fØ;kvksa (Unique Interactions) dks igpkuuk
gh vUrnZf"V gS ;k lw> gSA
 vUrn`Zf"V ds fy, ^lw>* 'kCn dk iz;ksx dksgyj ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
 (Psycho-Analysticism)
 fouht fpfdRld (Viennese Physician) (Sigmund Freud) dks êuksfo'ys"k.kokn dk

tud* ekuk tkrk gSA bldk izkjaHk chloha lnh ds vkjaHk esa gqvkA
 Ýk;M us vpsru ekufld fØ;kvksa (Unconscious Mental Processes) ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd }a}kas (Conflicts) vkSj ekufld fodkjksa (Mental Disorder) tSls vlkekU; O;ogkjksa ds eq[; dkj.k
vpsru esa fNis jgrs gSaA
 vpsru eu ds v/;;u ds fy, Ýk;M us euksfo'ys"k.kokn ds v/;;u dh vusd fof/k;ka crkbZa] tks eq[;r%
eqä lkgp;Z okys fopkj izokg (Freely Associated Stream of Thoughts), lEeksgu (Hypnosis) rFkk LoIu
dh O;k[;k (Dream Interprtation) ij vk/kkfjr gSA
 bl laiznk; dks vkxs c<+kus es eq[; :i ls vyÝsM ,Myj (Alfred Adler) rFkk dkyZ tqax (Carl Jung)
tSls euksfo'ys"k.kokfn;ksa dk lg;ksx jgkA
 flxeaM Ýk;M ds euksoSKkfud v/;;u dh fof/k dks êuksfo'ys"k.k fof/k (Psycho Analytical Method)
dgk tkrk gSA
 dkyZ tqax ds euksoSKkfud v/;;u fof/k dks ^^fo'ys"k.k fof/k** dgk tkrk gSA
 flxeaM Ýk;M us ^vpsru eu*] ,Myj us ^lkekftd vpsru eu* vkSj dkyZ tqax us ^lkewfgd vpsru
eu* dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA
 Ýk;M ds vuqlkj] êkuo O;fäRo bn (Id), vga (Ego) vkSj ijkvga (Super Ego) ds xR;kRed lek;kstu
dk ifj.kke gSA
orZeku ifjizs{; esa mi;qZä of.kZr ikapksa laiznk; iqjkus iM+ x, gSaA vkt ds le; esa ekurkoknh
(Humanistic) rFkk laKkukRed (Cognitive) igyqvksa ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkrk gSA ekuorkoknh fopkjèkkjk
ds leFkZdksa esa eq[; Li ls ] rFkk vkfn euksoSKkfudksa dk uke vkrk gS] tcfd
laKkukRed n`f"Vdks.k esa eq[; :i ls rFkk dk uke vkrk gSA ekuorkoknh
fopkj/kkjk esa O;fäRo dks e'khu u ekudj] lksÌs'; dk;Z djus okys rFkk okrkoj.k ds lkFk vuqdwy djus
;ksX; izcq) tho/kkjh ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA laKkukRed n`f"Vdks.k esa laKkukRed ;ksX;rkvksa
rFkk izfØ;kvksa ds v/;;u ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA
 
ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd laKkukred n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd

1- eSLyks 1- ,MoMZ VkyeSu
2- vkyiksVZ 2- thu fi;ksts
3- jkstlZ
 (Congnitivism)
 laKkuokn euksfoKku dk ,d uohu laiznk; gS ftlds iz.ksrk thu fi;ksts dks ekuk tkrk gSA thu fi;kts
dk tUe 9 vxLr lu~ 1896 bZ- dks fLoV~tjySaM esa gqvk FkkA izkjaHk esa ;s tSo oSKkfud FksA vYÝsM fcus
dh izsj.kk ls bUgksaus ckydksa dh ekufld izfØ;k dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA tho foKku esa ekufld izfØ;k
ds fy, 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls thu fi;kts us laKku (Cognition) 'kCn ls lEcksfèkr
fd;k gSA thu fi;kts ds vuqlkj ^laKku* dk rkRi;Z ml izfØ;k ls gS ftlesa efLr"d ckSf)d lwpukvksa
dks ckSf)d lajpukvksa ds :i esa ifj.kfr djds mls uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djrk gSA
laKku ds nks Hkkx gSA
1- laxBu (Organization)
2- vuqdwyu (Adaptation)
 & ckSf)d lwpukvksa dks ;FkkFkZ iSVuZ ij fodflr djuk gh laxBu dgykrk gSA
 vuqdwyu& iwoZKku vkSj uohu Kku ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk gh vuqdwyu dgykrk gsA vuqdwyu ds
nks Hkkx gSaA
1- vkRelkrhdj.k (Assimilation)
2- lekfo"Vhdj.k (Accommodation)
 iwoZKku dks uohu Kku esa vkjksfir djuk gh vkRelkrhdj.k dgykrk gSA
 uohu Kku ds }kjk iwoZKku esa la'kks/ku djuk gh lekfo"Vhdj.k dgykrk gSA
 laKkuokn O;ogkj dh O;k[;k esa iwoZ euu] Lej.k] izR;{k.k vkSj fpUru tSls izfØ;kvksa ij /;ku nsuk
vko';d ekurk gSA
 (Humanism)
 vczkge eSLyks dks êkuorkokn dk tud* dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus lu~ 1960 esa vesfjdk esa bl laiznk;
dh LFkkiuk fd;k FkkA mUgksaus ekuo dh ekax (Needs) ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ekuo O;ogkj dk
vè;;u fd;k gSA
 bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj] ^HkkSfrd rFkk lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh fdlh ekax ds dkj.k O;fä esa ,d
xR;kRed rFkk funsZ'kkRed cy mRiUu gksrk gS ftls izsj.kk dgrs gSaA tks O;fä dks ,d fuf'pr dk;Z
djus dsf y, izsfjr djrk gSA
 vczkge eSLyks us ikap izdkj ds ekax dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA
(i) nSfgd ekax (Physical Needs)
(ii) lqj{kk ekax (Safety Needs)
(iii) lkekftd ekax (Social Needs)
(iv) Lo lEeku ekax (Self Esteem Needs)
(v) vkReflf) ekax (Self Actualization Needs)
oqaV] fVpuj laosnuk varnZ'ku 1879 vkRefujh{k.kokn

vfLrRokn
,afty] Mhoh Psruk dh dk;kZRed varnZ'ku fujh{k.k 1900 dk;Zokn
mi;ksfxrk
ikWoyko] okWV~lu O;ogkj ç;ksx] fujh{k.k 1912
ojehFkj] dksgyj] çR;{khdj.k varnZ'ku] 1912 xsLVkYokn
dks¶dk] dqVZ Lej.k fujh{k.k]
ysfou ç;ksx
ÝkW;M] ,Myj] vpsru eu euksfo'ys"k.k 1900
tqax
thu fi;kts ekufld çfØ;k
tsjkse czwuj
vklqosy
Vczkge eSLyks ekax 1954
gsujh eqjsZ
euksfoKku ,d oSKkfud v/;;u gS] oSKkfud fof/k ds 5 çeq[k lksiku

bldh ikap fo'ks"krk,a gSa
(i) oLrqfu"Brk (Objectiviry) (i) fujh{k.k (Observation)
(ii) dk;Z&dj.k lEcU/k (Cause-Effect Relation) (ii) vkys[ku (Recording)
(iii) lR;kiu (Varification) (iii) oxhZdj.k (Classification)
(iv) lkoZHkkSfedrk (Universality) (iv) lkekU;hdj.k (Generalization)
(v) xR;kRedrk (Dynamism) or (Flexbility) (v) lR;kiu (Varification)
 (Major Goals of Psychology) :

 euksoSKkfud v/;;u ds rhu eq[; y{; gSa&
(i) o.kZu ,oa ekiu (Description and Measurement)
(ii) iwokZuqeku ,oa fu;a=.k (Prediction and Cotrol)
(iii) O;k[;k ,oa Li"Vhdj.k (Interpretation and Explanation)
 (Concept of Psychology in India) :

 Hkkjrh; euksfoKku dk bfrgkl vfr izkphu gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa euksfoKku dsoy eu vkSj O;ogkj rd
lhfer u jgdj] vkRe rRo rFkk dsoy eu vkSj O;ogkj dk v/;;u vkSj fodkl lekfgr fd, gq, gSA
 oSfnd lkfgR; ;Fkk osn] mifu"kn] Jhen~Hkxonxhrk vkfn euksfoKku ds izkekf.kd xzaFk gSaA Hkkjrh;
euksfoKku esa thou ds var% vkSj oká nksuksa gh i{kksa dh egÙkk gSA
euksfoKku dh Hkkjrh; ladYiuk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ &

Hkkjrh; ladYiuk eas] euksfoKku esa mu lHkh rRoksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS
tks fd orZeku esa euksfoKku esa fo|eku gSA Hkkjrh; ladYiuk esa jgL;okn Hkh lekfgr Fkk] ijarq orZeku
euksfoKku esa jgL;okn dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA
 (Scope of Psychology) :
1- lkekU; euksfoKku 6- fd'kksj euksfoKku 11- ijke'kZ euksfoKku 16- fodklkRed euksfoKku
(General Psychology) (Adolesccent Psychology) (Counselling (Development
Psychology) Psychology)
2- vlekU; euksfoKku 7- çkS<+ euksfoKku 12- nSfgd euksfoKku 17- O;fäxr euksfoKku
(Abnormal Psychology) (Adult Psychology) (Physiological (Individual Psychology)
Psychology)
3- ekuo euksfoKku 8- vkS|ksfxd euksfoKku 13- laKkukred euksfoKku 18- f'k{kk euksfoKku
(Human Psychology) (Industrial Psychology) (Cognitive Psychology) (Education Psychology)
4- i'kq euksfoKku 9- lekt euksfoKku 14- O;fäRo euksfoKku 19- euksferh; euksfoKku
(Animal Psychology) (Social Psychology) (Personality Psychology) (Psychometric
Psychology)
5- cky euksfoKku 10- uSnkfud euksfoKku 15- lSU; euksfoKku 20- vrhfUnz; euksfoKku
(Child Psychology) (Clinical Psychology) (Military Psychology) (Para Psychology)
ijh{kk mi;ks x h egRoiw. kZ iz ' uks Ÿ kj
01- ^^f'k{kk&euksfoKku** uked iqLrd fdl euksoSKkfud 05- ,stwdsVe 'kCn fodflr gqvk gS&
}kjk fy[kh x;h gS\ ¼A½ xzhd ¼B½ ;wukuh
¼A½ fofy;e tsEl ¼C½ ySfVu ¼D½ teZu
¼B½ ,MoMZ ,y FkkuZMkbd mŸkj&¼C½
¼C½ tku ,MEl
¼D½ oqMoFkZ 06- ^^f'k{kk euq"; esa igys ls fojkteku iw.kZrk dk
mŸkj&¼B½ vkfoHkkZo gS** --------------- ds }kjk dgk x;k gSA
 ,MoMZ ,y FkkuZMkbd us 1913 esa +^^f'k{kk&euksfoKku** ¼A½ egkRek xka/kh
uked iqLrd fy[kh FkhA ¼B½ johanzukFk VSxksj
¼C½ Lokeh foosdkuan
02- ^f'k{kk* gS&
¼D½ Jh vjfcanks
¼A½ ,d lkekU; fof/k
¼B½ fo|ky; rd lhfer gSA mŸkj&¼C½
¼C½ f'k{kk thou i;ZUr pyus okyh çfØ;k gSA  ^^f'k{kk euq"; esa igys ls fojkteku iw.kZrk dk vkfoHkkZo
¼D½ dksbZ ugha gSA** ;g egRoiw.kZ dFku ^Lokeh foosdkuan th* dk gSA
mŸkj&¼C½ Lokeh th lS)kafrd f'k{kk ds i{k esa ugha Fks] os O;kogkfjd
f'k{kk dks O;fä ds fy, mi;ksxh ekurs FksA
03- euksfoKku dk tUe gqvk gS&
¼A½ Hkwxksy 07- ^f'k{kk euq"; dh varfuZfgr iw.kZr;k dh vfHkO;fä
¼B½ n'kZu gSA** ;g ifjHkk"kk fdlus nh\
¼C½ laLÑr ¼A½ egkRek xka/kh
¼D½ uhfr'kkL= ¼B½ ia- enu eksgu ekyoh;
mŸkj&¼B½ ¼C½ Lokeh foosdkuan
 n'kZu ls euksfoKku dk tUe gqvk gS D;kafs d euksfoKku ¼D½ Jh vjfcan
dk çkjafHkd v/;;u eu dh n'kZu
(Philosophy of Mind) ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA
mŸkj&¼C½
04- izFke vk/kqfud f'k{kk&euksoSKkfud gS& 08- foosdkuan ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ,d izfØ;k gS&
¼A½ fofy;e tsEl ¼A½ ckyd ds lkekthdj.k dh
¼B½ fofy;e oqM ¼B½ lHkh 'kfä;ksa ds lkeatL;iw.kZ fodkl dh
¼C½ ,MoMZ ,y FkkuZMkbd ¼C½ ckyd esa loksZÙke dks ckgju ykus dh
¼D½ oh-,Q- Ldhuj ¼D½ ckyd esa fo|eku iw.kZr;k dh vfHkO;fä dh
mŸkj&¼C½
mŸkj&¼D½
09- f'k{kk ds O;fäxr ,oa lkekftd mÌs';ksa ds leUo; 13- euksfoKku dh izFke iz;ksx'kkyk dks fdlus LFkkfir
ij fdlus cgqr vf/kd cy fn;k gS\ fd;k Fkk\
¼A½ egkRek xka/kh ¼B½ :lks ¼A½ MCy;w- oqaV ¼B½ flxeaM Ýk;M
¼C½ foosdkuan ¼D½ Mhoh ¼C½ ikWoyko ¼D½ okWV~lu
mŸkj&¼D½ mŸkj&¼A½
 Mhoh ds vuqlkj] ^^f'k{kk O;fä esa mu {kerkvksa dk  foYgse oqaV us o"kZ 1879 esa eu dk O;ofLFkr <ax ls
fodkl gS] tks mldks vius okrkoj.k dks fu;af=r rFkk vè;;u djus ds mÌs'; ls teZuh ds ysiftx (Lepzig)
viuh Hkkoh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ;ksX; cukrh gSA** esa fo'o dh izFke euksfoKku iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir dh
f'k{kk ds O;fäxr ,oa lkekftd mÌs';ksa ds leUo; ij rFkk euksfoKku dks ,d Lora= foKku dk LFkku fnyk;k]
tkWu Mhoh us cgqr vf/kd cy fn;k gSA blfy, foYgse oqaV dks îz;ksx'kkyk euksfoKku dk
tud* dgk tkrk gSA
10- ^^f'k{kk O;fä dk iw.kZ fodkl gS** fdlus dgk Fkk\
¼A½ vjLrw ¼B½ desfu;l 14- izFke euksfoKku iz;ksx'kkyk ds laLFkkid FksA
¼C½ jseaV ¼D½ Vh-ih- uu ¼A½ oscuj ¼B½ oqaV
mŸkj&¼D½ ¼C½ Ýsduj ¼D½ FkkuZMkbd
 Vh-ih- uu ds vuqlkj] ^^f'k{kk O;fä dk iw.kZ fodkl mŸkj&¼B½
gSA**
15- fdlus dgk fd ^êuksfoKku O;ogkj dk /kukRed
11- xsLVkYV euksfoKku dh vk/kkjf'kyk fdlus j[kh foKku gS**\
Fkh\ ¼A½ eksxZu ¼B½ okWjsu
¼A½ Ýkat czaVkuks ¼B½ eSDl oFkhZej ¼C½ okWV~lu ¼D½ eSDMwxy
¼C½ ,Mxj #fcu ¼D½ dVZ ysfou mŸkj&¼C½
mŸkj&¼B½  euksfoKku dks O;ogkj ds v/;;u ds foKku ds :i esa
 xsL VkYV euksfoKku dh vk/kkjf'kyk teZ uh ds loZizFke ts- ch- okWV~lu us ifjHkkf"kr fd;k FkkA okWV~lu
euksoSKkfud eSDl oFkhZej }kjk j[kh xbZ FkhA bl ds vuqlkj] ^êuksfoKku O;ogkj dk /kukRed foKku gSA**
fl)kar dk eq[; cy O;ogkj esa lai.w kZrk ds v/;;u ij
gSA 16- ^êuksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj dk foKku gSA** ;g
fdlus dgk Fkk\
12- lajpukokn ds izorZd dkSu Fks\ ¼A½ tsEl Mªsoj us ¼B½ dksylfud us
¼A½ oqaV ¼B½ tsEl ¼C½ oqMoFkZ us ¼D½ FkkWuZMkbd us
¼C½ FkkWuZMkbd ¼D½ ikWoyko mŸkj&¼C½
mŸkj&¼A½  oqMoFkZ ds vuqlkj] ^êuksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj dk foKku gSA**
 euksfoKku ds lajpukokn laiznk; ds izeq[k izorZd
foYgse (Whilhem) oqaV uked teZu euksoSKkfud Fks] 17- loZizFke euksfoKku dks fdl fo"k; dk v/;;u
ftUgksaus fo'o dh izFke euksfoKku iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir djus okys fo"k; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k\
dhA ¼A½ eu dk v/;;u
¼B½ vkRek dk v/;;u
¼C½ psruk dk v/;;u 21- fdlus dgk ^^lkekftd ,oa oS;fä 'kfä;ksa dks
¼D½ O;ogkj dk v/;;u iquthZfor djus dh izfØ;k gh f'k{kk gSA**
mŸkj&¼B½ ¼A½ desfu;l ¼B½ tku feYVu
 loZizFke euksfoKku dks ^vkRek dk v/;;u* djus okys ¼C½ IysVks ¼D½ xka/kh
fo"k; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA IysVks] vjLrw] mŸkj&¼A½
nsdkrZ vkfn ;wukuh nk'kZfudksa us euksfoKku dks vkRek  desfu;l ds vuqlkj] ^^lkekftd ,oa oS;fäd 'kfä;ksa
ds foKku ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA dks iquthZfor djus dh izfØ;k gh f'k{kk gSA**
18- ^êuksfoKku us loZizFke viuh vkRek dk ifjR;kx 22- f'k{kk dk vk/kkjHkwr mÌs'; gS&
fd;k] fQj vius eu dk vkSj fQj viuh psruk ¼A½ Kku iznku djuk
dk] vHkh og ,d izdkj ds O;ogkj dks latks, gSA** ¼B½ O;fä dk fodkl djuk
dFku Fkk& ¼C½ ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj mikf/k izkIr djuk
¼A½ fVpuj dk ¼B½ oqaV dk ¼D½ fdlh O;olk; gsrq rS;kj djuk
¼C½ oqMoFkZ dk ¼D½ eSDMwxy dk mŸkj&¼B½
mŸkj&¼C½  f'k{kk ,d cgqeq[kh izfØ;k gS] ftldk vk/kkjHkwr mÌs';
 mi;qZä dFku euksfoKku ds Øfed fodkl ij viuh O;fä dk loksZaxh.k fodkl djuk gSA
izfrfØ;k O;ä djrs gq, izfl) euksoSKkfud vkj-,l-
oqMoFkZ us fn;k FkkA 23- 'Republic' fdldh jpuk gS\
¼A½ vjLrw
19- fdlus dgk Fkk] ^^f'k{kk og izfØ;k gS] tks ckyd
¼B½ IysVks
dh vkarfjd 'kfä;ksa dks ckáre~ cukrh gS**\
¼C½ :lks
¼A½ lqdjkr ¼B½ iSLVkykWth
¼D½ jkl
¼C½ Ýkscsy ¼D½ uu
mŸkj&¼B½
mŸkj&¼C½
 teZu f'k{kk'kkL=h iSLVkykWth ds f'k"; Ýkscy
s ds vuqlkj] 24- cky euksfoKku ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa eq[;
^^f'k{kk og izfØ;k gS] tks ckyd dh vkarfjd 'kfä;ksa
LFkku gS %
dks ckáre cukrh gS**A
¼A½ ckyd dk
¼B½ v/;kid dk
20- fdldk dFku gS] ^^f'k{kk n'kZu dk xR;kRed igyw
¼C½ vfHkHkkod
gS**\
¼D½ iz'kkld dk
¼A½ gjcVZ dk ¼B½ Mhoh dk
mŸkj&¼A½
¼C½ ,MEl dk ¼D½ IysVks dk
mŸkj&¼C½
25- f'k{kk euksfoKku esa v/;;u gksrk gS&
 ,MEl ds vuqlkj] ^^f'k{kk n'kZu dk xR;kRed igyw gSA**
¼A½ O;ogkj
¼B½ O;ogkj ds ifjektZu
¼C½ O;ogkj ds ifjektZu ds fy, O;ogkj dk v/;;u
¼D½ dksbZ ughaA mŸkj&¼D½

mŸkj&¼C½
30- ç;ksxkRed fof/k dks loZizFke izLrkfor fd;k %
26- êuksfoKku] f'k{kk dk vk/kkj Hkwr foKku gSA* ;g ¼A½ tqax us
fdlus dgk gS\ ¼B½ jkbl ,oa dkuZeSu us
¼A½ ch-,u- >k ¼C½ foygsYe oq.V us
¼B½ fLduj ¼D½ Mªos j us
¼C½ Msfol mŸkj&¼C½
¼D½ oqMoFkZ
mŸkj&¼B½
27- çkFkfed f'k{kd ds fy, cky euksfoKku dk Kku

vko';d gS] D;ksafd&
¼A½ ;g cPpkas dks vuq'kkflr cukus esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA
¼B½ ijh{kk esa ifj.kke esa méfr gksrh gSA
¼C½ ;g cPpkas dks vfHkizsfjr djus ds fy,
lqfoèkktud gSA
¼D½ ;g cPpkas ds O;ogkj dks le>us esa f'k{kd dh
lgk;rk djrk gSA
mŸkj&¼D½
28- cky euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij dkSu&lk dFku

loksZÙke gS\
¼A½ lkjs cPps ,d tSls gksrs gSa
¼B½ dqN cPps ,d tSls gksrs gSa
¼C½ dqN cPps fof'k"V gksrs gSa
¼D½ izR;sd cPpk fof'k"V gksrk gSS
mŸkj&¼D½
29- cky euksfoKku dk {ks= gS %

¼A½ dsoy 'kS'kokLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u
¼B½ dsoy xHkkZoLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u
¼C½ dsyy ckY;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u
¼D½ xHkkZoLFkk ls fd'kksjkoLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvkas dk
v/;;u
02 cqf) dh vo/kkj.kk
(Concept of Intelligence)
cky euksfoKku esa cqf) ds izR;; dk ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA cqf) ds v/;;u
dks rhu i{kksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA tSls&
¼1½ dk;kZRed i{k (Functional Aspect)
¼2½ lajpukRed i{k (Structural Aspect)
¼1½ fØ;kRed i{k (Operational Aspect)
ftlesa fØ;kRed i{k dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

cqf)
  
dk;kZRed i{k lajpukRed i{k fØ;kRed i{k
 

cqf) ds dk;Z cqf) D;k gS  
cqf) dh lajpuk cqf) ds fl)kar
  
cqf)ekiu cqf) ekiu dh rduhdh cqf) ijh{k.k dk o.kZu
 cqf) dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, 1910 bZ- esa fczfV'k euksoSKkfudksa dh ,d lHkk vk;ksftr dh xbZA ysfdu
bl lHkk esa Li"V :i ls dksbZ cqf) dh ifjHkk"kk ifjHkkf"kr ugha nh x;hA
 rc 1921 bZ- esa 14 euksoSKkfudkas }kjk nh x;h fHkUu&fHkUu cqf) dh ifjHkk"kk dks ^tuZy vkWQ ,tqds'kuy
lkbdksykth* us ,d ys[kksa dh Ükà[kyk ds :i esa izdkf'kr dhA ftlesa cqf) ds lEcU/k esa 14 fHkUu&fHkUu izR;;
ns[kus dks feysA
 1923 esa cqf) dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fo'o ds euksoSKkfudksa dh ^vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifj"kn*
dh cSBd gqbZA ysfdu loZekU; er ds :i esa dksbZ cqf) dh ifjHkk"kk ifjHkkf"kr ugha gqbZA
 rc 1923 esa vkSipkfjd :i ls loZizFke egksn; us cqf) dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk fd& ^cqf) ogh
gS] tks cqf) ijh{k.k ekirk gSA* ;k ^cqf) ijh{k.k tks ekirk gS] ogh cqf) gSA*
 & lQy cqf)&ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k 1905 esa vYÝsM fcus us fd;k FkkA tcfd
la'kksèku& 1908] 1911 bZ- esa lkbeu fous ds lkFk djrs gSa blfy, bldk uke iM+kA
 & ôs ;g fuf'pr ugha dj ls fd cf) esa ^Le`fr* ;k ^dYiuk* ^Hkk"kk* ;k ^;ksX;rk* ;k ^laosnuk*
lfEefyr gS ;k ugha cqf) dks vewrZ fparu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd bldks ns[kk ugha
tk ldrk gSA tSls& ^xhrk lqUnj yM+dh gSA* blesa gesa xhrk ds izR;{khdj.k ls ^lqUnjrk* dk vkHkkl gksrk
gS vFkkZr~ gsa lqUnjrk dk çR;{khdj.k ugha gksrk cfYd ge xhrk* dks ns[krs gSa vkSj ^lqUnjrk* dk vkHkkl djrs
gSaA foo'k :i esa eqag ls fudyrk gs fd okLro esa ;g lqUnj yM+dh gSA Bhd mlh izdkj cqf)eku O;fä ds
dk;ksZa ls mldh ckSf)drk dk vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
oSKkfudksa us cqf) ds fo"k; esa fuEuor ifjHkk"kk nh gS &
 & ^cqf)] dk;Z djus dh ,d fof/k gSA*

 & ^cqf) lh[kus dh ;ksX;rk gSA*
 & ^cqf)] vewrZ fopkjksa ds ckjs esa lkspu dh ;ksX;rk gSA*
 & ^cqf) dk fodkl tUe ls ysdj fd'kksjkoLFkk ds e/;dky rd gksrk gSA*
 & ^lR; rFkk rF;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls mÙke izfrfØ;kvksa dh 'kfä gh cqf) gSA*
 & ^cqf) dksbZ ,d 'kfä ;k {kerk ;k ;ksX;rk ugha gS] tks lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa leku
:i ls dk;Z djrh gS] cfYd cqf) vusd fofHké ;ksX;rkvksa dk ;ksx gSA
 & ^^cqf) bu pkj 'kCnksa esa fufgr gS&
¼1½ Kku ¼2½ vkfo"dkj ¼3½ funsZ'k ¼4½ vkykspuk
 & ^cqf) vrhr vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij tUetkr izo`fÙk;ksa dks lq/kkjus dh ;ksX;rk gSA*
 & ^cqf) ,d leqPp ;k lkoZtfud {kerk gSA ftlds lgkjs O;fä mÌs';iw.kZ fØ;k
djrk gS] foosd'khy fparu djrk gS rFkk okrkoj.k ds lkFk çHkkodkjh <ax ls
lek;kstu djrk gSA
& ^^cqf) fdlh O;fä ds }kjk mÌs';iw.kZ <ax ls dk;Z djus] rkfdZd fparu djus rFkk
okrkoj.k ds lkFk izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls fØ;k djus dh lkewfgd ;ksX;rk gSA**
 & ^cqf) cks/k ij vk/kkfjr gSA* ;k cqf) cks/kxE; gSA
 & ^lkekU; rkSj ij cqf) dks okD; iwfrZ djus vad xf.krh; leL;k,a gy
djus] 'kCnksa vkSj funsZ'kksa dks le>us dh ;ksX;rk dgk gSA*
 & cqf) dks rhu :iksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&
¼1½ vewrZ fparu ds :i esa cqf)A
¼2½ lek;kstu djus dh ;ksX;rk ds :i es cqf)A
¼3½ lh[kus dh ;ksX;rk ds :i esa cqf)A
 & ^Hkkjr ds fy, cqf)&ijh{kk,a dksbZ ubZ ckr ugha gSA osnksa] mifu"knksa ,oa iqjk.kksa esa ;k=&r=
:i esa cqf) ijh{kkvksa ds mYys[k gSA*
tSls & ¼1½ dBksifu"kn & ^;e vkSj ufpdsrk ds laEokn* dk mYys[k gSA
¼2½ NkUnksX; mifu"kn & ^v#f.k ,oa mÌky[k ds chp laokn* dk mYys[k gSA
¼3½ o`gnkj.;d mifu"kn & ^jktk tud ds njckj esa ;kKoYD; vkSj mÙkjoSfnd dkyhu fonq"kh
efgyk xkxhZ ds chp rRoehekalh; rRoksa ¼bZ'oj] tho] txr½ ;k nk'kZfud ç'ukas ij lEokn gksrk
gSA ftlesa xkxhZ dks lQyrk izkir gksrh gSA
 IysVksa dh iqLrd (Republic) esa lqdjkr vkSj IysVks ds chp nk'kZfud lEokn dk mYys[k gS
fefyUniUgksa esa ckS) fHk{kq ûkxlsu* vkSj ;ou jktk êsukUMj* ds chp nk'kZfud laokn dh ppkZ gSA
 'kkjhfjd :i ls Hkh cqf)eÙkk dh igpku dh tkrh gSA tSls& ^fNrjs nar okyk dksbZ&dksbZ gh ew[kZ gksrk gSA*
vf/kdka'k ^fNrjs Nar ;k nksarksa ds chp vUrj okys O;fä vf/kdk'kr% cqf)eku gksrs gSaA
 1772 bZ- esa fLoVtjyS.M euksoSKkfud ^ySosVj* us cqf)eÙkk dk vk/kkj 'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa dks crk;kA
 1796 esa xzhu fop os/k'kkyk ¼yanu½ ds ^fddjucqzd* uked ,d deZpkjh ds }kjk xzgksa dh xfr ds le; dks
Kkr djus esa tks =qfV dh ftlds dkj.k 19oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk ls ;wjksih; txr esa cqf) ekiu dk dk;Z
vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k ls gksus yxkA cqf) ijh{k.k dk lcls foLr`r Lrj ij izFke ckj dk;Z Ýkal esa lEiUu gqvkA
¼1879½ esa teZu ds ^yhiftax* uked uxj esa ^fofy;e* oq.V }kjk îzFke euksoSKkfud iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk
dh x;h FkhA tcfd Hkkjr esa dydÙkk ¼ia- caxky½ esa vkSj mÙkjçns'k esa îz;kxjkt* esa euksoSKkfud
iz;ksx'kkyi dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 & bUgksus viuh iqLrd ^f'k{kk&euksfoKku (Education Psychology) esa cqf) }kjk
fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds lEiknu ds vk/kkj ij cqf) dks rhu oxksZ esa foHkkftr djrs gSa &
¼1½ & rkfdZd ,oa fparu'khy gksrs gSa tSls& dykdkj] nk'kZfud] oSKkfud
¼2½ & lkekftd okrkoj.k esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrk gSA

¼3½ & oLrqvksa dh le> j[kus okys gksrs gSaA
& LFkwy cqf) okys O;fä O;kikjh rFkk HkkSfrdoknh gksrs gSaA
Intelligence Quotient
 cqf)yfC/k & O;fäxr cqf)ekiu ds fy, lcls igys igy isfjl fo'ofo|ky; ds izksQslj vYÝsM fcus us dh
FkhA 1890 esa vYÝsM fcus vkSj fFk;ksMksj lkbeu us Ýkal ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dk v/;;ujr ¼ean cqf)½ ds
ckydksa dks f'k{kk gsrq iz;kl fd;sA 1905 esa nksuksa euksoSKkfud us O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k dh [kkst dh ftldks
*fcus&lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k* d;k x;kA
 bl ijh{k.k eas cqf) dks *ekufld vk;q* ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;kA
 1908 vkSj 1911 esa *fcus lkbeu* cqf) ijh{k.k esa iqu% nksuksa euksoSKkfud us ifjektZu fd;kA
 /;ku nsa & teZuh ds vkSj us 1912 esa cqf)&yfC/k ¼Intelligence Quotient½ dk iz;ksx
esa ykus dk ijke'kZ fn;k FkkA
 ysfdu 1916 esa LVSuQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; ds euksoSKkfud Vjeu us fcus&lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k dk la'kks/ku fd;k
vkSj rHkh ls *ekufld vk;q* ds LFkku ij cqf)&yfC/k ¼I.Q½ dk iz;ksx gksus yxk vkSj blh le; esa cqf)&yfC/k ds
lw= ¼Farmulla½ dk fodkl gqvkA
ekufld vk;q M . A.
cqf)&yfC/k ¾ okLrfod vk;q × 100 ;k I .Q. 
C.A
 100
 tSls&fdlh ckyd dh ekufld vk;q 15 o"kZ gS vkSj mldh okLrfod vk;q 12 o"kZ dk gSA rks mldh
cqf)&yfC/k bl izdkj fudkyh tkrh gSA
ekufld vk;q
tSls & cqf)&yfC/k ¾ okLrfod vk;q × 100
15
I.Q.   100  125I.Q
12
 bl cqf)&yfC/k dk vFkZ gS fd ;g ckyd iz[kj cqf) dk gSA
Exam Facts :
 izFke iz;kl vYÝsM cus fFk;ksMj lkbeu & 1905

 *cqf)&yfC/k* 'kCn dk izFke lq>ko fofy;e LVuZ vkSj dqgy eSu & 1912 bZ- esa fn;kA
 cqf)&yfC/k dk iz;ksx VjeSu us 1916 esa fd;kA
 *fcu&lkbeu cqf)* ijh{k.k dk lac/a k 3&15 o"kZ ds ckydkasa ls gS vFkkZr~ iwoZckY; O;oLFkk ls ysdj fd'kksjkoLFkk
rdA
*cqf)&yfC/k* & us lu~ 1916 bZ- esa LVSuQksMZ fcus ijh{k.k ds lkFk cqf)yfC/k dh forj.k dh rkfydk
rS;kj dh tks fuEuor~ gSA tSls &
I.Q. Limits Category
1- 130 ls vf/kd 2 G izfrHkk'kkyh ¼Genius½

2- 121&130 7 S iz[kj cqf) ¼Superior½
3- 111&120 16 A.A rhozcqf) ¼Above Averge½
4- 91&110 50 A lkekU; cqf) ¼Average½
5- 81&90 16 FM eUn cqf) ¼Feebile Minded½
6- 0&80 7 D vYi cqf) ¼Dull½
7- 71 ls de 2 IIM tM+ cqf) ¼Idito Imbecile Morone½
 Lej.k jgs fd & izfrHkk'kkyh ¼Genius½ cPpksa dk I.Q. dgh&dgha 140 ls vf/kd fn;k jgrk gSA ysfdu loZekU;
er 130 ls vf/kd gSA
 cqf) yfC/k izkIrkadksa dk ;fn ,d vko`fŸk forj.k cuk;k tk,] rks ;g yxHkx ds ln`'k gksrs
gSaA bl oØ dks ¼Normal Curve½ dgrs gSa] tks fd vius dsanzh; ewY; ;k ek/; ds nksuksa vksj
lefer vkdkj dk gksrk gSA
 Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, us fuEu oxhZdj.k izLrqr fd;k &
¼ I.Q.½ ¼oxZ½
140 ls Åij izfrHkk'kkyh ¼Gifted or Genius½
120 & 140 vfr Js"B ¼Very Superior½
110 & 120 Js"B ¼superior½
90 & 110 vkSlr ¼Average½
75 & 90 lhek ij vkSj vYi cqf) ¼Border Lined and Dull½
50 & 75 ew[kZ ¼Moron or Feeble Minded½
25 & 50 ew<+ ¼Imbeciles½
0 & 25 egkew[kZ ;k tM+ cqf) ¼Idiots½
1- nks&[k.M fl)kar ¼f}&dkjd½ Lih;j eSu 1904

2- rhu [k.M fl)kar ¼f=[kaM½ Lih;j eSu 1904
3- ,d [k.M fl)kar ¼,d dkjd½ vYÝsM fous] lkbeu 1905
LVuZ vkSj VeZu 1904
4- cgq&dkjd fl)kar ;k vk.kfod fl)kar ,MoMZ ,y- FkkuZMkbd 1926
5- lewg dkjd fl)kar FklZVu 1937
6- inkuqØfed fl)kar fQfyi cuZu 1960
7- rjy&Bksl cqf) fl)kar vkj-ch-dSVy 1963
8- cqf) dh lajpuk fl)[email protected]. ekWMy ts-ih- fxyQksMZ 1967
9- laKkukRed fodkl dk fl)kar thu fi;ksts 1970
10- cgq&cqf) fl)kar gksoMZ xkMZuj 1983
11- f=rRo fl)kar jkoVZ LVSuoxZ 1985
12- cqf)dk ikl ekWMy ts-ih- nkl 1994
IQ dk izfr'kr izkjaHk ls vkSlr ¼lkekU; cqf)½ rd de ls vf/kd gks jgk gS vkSj iqu% lkekU; cqf) ls
vf/kd ls de gks jgk gSA
Uni Factor theory %
 cqf) ds *,d&dkjd fl)kar* dks nsus dk eq[; Js; isfjl fo'ofo|ky; ds dks fn;k
tkrk gSA
 bls fcus dk Hkh dgrs gSaA
 ysfdu vYÝsM fcus ds lkFk&lkFk *,d&dkjd fl)kar* ds leFkZd lkbeu] fofy;e LVuZ vkSj Vjeu
dks Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
 cqf) ds ,d dkjd fl)kar esa Z ekuk x;k gS tks ekuo ds leLr ekufld
fØ;kvksa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA
 cqf) og ekufld 'kfDr gS tks O;fDr ds leLr ekufld dk;ksZa dk lapkyu rFkk O;fDr ds leLr
O;ogkjksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
 mudk er gS fd O;fä dh fofHkUu ekufld ;ksX;rk,a ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA fcus &
lkbeu Ldsy esa ekufld vk;q ds vk/kkj ij cqf)&ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ekufld vk;q Kkr djus ds
fy, izR;sd o"kZ ds fy, dqN iz'u fn;s x;s gSAa tks ckyd ftl vk;q ds fy, fu/kkZfjr iz'uksa ds lHkh mÙkj
lR;&lR; ns nsrk gS rks mldh ekufld vk;q ogh eku yh tkrh gSA tSls & 6 o"kZ dk ckyd 5 o"kZ
ds fy, fu/kkZfjr iz'uksa ds mÙkj lR;&lR; ns nsrk gS] rks mldh ekufld vk;q 5 o"kZ ekuh tk;sxh] ysfdu
;fn og 8 o"kZ ds fy, fu/kkZfjr lHkh iz'uksa dk mÙkj lR;&lR; ns nrk gS] rks mldh ekufld vk;q 8
o"kZ ekuh tk;sxhA
vYÝsM fcus & lkbeu Ldsy esa nks"k %
 ,d izeq[k nks"k ;g Fkk fd ;fn fdlh vk;q dk ckyd viuh vk;q ds fy, fu/kkZfjr iz'uksa dk mÙkj ugha ns
ikrk Fkk rks mldh ekufld vk;q thou vk;q ls de ekuh tkrh FkhA
 okLrfod vk;q dh rqyuk esa ekufld vk;q ftruh vf/kd gksxh] ckyd dh cqf) mruh gh vf/kd ekuh
tk;sxhA bl izdkj cqf) ds eki dks cqf)yfC/k ¼I.Q.½ ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
 fcus lkbeu cqf)&ijh{k.k 3 ls 15 o"kZ ds ckyd@ckfydk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s FksA
 11 ,oa 13 o"kZ dh vk;q ds fy, bl ijh{k.k easa dksbZ iz'u fu/kkZfjr ugha FksA
 vYÝsM fcus&lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k esa 3 o"kZ dh vk;q ds 5 iz'u fu/kkZfjr FksA tSls &
¼1½ viuk uke crkukA
¼2½ vius eq¡g] ukd vkSj dku dh maxyh ls crkukA
¼3½ fdlh fp= dks ns[kdj mldh eq[; ckrsa crkukA
¼4½ N% 'kCnksa ds ljy okD; dks nksgjkukA
¼5½ nks vadksa dks ,d ckj lqudj nksgjkuk tsls & 2&3] 3&7] 6&8 vkfnA
Two Factor Theory
 bl fl)kar dk izfriknu fczVsu ds euksoSKkfud Lih;jeSu ¼Spearman½ us 1904 bZ- esa fd;k FkkA
 Lih;jeSu us viuh iqLrd 'The Ability of Man' esa cqf) dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk fd euq"; dh lHkh
ckSf)d xfrfof/k;ka efLr"d dh ,d lkekU; ckSf)d ;ksX;rk }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gSaA tks euq"; esa
tUetkr ikbZ tkrh gSA
 Lih;jeSu us dgk fd cqf) lajpuk nks dkjdksa ls feydj cuh gSA tSls &
¼1½ lkekU; ;ksX;rk dkjd ;k General Factor ¼G Factor½
¼2½ fof'k"V ;ksX;rk dkjd ;k Specific Factor ¼S Factor½
¼1½ lkekU; ;ksX;rk dkjd ;k General Factor ¼G Factor½ %

 G- Factor dks ,d tUetkr ;k lgt izR;; ;k izfrHkk dkjd ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd
O;fä esa bldh {kerk fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh gksrh gSA blfy, izR;sd O;fä esa izR;sd ekufld dk;Z
djus dh {kerk Hkh fuf'pr gksrh gSA
 Lih;jeSu us G-Factor dks dh laKk nh gSA
¼2½ fof'k"V ;ksX;rk dkjd ;k Specific Factor ¼S Factor½ %

 fof'k"V ;ksX;rk dkjd dks Lih;jeSu us S-Factor uke fn;kA
 Lih;jeSu us S-Factor dh rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ftlesa ,d lkekU;r% eq[; gSA tSls
& ,d dk;Z ds fy, fdlh O;fä esa 'S' dkjd dh ek=k vf/kd gks ldrh gSA rks mlh O;fä esa nwljs
dk;Z ds fy, 'S' dkjd dh ek=k de gks ldrh gSA
 tSls & ,d O;fä easa laxhr esa :fp j[kus dk 'S' dkjd vf/kd gks ldrk gSA ysfdu mlh
O;fä esa *i<+us* dk 'S' dkjd de gks ldrk gSA
fof'k"V ;ksX;rk ¼izFke½
fof'k"V ;ksX;rk ¼f}rh;½
lkekU; ;ksX;rk
 mi;qZDr fp= ls Li"V gS fd fof'k"V ;ksX;rk,a ,d&nwljs dh lhek ikj djds lewg dk fuekZ.k djrh
gSaA bl fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj ij lu~ esa vius mä fl)kar dk lq/kkj djrs gq, us dgk
fd G- rFkk S- ds lkFk cqf) esa ,d lewg rRo Hkh gksrk gSA
bls LihjeSu dk f=&rRo fl)kar dgrs gSaA bl la'kksf/kr fopkj/kkjk us ^lewg dkjd fl)kar* dks tUe
fn;kA
uksV %
 izR;sd ckSf)d dk;Z ds fy, 'G' vkSj 'S' Factor nksuksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA
 nksuksa dkjdksa esa G Factor dk ;k tUe tkr&dkjd dk lokZf/kd egRo gSA
 'S' dkjd ,d vftZr ;ksX;rk gSA ftldk vfLrRo vuUr gSA
 Lih;jeSu ds cqf) ds f}&dkjd fl)kar cqf) ds vU; dkjd fl)karksa dk vk/kkjf'kyk gSA
Multi Factor Theory
 bl fl)kar ds iz.ksrk gSaA

 FkkuZMkbd us Lih;jeSu ds cqf) ds f}dkjd fl)kar dk [k.Mu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd cqf) 'G' ,oa 'S' dkjd
ds feyus ls ugha gksrh cfYd cqf) cgqr ls dkjdksa ls feyus ls cuh gSA
 bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj cqf) *vla[; Lora= dkjdksa* ls feydj cuhA
 bl Lora= dkjdksa esa ls izR;sd dkjd fdlh fof'k"V ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA
 fdlh Hkh ekufld dk;Z djus esa ,sls vusd NksVs&NksVs dkjd ,d lkFk feydj dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls
vusd dy&iqtkZ ds feyus ls e'khu dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 ftl rjg izR;sd dy&iqtkZ ,d nwljs ls Lora= gksrs gq, Hkh viuk ;ksxnku djds ,d e'khu dk fuekZ.k
djrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj vusd fof'k"V ekufld {kerk,a tks ,d nwljs ls Lora= gksrh gSA feydj cqf)
dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
 FkkuZMkbd dk ;g fl)kar okLro esa izrhr gksrk gSA
Group Factor Theory
 1937 esa lewg dkjd fl)kar dh [kkst djus dk dks gSA lewg dkjd fl)kar ,d izdkj
ls cqf) ds vkSj cqf) ds dk e/; Lrj dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;k
x;k gSA
 ,y- FklZVu us *lewg dkjd fl)kar* esa lkr izkFkfed ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gSaA ftlesa
6 iz/kku dkjd gh gSA
1- lewg dkjd fl)kar dks *iz/kku ekufld {kerkvksa dk ijh{k.k* ¼Test of Primary Mental Abirities½ ;k
P.M.A. Test dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
2- ,y FklZVu dk er gS fd cqf) dk fuekZ.k u rks lkekU; dkjd vkSj u gh vla[; dkjdksa ls

feydj cuh gS cfYd cqf) dk fuekZ.k izkFkfed dkjdksa ls feydj cuk gSA

lewg dkjd fl)kar ds izkFkfed dkjd fuEuor gS &
1- 'kkfCnd vFkZ {kerk ¼V½ ¼Verbal Meaning ability½ & 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa ds vFkZ le>uk rFkk vuqiz;ksxA
2- 'kCn izokg {kerk ¼W½ ¼Word Fluency Ability½ & iwoZ ds 'kCnksa ls lacaf/kr ;k vyx 'kCnksa dh jpuk
3- LFkku laca/kh ;ksX;rk ¼S½ ¼Spatial Ability½ & fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k esa fdlh pht ds ifj.kke vkfn
ls lacaf/krA
4- vkafdd {kerk ¼N½ ¼Numerical Ability½ & lk/kkj.k xf.krh; izdk;ksZa dks djukA
5- rdZ {kerk ¼R½ ¼Reasoning Ability½ & vewrZ laca/kksa dk izR;{khdj.k rFkk vuqiz;ksxA
6- Le`fr {kerk ¼M½ ¼Memory Ability ½ & vf/kxe rFkk izkIr lwpuk dks /kkj.k djukA
7- izR;{k laca/kh ;ksX;rk ¼P½ ¼Preceptiual Ability½ & fdlh ?kVuk dk izR;{k.kA
izkFkfed ekufld {kerk ¾ V+W+S+N+R+M+P
Gardner's theroy of multiple Intelligence
 bl fl)kar dk fodkl xkMZuj us 1983 bZ- esa fd;kA bl fl)kar esa xkMZuj us ;g Li"V fd;k fd cqf)
dk Lo:i ,dkdh u gksdj cgqdkjdh; gksrk gSA
 bl fl)kar dk vk/kkj muds }kjk U;wjkseuksfoKku ¼Neuropsychology½ rFkk euksfefrd fof/k;ksa

¼Psychometricmethods½ ds {ks= esa fd, x, 'kks/k gSA
 xkMZuj dk er gS fd & efLr"dh; {kfr gksus ls O;fä dh ,d fo'ks"k {kerk ;fn izHkkfor gks tkrh gS]
ijarq mldk izHkko vU; {kerkvksa ij ugha iM+rk gS] rks ml izHkkfor {kerk dks ,d vyx cqf)
¼Separate Intelligence½ ekuk tk ldrk gSA
 mlh rjg ls dqN O;fä;ksa esa ,d [kkl rjg dh {kerk vlk/kkj.k ek=k esa gksrh gS] tks vius vki] bl
fl)kar dh dlkSVh ds vuqlkj] ,d vyx cqf) dh Js.kh dh ;ksX;rk j[krh gSA
 us viuh iqLrd ¼Frames of Mind½ esa ;g lkFk fd;k fd os ;g ugha

ekurs fd ßlaKku dk ,d Lo:i gS tks lHkh ekuo fparu dks r; djrk gS] cfYd Lok;Ÿk cqf) {kerkvksa
ds lkFk cgq cqf) gSAÞ vr% cqf) dks ,d ,dkdh lŸkk ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
 gksoMZ xkMZuj ds cgqcqf) fl)kar ds vuqlkj cqf) ds izdkj vkSj var voLFkkA
1- laxhrkRed ok;fyu oknd

2- Hkkf"kd dfo
3- varoS;fDrd ewfrZdkj
4- LFkkfud f[kykM+h
 o"kZ 1994 bZ- esa xkMZuj us dgk gS fd vHkh cqf) ds gSa ysfdu esa os bls izdkj esa
foHkkftr fd;k gSA vFkkZr~ os vius vuqla/kku easa la'kks/ku djrs gSaA tks fuEuor~ gSa &
¼1½ Hkk"kkbZ cqf) ¼Linguistic Intelligence½
¼2½ 'kkjhfjd xfrd cqf) ¼ Body Kinesthetic Intelligence½
¼3½ O;fäxr vU; cqf) ¼Personal other Intelligence½ 8oha cqf) & izd`froknh cqf)
¼4½ rkfdZd xf.krh; cqf) ¼Logical Math ematical Intelligence½ 9oha cqf) & vfLrRooknh cqf)
¼5½ lkaxhfrd cqf) ¼Musical Intelligence½
¼6½ O;fäxr vkReu cqf) ¼Personal-Self-Intelligence½
¼7½ LFkkfud cqf) ¼Spatial Intelligence½
¼8½ izd`froknh cqf) ¼Natturalistic Intelligence½
¼9½ vfLrRooknh cqf) ¼Exist entailistic Intelligence½
PASS Model Intelligence
 bl ekWMy dk fodkl tSo ukxyhjh] rFkk fdohZ ¼kirby½ }kjk 1994 esa fodflr fd;k x;kA
 cqf) dk ;g fl)kar ywfj;k ¼Luria½ }kjk efLr"d dh lajpukvksa ¼Structures½ ds fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kkfjr
gSA bl fl)kar dk laca/k lwpuk lalk/ku mikxe ¼Information procession approach½ ls gS] tks xR;kRed
¼Dynamic½ gksrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i ;g fdlh {kerk ¼Ability½ ds leku fLFkj ¼Static½ ugha gksrk gSA
 PASS ekWMy ds vuqlkj ckSf)d fØ;k esa ywfj;k }kjk cryk, x, pkj rjg ds raf=dh; ra= ¼Neurological
System½ ds varfuHkZj dk;Z ¼Interdependent functioning½ lfEefyr gksrs gSaA bls efLr"d dh dk;kZRed
bdkbZ ¼Functional Unit½ Hkh dgk x;k gSA
 bu bdkb;ksa }kjk fuEukafdr pkj rjg ds laKkukRed dk;Z lEiUu gksrs gSa tSls &
1- ;kstuk ¼Planming½ P
2- vo/kku@mÙkstu ¼Attention/ Arousal½ A

PASS
3- ledkfyd ¼Simultaneous½ S
4- vkuqØfed ¼Successive½ S
 ;g ekWMy cqf) dk ,d O;kid ekWMy izLrqr djrk gS rFkk ;g cqf) ds dk usr`R;

djrk gSA
 ;g fl)kar ds dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS ftudk

laf{kIr js[kkadu fuEuor fd;k tk ldrk gS &
 ds vuqlkj] lHkh izØe.k ¼Processing½ ;qfä;ka ¼Knowledge Base½ ij

lapkfyr gksrh gS ftlesa O;fä dk iwoZ&vuqHko] vf/kxe] laox
s ] vfHkizjs .kk rFkk mldh lkekftd&lkaLd`frd
i`"BHkwfe fufgr gksrh gSA
 ¼Das-Naglieri cognitive Assessment System - CAS½ ,d

O;kid vkdyu gS ftlesa ikl ekWMy ds pkjksa ?kVdksa esa ls izR;sd dk vkdyu djus ds fy, ijh{k.k
'kkfey gSA
Exam Fact :
 rjy&Bksl cqf) fl)kar dks 'gc-gf' ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
 inkuqØfed fl)kar esa cqf) dh rqyuk ,d fijkfeM ¼Pyramid½ ls dh gSA
 fijkfeM ds lcls Åijh Hkkx esa ;kuh inkuqØe ds lcls Åijh Lrj ij Lih;j eSu ds G Factor dks j[kk
x;k gSA
 gksoMZ xkuZj ds *cgqcqf)* fl)kar dk nwljk uke gS & cgqfoekRed
 gLrf'kYi dh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg, & eUn cqf) ds ckydksa dksA
S.I. %
 dkjd fo'ys"k.k ¼Factor Analysis½ ij vk/kkfjr bl fl)kar ds izfriknd gSaA
 bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] cqf) dk izk:i gS vFkkZr~ gekjh fdlh Hkh ekufld izfØ;k dks rhu
vk/kkjHkwr vk;keksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS] tks fuEu gS &
1- fo"k; oLrq ¼Contents½ 4 Total
2- lafØ;k ¼Operation½ 5 4  5  6¾
3- mRikn ¼Products½ 6 120
fxyQksMZ us izFke foek dks mlus ekufld fØ;k djrs le; fufgr fo"k;&oLrq ;k lkexzh ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k rFkk fofHkUu ekufld fØ;kvksa esa pkj izdkj dh fo"k; oLrq fufgr gks ldrh gSA
1- vkd`frd ¼Figural½ fp=ksa ls

2- lkadsfrd ¼Symbolic½ ladsrksa ls
3- 'kkfCnd ¼Semantic½ 'kCnksa ls
4- O;ogkfjd ¼Beehaviour½ cká ,oa vkarfjd O;ogkj ls
1- laKku vf/kxe dk izFke pj.k

2- Lej.k /;ku
3- ijEijkxr fparu :f<+xr <ax ls fparu djuk
4- xSj ijEijkxr fparu uohu fparu
5- ewY;kadu fu"d"kZ
 ts-ih- fxyQksMZ us cqf) lajpuk fl)kar esa vafre chek ds :i esa ifj.kke ;k mRiknu ¼Products½ dks
j[kk tks fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh fo"k; oLrqvksa ds lkFk fofHkUu ekufld lafØ;kvksa dks djus ds
ifj.kke&Lo:i izkIr gksrh gSA
 ts-ih- fxyQksMZ us ifj.kke ;k mRikn dks 6 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd,a tkrs gSa &
1- lwpukvksa dh bZdkb;k¡ lwpuk

2- bZdkb;ksa ds oxZ oxZ
3- bZdkb;ksa esa laca/k laca/k
4- lwpuk iz.kkyh lwpuk izfØ;k
5- izR;korZu iz.kkyh LFkkukUrj.k
6- fufgrkFkZ iz.kkyh vk'k;
 bl izdkj Li"V gS fd ts-ih- fxyQksMZ us *cqf) lajpuk ds fl)kar* ds vk/kkj ij cqf) dh O;k[;k rhu
foekvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gSA fo"k; oLrq foek ds ¼4 dkjd½] ¼lafØ;k ds 5 dkjd½ vkSj ¼mRiknu ds
6 dkjd½ gSaA
 dkykarj esa fd, x, 'kks/k ds vk/kkj ij fxyQksMZ us bl fl)kar esa lq/kkj djrs gq, lkexzh dks
fuEu Hkkxksa esa foHkä fd;k &
¼i½ Jof.kd ¼Auditory½
¼ii½ lkadsfrd ¼Symbolic½
¼iii½ O;ogkjijd ¼Behavioural½
¼iv½ n`f'od ¼Visual½
¼v½ 'kkfCnd ¼Verbal½
 fo"k; oLrq esa u;k rRo ¼Auditory½ gSA
 %
 cqf) dk ekiu djus ds fy, vusd euksoSKkfudksa us vusd cqf) ijh{k.k dk fl)kar fn;s gSaA cqf) ijh{k.k
dks izLrqrh ds vk/kkj ij izkjaHk esa nks oxksZa esas foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA tSls &

 
O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k
 
   
Hkk"kkRed ijh{k.k fØ;kRed ijh{k.k ,oa Hkk"kkRed ijh{k.k Hkk"kk jfgr ijh{k.k
Hkk"kk jfgr ijh{k.k
 dqN cqf) ijh{k.k dh izLrqrh esa Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] rks dqN esa ladsrksa vkSj fp=ka ds vk/kkj ij gksrk
gSA bl izdkj vkSj fp= dk iz;ksx gksus ds dkj.k iqu% cqf) ijh{k.k dks nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS tSls &
¼1½ 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k ¼Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx½
¼2½ v'kkfCnd dk cqf) ijh{k.k ¼fp=ksa dk iz;ksx½
 mi;qZDr nksuksa oxksZa ds feJ.k ls cqf) ijh{k.kksa dks pkj oxksZa esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA
1- Hkk"kk 'kkfCnd O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k

2- fp= v'kkfCnd O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k
3- Hkk"kk 'kkfCnd lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k
4- fp= v'kkfCnd lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k
 & O;fDrxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{k.kdrkZ] ,d ckj dsoy ,d gh O;fDr ds

lkeus ijh{k.k leL;kvksa dks j[krk gS vkSj ijh{kkFkhZ dh izfrfØ;k vk/kkj ij ijh{k.kdrkZ mldh ckSf)d
{kerk dk ekiu djrk gSA
 ekufld funku ds fy,A

 NksVs cPpksa ds ckSf)d fodkl gsrqA
 fiNM+s ckydksa ds fy,A
 ean cqf) ds ckydksa ds fy,A
 O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku ds fy,A
 O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k ls lacaf/kr fuEuor~ euksoSKkfud gS tSls &

 fous&lkbeuA
 LVSuQksMZ&VjeuA
 HkkfV;k cqf) ijh{k.kA
 MsfoM oS'kyj cqf) ijh{k.kA
Exam Fact :
 O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{k.k dÙkkZ dks dq'ky izf'k{kd gksuk vko';d gSA
 O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{k.kdÙkkZ vkSj ijh{kkFkhZ ds chp e/kqj laca/k dk gksuk vko';d gSA mnklhu
fLFkfr esa ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk LFkkfir ugha gks ldrh gSA
 O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa 'kkfCnd ,oa v'kkfCnd iz'u ijh{kkFkhZ ds lkeus j[ks tkrs gSA
 bl ijh{k.k esa fo'oluh;rk ;k oS/krk ;k lR;rk ik;h tkrh gSA
 O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa *le;* vkSj */ku* vf/kd yxrk gSA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k %

 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k dk izkjaHk f}rh; fo'o ;q) ¼1939&1945½ ds le; esa izkjaHk gqvkA lsuk esa lSfudksa
dh vf/kd la[;k esa HkrhZ djus ds fy, lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k dh vko';drk iM+hA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa *vaxzsth* tkuus vkSj u tkuus okyksa ds fy, nks dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
tSls &
1- vkehZ ,YQk  ijh{k.k & vaxzsth tkuus okyksa ds fy, FkkA
2- vkehZ ohVk  ijh{k.k & vaxzsth u tkuus okyksa ds fy, FkkA
lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k ls lacaf/kr fuEuor~ euksoSKkfud gS &

 tyksVk cqf) ijh{k.kA
 VaMu cqf) ijh{k.kA
 esgrk cqf) ijh{k.kA
Exam Fact :
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa ,d lkFk vusd O;fDr;ksa dk ijh{k.k gksrk gSA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa ,d lkFk *le;*] */ku* o *Je* dh cpr gksrh gSA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{k.kdrkZ vkSj ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp e/kqj laca/k dk gksuk vko';d ughaA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa Hkh 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k vkSj v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k esa fo'oluh;rk ;k oS/krk dh ek=k O;fDrxr cqf) ijh{k.k dh vis{kk de jgrh
gSA
1- ,d le; esa dsoy ,d gh O;fDr dk 1- ,d lkFk vusd O;fDr;ksa ij ijh{k.kA

ijh{k.kA mnk- mnk -
2- dq'ky izf'k{kd dk gksuk vko';d gSA 2- dq'ky izf'k{kd dk gksuk vko';d ugha gSA
3- ijh{k.k drkZ vkSj ijh{kkFkhZ ds chp eFkqj 3- ijh{k.kdrkZ vkSj ijh{kkFkhZ ds chp e/kqj laca/k
laca/k dk gksuk vko';d gSA dk gksuk vko';d ugha gSa
4- ;g NksVs ckydksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSa 4- ;g ijh{k.k o;Ldksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA
5- bl ijh{k.k esa dfBu iz'u gksrs gSaA 5- bl ijh{k.k esa ljy iz'u j[ks tkrs gSaA
6- izkekf.krk ¼Validity½ rFkk fo'oluh;rk 6- izkekf.kdrk ,oa fo'oluh;rk dk vHkko gSA

¼Reliability½ ikbZ tkrh gSA
7- O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa */ku* vf/kd 7- bl ijh{k.k esa */ku* de yxrk gSA
yxrk gSA
8- le; vf/kd yxrk gSA 8- *le;* de yxrk gSA
9- iz'u cukus esa dfBukbZA 9- iz'u ljyrk ls ou tkrs gSaA
 & 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{kkdrkZ ijh{kkFkhZ ds lkeus leL;kvksa dks 'kCnksa ;k Hkk"kk
ds :i esa izLrqrdrkZ gS vkSj ijh{kkFkhZ Hkh 'kCnksa ;k Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls gh vfHkO;fDr djrk gS ;k mÙkj nsrk
gSa rks mls *'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k* dgrs gSaA
 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k dks ih-ih-Vh- ¼Paper pencil Test½ ds uke ls ;k *dkxt&dye ijh{k.k* ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k esa lR;rk vf/kd gksrh gSA
 'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k lkekU;r;k oLrqfu"V gksrk gSA
 & v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k esa ijh{k.kdrkZ lh/ks rkSj ij ijh{kkFkhZ ds lkeus ladsrksa
vkSj fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls iz'uksa dks izLrqr djrk gS rFkk ijh{kkFkhZ Hkh mlh ek/;e esa mÙkj nsrk gS rks mls
*v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k* dgk tkrk gSA
 v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k esa dqN dk;Z djus ds fy, funsZ'k fn;s tkrs gSa vkSj dqN funsZ'k Hkk"kk ds ek/;e
ls fn;s tkrs gSaA mi;qZDr ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.k v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k dks nks oxksZas esa foHkkftr fd;k gS
tSls &
¼1½ fØ;kRed ijh{k.k ¼Performance Test½
¼2½ dkxt dye ijh{k.k ¼PPT½
 Hkk"kk ;k 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA  'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] cfYd izrhdksa] fp=ksa ;k LFkwy
lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 laLd`fr vfHkufr ijh{k.k  vis{kkd`r laLd`fr eqä ijh{k.kA
 f'kf{kr O;fä;ksa ij ijh{k.k  f'kf{kr ,oa vf'kf{kr nksuksa O;fä;ksa ij ijh{k.k
 ijh{k.k esa iqLrdh; Kku dk izHkko jgrk gSA  iqLrdh; Kku ds izHkko ls eqäA
 ijh{kkFkhZ dh okpu 'kfä] oxhZdj.k {kerk]  fp=&jpuk] vkd`fr fp=.k fufnZ"V vkdkj ds xqVds cukus
lkn`'; laca/k LFkkiuk 'kfä vkfn ;ksX;rkvksa bR;kfn ;ksX;rkvksa dk ijh{k.kA
dk ekiu
 cgq cqf) fl)kar ds izorZd Fks\ & gksoMZ xksMZuj

 rjy Bksl cqf) fl)kar ds izorZd Fks\ & vkj-oh- dSVy
 izFke euksoSKkfud iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dgka gqbZ Fkh\ & yhiftax
uxj ¼teZuh½
 dkSu deZpkjh xzhu chp os/k'kkyk esa =qfV dh Fkh\ & fdju cqzd
 fous&lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k dk laca/k fdrus o"kZ ds ckydksa ls gS & 3 ls 15 o"kZ
 fdl lu~ esa Vjeu us cqf)yfC/k dk lw= fn;k Fkk & 1916
 iknkuqØfed cqf) fl)kar dk izorZd Fkk & fQfyi cuZu
 cqf) ds f}&dkjd fl)kar dk izorZd Fkk & Lih;j eSu
 tM+ cqf) dh cqf) yfC/k fdruh gksrh gS\ & 71 ls de
 ts-ih- fxyQksMZ ds f=&ohek ds fl)kar esa mRikn chek esa fdrus rRo ;k dkjd gSa\
& 6 dkjd
 cqf) ijh{k.k dh 'kq:vkr fdl ns'k ds izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa izkjaHk gksrh gS & Ýkal
 fdl euksoSKkfud us cqf)erk dk vk/kkj 'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa dks crk;k Fkk & ySoVs j
 Hkkjr esa cqf) ijh{k.k dk izkjaHk chloha 'krkCnh ds rhljs n'kd ds izkjaHk esa ekuh x;h gSA
 fous&lkbeu ijh{k.k dk Hkkjrh; vuqdwyu ls Hkkjr esa cqf) ijh{k.k dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gSaA
 MkW- lh-,p-jkbl dks ;g Js; feyrk gSa ftUgksaus 1922 esa fcus lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k dk vuqdwyu fd;k
Fkk vkSj 1922 esa gh *fgUnqLrkuh fcus dk;kZRed ijh{k.k* ds uke ls bldk izdk'ku gqvkA
 lu~ 1972 bZ- esa MkW- ts-eksjs us **'kkfCnd lewg ijh{k.k* rFkk *izkjfEHkd oxhZdj.k* ijh{k.k cukbZA blds
vfrfjDr vysDtsaMj }kjk cuk;s x;s *fØ;kRed ijh{k.k lewg* ds vk/kkj ij us
viuk *fØ;kRed ijh{k.k lewg* rS;kj fd;kA fØ;kRed ijh{k.k lewg esa ikap ijh{k.k lEefyr fd;s x;s
gSaA tSls &

 vysDtsa.MlZ ikl ,ykax ijh{k.kA uksV %
 bfefM,V eseksjh VsLV Qkj fMftV~lA Hkkjr esa MkW- panzeksgu HkkfV;k }kjk fufeZr
 dksbt Cykd fMtkbu ijh{k.kA uked cqf)
ijh{k.k izfl) gSA
 iSVuZ Mªkbax ijh{k.kA
 fiDpj dkUlVªD'ku ijh{k.kA
1- MkW- lksgu yky Allahabd Intelligence ijh{k.k 1942

2- ,e-,e- eksgflu eksgflu *fogkj lkekU; cqf) ijh{k.k 1943
3- MkW- lh-,e- HkkfV;k cSVjh&cqf) ijh{k.k@fØ;k ijh{k.k lewg 1955
4- iz;kx esgrk lkewfgd cqf) ijh{k.k 1961
5- MkW- vkj- ds VaMu lkewfgd ekufld ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k 1961
6- MkW- ,l- tyksVk lk/kkj.k ekufld ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k 1963
7- ekfyUl Hkkjrh; cPpksa ds fy, oS'yj cqf) ekiuh 1969
8- vkj-ds- vks>k Verbal Intelligence Test 1970
9- MkW- ih-,u- esgjks=k Mixed Tpye Group Test of Intelligence 1971
10- ,-,u- feJk Human Fiqure Drawing Test 1976
Exam Fact :
 Ýkal ds izfl) euksoSKkfud dks cqf) ekiu] ijh{k.k dk vk/kqfud ;qx dk firk ekuk tkrk
gSA
 LVsu cxZ dh cqf) ds f=Lrjh; fl)kar fuEuor gS &
1- O;kogkfjd cqf)
2- l`tukRed cqf)
3- fo'ys"k.kkRed cqf)A

 d{kk esa izos'k ysus esa enn
 O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku ds fy,
 vfHkHkkodksa ds fy, funsZ'ku
 f'k{kdksa ds p;u gsrq
 ean cqf) ds ckydksa ds fy,
 ekufld chekfj;ksa ds mipkj
 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku ds fy,
 'kSf{kd nqcZyrk dk funku
 Nk=ksa dk Js.khdj.k djuk
 Nk=ksa dk Js.khdj.k djuk
 iz[kj Nk=ksa ds fy,
 leL;k ewyd ckydksa ds fy,
 d{kksUufr ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; esa lgkr;k

 bl v'kkfCnd cqf) ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k us fd;k FkkA
 bl ijh{k.k ds fuEu nks :i gSa &

 
jaxhu izksxzsflo eSfVªlst LVSaMMZ izksxzsflo eSfVªlst
 
cPpksa rFkk fof'k"V o;Ldksa ds fy, iz;qä
lewgksa ds fy, iz;qä
 blesa ijh{kkFkhZ dks ,d viw.kZ izfr:i fn[kk;k tkrk gS] ftldks fodYi ds :i esa fn, x, oSdfYid
izfr:iksa esa ls ,d fodYi dks pqudj iwjk djuk gksrk gSA
 ;g fu"iknu ijh{k.k ^G ;k dks ekius ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA
 Wechsler Intelligence Test

 os'yj us o;Ldksa dh cqf) ekius ds fy, lu~ 1939 esa ,d ekid rS;kj fd;k] ftldk uke os'yj&osysC;w
ekiuh j[kk x;kA
 lu~ 1955 esa bls la'kksf/kr djds bldk uke os'yj o;Ld cqf) ekiuh ¼WAIS½ j[kk x;kA
 bl ijh{k.k esa fuEu 3 rjg dh cqf)&yfC/k ¼I.Q.½ dk ekiu gksrk gS &
¼i½ 'kkfCnd cqf)&yfC/k
¼ii½ fØ;kRed cqf)&yfC/k
¼iii½ laiw.kZ ekiuh dh cqf)&yfC/k

 
os'yj&osysC;w ekiuh ¼1939½ cPpksa ds fy, os'yj cqf) ekiuh ¼1949½

os'yj o;Ld cqf) ekiuh ¼1981½
 
WAIS - R WISC - R (1974)
 
16 ls 74 o"kZ rd dh vk;q oxZ ds fy, 6 ls 15 o"kZ 11 ekg rd dh vk;q oxZ ds fy,
 os'yj&osysC;w ekiuh esa dqN mi&ijh{kk,a] ¼lkekU;r% 10 ;k 12½ gksrh gSa ftuesa dqN Hkk"kkRed ¼5 ;k 6½
rFkk dqN fØ;kRed ¼5 ;k 6½ ekiuh gksrh gS tks fuEuor n'kkZb xbZ gSa &

 
Hkk"kkRed Ldsy fØ;kRed Ldsy
 
 lkekU; Kku dh ijh{kk  vad&fpà ijh{kk
 lkekU; cks/kxE;rk dh ijh{kk  fp=&iw.kZrk ijh{kk
 xf.krh; rdZ dh ijh{kk  CykWd fMtkbu ijh{kk
 vad foLrkj dh ijh{kk  fp=&O;oLFkk ijh{kk
 Hksn djus dh {kerk dh ijh{kk  oLrq ladyu ijh{kk
 'kCn&Kku dh ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh egRoiw.kZ iz'uksŸkj
01- ekufld vk;q dk izR;; fn;k Fkk& 05- cqf)&yfC/k laizR;; fodflr fd;k&
¼A½ fcus&lkbeu us ¼A½ fcus us ¼B½ jhM us
¼B½ LVuZ us ¼C½ VeZu us ¼D½ dSVy us
¼C½ VeZu us mŸkj&¼C½
¼D½ flfjy cVZ us  cqf) ekiu ds fy, cqf)&yfC/k O;fä;ksa ;k ckydksa ds
mŸkj&¼a½ ekufld fodkl ;k cqf) dks O;ä djus okyk ,d ,slk
 Ýkal ds ,YÝsM fcus dks cqf) ekiu dk çorZd ekuk fujis{k eku gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls mlds dq'kkxz]
tkrk gS] ftUgksaus lkbeu ds lg;ksx ls o"kZ 1905 esa lkekU; ;k ean cqf) okyk gksus dk irk rks pyrk gh gS]
izFke lQy cqf) ijh{k.k fd;kA blfy, bls o"kZ 1905 lkFk gh lkFk mldh rqyuk vU; ckydksa ;k O;fä;ksa ls
dk fcus&lkbeu cqf) ijh{k.k dgk x;k FkkA ekufld ljyrk ls dh tk ldrh gSA
vk;q dk izR;; loZizFke fcus&lkbeu }kjk fn;k x;k
Fkk] ftlds }kjk ckyd ;k O;fä dh lkekU; ekufld 06- cqf)&yfC/k&
;ksX;rk crkbZ tkrh gSA ¼A½ ekufld vk;q ¼B½ laosxkRed vk;q
¼C½ okLrfod vk;q ¼D½ lkekftd vk;q
02- ekufld vk;q ds izR;; dk loZizFke iz;ksx fd;k& mŸkj&¼a½
¼A½ FkkuZMkbd ¼B½ fxyQksMZ
¼C½ Lih;jeSu ¼D½ fcus&lkbeu 07- cqf)&yfC/k fudkyus dk lw= gS&
mŸkj&¼D½ ¼A½ ekufld vk;q × okLrfod vk;q
okLrfod vk;q
03- fdlus lcls igys cqf) ijh{k.k dk fuekZ.k fd;k\ ¼B½ ekufld vk;q
¼A½ MsfoM oS'yj
ekufld vk;q
¼B½ ,YÝsM fcus ¼C½ okLrfod vk;q× 100
¼C½ pkYlZ ,MoMZ Lih;jeSu
¼D½ jkWcVZ LVuZcxZ ¼D½ okLrfod vk;q $ ekufld vk;q
mŸkj&¼B½ mŸkj&¼C½

04- vk/kkj vk;q fuEu esa ls fdlds ekiu ls lacfa /kr gS\ ekufld vk;q
¼A½ #fp ¼B½ O;fäRo cqf)yfC/k ¾ × 100
dkykØe@okLrfod vk;q
¼C½ cqf) ¼D½ vo/kku
cqf)yfC/k  ekufld vk;q
mŸkj&¼C½
 vk/kkj vk;q cqf) ds ekiu ls lacf/kr gSA vk/kkj vk;q 1
dk laizR;; teZu oSKkfud LVuZ }kjk o"kZ 1912 esa fn;k cqf)yfC/k  × 100
dkykuqØfed vk;q
x;k FkkA
cqf)yfC/k] okLrfod vk;q ¼dkykuqØfed vk;q½ dh mŸkj&¼A½

O;qRØekuqikrh rFkk ekufld vk;q dh lekuqikfrd
gksrh gSA 12- HkkfV;k ijh{k.k cSVjh esa lfEefyr gS&
¼A½ nks mi&ijh{k.k
08- cqf)yfC/k ds laca/k eas D;k lR; gS\ ¼B½ rhu mi&ijh{k.k
¼A½ ckSf)d vk;q esa O;qRØeh lacaf/kr ¼C½ ikap mi&ijh{k.k
¼B½ dkykuqØfed vk;q ls izR;{kr5 lacaf/kr ¼D½ lkr mi&ijh{k.k
¼C½ dkykuqØfed vk;q ls O;qRØeh lacaf/kr mŸkj&¼C½
¼D½ ckSf)d rFkk dkykuqØfed vk;q nksuksa ls
izR;{kr% lacfa /kr 13- ^LVSuQksMZ&fcus ijh{k.k* ekiu djrk gS&
mŸkj&¼C½ ¼A½ O;fäRo dk ¼B½ i<+us dh n{krk dk
¼C½ cqf) dk ¼D½ mi;qZä esa ls dksbZ ughaA
09- fcus&lkbeu ijh{k.k }kjk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS& mŸkj&¼C½
¼A½ lkekU; cqf) dk  LVSuQksMZ&fcus ijh{k.k cqf) dk ekiu djrk gSA ;g
¼B½ fof'k"V cqf) dk laKkukRed {kerk ds ikap dkjdksa & rjy rdZ'kfä]
¼C½ vfHko`fr dk Kku] ek=kRed rdZ'kfä] n`';&LFkkfud izlaLdj.k rFk
¼D½ vfHk{kerk dk dk;Z Le`fr dk ekiu djrk gSA
mŸkj&¼A½
 fcus&lkbeu ijh{k.k }kjk lkekU; cqf) dk ekiu fd;k 14- fdl cqf)&yfC/k Lrj dk ckyd lkekU; cqf)
tkrk gSA okyk dgykrk gS\
¼A½ 70&79 ¼B½ 80&89
10- HkkfV;k cSVjh dk iz;ksx fuEu esa fdlds ekiu gsrq ¼C½ 90&109 ¼D½ 110&119
fd;k tkrk gS\ mŸkj&¼C½
¼A½ O;fäRo ¼B½ #fp 
¼C½ cqf) ¼D½ vfHk{kerk
mŸkj&¼C½
 o"kZ 1953 esa çksQslj panzeksgu HkkfV;k }kjk HkkfV;k (%)
cSVjh ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx O;fäxr cqf) ijh{k.k esa fd;k 130 ls v/kfd 2 çfrHkk'kkyh (Genius)
x;k FkkA bl cqf) ijh{k.k ds 5 ckSf)d mi&ijh{k.k 121 ls 130 7 ç[kj cqf) (Sperior)
111 ls 120 16 rhoz cqf) (Above Average)
Øe'k% dksg dk CykWd VsLV] ikl ,ykax VsLV] vkÑfr 91 ls 110 50 lkekU; cqf) (Average)
fuekZ.k VsLV] rkRdkfyd Le`fr VsLV ,oa rLohj fuekZ.k 81 ls 90 16 ean cqf) (Feeble Minded)
VsLV gS rFkk ;g ^HkkfV;k cSVjh vkWQ ijQkWesaZl VsLV 71 ls 80 7 vYi cqf) (Dul)
vkWQ baVsyhtsal* Hkh dgykrk gSA 71 ls de 2 tM+ cqf) (Idiot, Imbecil)
vr%90&109 cqf)&yfC/k Lrj dk ckyd lkekU; cqf)
okyk dgykrk gSA
11- cqf) ekiu dh HkkfV;k cSVjh ijh{k.k esa gS&
¼A½ 5 mi&ijh{k.k ¼B½ 8 mi&ijh{k.k
¼C½ 4 mi&ijh{k.k ¼D½ 7 mi&ijh{k.k
15- ftu ckydksa dh cqf)&yfC/k-----------------gS lk/kkj.kr% 19- ,d ckyd dh ekufld vk;q 12 o"kZ vkSj 'kkjhfjd
mUgsa ekufld U;wurk&xzflr dh Js.kh esa j[krs gSaA vk;q 10 o"kZ gSA mldk cqf)yfC/k gksxk&
¼A½ 70 ls de ¼A½ 120 ¼B½ 100
¼B½ 70 ls Åij ¼C½ 22 ¼D½ 83
¼C½ 80&100 ds chp mŸkj&¼A½
¼D½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha ekufld vk;q
mŸkj&¼A½  cqf)&yfC/k ¾ 'kkjhfjd vk;q × 100
 fty ckydksa dh cqf)&yfC/k 70 ls de gS lk/kkj.kr%

12
mUgsa ekufld U;wurk&xzflr dh Js.kh esa j[krs gSaA cqf)&yfC/k ¾  100
10
ckyd dh cqf)&yfC/k ¾ 120
16- dkSu&lk cqf)&yfC/k Lrj ean cqf) okys cPpksa dk
izf'k{k.k ;ksX; cqf)&yfC/k Lrj dgykrk gS\ 20- 16 o"khZ; cPpk cqf)&yfC/k ijh{k.k esa 75 vad izkIr
¼A½ 70&79 ¼B½ 50&69 djrk gS( mldh ekufld vk;q ---------- o"kZ gksxhA
¼C½ 36&49 ¼D½ 35 ,oa fuEu ¼A½ 8 ¼B½ 14
mŸkj&¼*½ ¼C½ 15 ¼D½ 12
 81&90 cqf)&yfC/k Lrj eana cqf) okys cPpksa dk izf'k{k.k mŸkj&¼D½
;ksX; cqf)&yfC/k Lrj dgykrk gSA 
ekufld vk;q
17- VjeSu ds vuqlkj] 90&100 cqf)&yfC/k dk ckyd cqf)&yfC/k ¾ × 100
okLrfod vk;q
ekuk tkrk gS&
¼A½ ean cqf) ¼B½ lkekU; cqf) ekufld vk;q
75 ¾ × 100
¼C½ Js"B cqf) ¼D½ {kh.k cqf) 16
mŸkj&¼B½
75  16
 VjeSu ds vuqlkj] 90&100 cqf)&yfC/k dk ckyd ekufld vk;q ¾  12 o"kZ
100
lkekU; cqf) okyk ckyd ekuk tkrk gSA
18- fiNM+s cPPkksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd yfC/k dh vo/kkj.kk 21- ;fn ,d cPps dh ekufld mez 5 o"kZ rFkk okLrfod
fdlus nh gS\ mez 4 o"kZ gS] rks ml cPps dh I.Q. gksrh gS&
¼A½ xkWMZu ¼B½ 'kksusy ¼A½ 125 ¼B½ 80
¼C½ cVZu gkWy ¼D½ flfjy cVZ ¼C½ 120 ¼D½ 100
mŸkj&¼D½ mŸkj&¼A½
 fiNM+s ckyd os gksrs gSa] tks viuh vk;q Lrj dh d{kk ekufld vk;q
 cqf)&yfC/k ¾ okLrfod vk;q × 100
ls ,d lh<+h uhps dh d{kk dk dk;Z djus esa Hkh vleFkZ
gksrs gSAa fiNM+s cPpksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd yfC/k dh voèkkj.kk 5 500
flfjy cVZ us nh gSA cqf)&yfC/k ¾  100 ¾  125
4 4
22- ,d ckyd dh okLrfod vk;q 12 o"kZ rd ekufld ¼C½ ,d fof'k"V ;ksX;rk

vk;q 15 o"kZ gS] rks mldh cqf)&yfC/k gksxh& ¼D½ lkeF;ksZa dk ,d leqPp;
¼A½ 125 ¼B½ 120 mŸkj&¼D½
¼C½ 80 ¼D½ 100  cqf) fofHkUu {kerkvksa ;k lkeF;ksZa dk ,d leqPp;
mŸkj&¼A½ ¼;ksx½ gSA
ekufld vk;q
 cqf)&yfC/k ¾ okLrfod vk;q × 100 26- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk cqf) dk fl)kar ugha gS\
¼A½ ,d&rRo fl)kar ¼B½ f}&rRo fl)kar
15
cqf)&yfC/k ¾  100  125 ¼C½ izR;kxeu fl)kar ¼D½ cgqrRo fl)kar
12
mŸkj&¼C½
 cqf) ds ,d dkjd fl)kar dk leFkZu fcus] VeZu rFkk
23- ikap o"kZ ds eksgu dh ekufld vk;q vkB o"kZ gSA
LVuZ vkfn euksoSKkfudksa us] f}&dkjd fl)kar dk
mldh cqf)&yfC/k fdruh gS\ izfriknu Lih;jeSu us rFkk cgq&dkjd fl)kar dk
¼A½ 150 ¼B½ 160 izfriknu FkkuZMkbd us fd;k] tcfd izR;kxeu dk
¼C½ 140 ¼D½ 135 fl)kar vkuqoaf'kdrk ls lacaf/kr gSA
mŸkj&¼B½
ekufld vk;q 27- cqf) ds f}&dkjd fl)kar dk izfriknu fdlus
 cqf)&yfC/k ¾ okLrfod vk;q × 100 fd;k \
¼A½ FkkuZMkbd ¼B½ Lih;jeSu
8
¾  100  160 ¼C½ ouZu ¼D½ LVuZ
5
mŸkj&¼B½
24- euq"; dk O;ogkj eq[;r% fdlls izsfjr gksrk gS \  cqf) ds f}&dkjd fl)kar dk izfriknu pkYlZ Lih;jeSu
¼A½ dkS'ky ¼B½ vfHk{kerk us fd;k FkkA muds vuqlkj] euq"; dh cqf) nks
dkjdksa&lkekU; dkjd ¼th&dkjd] G-Factor½ rFkk
¼C½ vfHko`fŸk ¼D½ cqf)
fof'k"V dkjd ¼,l&dkjd] S-Factor½ dk la?kVd gksrh
mŸkj&¼D½ gS] ftlesa rdZ djus dh {kerk vkSj leL;k&lek/kku
 euq"; dk O;ogkj eq[;r% cqf) ls izsfjr gksrk gSA djus dh {kerk dks lkekU; dkjd dgrs gSaA
euksoSKkfudksa dh n`f"V esa cqf) esa fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,a
gksrh gSa & 28- Lih;jeSu us dkjd fn, &
1½ oLrqvksa rFkk fopkjksa esa fLFkfr vuqlkj mfpr laca/k ¼A½ lkekU; dkjd ¼B½ fof'k"V dkjd
j[kuk rFkk
¼C½ mijksDr nksuksa ¼D½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha
2½ mu laca/kksa dks ubZ fLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djukA
mŸkj&¼C½
25- cqf) gS &
¼A½ ,d vdsyk vkSj tkrh; fopkj
¼B½ nwljksa ds vuqdj.k djus dh ;ksX;rk

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¼Nk=kokl v/kh{kd in gsrq½ By : Anil Dixit

Every Child is an artist.

(Education & Psychology)

(Guidance and Counselling)

01 f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku

JhenHkxon~xhrk esa dgk x;k gS fd &

f'k{kk laLÑr Hkk" kk

& mlus mPp f'k{kk izkIr dh gSA

 çeq[k f'k{kkfonks }kjk nh x;h f'k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk %

Û ds 'kCnksa esa &

Û & euq"; dh vUrfuZfgr iw.kZrk dks vfHkO;ä djuk f'k{kk gSA*

Û & *f'k{kk dk vFkZ mu loZekU; fopkjksa dks fodflr djuk gS]

Û Pestalozzi & *f'k{kk euq"; dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa dk LokHkkfod] lejl vkSj

 ¼Education is the modification of Behaviour½

(Tripolar Aspect of Education)

 f'k{kk ds rhu /kqzo &

lkbdksykWth ;wukuh Hkk"kk lkbdh (Psyche)  vkRek

1- izkphu ;k xzhd ;qx ¼1½ IysVks euksfoKku dk fo"k; ekuk gSA

2- e/;;qx ¼1½ lar vkxLVkbu euksfoKku dk fo"k; gSA

4- ledkyhu ¼1½ ch-,Q- Ldhuj euksfoKku dk fo"k; dk foKku ekuk gSA

euksfoKku ds fo"k; ¼izkjaHk&var½

Û & *euksfoKku ekuo ,oa i'kq O;ogkj dk foKku gSA**

Û & *euksfoKku ekuo O;ogkj vkSj ekuo laca/kksa foKku gSaA**

Û & **euksfoKku okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa gksus okys ekuo O;ogkjksa

Û oh-,Q- Ldhuj ds 'kCnksa esa *euksfoKku f'k{kk dk vk/kkjHkwr foKku gSA*

O;ogkj ds ifjektZu ds fy, 

Û euksoSKkfud dk er gS fd&f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku ds loZizFke O;ofLFkr fl)kUrksa esa ls ,d

Û vesfjdk dh ^ laLFkk ds iz;kl ls chloha

 & euksfoKku dk fo"k; ^psruk* gS] fdldk er gS\

 & euksfoKku dk fo"k; ^vkRek* gS] fdldk er gS\

 & ^lkbdh* vkSj ^yksxsl* 'kCn fdlls cuk gS\

 & ^f'k{kk&euksfoKku ekuoh; O;ogkj dk 'kSf{kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa v/;;u

djrk gSA** fdl euksoSKkfud us ifjHkk"kk nh gS\

 & ^^f'k{kk&euksfoKku O;fä ds tUe ls o`)koLFkk rd lh[kus ds vuqHkoksa dk

o.kZu ,oa O;k[;k djrk gS** fdldk er gS\

Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud euksfoKku

 & lj us iz;ksxkRed euksfoKku dk ikBÓØe rS;kj fd;k ,oa euksfoKku ds

euksfoKku ds çeq[k laiznk; bl izdkj gSa &

 xzLVkYVoknh euksoSKkfudksa esa ] ] k rFkk eq[; :i ls tkus

 fouht fpfdRld (Viennese Physician) (Sigmund Freud) dks ^euksfo'ys"k.kokn dk

ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd laKkukred n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZd

(i) nSfgd ekax (Physical Needs)

(ii) lqj{kk ekax (Safety Needs)

(iii) lkekftd ekax (Social Needs)

(iv) Lo lEeku ekax (Self Esteem Needs)

(v) vkReflf) ekax (Self Actualization Needs)

oqaV] fVpuj laosnuk varnZ'ku 1879 vkRefujh{k.kokn

euksfoKku ,d oSKkfud v/;;u gS] oSKkfud fof/k ds 5 çeq[k lksiku

 (Major Goals of Psychology) :

 (Concept of Psychology in India) :

euksfoKku dh Hkkjrh; ladYiuk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ &

ijh{kk mi;ks x h egRoiw. kZ iz ' uks Ÿ kj

¼D½ dksbZ ughaA mŸkj&¼D½

27- çkFkfed f'k{kd ds fy, cky euksfoKku dk Kku

28- cky euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij dkSu&lk dFku

29- cky euksfoKku dk {ks= gS %

ftlesa fØ;kRed i{k dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

oSKkfudksa us cqf) ds fo"k; esa fuEuor ifjHkk"kk nh gS &

 & ^cqf)] dk;Z djus dh ,d fof/k gSA*

¼2½ & lkekftd okrkoj.k esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrk gSA

Û oh-,Q- Ldhuj ds 'kCnksa esa euksfoKku f'k{kk dk vk/kkjHkwr foKku gSA

8- le; vf/kd yxrk gSA 8- le; de yxrk gSA