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bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
bfrgkl dh tkudkjh gSA çkIr gq, gSA
 jktrjax.kh iqLrd dk ys[kd dYg.k gSA bl iqLrd esa  flU/kq lH;rk ds çeq[k LFky%&
d'ehj ds jktkvksa dk bfrgkl gSA 1- gMIik &ikfdLrku &jkoh unh
 v"Vk/kk;h iqLrd dk ys[kd ikf.kuh gSA ;g laL—r 2- eksgutksnMks &ikfdLrku &flU/kq unh
O;kdj.k dh iqLrd gSA 3- pUgwnMks &ikfdLrku &flU/kq unh
 lcls çkphu Le`fr euq Le`fr gSA blds ys[kd euq gSA 4- dkyhcaxu &jktLFkku &?kX?kj unh
 tSu lkfgR; dks vkxe dgk tkrk gSA 5- yksFky &xqtjkr &Hkksxok unh
 tSu /keZ dk çkjfEHkd bfrgkl dYilq= uked iqLrd
6- jksiM &iatkc &lryt unh
esa gSA ;g Hkæckgq us fy[kh gSA
7- vkyexhjiqj &esjB &fgUMu unh
 tkrd dFkk,¡ ckS) /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gSA blesa egkRek
cq) ds iqutZUe dh dgkfu;k¡ gSA 8- jaxiqj &xqtjkr &eknj unh
 Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu uxj eksgutksnMks Fkk] ftls 9- /kkSykchjk &xqtjkr &
e`rdks dk Vhyk dgk tkrk gSA 10- cuekyh &gfj;k.kk &jaxksbZ unh
 vle esa ik;s tkus okyk fxcu Hkkjr dk ,dek= dfi 11- lqrdkxsMksj &ikfdLrku &nk'd unh
gSA  eksgutksnMks ls çkIr lcls cMh bekjr vUukxkj gSA
flU/kq ?kkVh ;k gM+Iik lH;rk  budh eq[; Qly&xsagw vkSj tkS Fkh vkSj ;g lwrh ,oa
 flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk dky 2500 bZñiwñ ls 1750 bZñiwñ Åuh oL=ksa dk ç;ksx djrs FksA
FkkA  vfXu dq.M yksFky rFkk dkyhcaxu ls çkIr gq;s gSA
 gM+Iik Vhys d loZçFke mYys[k 1826 bZñ esa pkYlZ dkyhcaxu dk vFkZ gS&dkyh pwfM;k¡A
eSLlu }kjk fd;k x;kA gM+Iik laL—fr dks dkaL;  euds cukus ds dkj[kkus yksFky rFkk pUgwnMks ls çkIr
;qxhu lH;rk Hkh dgrs gSaA bu yksxksa dks rk¡cs esa fVu gq;s gSA
feykdj dkalk cukus dh fof/k vkrh FkhA  pkoy ds lk{; yksFky ls çkIr gq;s gSA
 flU/kq lH;rk dh [kkst jk;cgknqj n;kjke lgkuh us dh  gMIik dh eksgjksa ij ,d lhax okys i'kq dk fp=
FkhA feyrk gSA ;s eksgjsa LVsykbV /kkrq dh cuh gqbZ FkhA
 bl lH;rk ds eq[; fuoklh æfoM rFkk Hkq&e/;  flU/kq lH;rk ds yksx ekr` nsoh dh iwtk djrs Fks vkSj
lkxjh; FksA ;g ,d uxjh; lH;rk FkhA i'kqvksa esa dqcM okys lkaM dh iwtk djrs FksA
 flU/kq lH;rk dk cUnjxkg yksFky dks ekuk tkrk gSA  ;s yksx lqrh rFkk Åuh oL=ksa dk ç;ksx djrs Fks rFkk
 flU/kq lH;rk dh fyfi HkkokRed ¼fp=kRed½ FkhA ;g euksjatu ds fy, ;s yskx eNyh idMuk] f'kdkj djuk]
fyfi nk;s ls ck;s fy[kh tkrh FkhA i'kq&i{kh dks vkil esa yMkuk rFkk iklk [ksyuk dk
 flU/kq lH;rk esa uxj rFkk ?kjks dks cukus ds fy, fxzM ç;ksx djrs FksA
i)fr viukbZ xbZA  budks ryokj dk Kku ugha Fkk vkSj vkx esa idh gqbZ
 flU/kq lekt ekr`lÙkkRed FkkA feV~Vh dks VsjhdksVk dgk tkrk FkkA
 eksgu tksnMks ls urZdh dh ,d dkaL; dh ewfrZ feyh  flU/kq lekt esa inkZ&çFkk rFkk os';ko`fÙk Hkh çpfyr
gSA FkhA
 ;s yksx feBkl ds fy, 'kgn dk ç;ksx djrs FksA  flU/kq lH;rk ds yksx yky feV~Vh ls crZu cukrs Fks
lSa/kooklh n'keyo ç.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr ck¡Vksa dk ç;ksx rFkk ml ij dkys jax dk fMtkbu cukrs FksA
djrs FksA  flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds foukl dk dkj.k ck< dks ekuk
 yksFky esa feV~Vh ls fufeZr ?kksMs dh çfrek çkIr gqbZ gSA tkrk gSA
;gk¡ xk; ds lk{; ugha feys gSA oSfnd lH;rk
 flU/kqoklh cÙk[k dks vR;f/kd ifo= ekurs FksA  oSfnd dky dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
 tqrs gq, [ksr ds lk{; dkyhcaxu ls çkIr gq, gSA gSA
 udk'khnkj bZVks ds ç;ksx dk lk{; Hkh dkyhcaxu ls 1- _XoSfnd dky ¼1500&1000 bZñiwñ½

2 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
2- mÙkjoSfnd dky ¼1000&600 bZñiwñ½ fudkyus dk çko/kku FkkA
 eSDl ewyj us crk;k vk;Z Hkkjr esa e/; ,f'k;k ¼bZjku½  _Xosn esa mYysf[kr lHkh ufn;ksa esa ljLorh unh dks
ls vk;s Fks vkSj Hkkjr esa loZçFke iatkc rFkk lcls egRoiw.kZ rFkk ifo= ekuk x;k gSA _Xosn esa
vQxkfuLrku esa clsA xaxk unh dk mYys[k 1 ckj rFkk ;equk unh dk
 vk;ks± }kjk fufeZr lH;rk oSfnd lH;rk FkhA vk;Z 'kCn mYys[k 3 ckj gqvk gSA blesa flU/kq unh dk mYys[k
dk vFkZ Js"B gksrk gSA lcls vf/kd ckj gqvk gSA
 vk;ks± dh Hkk"kk laL—r Fkh vkSj ;g xzkeh.k lH;rk FkhA mÙkjoSfnd dky ¼1000&600½ bZñiwñ
 ç'kklu dh bZdkb dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k FkkA  mÙkjoSfnd dky esa bUæ ds LFkku ij çtkifr nsork
1- dqy 2- xzke 3- fo'k 4- tu 5- jk"Vª lcls fç; gks x;sA
 xzke ds eqf[k;k dks xzkeh.kh dgrs FksA  mÙkjoSfnd dky esa o.kZO;oLFkk tUe ds vk/kkj ij r;
 fo'k dk ç/kku fo'kifr dgykrk Fkk rFkk tu ds 'kklu gksus yxhA
dks jktu dgrs FksA  mÙkjoSfnd dky esa gy dks fljk rFkk gy&js[kk dks
 lHkk ,oa lfefr jktk dks lykg nsus okyh laLFkk FkhA lhrk dgrs FksA
fL=;ksa nksuksa esa Hkkx ys ldrh FkhaA  lR;eso t;rs eq.Mdksifu"kn ls fy;k x;k gSA
 ;q) ds fy, xfof"V 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS]  mÙkjoSfnd dky esa dkS'kkEch uxj esa çFke ckj iDdh
ftldk vFkZ xk;ks dh [kkst FkkA bZVks dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA
 oktifr xkspj Hkqfe dk vf/kdkjh gksrk FkkA mxz  egkdkO; nks gSA 1- egkHkkjr 2- jkek;.k
vijkf/k;ksa dks idMus dk dk;Z djrk FkkA  egkHkkjr dk iqjkuk uke t;lafgrk gSA egkHkkjr fo'o
 _XoSfnd lekt dks O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij pkj o.kksZ esa dk lcls cMk egkdkO; gSA
ck¡Vk x;k FkkA  xkS= uked laLFkk dk tUe Hkh mÙkjjoSfnd dky esa
1- czkã.k 2- {kf=; 3- oS'; 4- 'kwæ gqvkA
 vk;Z dk lekt fir`lÙkkRed FkkA lekt dh lcls çeq[k n'kZu ,oa muds çorZd
NksVh bZdkb ifjokj ;k dqy Fkh] ftldk eqf[k;k firk n'kZu çorZd
gksrk Fkk vkSj mls dqyi dgrs FksA ;ksx n'kZu & iratfy
 L=h;k¡ bl dky esa vius ifr ds lkFk ;K dk;ksZ esa U;k; n'kZu & xksre _f"k
Hkkx ysrh FkhA pkokZd n'kZu & pkokZd
 cky&fookg rFkk inkZ&çFkk dk çpyu ugh FkkA lka[; n'kZu & dfiy eqfu ¼lcls çkphu½
iwoZ feeklka & tSfeuh jk;
 fo/kok vius e`r ifr ds NksVs HkkbZ ls fookg dj ldrh mÙkj feeklka & cknjk;.k
FkhA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu & d.kkn ;k myqd
 thouHkj vfookfgr jgus okyh efgykvksa dks vektw
dgk tkrk FkkA
tSu /keZ
 vk;ks± dk fç; is;&inkFkZ lksejl FkkA ;g ouLifr ls  tSu /keZ ds laLFkkid rFkk çFke rhFkZdj _"kHknso FksA
cuk;k tkrk FkkA  tSu /keZ ds 23osa rhFkZdj ik'oZukFk Fks] tks dk'kh ds
 mifu"knksa dh la[;k 108 gSA jktk v'olsu ds iq= FksA
 vk;ks± dk eq[; O;olk; i'kq&ikyu vkSj —f"k FkkA  egkohj Lokeh tSu /keZ ds 24osa rFkk vfUre rhFkZdj FksA
rEckdw dk Kku oSfnd dky ds yksxksa dks ugha FkkA egkohj Lokeh dk tUe 540 bZñiwñ esa dq.Mxzke ¼oS'kkyh½
esa gqvk FkkA
 vk;ks± dk fç; i'kq ?kksMk vkSj fç; nsork bUæ FksA Åuh
diM+s dks lkewY; dgrs FksA  buds firk dk uke fl)kFkZ Fkk tks Kkr`d dqy ds
ljnkj Fks vkSj ekrk dk uke f='kyk nsoh FkkA og
 vk;ks± }kjk [kksth xbZ /kkrq yksgk Fkh] ftls ';ke v;l~ fyPNoh jktk psVd dh cgu FkhA
dgk tkrk Fkk rFkk rkacs dks yksfgr v;l~ dgk tkrk
FkkA  egkohj Lokeh dh iRuh dk uke ;'kksnk rFkk iq=h dk
uke fç;n'kZuh FkkA
 xk; dh gR;k djus okyks ds fy, e`R;qn.M rFkk ns'k ls
 egkohj Lokeh ds cpiu dk uke o)Zeku FkkA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 3
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 egkohj Lokeh us 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ekrk&firk dh ckS)&/keZ
e`R;q ds i'pkr~ vius cMs HkkbZ uafno/kZu ls vuqefr
 ckS) /keZ ds laLFkkid xkSre cq) FksA bUgs ,f'k;k dh
ysdj lU;klh thou dks Lohdkjk FkkA
T;ksfr ¼Light of Asia½ dgk tkrk gSA
 12 o"kZ dh dBhu riL;k ds i'pkr~ t`fEHkdkxzke esa  budk tUe 563 bZñiwñ esa dfiyoLrq ds yqfEcuh uked
_tqikfydk unh ds fdukjs lky ds o`{k ds uhps budks LFkku ij gqvk FkkA
Kku dh çkfIr gq;hA blh le; budk uke egkohj iM+
x;kA  buds firk dk uke 'kq)ks/ku Fkk] tks 'kkD; x.k ds
eqf[k;k FksA
 bUgksaus vius mins'k çk—r ¼v/kZekx/kh½ Hkk"kk esa fn;sA
 budh ekrk ek;k nsoh dh e`R;q buds tUe ds 7osa fnu
 egkohj ds vuq;k;h dks fuxzaFk dgk tkrk gSA gh gks xbZA budk ikyu&iks"k.k çtkifr xkSreh us
 egkohj ds çFke vuq;k;h buds nkekn tkehy FkkA fd;kA
 çFke tSu fHk{kqf.k pEik FkhA  xkSre cq) ds cpiu dk uke fl)kFkZ FkkA budk fookg
 egkohj us vius f'k";ks dks 11 x.k/kjks esa foHkkftr 16 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa ;'kks/kjk ds lkFk gqvkA
fd;k FkkA tSu /keZ dk lcls cMk dsUæ pEikuxjh FkkA  buds iq= dk uke jkgqy FkkA
 tSu /keZ ds f=jRu gSA  tc os dfiyoLrq dh lSj ij fudys rks mUgksaus cw<k
1- lE;d~ n'kZu 2- lE;d~ Kku 3- lE;d~ vkpj.k O;fDr] chekj O;fDr] 'ko rFkk lU;k'kh dks ns[kk]
ftlls mudk eu fopfyr gks x;kA
 tSu /keZ esa bZ'oj dh ekU;rk ugha gSA bles vkRek dh  fl)kFkZ us lalkj dh leL;kvksa ls ijs'kku gksdj 29 o"kZ
ekU;rk gSA dh vk;q esa ?kj R;kx fn;k] ftls ckS) /keZ esa
 egkohj Lokeh iqutZUe vkSj deZokn esa fo'okl j[krs egkfHkfu"Øe.k dgk tkrk gSA
FksA tSu /keZ esa iw.kZ Kku dks dSoY; Kku dgk x;k gSA  lkr o"kZ rd os Kku dh [kkst esa b/kj&m/kj HkVdus ds
tSu /keZ dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr vfgalk FkkA ckn loZçFke oS'kkyh ds lehi vykj dyke rFkk mnd
 72 o"kZ dh vk;q esa egkohj Lokeh dh e`R;q 468 bZñiwñ esa jkeiq= uked nks xq:vksa ls f'k{kk yh FkhA vykj dyke
ikokiqjh ¼jktxhj½ esa gks xbZA lka[; lEçnk; ds vuq;k;h FksA 6 o"kZ dh dBhu riL;k
 tSu rhFk±djksa dh thouh dYilw= uked iqLrd esa gS] ds i'pkr mudks oS'kk[k iqf.kZek dh jkr fujatuk
tks Hkæckgq }kjk fy[kh x;h gSA tSu eBksa dks clfn ¼QYxq½ ;k iquiqu unh ds fdukjs ihiy ds o`{k ds uhps
dgk tkrk FkkA Kku dh çkfIr gqbZA mUgksaus viuk çFke mins'k lkjukFk
 ekS;ksZÙkj ;qx esa eFkqjk tSu /keZ dk çfl) dsUæ FkkA esa fn;k] ftls ckS) xzUFkksa esa /keZpØ çorZu uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA egkRek cq) us riLl ,oa dkfYid
 [kqtjkgks ¼e/; çns'k½ esa tSu efUnj dk fuekZ.k pUnsy uked nks 'kwæksa dks ckS) /keZ dk loZçFke vuq;k;h
'kkldksa us djk;k FkkA cuk;kA
 tSu /keZ dks ekuus okys jktk FksA  cq) us lokZf/kd mins'k JkoLrh esa fn;sA ckS) /keZ dk
1- mnf;u 2- oanjktk 3- pUæxqIr ekS;Z lcls T;knk çpkj dks'ky jkT; esa gqvkA
4- [kkjosy 5- veks?k o"kZ 6- pansy 'kkld  cq) ds ik¡p fç; f'k"; vfujU/k] vkuUn] mikfy]
 tSu /keZ us vius vk/;kfRed fopkjksa dks lk[; n'kZu ls lkfjiq= rFkk eksn~xY;k;u FksA cq) ds çfl) vuq;k;h
çkIr fd;k gSA 'kk'kd fcfEclkj] çlsuftr rFkk mnf;u FksA
 çFke tSu laxfr 300 bZñiwñ esa ikVfyiq= esa gqbZ Fkh]  cq) viuk çpkj djrs gq, eYyks dh jkt/kkuh ikok
ftldk v/;{k LFkwy Hkæ FkkA igqps] tgk¡ os ,d yqgkj dh vkezokfVdk esa Bgjs] mlus
cq) dks [kkus esa dqN ns fn;k] ftlls mUgs jDrkfrlkj
 f}rh; tSu laxfr NBh 'krkCnh esa cYyHkh ¼xqtjkr½ esa gks x;k vkSj Hk;kud ihM+k mRiUu gqbZA fQj os
gqbZ bldk v/;{k {kekJo.k FkkA dq'khuxj igq¡psA ogk¡ 483 bZñiwñ esa 80 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa
 tSu /keZ nks Hkkxksa esa cVk gqvk FkkA mUgksus 'kjhj R;kx fn;kA bls ckS) xzUFkksa esa
1- 'osrkEcj ¼lQsn½ 2- fnxEcj ¼uXu½ egkifjfuokZ.k dgk tkrk gSA
 'osrkEcj LFkwyHkæ ds f'k"; Fks rFkk fnxEcj Hkæckgq ds  ckS) /keZ ds f=jRu gS&cq)] /kEe rFkk la?kA ckS) fHk{kqvksa
f'k"; FksA ds fuokl LFkku dks fogkj rFkk iwtkLFky dks pSR; dgk
tkrk gSA

4 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 prqFkZ ckS) laxhfr ds ckn ckS) /keZ nks Hkkxksa ghu;ku ckS) laxhfr
rFkk egk;ku esa foHkkftr gks x;kA
 egkRek cq) ds Kku çkIr djus dks ckS) /keZ esa lEcksf/k lHkk le; LFkku v/;{k 'kkludky
dgk tkrk gSA çFke ckS) 483 bZñiwoZ jktxzg egkd';i vtkr'k=w
 ckS) lkfgR; ds rhu fiVd&lwÙk fiVd] fou; fiVd laxhfr
rFkk vfHk/kEe fiVdA f}rh; ckS) 383 bZñiwoZ oS'kkyh lckdkeh dkyk'kksd
 vius fç; f'k"; vkuUn ds vkxzg ij cq) us oS'kkyh laxhfr
la?k esa fL=;ksa ds ços'k dks vuqefr nhA r`rh; ckS) 255 bZñiwoZ ikVfyiq= eksxfyiqÙk v'kksd
 vkthod lEçnk; dh LFkkiuk eD[kfy iq= xks'kky us laxhfr
dh FkhA prqFkZ ckS) çFke dq.Myou olqfe= dfu"d
 ;g lEçnk; cq) ds ledkyhu FkkA laxhfr 'krkCnh ¼d'ehj½
 ckS) /keZ dh ifo= fn'kk nf{k.k FkhA
 ckS) /keZ dk çpkj ikfy Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k FkkA 'kSo /keZ
 ckS) xzUFkksa esa laL—r dk ç;ksx vfHk/kEe fiVd ls  Hkxoku f'ko dh iwtk djus okyks dks 'kSo /keZ okyk
çkjEHk gksrk gSA ekuk x;k gSA
 ckS) /keZ ds vuqlkj bPNk lc d"Vksa dk dkj.k gSA  f'kofyax dh iwtk dk igyk lk{; gMIik ls feyk gSA
 fuokZ.k ckS) /keZ dk ije y{; gS] ftldk vFkZ gS]  f'ko dk vfHkçk; eaxye; gksuk gSA f'ko ds 11 :æ
nhid dk cq> tkuk vFkkZr thou&ej.k pØ ls eqDr vorkj gSA
gks tkukA  _Xosn esa f'ko ds fy, :æ uked nsork dk mYys[k
 cq) vukReoknh Fks] ij iqutZUe esa fo'okl djrs FksA gqvk gSA
 dkykUrj esa egk;ku lEçnk; nks Hkkxksa esa caV  vFkoZosn esa f'ko dks Hko] 'koZ] i'kqifr rFkk Hkqifr uke
x;k&'kwU;okn ¼ek/;fed½ vkSj foKkuokn ¼;ksxkpkj½A fn;k x;k gSA
 'kwU;okn ds çorZd ukxktqZu FksA  fyax iwtk dk Li"V o.kZu eRl; iqjk.k esa feyrk gSA
 foKkuokn ds çorZd eS=s; ukFk FksA ukFk laçnk; dh LFkkiuk eRL;sUæ ukFk us dh Fkh rFkk
 egkRek cq) us loZçFke m:osyk esa riL;k dhA bldk çpkj ckck xksj[kukFk us fd;kA
 lwrfiVd dks çkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ dk bUlkbDyksihfM;k  ik'kqir lEçnk; 'kSoksa dk lcls çkphu lEçnk; gS]
dgk tkrk gSA blds laLFkkid ydqyh'k Fks] ftUgsa Hkxoku f'ko ds 18
 cq) ds iwoZ tUe dh dFkk,a ¼tkrd dFkk,a½ lwÙkfiVd esa vorkjksa esa ls ,d ekuk x;k gSA
of.kZr gSA  vkthod lEçnk; dk laLFkkid eD[kfyiq= xks'kky gSA
 frCcr esa ckS) /keZ dk çpkj djus okys ckS) fHk{kq  ,syksjk ds çfl) dSyk'k efUnj dk fuekZ.k jk"VªdwV
in~elHko FksA jktk —".k çFke us djok;kA
 ukyUnk rFkk foØekf'kyk fo'ofo|ky; ckS) f'k{kk ds  pksy 'kkld jkt jkt çFke us ratkSj esa çfl)
ç/kku dsUæ FksA jktjkts'oj efUnj dk fuekZ.k djk;k] ftls o`gnh'oj
 cq) us e/;e ekxZ ¼e/;e çfrink½ dk mins'k fn;kA efUnj Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g 'kSo /keZ ls lEcfU/kr gSA
 cq) ikok ls dq'khuxj pys x;s vkSj ;gh ij lqHkPN dks  dq"kk.k 'kkldksa dh eqæk ij f'ko ,oa uUnh dk ,d lkFk
viuk vafre mins'k fn;kA fp= feyrk gSA
 v'kksd] feuk.Mj] dfu"d] g"kZo)Zu us ckS) /keZ ds bZlkbZ /keZ
çlkj esa fof'k"V ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA
 bZlkbZ /keZ ds laLFkkid bZlk elhg gSA
 fcgkj ,oa caxky ds iky 'kkldksa us ckS) /keZ ds
çpkj&çlkj esa vf}rh; ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA  budk çeq[k xzUFk ckbfcy gSA
 cq) ds iap'khy fl)kUr dk o.kZu NkUnksX; mifu"kn~ esa  bZlk elhg dk tUe ts:'ksye ds fudV cSFkysge
feyrk gSA uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA
 bZlk elhg ds tUe dks fØlel ds :i esa euk;k tkrk
gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 5
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 budh ekrk dk uke esjh rFkk firk dk uke tkslsQ  buds vuq;k;h ,d bZ'oj vgqj dks ekurs gSA
FkkA flD[k /keZ
 thou ds çFke 30 o"kks± esa ;s c<bZ dk dke djrs FksA
 flD[k /keZ dh LFkkiuk xq: ukud nso us dh FkhA ;s
 buds igys nks f'k"; ,Mql rFkk ihVj FksA flD[kksa ds igys xq: FksA
 bZlk elhg dks 33 bZñ esa Qkalh ij iksfV;l us p<k;kA  ;s ckn'kkg ckcj rFkk gqek;w¡ ds ledkyhu FksA
 bZlkbZ /keZ dk çeq[k fpUg Øksl ¼$½ gSA  xq: ukud us yaxj ¼iaxr½ O;oLFkk dk çpyu djk;kA
bLyke /keZ bUgksaus gh vusd laxr ¼/keZ'kkyk½ LFkkfir dhA
 bLyke /keZ ds laLFkkid gtjr ekS0 lkgc FksA  xq: ukud nso dh e`R;q 1539 bZñ esa djrkjiqj esa gqbZ
 budk tUe 570 bZñ esa eDdk esa gqvk FkkA FkhA
 buds firk dk uke vCnqYyk rFkk ekrk dk uke vehuk  budk tUe 1469 bZñ esa ryoaMh ¼uudkuk lkfgc½ esa
FkkA gqvk FkkA
 xq: vaxn flD[kks ds nwljs xq: FksA budk uke yguk
 gtjr ekS0 lkgc dks 610 bZñ esa eDdk ds ikl ghjk
FkkA
uked xqQk esa Kku dh çkfIr gqbZA
 xq:eq[kh fyfi dk vkjEHk xq: vaxn us fd;kA bUgksaus
 24 flrEcj 622 bZñ dks iSxEcj ds eDdk ls enhuk dh
yaxj ¼ixar½ O;oLFkk dks LFkkbZ cuk fn;kA
;k=k dks bLyke /keZ esa fgtjh laor~ ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA  flD[kks ds rhljs xq:] xq: vejnkl FksA xq: vejnkl
 ekS0 lkgc dh 'kknh 25 o"kZ dh vk;q esa [knhtk uked us fgUnqvksa ls vyx gksus okys dbZ dk;Z fd;sA
fo/kok ls gqbZ FkhA  bUgksaus flD[kksa ds fy, fgUnq ls vyx fookg i)fr
 ekS0 lkgc dh iq=h dk uke Qkfrek rFkk nkekn dk cukbZ ftls you dgrs gSaA
uke vyh FkkA  ,d ckj vdcj us xq: vejnkl ls eqykdkr dh vkSj
 dqjku bLyke /keZ dk ifo= xzUFk gSA budh iq=h chch Hkkuh dks dbZ xk¡o nku esa fn;sA
 gtjr ekS0 lkgc dh e`R;q 632 bZñ esa gqbZ rFkk bUgs  flD[kksa ds pkSFks xq: jkenkl FksA vdcj us xq:
enhuk esa nQuk;k x;kA jkenkl dh iRuh chchHkkuh dks 500 fc?kk tehu nh
FkhA xq: jkenkl us blh tehu ij ve`rlj tyk'k;
 ekS0 lkgc dh e`R;q ds ckn bLyke /keZ nks Hkkxksa esa caV rFkk ve`rlj 'kgj dh LFkkiuk dhA ve`rlj 'kgj dk
x;kA f'k;k o lqUuhA igyk uke jkenkliqj j[kk x;k FkkA
 f'k;k ekS0 lkgc ds nkekn dh f'k{kkvksa esa fo'okl djrs  xq: vtqZu nso flD[kks ds ik¡pos xq: FksA bUgksaus
Fks vkSj lqUuh ekS0 lkgc ds dFkuks ij fo'okl djrs vkfnxzUFk dh jpuk dhA
FksA
 bUgksaus gjeUnj lkgc ¼Lo.kZ efUnj½ dk fuekZ.k ve`rlj
 vyh dh gR;k 661 bZñ esa dj nh xbZA vyh ds iq= tyk'k; ds vUnj djk;k FkkA
gqlsu dh gR;k 680 bZñ esa dcZyk ¼bZjkd½ esa dj nh
xbZA  eqxy ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj us xq: vtqZu nso dh gR;k
1606 bZñ esa jktdqekj [kqljks dh lgk;rk djus ds
 ekS0 lkgc ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh [kyhQk dgyk;saA bLyke dkj.k djok nhA
txr esa [kyhQk in 1924 bZñ rd jgk D;ksafd mlh o"kZ
bls rqdhZ 'kkld eqLrQk dekyik'kk us lekIr dj  flD[kksa ds NBs xq: gjxksfoUn FksA bUgksaus flD[kksa dks
lSU; laxBu dk :i fn;k rFkk vdky r[r dk fuekZ.k
fn;k FkkA
djk;kA
ikjlh /keZ  ;s nks ryokj ck¡/kdj xn~nh ij cSBrs Fks rFkk njckj esa
 ikjlh /keZ dk laLFkkid tjFkqLVª ¼bZjkuh½ FkkA uxkMk ctkus dh O;oLFkk dhA
 budh f'k{kkvksa dk ladyu tsUnk vosLrk uked xzUFk esa  bUgksaus ve`rlj dh fdyscanh dhA
gS] tks ikjfl;kas dk /kkfeZd xzUFk gSA  flD[kksa ds lkros xq: gjjk; Fks rFkk nkjkf'kdksag us
 budh ewy f'k{kk dk lq= gSA ln~&fopkj] ln~&opu buls eqykdkr dh rFkk bUgksaus mls vkf'kZokn fn;kA
rFkk ln~&dk;ZA  flD[kksa ds vkBos xq: gjfd'ku FksA budh e`R;q pspd
 ;s yksx vfXu eafnj esa iqtk djrs gSA ls gks xbZA bUgksaus fnYyh tkdj vkSjaxtsc dks xq: in
6 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
ds ckjs esa le>k;k FkkA flD[kksa ds ukSos xq: rsxcgknqj vkSj foÙk ea=h nhukukFk FkkA
FksA bLyke Lohdkj u djus ds dkj.k vkSjaxtsc us  egkjktk j.kthr flag dh e`R;q 1839 bZñ esa gqbZA
budh gR;k djok nh FkhA  HkSjksoy dh lfU/k 1846 bZñ esa vaxzstksa rFkk jktk nyhi
 flD[kksa ds nlos o vfUre xq: xq: xksfoUn flag FksA flag ds chp gqbZA
 bUgksaus ikgqy ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr dhA ;s vius dks  egkjktk j.kthr dh /kkfeZd jkt/kkuh is'kkoj ¼iq:"kiqj½
lPpk ckn'kkg dgrs FksA vkSj jktuhfrd jkt/kkuh ykgkSj FkhA
 bUgksus flD[kksa ds fy, ik¡p ddkj vfuok;Z fd;sA oS".ko /keZ
1- ds'k 2- da?kk 3- —ik.k 4- dPNk 5- dMk
 oS".ko /keZ dh tkudkjh mifu"knksa ls feyrh gSA
 bUgksaus iq:"kksa ds uke ds vUr esa flag rFkk efgyk ds
 budk fodkl Hkxor /keZ ls gqvk FkkA
uke ds vUr esa dkSj tksMus dks dgkA
 oS".ko /keZ ds çorZd —".k Fks] tks o`"k.k dchys ds Fks]
 [kkylk iaFk dh LFkkiuk 1699 bZñ esa cS'kk[kh ds fnu
budk fuokl LFkku eFkqjk FkkA
xq: xksfoUn flag us dh FkhA
 —".k dk lcls igys mYys[k NknksX; mifu"kn esa
 budk tUe 1666 bZñ esa iVuk esa gqvk FkkA buds fuokl
feyrk gS] ftlesa budks nsodh&iq= dgk x;k gS vkSj
LFkku dks vkuUniqj lkfgc dgrs Fks vkSj budh dk;Z
vfxjal dk f'k"; dgk x;k gSA
LFkyh dks ikvksrk dgrs FksA
 fo".kq ds 10 vorkjksa dk mYys[k eRL; iqjk.k esa feyrk
 xq: xksfoUn flag dh gR;k 1708 bZñ esa uaknsM uked
gSA
LFkku ij xqy [kk¡ uked iBku us dj nhA
 Hkxoku fo".kq ds lqn'kZu pØ esa 6 rhfy;k¡ FkhaA
 buds nks iq= Qrsg flag o tksjkoj flag dks othj [kk¡
us nhokj esa fpuok fn;kA çeq[k er rFkk vkpk;Z
 xq: xksfoUn flag us vkfnxzUFk dks orZeku :i fn;k Fkk 1- fof'k"Vk}Sr & jkekuqt
vkSj ;g dgk dh xq:ok.kh vc flD[k lEçnk; ds fy, 2- 'kq)k}Sr & oYyHkkpk;Z
xq: dk dke djsxhA 3- }Sr & vkuUn rhFkZ
4- nwsZrk}Sr & fuEckdZ
cUnk cgknqj
 budk tUe 1670 bZñ esa iq¡N ftys ds jtkSyh xkao esa
Hkkjr ds ;ou jkT;
gqvk FkkA buds cpiu dk uke y{e.k nkl FkkA  Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus okys fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk
Øe fuEufyf[kr gS&
 buds firk dk uke jkenso Hkkj}kt FkkA
1- fgUnq&;wukuh 2- 'kd 3- iYyo 4- dq"kk.k
 bUgksaus ykSgx< dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA bUgksaus xq:
xksfoUn rFkk xq: ukud nso ds uke ds flD[ks pyk;sA  Hkkjr ij lcls igyk vkØe.k cSfDVª;k ds 'kkld
MsfefVª;l us fd;kA ;g vkØe.k mlus 190 bZñiwñ esa
 cUnk cgknqj us eqxy QkSt nkj othj [kk¡ dh gR;k dj
fd;kA
nhA
 blus 'kkdy dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
 'kgknjk dRyx<h ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA tgka cUnk
cgknqj us gtkjks eqxy lSfudks dks ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj  fgUnq&;qukfu;ksa esa lcls fo[;kr 'kkld feukUMj FkkA
fn;kA  bldh jkt/kkuh 'kkdy ¼f'k;kydksV½ Fkh] ;g f'k{kk dk
 eqxy ckn'kkg Q:Z[kf'k;j ds vkns'k ij 1716 bZñ esa çeq[k dsUæ FkkA
cUnk cgknqj dks xq:nkliqj ukxay uked LFkku ij ekj  feukUMj us ukxktqZu ¼ukxlsu½ ls ckS) /keZ dh nh{kk
fn;k x;k yhA
egkjktk j.kthr flag  feukUMj ds ç'u rFkk ukxlsu }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj ,d
iqLrd esa gSaA bl iqLrd dk uke fefyUniUgks gSA
 budk tUe xqtjk¡okyk esa 2 uoEcj 1780 dks gqvk FkkA
;s 1798&99 esa ykgkSj ds 'kkld cusA  Hkkjr esa lcls igys lksus ds flDds fgUnq&;qukfu;ks us
pyk;sA
 25 vçSy 1809 bZñ dks egkjktk j.kthr rFkk pkYlZ
esVdkQ ds chp ve`rlj dh lfU/k gqbZA  gsysfufLVd vkVZ fgUnq&;qukfu;ksa }kjk pykbZ xbZ çkphu
vkVZ FkhA Hkkjr esa xU/kkj dyk bldk loksZRre
 egkjktk j.kthr flag dk fons'k ea=h Qdhj vthtq)hu
mnkgj.k gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 7
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 insZ dk çpyu Hkh fgUnq&;qukfu;ks us djk;k FkkA ex/k jkT; dk mn;
'kd  ex/k ds lcls çkphu oa'k dk laLFkkid c`gæFk FkkA
 ;qukfu;ks ds ckn 'kd vk;sA 'kdksa dh ik¡p 'kk[kk;s FkhaA  bldh jkt/kkuh fxfjczt ¼jktxzg½ FkhA
gj 'kk[kk dh jkt/kkuh Hkkjr vkSj vQxkfuLrku esa  c`gæFk ds iq= dk uke tjkla/k FkkA
vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa FkhA
 'kd ewyr% e/; ,f'k;k ds fuoklh FksA og Hkkjr esa
g;Zd oa'k
pjkxkg dh [kkst ds fy, vk;s FksA  g;Zd oa'k dk laLFkkid fcfEclkj Fkk] tks 544 bZñiwñ esa
 çFke 'kd jktk eksv FkkA 58 bZñiwñ esa mTtSu ds ,d ex/k dh xn~nh ij cSBkA bldks Jsf.kd ds uke ls Hkh
LFkkuh; jktk us 'kdksa dks ckgj [knsM fn;k vkSj tkuk FkkA og ckS) /keZ dks ekurk FkkA
foØekfnR; dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh vkSj ,d loar pyk;k  og çFke Hkkjrh; jktk Fkk] ftlus ç'kklfud O;oLFkk
ftls foØe laor ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ij cy fn;kA
 mlh le; ls foØekfnR; dh mikf/k ,d yksdfç;  fcfEclkj us czãnÙk dks gjkdj vax jkT; dks ex/k
mikf/k cu xbZ ftldh la[;k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa 14 jkT; esa feyk fy;kA
rd igqap xbZA  fcfEclkj us jktxzg dk fuekZ.k dj mls viuh jkt/kkuh
 'kdksa dk lcls çrkih jktk :ænkeu çFke FkkA cuk;kA
ftldk 'kklu xqtjkr ds ,d cMs Hkkx ij FkkA  fcfEclkj us jktoS/k thod dks egkRek cq) dh lsok
 :ænkeu us ekS;ksZ }kjk fufeZr lqn'kZu >hy dk iqu% djus ds fy, mlds ikl HkstkA
m)kj djok;kA  fcfEclkj us oSokfgd lEcU/k LFkkfir dj vius lkezkT;
 :ænkeu laL—r Hkk"kk dk cMk çseh FkkA mlus laL—r dk foLrkj fd;kA fcfEclkj us 52 o"kks± rd 'kklu
Hkk"kk esa lcls yEck vfHkys[k fxjukj vfHkys[k tkjh fd;kA
fd;kA  fcfEclkj dh gR;k mlds iq= vtkr'k=q us dj nh vkSj
 Hkkjr esa 'kd jktk vius vki dks {k=i dgrs FksA og 492 bZñiwñ esa ex/k dh xn~nh ij cSBkA blus vius
fldUnj ppsjs HkkbZ nsonÙk ds dgus ij vius firk dh gR;k dh
FkhA
 fldUnj dk tUe 356 bZñiwñ esa gqvk FkkA buds firk dk
uke fQfyi FkkA ;g ednqfu;k dk jktk FkkA  vtkr'k=q dk miuke dqf.kd FkkA bldk fookg dkS'ky
ujs'k çlsuftr dh iq=h okftjk ds lkFk gqvk FkkA
 fldUnj dk xq: vjLrq FkkA vjLrq dk xq: IysVks rFkk
IysVks dk xq: lqdjkr FkkA  og çkjEHk esa tSu /keZ dk vuq;k;h Fkk] ijUrq ckn esa
ckS) /keZ dks ekuus yxkA
 fldUnj us Hkkjr ij 326 bZñiwñ esa vkØe.k fd;k FkkA
bldk lsukifr lsY;qdl fudsVj FkkA  vtkr'k=q us 32 o"kks± rd ex/k ij 'kklu fd;kA
 fldUnj dk ;q) iatkc ds jktk iq: ¼iksjl½ ds lkFk  vtkr'k=q ds ea=h dk uke o"kZdkj FkkA blh dh
gqvkA ;g ;q) >sye unh ij yMk x;kA bl ;q) dks lgk;rk ls vtkr'k=q us oS'kkyh ij fot; çkIr dh
bfrgkl esa gkbZMsLiht rFkk forLrk dk ;q) Hkh dgrs FkhA
gSaA  461 bZñiwñ esa vius firk dh gR;k dj mnkf;u ex/k dh
 fldUnj dh lsuk us O;kl unh dks ikj djus ls euk xn~nh ij cSBkA tSu xazFkksa esa mnkf;u dks fir`HkDr
dj fn;kA fldUnj dh vafre fot; ikVy FkhA crk;k x;k gS rFkk ckS) xzaFkksa esa mnkf;u dks fir`gUrk
 fldUnj 325 bZñiwñ esa Hkkjr ls ykSVkA og Hkkjrh; dgk x;k gSA
nk'kZfud dkykukl dks vius lkFk ys x;kA  mnkf;u us ikVfyiq= dh LFkkiuk dhA og tSu /keZ dk
 fldUnj dh e`R;q 323 bZñiwñ esa 33 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa gks vuq;k;h FkkA
xbZA  g;Zd oa'k dk vfUre jktk mnkf;u dk iq= ukxn'kd
 blds ty lsukifr dk uke fu;kZdl Fkk rFkk blds FkkA
fç; ?kksMs dk uke cÅdsQyk FkkA blh ds uke ij  ukxn'kd dks mlds ea=h f'k'kqukx us xn~nh ls gVkdj
fldUnj us >sye unh ds fdukjs ,d uxj clk;kA 412 bZñiwñ esa f'k'kqukx oa'k dh LFkkiuk FkhA
 f'k'kqukx us viuh jkt/kkuh ikVfyiq= ls cnydj
oS'kkyh dks cuk;kA f'k'kqukx us vofUr jkT; dks ex/k
8 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
esa feyk;kA fcUnqlkj
 f'k'kqukx dk mÙkkf/kdkjh dkyk'kksd FkkA  pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh fcUnqlkj Fkk] tks 298
 og iqu% viuh jkt/kkuh ikVfyiq= ys x;kA bZñiwñ esa ex/k dh xn~nh ij cSBkA
 f'k'kqukx oa'k dk vfUre jktk ufno/kZu FkkA  fcUnqlkj dks vfe=?kkr Hkh dgrs gSaA vfe=?kkr dk vFkZ
 uan oa'k dk laLFkkid egkiùkuan FkkA 'k=q fouk'kd gksrk gSA
 uan oa'k dk vfUre jktk ?kukuan FkkA uan oa'k lokZf/kd  fcUnqlkj vkthod lEçnk; dk vuq;k;h FkkA
/kuh jkT; ,oa fo'kky lsuk ds fy;s çfl) FkkA  fcUnqlkj ds njckj esa Mkbesdl uked jktnwr dks
 ?kukuan fldUnj ds ledkyhu FkkA bldks pUæxqIr lhfj;u ds jktk ,f.V;ksdl us Hkstk FkkA
ekS;Z us ;q) esa ijkftr djds ex/k ij ekS;Z oa'k dh  ckS) fo}ku rkjkukFk us fcUnqlkj dks 16 jkT; dk
LFkkiuk dhA fotsrk crk;k FkkA
ekS;Z lkezkT;  tSu xzUFkksa esa fcUnqlkj dks flaglsu dgk x;k gSA
 r{kf'kyk esa gq, foæksg dks nckus ds fy, fcUnqlkj us
 ekS;Z oa'k dh LFkkiuk pUæxqIr ekS;Z us dh Fkh vkSj
v'kksd dks Hkstk FkkA r{kf'kyk foæksg dk eq[; dkj.k
budk tUe 345 bZñiwñ esa gqvk FkkA
vf/kdkfj;ksa dk nqO;Zgkj FkkA
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z dks lsUMªksdksVVl Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
v'kksd
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk ç/kkuea=h pk.kD; FkkA blh dh
lgk;rk ls blus /kukuan dks gjk;k FkkA  fcUnqlkj dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh v'kksd egku gqvk] tks 269
bZñiwñ esa ex/k dh jktxn~nh ij cSBkA v'kksd us d'ehj
 pk.kD; us vFkZ'kkL= uked iqLrd fy[khA bl iqLrd esa Jhuxj clk;kA v'kksd us usiky esa yfyriÙku uxj
dk lEcU/k jktuhfr ls gSA clk;kA
 r{kf'kyk /kuqfoZ|k rFkk oSfnd f'k{kk ds fy, iwjs fo'o esa  jktxn~nh ij cSBus ds le; v'kksd vofUr dk
çfl) FkkA pUæxqIr ekS;Z us viuh lSfud f'k{kk ;gha ls jkT;iky FkkA
çkIr dh FkhA dkS'ky ds jktk çlsuftr] ex/k dk
jktoS| thod] pk.kD; us Hkh ;gha ij f'k{kk çkIr dh  ekLdh ,oa xqtZjk vfHkys[k esa v'kksd dk uke v'kksd
FkhA feyrk gSA
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z 322 bZñiwñ esa ex/k dh jktxn~nh ij cSBkA  iqjk.kksa esa v'kksd dks v'kksdo/kZu dgk x;k gSA
pUæxqIr ekS;Z tSu /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA  v'kksd us jktxn~nh ij cSBus ds 8 o"kZ ckn 261 bZñiwñ
esa dfyax ij vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj dfyax dh
 bldk /kkfeZd xq: Hkæckgq FkkA
jkt/kkuh rkslyh ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z us 305 bZñiwñ esa lsY;qdl fudsVj dks  dfyax dk jktk [kkjosy Fkk] tks tSu /keZ dk vuq;k;h
gjk;kA pUæxqIr ekS;Z dh lsuk N% Hkkxksa esa cVha FkhA FkkA
 lsY;qdl fudsVj us viuh iq=h dkuSfy;k dh 'kknh  bl ;q) esa Hk;adj ekj&dkV dks ns[kdj v'kksd dks
pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds lkFk dj nhA dkuSfy;k dk nwljk uke cgqr nq[k% gqvk vkSj mlus dHkh Hkh ;q) ugha djus dk
gsysuk FkkA fu.kZ; fy;k] bl ;q) ds ckn v'kksd us ckS) /keZ viuk
 esxkLFkuht lsY;qdl fudsVj dk jktnwr Fkk] tks fy;kA igys og Hkxoku f'ko dh iwtk djrk FkkA
pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds njckj esa jgrk FkkA esxkLFkuht us v'kksd ds ç/kkuea=h dk uke jk/kkxqIr FkkA
bafMdk uked iqLrd fy[khA esxLFkuht us Hkkjrh;  v'kksd dk /kkfeZd xq: mixqIr FkkA v'kksd dh ekrk
lekt dks lkr tkfr;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA blus dk uke lqHkækaxh FkkA og paik ds ,d czkã.k dh iq=h
ikVfyiq= dks ikfyczksFkk uke fn;k FkkA FkhA vlaf/kfe=k ,oa dk:okdh v'kksd dh ifRu;k¡ FkhA
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds ckjs esa tkudkjh :ænkeu ds twukx<+  Hkkjr esa f'kykys[k dk lcls igys çpyu v'kksd us
vfHkys[k ls feyrh gSA ;g vfHkys[k czkáh fyfi esa gSA fd;kA
 pUæxqIr ekS;Z vkSj lsY;qdl fudsVj ds chp gq;s ;q)  v'kksd }kjk f'kykys[kksa esa czkáh] [kjks"Bh] xzhd ,oa
dk o.kZu ,fIi;kul esa fd;k x;k gSA pUæxqIr ekS;Z us vjekbd fyfi dk ç;ksx gqvk gSA
lsY;wdl fudsVj dks 500 gkFkh migkj fn;s FksA
 v'kksd us ckS) /keZ ds çpkj ds fy, vius iq= egsUæ
 pUæxqIr dh e`R;q 298 bZñiwñ esa Jo.kcsyxksyk ¼dukZVd½ ,oa iq=h l?kfe=k dks Jhyadk HkstkA
esa gqbZA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 9
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 v'kksd ds f'kykys[k 1837 bZñ esa loZçFke tsEl fçlsi ijkftr fd;kA
us i<s FksA budh la[;k 14 gSA v'kksd ds f'kykys[k dh  iq";fe= 'kqax us iratfy ls nks v'oes| ;K djk;sA
[kkst 1750 bZñ esa QsUFkSyj us dh FkhA iq";fe= 'kqax dks dfyax ujs'k [kkjosy us ijkftr fd;k
 v'kksd ds LrEHk&ys[kksa dh la[;k 7 gSaA ;s dsoy czkáh FkkA Hkjgqr Liwr dk fuekZ.k iq";fe= 'kqax us djok;kA
fyfi esa fy[ks x;sA  'kqax oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld nsoHkwfr Fkk bldh gR;k 73
 v'kksd ds njckj esa fM;kuhfl;l ¼felz½ uked jktnqr bZñiwñ esa oklqnso us dj nh vkSj ex/k dh xn~nh ij
vk;k Fkk] tks felz ds jktk fQykMs¶yl ¼Vkyeh&2½ us d.o oa'k dh uhao MkyhA d.o oa'k dk vfUre jktk
Hkstk FkkA lq'kekZ FkkA
 v'kksd ds f'kykys[kksa esa lcls yEck f'kykys[k 7ok¡ gSA  lq'kekZ dh gR;k 60 bZñiwñ esa f'keqd us dj nh vkSj
 dkS'kkEch vfHkys[k dks jkuh dk vfHkys[k dgk tkrk gSA lkrokgu oa'k dh uhao MkyhA
 v'kksd dk lcls NksVk LrEHk&ys[k :fEensbZ gSA  lkrokgu oa'k dh jkt/kkuh çfr"Bku Fkh] tks egkjk"Vª esa
xksnkojh unh ds fdukjs fLFkr FkhA
 v'kksd dk 'kkj&,&dquk vfHkys[k xzhd ,oa vjekbd
Hkk"kk esa gSA  lkrokgu oa'k dh Hkk"kk çk—r vkSj fyfi czkãh FkhA
 dfyax ds ;q) dk o.kZu 13osa f'kykys[k esa gSA lkrokguksa esa ekr`lÙkkRed lkekftd O;oLFkk FkhA
 vFkZ'kkL= esa 'kh"kZLFk vf/kdkjh dks rhFkZ ¼egkek=½ dgrs  ;s flDdk <kyus esa ftl 'kh'ks dk ç;ksx djrs Fks og
gSaA budh la[;k 18 FkhA jkse ls eaxk;k tkrk FkkA
 ç'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ xzke Fkh] ftldk eqf[k;k  czkã.kksa dks Hkwfe nku esa nsus dh çFkk dk vkjEHk
xzkfed dgykrk FkkA lkrokgu oa'k ds 'kkldksa us fd;kA
 v'kksd ds le; esa ekS;Z lkezkT; esa çkarksa dh la[;k 5  xkSreh iq= 'krd.khZ bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jktk
FkhA FkkA bls iqjk.kksa esa —".k dk iq= dgk x;k gSA
 çkarksa dks pØ dgk tkrk FkkA dq"kk.k oa'k
 fcØh&dj ds :i esa ewY; dk 10ok¡ Hkkx olwyk tkrk  iYyoksa ds ckn esa dq"kk.k vk;s tks ;qfp vkSj rks[kjh Hkh
FkkA blls cpus okyksa dks e`R;qnaM fn;k tkrk FkkA dgykrs FksA
 ;q) {ks= esa lsuk dk usr`Ro djus okyk vf/kdkjh uk;d  ;qfp uked ,d dfcyk ik¡p Hkkxksa esa caVk gqvk FkkA
dgykrk FkkA mUgh esa ls ,d dq"kk.k FksA
 vFkZ'kkL= esa xqIrpj dks xw< iq:"k dgk tkrk FkkA  dq"kk.k oa'k dh LFkkiuk dqtqy dMfQlsl us 15 bZñ esa
 ljdkjh Hkwfe dks lhrk Hkwfe dgk tkrk FkkA dh FkhA
 uUn oa'k dk fouk'k djus esa pUæxqIr ekS;Z us d'ehj ds  bl oa'k dk lcls egku jktk dfu"d FkkA bldh
jktk çoZrd ls lgk;rk çkIr dh FkhA jkt/kkuh iq:"kiqj ¼is'kkoj½ FkhA
 ekS;Z 'kklu 137 o"kks± rd jgkA  dq"kk.kksa dh nwljh jkt/kkuh eFkqjk FkhA dfu"d us 78 bZñ
esa xn~nh ij cSBus ds le; ,d laor~ pyk;k] tks 'kd
 ekS;Z oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld c`gn`Fk FkkA laor~ dgykrk gSA ;g laor~ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ç;ksx
 bldh gR;k blds lsukifr iq"ife= 'kqax us 185 bZñiwñ esa esa yk;k tk jgk gSA
dj nh vkSj ex/k ij 'kqax oa'k dh uhao MkyhA  dfu"d ckS) /keZ ds egk;ku lEçnk; dk vuq;k;h FkkA
 ekS;Z lkezkT; dh eqæk i.k FkhA  dq"kk.k 'kkldksa us Hkkjh eqæk esa Lo.kZ eqæk tkjh dhA
 v'kksd dk uke nsouke fç; ¼nsorkvksa dk fç;½ Hkh gSA dfu"d us d'ehj fot; ds ckn ogk¡ dfu"diqj uxj
czkã.k lkezkT; clk;kA mlus jktk nsoiq= dh mikf/k phfu;ksa ls yh
FkhA
 iq";fe= 'kqax us ex/k ij 'kqax oa'k dh uhao MkyhA og
ekS;ksZ dk lsukifr FkkA og czkã.k tkfr dk FkkA  dfu"d ds njckj esa pjd ¼jktoS/k½ jgrk Fkk] ftlus
pjdlafgrk fy[khA v'o?kks"k dfu"d ds jktdfo Fks]
 'kqax 'kkldksa us viuh jkt/kkuh fofn'kk esa LFkkfir dhA ftlls dfu"d us ckS) /keZ dh nh{kk yhA dfu"d dk
'kqaxdky esa igyh Le`fr xzaFk euqLe`fr dh jpuk dh iqjksfgr la?kj{kd FkkA
x;hA
 dfu"d us njckj esa v'o?kks"k] ukxktqZu] olqfe=] ik'oZ]
 b.Mks&;wukuh 'kkld feukUMj dks iq";fe= 'kqax us
10 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
egkpsr vkSj la?kj{kd jgrs FksA v'o?kks"k us cq)pfj=e  'kdksa ij fot; ds miy{; esa blus pk¡nh ds flDds
uked iqLrd fy[kh rFkk ukxktqZu us ek/;fed lq= pyk;sA
uked iqLrd fy[kh bl iqLrd esa lkis{krk dk fl)kUr  pUæxqIr II ds njckj esa vk;ZHkV~V] /kuea=h] czãxqIr]
çLrqr fd;kA ukxktqZu dks Hkkjr dk vkbUlVhu Hkh ojkgfefgj tSls fo}oku jgrs FksA
dgk tkrk gSA
 vk;ZHkV~V us lcls igys crk;k Fkk dh i`Foh lw;Z ds
 dfu"d dh e`R;q 102 bZñ esa gks xbZA dq"kk.k oa'k dk pkjksa vksj ?kwerh gSA
vfUre 'kkld oklqnso FkkA og 'kSo /keZ dks ekurk FkkA  pUæxqIr II dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh dqekjxqIr ¼xksfoUnxqIr½ Fkk]
 xa/kkj 'kSyh rFkk eFkqjk 'kSyh dk fodkl dfu"d ds ftldk dk;Zdky ¼415&454½ bZñ FkkA dqekjxqIr dh
'kkludky esa gqvk FkkA eqæk e;wj vk—fr dh FkhA
 js'ke cukus dh lcls igys rdfud dk vkfo"dkj phu  ukyUnk fo'fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dqekjxqIr us dhA bl
esa gqvkA fo'ofo|ky; dks vkWDlQksMZ vkWQ egk;ku ckS) dgk
 js'ke ekxZ ij fu;a=.k j[kus okys 'kkldksa esa lcls tkrk gSA
çfl) dq"kk.k FksA blls dq"kk.kksa dks cgqr vf/kd vk;  dqekjxqIr dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh LdUnxqIr FkkA bldk
gksrh FkhA dk;Zdky ¼455&467 bZñ½ FkkA
xqIr lkezkT;  gw.kks dk vkØe.k LdUnxqIr ds dky esa gqvkA twukx<+
 xqIr lkezkT; dk mn; rhljh 'krkCnh ds vUr esa ç;kx vfHkys[k esa gw.kksa dks EysPN dgk x;k gSA gw.kksa dk
ds fudV dkS'kkEch esa gqvk FkkA egRoiw.kZ 'kkld rksjek.k FkkA
 xqIr oa'k dk laLFkkid Jh xqIr Fkk] ftldk dk;Zdky  LdUnxqIr us i.kZnÙk dks lkSjk"Vª dk xouZj fu;qDr
¼240&280½ bZñ rd FkkA fd;kA
 bldk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ?kVksRdp gqvkA ftldk dk;Zdky  LdUnxqIr us fxjukj ioZr ij fLFkr lqn'kZu >hy dk
¼280&320½ bZñ rd FkkA iqu% m)kj fd;kA
 xqIr oa'k dk çFke egku lezkV pUæxqIr çFke FkkA ;g  xqIr oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld fo".kqxqIr FkkA
320 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA bls gh xqIr oa'k dk  iqfyl foHkkx ds lk/kkj.k deZpkfj;ksa dks pkV ,oa HkkV
okLrfod laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA dgk tkrk FkkA
 blus fyPNoh jktdqekjh dqekj nsoh ls fookg fd;kA  flpkbZ ds fy, jgV ;k ?kaVh ;a= dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk
 pUæxqIr çFke us egkjktkf/kjkt dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA FkkA
pUæxqIr çFke us ¼319&320½ bZñ esa xqIr laor~ pyk;kA  xqIr dky esa mTtSu lcls egRoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dsUæ
 bldk mÙkjkf/kdkjh leqæxqIr gqvk] tks 335 bZñ esa FkkA
jktxn~nh ij cSBkA  xqIr jktkvksa us lokZf/kd Lo.kZ eqæk tkjh dh] ftls
 leqæxqIr us vk;Zo`r ds 9 jktk rFkk nf{k.kozr ds 12 nhukj dgk tkrk FkkA
jktkvksa dks ijkftr fd;kA  xqIr dky esa pkanh ds flDdks dks #i;dk dgk tkrk
 blfy, leqæxqIr dks Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u dgrs gSaA FkkA
 leqæxqIr dh mikf/k&v'oes/kdrkZ] dfojkt] foØead  igyh ckj lrh gksus dk çek.k 510 bZñ esa HkkuqxqIr ds
,j.k vfHkys[k ls feyrk gSA xqIr lezkV oS".ko/keZ ds
 leqæxqIr dk njckjh dfo gfj"ks.k Fkk] ftlus bykgkckn
vuq;k;h FksA
ç'kfLr ys[k dh jpuk dhA leqæxqIr fo".kq dk mikld
FkkA  x:M xqIr dk jkT; fpUg FkkA xqIrdky esa oL= m|ksx
lcls egRoiw.kZ m|ksx FkkA
 leqæxqIr laxhr çseh FkkA bls blds flDdks ij oh.kk
ctkrs gq;s fn[kk;k x;k gSA  vtUrk dh xqQkvksa dk fuekZ.k xqIr dky esa gqvkA ;s
29 xqQk;s Fkh] ijUrq orZeku esa 6 gh cph gSA ;s ckS)
 leqæzxqIr dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh pUæxqIr II gqvk] tks 380 bZñ
/keZ dh egk;ku 'kk[kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA
esa xn~nh ij cSBkA
 ck?k dh xqQk dk fuekZ.k Hkh xqIr dky esa gqvk FkkA
 pUæxqIr II us foØekfnR; dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh FkhA
blfy, bUgs pUæxqIr foØekfnR; Hkh dgrs gSaA  xqIr jktkvksa dh 'kkldh; Hkk"kk laL—r FkhA xqIrdky
esa nkl çFkk Hkh FkhA
 blds le; esa phuh ckS) ;k=h Qkáku Hkkjr vk;k FkkA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 11
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 laL—r Hkk"kk ds çfl) dfo dkfynkl] pUæxqIr II ds FkkA
njckj esa jgrs FksA  g"kZpfj= iqLrd esa çkUrh; 'kklu ds fy, yksdiky dk
 efUnj cukus dh dyk dk tUe xqIr dky esa gqvkA ç;ksx gqvk gSA iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks pkV ;k HkkV dgk
 dkfynkl ds }kjk jfpr vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ çFke x;k FkkA xzke] 'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ FkhA g"kZ us
Hkkjrh; jpuk gS ftldk vuqokn ;wjksih; Hkk"kk es gqvkA rhuksa iqLrds laL—r Hkk"kk esa fy[kh FkhA
 laL—frd miyfC/k;ksa ds dkj.k xqIr dky dks Hkkjr ds nf{k.k Hkkjr ds çeq[k jktoa'k
bfrgkl dk Lo.kZ ;qx dgk tkrk gSA iYyo oa'k
iq";Hkwfr oa'k ;k o/kZu oa'k  iYyo jktoa'k dk laLFkkid cIinso Fkk] ijUrq iYyo
 bldk laLFkkid iq";Hkwfr FkkA bldh jkt/kkuh Fkkus'oj oa'k dk okLrfod laLFkkid flag fo".kq ¼575&600 bZñ½
¼gfj;k.kk½ FkhA dks ekuk tkrk gSA bldh jkt/kkuh dk¡phiqje FkhA ;g
 bl oa'k dk igyk çrkih jktk çHkkdjo)Zu gqvkA blus oS".ko /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA ys[kd Hkkjfo buds njckj
ijeHkV~Vkjd dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA ;g bl oa'k dk esa jgrs Fks] ftlus fdjkrktqZuh;e uked iqLrd fy[khA
pkSFkk 'kkld FkkA bldh iRuh dk uke ;'kksefr Fkk] og  egsUæ oeZu çFke] ujflag oeZu çFke] egsUæ oeZu
vius ifr ds lkFk lrh gks x;h FkhA blds nks iq= FksA f}rh;] ijes'oj oeZu çFke] ujflag oeZu f}rh; vkfn
1- jkT;o)Zu 2- g"kZo)Zu bl oa'k ds çeq[k 'kkld FksA
 bldh iq=h dk uke jkT;Jh FkkA jkT;Jh dk fookg  iYyo oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld vijkftroeZu ¼879&897
dUukSt ds jktk xzgoekZ ds lkFk gqvkA bZñ½ FkkA
 ekyok ds 'kkld nsoxqIr us xzgoekZ dh gR;k dj nh  egkcyhiqje ds jFk efUnj dk fuekZ.k iYyo jktk
vkSj jkT;Jh dks cUnh cukdj dkjxkj esa Mky fn;kA ujflag oeZu çFke us djk;k FkkA jFk efUnjksa dh la[;k
 jkT;o)Zu us nsoxqIr dks ekj Mkyk] ijUrq nsoxqIr ds 7 gSA
fe= xkSM jktk 'k'kkad us jkT;o)Zu dks ekj fn;kA  ujflag oeZu çFke us okrihdks.M dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh
jkT;o)Zu dk ç/kkuea=h mldk eesjk HkkbZ Hkf.M FkkA FkhA og bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld FkkA
 'ka'kkd 'kSo /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA blus ckS)h o`{k dks  vjcks ds vkØe.k ds le; iYyoksa dk jktk ujflag
dVok fn;kA oeZu f}rh; FkkA ujflag oeZu f}rh; us vkxefç; dh
 jkT;o)Zu dh e`R;q ds ckn 606 bZñ esa g"kZo)Zu Fkkus'oj mikf/k /kkj.k dhA ;g f'ko dk HkDr FkkA
dh xn~nh ij cSBkA rc og 16 o"kZ dk FkkA bldks  blus dk¡ph ds dSyk'kukFk efUnj dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
f'kykfnR; ds uke ls Hkh tkrk FkkA g"kZ us dqy 41 o"kZ bl efUnj dks jktfl)s'oj efUnj dgrs gSaA bl efUnj
rd 'kklu fd;kA g"kZ us 'ka'kkd dks ijkftr djds dk fuekZ.k æfoM 'kSyh esa gqvk FkkA
dUukSt ij vf/kdkj dj mls viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA  ujflag oeZu f}rh; dk njckjh dfo n.Mh Fkk] ftlus
g"kZ dk ;q) ,oa 'kkfUr dk ea=h vofUr FkkA n'kdqekjpfj= uked iqLrd fy[khA
 g"kZ vkSj iqysfdr II ds chp ueZnk unh ds rV ij ;q)  dk¡ph ds eqDrs'oj efUnj rFkk cSdq.B is:eky efUnj
gqvkA ftlesa g"kZ dh ijkt; gqbZA dk fuekZ.k ufUnoeZu f}rh; us djk;k FkkA
 phuh ;k=h ºosulkax g"kZo)Zu ds njckj esa vk;k FkkA  pksy 'kkldksa us iYyo lkezkT; dks vius jkT; esa feyk
og ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; esa i<us ds fy;s vk;k FkkA fn;k FkkA iYyo oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld dEioekZ FkkA
ºosulkax us 'kwæksa dks —"kd dgk gSA iYyo ujs'k czkã.k /keZ ds vuq;k;h FksA
 çkjEHk esa g"kZ f'ko dh iwtk djrk Fkk] ijUrq ºosulkax pksy lkezkT;
ls feyus ds ckn ckS) /keZ dh egk;ku 'kk[kk ls tqM
x;kA  pksyksa dk loZçFke o.kZu v'kksd ds rsjgosa f'kykys[k esa
feyrk gSA
 ck.kHkV~V g"kZo)Zu dk dfo Fkk] ftlus g"kZpfjr rFkk
dknEcjh uked iqLrd fy[khA g"kZo)Zu }kjk jfpr  bl oa'k dk laLFkkid fot;ky; ¼850&887 bZñ½ FkkA
ukVd %& 1- fç;nf'kZdk 2- jRukoyh 3- ukxkuUn jktk fot;ky; us ujdsljh dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh FkhA
 g"kZo)Zu ds le; esa eFkqjk lqrh oL= ds fy, çfl)  bl dh jkt/kkuh ratkSj FkhA ratkSj dk okLrqdkj
FkkA g"kZo)Zu dks Hkkjr dk vfUre fgUnq lezkV dgk jktjkt is:FkPpu FkkA
tkrk gSA g"kZ ds le; esa Hkwfedj mRiknu dk NBk Hkkx  pksyks dk çFke egku lezkV vkfnR; çFke FkkA vkfnR;
12 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
çFke us iYyoksa dks gjkus ds ckn dksn.Mjke dh mikf/k  vkfn iqjk.k dk ys[kd ftulsu veks?ko"kZ ds njckj esa
/kkj.k dhA jgrk FkkA xf.krK egkohjpk;Z Hkh muds njckj esa jgrs
 jktjkt çFke us Jhyadk ij vkØe.k fd;kA ogk¡ ds FksA veks?ko"kZ us rqaxHkæk unh esa tkdj ty lekf/k yhA
jktk efgUæ&V dks Hkkxuk iM+kA jktjkt çFke 'kSo /keZ  jk"VªdwV oa'k dk vfUre egku 'kkld —".k&III FkkA
dk vuq;k;h FkkA blh ds njckj esa dUuM+ ds dfo iksUu jgrs Fks] ftlus
 ratkSj esa jktjkts'oj efUnj jktjkt çFke us cuok;k 'kkfUriqjk.k uked iqLrd fy[khA
FkkA ;g efUnj Hkxoku f'ko dks lefiZr gSA  bUæ&III ds 'kkld dky esa vjc fuoklh vyelwnh
 pksy lkezkT; dk lokZf/kd foLrkj jktsUn çFke us Hkkjr vk;k FkkA
fd;kA Jhyadk esa ckS) fogkjksa dks jktsUæ çFke us  jk"VdwVksas us vius jkT; esa eqlyeku O;kikfj;ksa dks clus
uqdlku igq¡pk;kA blus iky oa'k ds 'kkld efgiky rFkk bLyke ds çpkj dh Loh—fr nh FkhA
dks gjkdj xaxSdksM pksy dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA jktsUæ  bl oa'k dk vfUre jktk ddZ Fkk] ftldks pkyqD; oa'k
çFke us viuh ubZ jkt/kkuh xaxbZdks.Mpksyiqje~ esa ds 'kkld rSye&II us gjk;k FkkA
cukbZA
 pksy oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld jktsUæ&III FkkA
iky oa'k
 iky oa'k dh LFkkiuk 750 bZñ esa xksiky us dh FkhA
 lEiw.kZ pksy lkezkT; 6 Hkkxksa esa foHkDr FkkA
budh jkt/kkuh eqaxsj FkhA
 LFkkuh; Lo'kklu pksy oa'k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk FkhA
 xksiky ckS) /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA xksiky us vksnUriqjh
 pksy dky esa Hkwfedj mit dk 1@3 Hkkx gksrk FkkA fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
 pksy dky esa lksus ds flDdks dks daytq dgk tkrk  iky oa'k ds çeq[k 'kkld /keZiky] nsoiky] ukjk;.k
FkkA iky] efgiky] u;iky vkfn FksA iky oa'k ds 'kkld
 pksy dky dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ cUnjxkg ckS) /keZ ds vuq;k;h FksA
dkosjhiV~Vue FkkA  iky oa'k dk lcls egku 'kklu /keZiky FkkA /keZiky us
 pksy oa'k dh ukS lsuk 'kfDr dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA /keZiky
cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh ekuk x;k gSA dksjaxukFk efUnj us ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky; ds [kpZ gsrq 200 xk¡o nku esa
ijkUrd çFke us cuok;kA fn;s FksA
 uVjkt çfrek dks pksy dyk dk laL—frd fupksM dgk  dukSt ds fy, f=i{kh; la?k"kZ esa lcls igys iky oa'k
tkrk gSA dh rjQ ls /keZiky us Hkkx fy;k FkkA lkseiqj
 fo".kq ds mikld vyokj rFkk f'ko ds mikld u;ukj egkfogkj dk fuekZ.k /keZiky us djk;k FkkA
lUr dgykrs FksA  vksnUriqjh ds çfl) ckS) eB dk fuekZ.k nsoiky us
jk"VªdwV oa'k djok;k FkkA vjc ;k=h lwyseku us nsoiky dks Hkkjr
dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld crk;kA lwyseku us
 bldk laLFkkid nUrhnqxZ ¼752 bZñ½ FkkA bldh iky'kklu dks /keZHkz"V dgk gSA
jkt/kkuh efudj ;k ekU;[ksr FkhA bldk mRrjkf/kdkjh
 nsoiky us ukyUnk esa ckS) fogkj cuokus ds fy, 5 xkao
—".k I FkkA
nku esa ns fn;s FksA
 jk"VªdwV oa'k esa —".k&I] —".k&II] /kqoz] bUn&III]
 xkSMh jhfr uked lkfgfR;d 'kSyh dk fodkl iky oa'k
xksfoUn] —".k&III vkfn 'kkld FksA
esa gqvk FkkA efgiky çFke us iky oa'k dh [kksbZ gqbZ
 ,yksjk ds çfl) dSyk'k efUnj dk fuekZ.k —".k&I us 'kfDr dks iquthZfor fd;kA iky oa'k dk f}rh;
djk;k FkkA laLFkkid efgiky çFke dks ekuk tkrk FkkA iky oa'k
 /kqzo jk"VªdwV oa'k dk igyk 'kkld Fkk] ftlus dUukSt ds iru ds ckn lsu oa'k ogk¡ lÙkk esa vk;kA caxky
ij vf/kdkj djus gsrq f=i{kh; la?k"kZ esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj dk çkphu uke xkSM+ FkkA
thr çkIr dhA /kqzo dks /kkjko"kZ Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA /kzqo
dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh xksfoUn III FkkA blds ckn veks?ko"kZ
lSu oa'k
jktxn~nh ij cSBkA  lsu oa'k dh LFkkiuk lkeUr lSu us dh FkhA bldh
 jk"VªdwV oa'k dk jktk veks?ko"kZ tSu /keZ dks ekurk jkt/kkuh ufn;k ¼y[kukSrh½ FkhA
FkkA  lsu oa'k dk çFke LorU= 'kkld fot; lSu Fkk] tks

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 13

bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
'kSo /keZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA  egkjk.kk çrki dk ijkØeh lsukifr >kyk ljnkj FkkA
 y{e.k lsu caxky dk vfUre fgUnq 'kkld FkkA egkjk.kk çrki ds ?kksMs dk uke psrd FkkA
gyk;q) y{e.k lsu dk U;k;k/kh'k rFkk ea=h FkkA pUnsy oa'k
y{e.k lsu ds njckj esa t;nso jgrk Fkk] ftlus
 xqtZj çfrgkj oa'k ds ckn pUnsy oa'k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
xhrxksfoUn uked iqLrd fy[khA
 bl oa'k dh LFkkiuk uUuqd us 831 bZñ esa dh FkhA
 lsu oa'k Hkkjr dk çFke jktoa'k Fkk] ftlus vius
budh jkt/kkuh [kqtjkgks FkhA çkjfEHkd jkt/kkuh
vfHkys[k fgUnh esa tkjh fd;s FksA
dkfyatj ¼egksck½ FkhA
xqtZj çfrgkj oa'k  bl oa'k dk çFke çrkih jktk ;'kksoeZu FkkA blus
 pancjnkbZ ds i`Fohjkt jklks ds vuqlkj ijekj] çfrgkj] dUukSt ij vkØe.k dj fn;k vkSj çfrgkj jktk
pkyqD; rFkk pkSgku vfXudq.M ls mRiUu gq, Fks] ftUgsa nsoiky dks gjk;kA ;'kksoeZu us [ktqjkgksa ds çfl)
vkcw ioZr ij of'k"B eqfu us ;K ls mRiUu fd;k FkkA prqHkqZt efUnj dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
vfXudqy ds jktiwrksa esa lokZf/kd çfl) jktoa'k  dnafj;k egknso efUnj dk fuekZ.k jktk /kaxnso us 999
çfrgkj FkkA bZñ esa djk;kA /kaxnso us ç;kx laxe esa ty lekf/k ys
 çfrgkj oa'k dh LFkkiuk gfjpUæ us dh Fkh] ijUrq yh FkhA
ukxHkV~V çFke dks bldk okLrfod laLFkkid ekuk  fo|k/kj ,d ek= ,slk jktk gqvk gS] ftlus egewn
tkrk gSA oRljkt 780 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA mlus xtuh dk fojks/k fd;k FkkA
iky jktk /keZiky dks gjk;k FkkA blds iq= dk uke  fo|k/kj us dUukSt ds jktk jkT;iky dh gR;k dj nh
ukxHkV~V f}rh; FkkA blus pØk;q) dks gjkdj dUukSt
FkhA D;ksfd mlus xtuh ds lkeus vkReleiZ.k dj
dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA fn;k FkkA
 jk"VªdwV lezkV xksfoUn III us ukxHkV~V&II dks gjk;k  bl oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ijefnZnso FkkA blus 1202
FkkA bZñ esa dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yhA
 bl oa'k dk 'kfDr'kkyh jktk fefgjHkkst FkkA blus
viuh jkt/kkuh dUukSt cukbZA ;g fo".kq dk HkDr FkkA pkSgku oa'k
vjch ;k=h lqyseku fefgj Hkkst ds 'kklu dky esa  pkSgku oa'k dh LFkkiuk oklqnso us NBh lnh ds var esa
Hkkjr vk;kA vtesj ds fudV 'kkdEHkjh esa dhA oklqnso us viuh
rksej oa'k jkt/kkuh vfg{ks= esa LFkkfir dhA
 vt;jkt II us vtesj uxj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj mls
 rksej oa'k dh LFkkiuk vuaxiky rksej us 736 bZñ esa dh
viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
FkhA blus fnYyh uxj dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj viuh
jkt/kkuh cuk;kA rksej oS".ko /keZ ds vuq;k;h FksA  foxzgjkt&III dh jpuk dk uke gfjdsfy ukVd gSA
bldk njckjh dfo lksenso FkkA
fllksfn;k oa'k  bl oa'k dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jktk foxzgjkt&IV
 gEehj nso us fllksfn;k oa'k dh LFkkiuk dhA fllksfn;k gqvkA blus rksej jktkvksa dks gjkdj fnYyh ij
oa'k dh jkt/kkuh fpÙkkSM+ FkhA fot; LrEHk fpÙkkSM+x<+ vf/kdkj dj fy;kA v<kbZ fnu dk >ksaiMk] tks dh
esa fLFkr gS] ftls jk.kk dqEHkk us viuh fot; ds miy{k vtesj esa fLFkr ,d efLtn gS] 'kq: ls foxzgjkt&IV
esa cuok;kA jk.kk dqEHkk laxhr dk lokZf/kd 'kkSdhu FkkA }kjk cuok;k x;k ,d fo|ky; FkkA
 1518 bZñ esa jk.kk lkaxk ,oa bczkfge yksnh ds chp  bl oa'k dk vfUre jktk i`Fohjkt&III FkkA pUncjnkbZ
[krkSyh esa ;q) gqvk FkkA [krkSyh dh yM+kbZ dk eq[; bldk njckjh dfo Fkk blus i`Fohjkt jklks fy[khA
dkj.k jk.kk lkaxk }kjk bczkfge yksnh dk lkFk u nsuk pUncjnkbZ dks çFke fgUnh dfo dgk tkrk gSA
FkkA  rjkbZu dk çFke ;q) 1191 bZñ esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku rFkk
 1527 bZñ esa jk.kk lkaxk ,oa ckcj ds chp [kkuok esa ;q) ekS0 xkSjh ds chp gqvkA bl ;q) esa i`Fohjkt&III dh
gqvkA thr gqbZA
 fllksfn;k oa'k dk lcls çrkih 'kkld egkjk.kk çrki  rjkbZu dk f}rh; ;q) 1192 bZñ esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku
gqvkA 1576 bZñ esa gYnh?kkVh dk ;q) vdcj vkSj rFkk ekS0 xkSjh dk chp gqvk vkSj blesa i`Fohjkt&III
egkjk.kk çrki ds chp gqvkA dh gkj gqbZA eksgEen xksjh us i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds iq=

14 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
xksfoUn dks viuh v/khurk esa vtesj dk 'kkld fo'ofo|ky; LFkkfir fd;kA
cuk;kA  egewn xtuh dh e`R;q 1030 bZñ esa gqbZA vyc:uh]
ijekj oa'k fQjnkSlh rFkk Q:[kh egewn xtuh ds njckj esa jgrs
FksA
 ijekj oa'k dk laLFkkid misUæ jkt ¼—".k jkt½ FkkA
bldh jkt/kkuh /kkjkuxjh FkhA igys ijekjksa dh  'kkgukek dh jpuk fQjnkSlh us dh rFkk
jkt/kkuh mTtSu FkhA fdrkc&my&fgUn dh jpuk vyc:uh us dhA ;s nksuksa
egewn xtuh ds lkFk Hkkjr vk;s FksA
 bl oa'k dk egku 'kkld jktk Hkkst FkkA Hkkst dks
dfojkt miuke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA blus Hkkstiqj >hy eqgEen xksjh
rFkk Hkkstiqj uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA jktk Hkkst us viuh  ekS0 xksjh us Hkkjr ij igyk vkØe.k 1175 bZñ esa
jkt/kkuh esa ljLorh efUnj cuok;kA eqYrku ij fd;kA ekS0 xksjh us nwljk vkØe.k 1178 bZñ
 jktk Hkkst us f=Hkqou ukjk;.k efUnj dk fuekZ.k fpÙkkSM+ esa ikVu ¼xqtjkr½ ij fd;kA ikVu ds 'kkld Hkhe&II
esa djk;kA us ekS0 xkSjh dks cqjh rjg gjk;kA
Hkkjr dk e/;dkyhu bfrgkl  pUnkoj dk ;q) ekS0 xksjh vkSj t;pUn ds chp 1194
bZñ dks gqvkA blesa xksjh dh thr gqbZA ekS0 xksjh us
 Hkkjr ij lcls igys ekS0 fcu dkfle us ¼vjcks½ 712
1193 bZñ esa fnYyh dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
bZñ esa fla/k ij vkØe.k fd;k vkSj fot; çkIr dhA ml
le; fla/k ij nkfgj dk 'kklu FkkA fla/k ij vkØe.k  ekS0 xksjh dh gR;k 1206 bZñ dks gqbZA
dk vkns'k vjc ds lwcsnkj vy&gTtkt us fn;k FkkA fnYyh lYrur
 Hkkjr ij vjcks ds vkØe.k dk çeq[k mn~ns'; xqyke oa'k% ¼1206&1290 bZñ½
/ku&nkSyr ywVuk rFkk bLyke /keZ dk çpkj djuk FkkA
vjcksa ds fla/k fot; dh tkudkjh ppukek ls çkIr  xqyke oa'k dh LFkkiuk 1206 bZñ esa dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us
gksrh gSA dh Fkh og ekS0 xkSjh dk xqyke FkkA ekS0 xksjh ds le;
og fnYyh dk xouZj FkkA
 eqgEen fcu dkfle 712 bZñ esa tquSn dks fla/k dk
jkT;iky fu;qDr dj Hkkjr ls okfil ykSV x;kA tquSn  dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us viuh jkt/kkuh ykgkSj cuk;hA
dks çfrgkj 'kkld ukxHkV~V us ijkftr fd;kA  dqrqcqn~nhu dks yk[kc['k Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk] ftldk
 vjcksa us fla/k esa Å¡V ikyu vkSj [ktwj dh [ksrh dk vFkZ gS yk[kks dk nku nsus okykA
çpyu fd;kA  dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us fnYyh dh dqor&my&bLyke
egewn xtuh efLtn rFkk vtesj dk v<kbZ fnu dk >ksiMk uked
efLtn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
 egewn xtuh ds firk dk uke lqcqDrxhu FkkA egewn  fnYyh dh dqrqcehukj dk fuekZ.k dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us
xtuh dk tUe 971 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA egewn xtuh 998
djok;kA mlus viuh iq=h dh 'kknh bYrqrfe'k ls dh
bZñ esa jktxn~nh ij cSBkA
FkhA dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk vFkZ pUæeq[kh gksrk gSA
 egewn xtuh us Hkkjr ij igyk vkØe.k 1000 bZñ esa  ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dks /oLr cf[r;kj f[kyth us
is'kkoj ij fd;kA egewn xtuh us Hkkjr ij 17 ckj
djok;k] tks ,scd dk lsukifr FkkA
vkØe.k fd;kA blds vkØe.k dk çeq[k mn~ns'; Hkh
/ku dks ywVuk FkkA egewn xtuh ,d ewfrZHkatd  dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dh e`R;q 1210 bZñ esa pksxku ¼iksyks½
vkØe.kdkjh FkkA [ksyrs gq, ?kksMs ls fxjdj gks x;hA bls ykgkSj esa
nQuk;k x;kA
 egewn xtuh us 1001 bZñ esa jktk t;iky dks gjk;kA
egewn xtuh us 1025 bZñ esa lkseukFk ds efUnj  dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh vkjke'kkg gqvk
¼lkSjk"Vª] xqtjkr½ ij vkØe.k fd;kA bl vkØe.k ds ftldh gR;k 1211 bZñ esa bYrqrfe'k us dh vkSj fnYyh
le; mlus 50]000 fgUnqvksa dk dRy fd;k FkkA dh xn~nh ij cSBkA bDrkç.kkyh bYrqrfe'k us pyk;hA
og fnYyh lYrur dk okLrfod laLFkkid FkkA
 egewn xtuh dk Hkkjr ij vfUre vkØe.k 1027 bZñ esa
tkVksa ds fo:) FkkA  blus 40 xqykeksa dk ,d laxBu cuk;k ftls
rqdkZu&,&pgyxkuh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
 lqYrku dh mikf/k /kkj.k djus okyk igyk 'kkld bYrqrfe'k rqdZ FkkA
egewn xtuh FkkA egewn xtuh us xtuh esa
 bYrqrfe'k us lcls igys 'kq) vjch flDds tkjh fd,A
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 15
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 pk¡nh ds flDdksa dks Vdk rFkk rk¡cs ds flDdks dks f[kyth oa'k% ¼1290&1320 bZñ½
thry dgk tkrk FkkA
 f[kyth oa'k dh LFkkiuk 1290 bZñ esa fQjkst f[kyth us
 bYrqrfe'k rqdZ Fkk] og dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dk xqyke dhA blus fdyks[kjh dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
rFkk nkekn FkkA dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd dh e`R;q ds le; ;g fQjkst f[kyth dh gR;k 1296 bZñ esa mlds Hkrhts rFkk
cnk¡;q dk xouZj FkkA mlds nkekn vykmn~nhu f[kyth us dMk&ekfudiqj
 ;g viuh jkt/kkuh ykgkSj ls cnydj fnYyh yk;kA ¼bykgkckn½ esa dj nhA
bYrqrfe'k igyk 'kkld Fkk ftlus 1229 bZñ esa cxnkn  vykmn~nhu ds cpiu dk uke vyh rFkk xqj'kkLi FkkA
ds [kyhQk ls lqYrku in dh Loh—fr yhA
 vykmn~nhu f[kyth us LFkk;h lsuk j[kh vkSj lSfudks
 Hkkjr esa igyk edcjk fufeZr djkus dk Js; bYrqrfe'k dks udn osru nsus dh O;oLFkk dhA blus bDrk çFkk
dks gSA paxst [kk¡ us Hkkjr ij 1221 bZñ esa bYrqrfe'k ds dks lekIr dj fn;kA flDdksa ij rkjh[k fy[kus dh
le; esa vkØe.k fd;kA çFkk vykmn~nhu f[kyth us 'kq: dh FkhA
 bYrqrfe'k dh e`R;q 1236 bZñ esa gqbZA  vykmn~nhu f[kyth us csbZekuh dks jksdus ds fy, ewY;
 bYrqrfe'k ds ckn mldk iq= :dun~nhu fQjkst xn~nh fu;=a.k ç.kkyh ;k cktkj fu;a=.k ç.kkyh dh O;oLFkk
ij cSBk ;g ,d v;ksX; 'kkld FkkA 'kklu dh ckxMksj dhA
mldh ek¡ 'kkgrqdkZu ds gkFk es FkhA  vykmn~nhu f[kyth us vykbZ njoktk rFkk lhjh dk
 rqdhZ ds vehjksa us bldks xn~nh ls gVk fn;k vkSj fdyk cuok;kA
jft;k lqYrku dks jktxn~nh ij cSBk;kA
 vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds lsukifr dk uke efyd dkQwj
 jft;k csxe igyh eqfLye efgyk 'kkld Fkh ftlus FkkA efyd dkQwj dks gtkjnhukjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
'kklu dh ckxMksj laHkkyhA efyd dkQwj us mldh nf{k.k dh fot;ksa dk lQyrk
 og inkZçFkk dk R;kx dj iq:"kksa dh rjg njckj esa iwoZd usr`Ro fd;k FkkA
vkus yxhA  ?kksMk nkxus rFkk lSfudksa dk gqfy;k fy[kus dh çFkk dk
 jft;k dh 'kknh vYrqfu;k ls gqbZA jft;k dh gR;k vkjEHk vykmn~nhu f[kyth us fd;kA vykmn~nhu
1240 bZñ esa fgUnq Mkdqvksa }kjk dj nh xbZA og çFke f[kyth ds le; esokM+ dk 'kkld jk.kk jru flag FkkA
rqdZ efgyk 'kkld FkhA  vykmn~nhu f[kyth us fldUnj&,&lkuh dh mikf/k
 1246 bZñ esa ul:n~nhu egewn fnYyh dk 'kkld cukA /kkj.k dhA
ul:n~nhu egewn Vksih lhdj viuk thou fuokZg  vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds 'kkludky esa eaxkSyks us 6 ckj
djrk FkkA cycu us viuh iq=h dk fookg ul:n~nhu vkØe.k fd;kA
egewn ds lkFk fd;kA 1265 bZñ esa ul:n~nhu egewn
dh e`R;q ds ckn cycu mldk mÙkjkf/kdkjh cukA  vykmn~nhu f[kyth dh e`R;q 1316 bZñ esa gks xbZA
blds ckn eqckjd f[kyth jktk cukA
 cycu dk okLrfod uke cgkÅn~nhu FkkA ;g
bYrqrfe'k dk xqyke FkkA  eqckjd f[kyth dHkh&dHkh njckj esa fL=;ksa ds oL=
igudj vkrk FkkA
 cycu 1265 bZñ esa fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA blus
fnYyh dks eaxksyks ds vkØe.k ls cpk;kA  eqckjd f[kyth dh gR;k mlds othj [kqljks [kk¡ us
1320 bZñ esa dj nh vkSj fnYyh ds flagklu ij cSBkA
 cycu us 40 xqykeks ds laxBu dk fouk'k dj fn;kA
[kqljks [kk¡ dh gR;k xkth efyd ¼x;klqn~nhu rqxyd½
cycu us fltnk vkSj iScksl uked çFkk pykbZA cycu
us Qkjlh R;kSgkj uojkst eukus dh çFkk vkjEHk dhA us dhA
 ul:n~nhu egewn us cycu dks myax [kk¡ dh mikf/k rqxyd oa'k% ¼1320&1398 bZñ½
nh FkhA cycu ds njckj esa Qkjlh ds çfl) dfo  1320 bZñ esa X;klqn~nhu rqxyd [kqljks [kk¡ dks ijkftr
vehj [kqljks rFkk vehj glu jgrs FksA djds fnYyh ds flgkalu ij cSBkA blus 29 ckj
 cycu us vius 'k=qvks ds fo:) ykSg ,oa jDr dh eaxksyksa ds vkØe.k dks foQy fd;kA
uhfr viukbZA cycu dh U;k; O;oLFkk fu"i{k FkhA  blus flapkbZ ds fy, dq,¡ rFkk ugjksa dk fuekZ.k
cycu ds ckn mldk iq= dSdqckn 'kkld cukA mldh djok;kA ugjks dk fuekZ.k djkus okyk ;g çFke 'kkld
e`R;q ydok ls gks x;hA FkkA
 xqyke oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld lEeqn~nhu dSeqlZ FkkA  x;klqn~nhu rqxyd us fnYyh esa rqxydkckn dh

16 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
LFkkiuk dhA bl uxj esa jkse 'kSyh esa ,d nqxZ dk lS¸;n oa'k ¼lu~ 1414 bZñ&1451 bZñ rd½
fuekZ.k djok;k] ftls NIiudksV dgrs gSaA  lS¸;n oa'k dh LFkkiuk f[ktz [kk¡ us dh FkhA
 futkeqn~nhu vkSfy;k us x;klqn~nhu rqxyd ds ckjs esa  f[ktz [kk¡ us jS;r&,&vkyk dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA
dgk Fkk fd fnYyh vHkh cgqr nwj gSA
 f[ktz [kk¡ rSewj yax dk lsukifr FkkA
 X;klqn~nhu dh e`R;q 1325 bZñ esa twuk [kk¡ }kjk fufeZr  f[ktz [kk¡ fu;fer :i ls rSewj yax ds iq= 'kkg:[k dks
ydMh ds egy ds uhps ncdj gks xbZA dj Hkstrk FkkA
 blds ckn tquk [kk¡ ekS0 fcu rqxyd ds uke ls fnYyh  lS¸;n oa'k dk vfUre lqYrku vykmn~nhu vkye'kkg
dh xn~nh ij cSBkA FkkA
 e/;dkyhu lHkh lqYrkuksa esa ekS0 fcu rqxyd lcls  ;equk ds fdukjs eqckjdkckn dh LFkkiuk f[ktz [kk¡ ds
f'kf{kr ;ksX; O;fDr FkkA iq= us dh FkhA lS¸;n oa'k dk 'kklu yxHkx 37 o"kks±
 ekS0 fcu rqxyd dks ikxy ckn'kkg Hkh dgrs FksA rd pykA
mldk lkezkT; 23 çkUrksa esa c¡Vk gqvk FkkA yksnh oa'k ¼lu~ 1451 bZñ&1526 bZñ rd½
 blus —f"k ds fodkl ds fy, vehj&,&dksgh uked  yksnh oa'k dh LFkkiuk cgyksy yksnh us dh FkhA og
foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dhA 1451 esa xkth dh mikf/k ds lkFk fnYyh dh xn~nh ij
 blus viuh jkt/kkuh fnYyh ls nsofxfj dks cuk;k vkSj cSBkA
mldk uke nkSyrkckn j[kkA og fQj ls 1335 bZñ esa  fnYyh ij çFke vQxku jkT; dh LFkkiuk cgyksy
viuh jkt/kkuh dks fnYyh ys vk;kA yksnh us dh FkhA
 ekS0 fcu rqxyd us lkadsfrd eqæk dk çpyu fd;kA  cgyksy yksnh dk iq= futke [kk¡ ¼fldUnj yksnh½ us
og çFke lqYrku Fkk] tks fgUnqvksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa Hkkx vkxjk uxj dh LFkkiuk 1504 bZñ esa dh FkhA
ysrk FkkA  xqy:[kh 'kh"kZd esa Qkjlh dfork;sa fy[kus okyk igyk
 eksjDdks ;k=h bCucrwrk ekS0 fcu rqxyd ds njckj esa lqYrku fldUnj yksnh FkkA
1333 bZñ esa vk;kA bcucrwrk us jsgyk uked iqLrd  fldUnj us vkxjk dks viuh u;h jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
fy[khA fldUnj yksnh us Hkwfe ekius ds fy, xt&,&fldUnjh
 ekS0 fcu rqxyd dh e`R;q 1351 bZñ esa gks xbZ FkhA ekS0 iSekuk tkjh fd;kA
fcu rqxyd 'ks[k vykmn~nhu dk f'k"; FkkA  fldUnj yksnh us dqrqcehukj dh ejEer djk;h FkhA
 1351 bZñ esa fQjkst'kkg rqxyd 'kkld cukA mlus og nk<+h ugha j[krk FkkA
vksfM'kk ds txUukFk efUnj dks /oLr djok fn;k FkkA  xys dh chekjh ds dkj.k fldUnj yksnh dh e`R;q 1517
 fQjkst rqxyd czkã.kksa ij tft;k dj yxkus okyk bZñ dks gks xbZA blh fnu mldk iq= bczkfge yksnh
igyk eqlyeku 'kkld FkkA jktxn~nh ij cSBkA
 fQjkst rqxyd us tkSuiqj] fQjkstiqj] fQjkstckn] rFkk  21 vçSy 1526 bZñ dks ikuhir ds çFke ;q) esa bczkfge
Qrsgkckn tSls 300 uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA fQjkst yksnh ckcj ls gkj x;kA og ,d ek= lqYrku Fkk] tks
rqxyd us bDrk çFkk dh nqckjk 'kq:vkr dj nh FkhA ;q) Hkwfe esa ekjk x;kA
 fQjkst rqxyd ds 'kkludky esa nklks dh la[;k  ckcj dks Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus ds fy, iatkc ds
lokZf/kd FkhA fQjkst'kkg rqxyd us yxHkx 1200 ckx jktk nkSyr [kk¡ yksnh rFkk bczkfge yksnh ds pkpk
yxok;saA vkye [kk¡ us cqyok;k FkkA
 esjB vkSj Vksijk ls v'kksd ds LrEHkksa dks ykdj fnYyh eqxy lkezkT;
esa fQjkst'kkg rqxyd us LFkkfir fd;kA ckcj ¼lu~ 1526 bZñ&1530 bZñ rd½
 fQjkst rqxyd us 5 cM+h ugjks dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
blus viuh vkRedFkk Qrwgkr&,&fQjkst'kkgh dh  ikuhir dk çFke ;q) 21 vçSy 1526 dks ckcj rFkk
jpuk dhA bczkfge yksnh ds chp gqvkA blesa ckcj dh thr gqbZA
 bl oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld ul:n~nhu egewn rqxyd  ckcj dk tUe 1483 bZñ dks Qjxuk esa gqvk FkkA
FkkA  blds firk dk uke mej 'ks[k fetkZ FkkA ckcj us Hkkjr
 rSejw yax us ul:n~nhu egewn rqxyd ds le; esa 1398 ij ik¡p ckj vkØe.k fd;kA ckcj dk Hkkjr esa çFke
bZñ esa vkØe.k fd;kA vfHk;ku 1519 bZñ esa ;qlqQ+T+kbZ tkfr ds f[kykQ FkkA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 17
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
ckcj us ;q) esa rqxyek ;q) uhfr rFkk rksi[kkus dk bZñ rd vdcj dk lja{kd jgkA
ç;ksx fd;kA  ikuhir dk nwljk ;q) 5 uoEcj 1556 bZñ dks vdcj
 mLrkn vyh rFkk eqLrQk ckcj ds nks fu'kkus ckt FksA rFkk gsew ds chp gqvkA
ckcj us dyUnj dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA  gsew 'kwj'kkld vkfny'kkg dk ç/kkuea=h FkkA vkfny'kkg
 [kkuok dk ;q) 1527 bZñ esa ckcj vkSj jk.kk lk¡xk ds us gsew dks foØekfnR; dh mikf/k nhA
chp gqvk bl ;q) esa ckcj dh thr gqbZ rFkk blus  gsew dks 24 ;q)ksa esa ls 22 ;q) thrus dk Js; çkIr gSA
xkth dh mikf/k /kkj.k dhA  vdcj us xqtjkr fot; dh Le`fr esa viuh jkt/kkuh
 pUnsjh dk ;q) 1528 bZñ esa ckcj vkSj esnuhjk; ds chp Qrsgiqj lhdjh esa cqyUn njoktk cuok;kA xqtjkr
gqvkA blesa ckcj dh thr gqbZA ?kk?kjk dk ;q) 1529 fot; dks fLeFk us fo'o dk lcls rst vkØe.k dgkA
bZñ esa ckcj vkSj uqljr'kkg ds chp gqvkA blesa ckcj  gYnh?kkVh dk ;q) 1576 bZñ esa vdcj vkSj egkjk.kk
dh thr gqbZA çrki ds chp gqvkA
 ckcj us viuh vkRedFkk ckcjukek dks rqdhZ Hkk"kk esa  vdcj us 1562 bZñ esa nkl çFkk dk vUr fd;k rFkk
fy[kk] ftldk vuqokn Qkjlh Hkk"kk esa vCnqy jghe 1564 bZñ esa tft;k dj lekIr dj fn;kA
[kku[kkuk us fd;kA  1582 bZñ esa nhu&,&bykgh /keZ pyk;kA fgUnq jktk
 ckcj dks eqEcbZ;ku uked i|'kSyh dk Hkh tUenkrk chjcy us bl /keZ dks Lohdkj fd;kA nhu&,&bykgh
ekuk tkrk gSA ckcj dh e`R;q 1530 bZñ esa vkxjk esa /keZ dk iqjksfgr vcqy Qty FkkA
gqbZA ckcj dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh gqek;w¡ FkkA  vdcj us 1575 bZñ esa bcknr [kkus dh LFkkiuk
 ckcj dk edcjk dkcqy ¼vQxkfuLrku½ esa gSA ckcj dk ¼Qrsgiqj lhdjh½ esa dh vkSj bldk mn~ns'; çR;sd
'kkludky ¼1526 bZñ&1530 bZñ½ FkkA jfookj dks /kkfeZd okn&fookn fuiVkuk FkkA
gqek;w¡ ¼1530 bZñ&1556 bZñ½  vdcj ij lcls vf/kd çHkko fgUnq /keZ dk iMkA
vdcj us 1583 bZñ esa bykgh laor pyk;kA
 gqek;w¡ 1530 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA 1533 bZñ esa gqek;w¡ us
fnYyh esa nhuiukg uked uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA  vdcjukek rFkk vkbu&,&vdcjh uked iqLrd vcqy
Qty us fy[khA
 pkSlk dk ;q) 1539 bZñ dks gqek;w¡ rFkk 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds
 vdcj ds Hkwfe lacfU/kr lq/kkjks dk Js; VksMjey dks gS]
chp gqvkA bl ;q) esa 'ksj'kkg dh thr gqbZA
tksfd mldk jktLoea=h FkkA
 dUukSt ¼fcyxzke½ dk ;q) 1540 bZñ dks gqek;w¡ rFkk  VksMjey vdcj ds njckj esa vkus ls igys 'ksj'kkg
'ksj'kkg ds chp gqvk bles gqek;w¡ gkj x;k vkSj Hkkjr lwjh ds njckj esa jgrk FkkA
NksMdj pyk x;kA
 vdcj ds uojRu%& jktk ekuflag] rkulsu] chjcy]
 gqek;w¡ 1555 bZñ dks nksckjk fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBkA vcqy Qty] VksMjey] eqYyk nks I;ktk] gdhe gqdke]
gqek;w¡ ds iqLrdky; dk uke 'ksje.My FkkA og QSth rFkk vCnqy jghe [kku&,&[kkukA
T;ksfr"k esa fo'okl j[krk FkkA gqek;w¡ lkseokj dks lQsn]
'kfuokj dks dkyk rFkk jfookj dks ihyk oL= igurk  rkulsu dk tUe Xokfy;j esa gqvkA blds cpiu dk
FkkA uke jkeruq ikaMs FkkA /kzqin xk;u 'kSyh dk fodkl
rkulsu ds le; esa gqvkA rkulsu dh —fr;k¡%& fe;k¡
 gqek;q¡ dh e`R;q 1556 bZñ esa nhuiukg Hkou esa dh eYykj] fe;k¡ dh VksMh] fe;k¡ lkjaxA vdcj us
iqLrdky; dh lh<h ls fxj dj gks xbZA rkulsu dks d.BkHkj.k ok.khfoykl dh mikf/k nhA
vdcj ¼1556 bZñ&1605 bZñ rd½  gdhe gqdke vdcj ds jlksbZ dk ç/kku FkkA
 vdcj dk tUe 1542 bZñ dks vejdksV esa jk.kk ohjlky  vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk ,d dfo rFkk cSje [kk¡ dk iq=
ds egy esa gqvk FkkA FkkA tgk¡xhj ij lcls vf/kd çHkko vCnqy jghe
 vdcj dk laj{kd cSje [kk¡ FkkA [kku[kkuk dk gqvk FkkA
 vdcj dk jkT;kfHk"ksd 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 1556 bZñ esa  rqylhnkl vdcj vkSj egkjk.kk çrki ds ledkyhu
dkykukSj esa gqvkA FkkA
 vdcj fuj{kj ¼vui<½ FkkA vdcj us cSje [kk¡ dks  vdcj tSu xq: gfjfot; dk cgqr lEeku djrk FkkA
[kku&,&[kkuk dh mikf/k nhaA cSje [kk¡ 1556 ls 1560 mlus budks xqtjkr cqyk;k vkSj txr xq: dh mikf/k
nhA
18 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 fHkÙkh fp=dkjh igyh ckj vdcj ds le; esa 'kq: gqbZA uke 'kkgtknk [kqjZe FkkA
clkou dks vdcj ds le; dk lcls vPNk fp=dkj  'kkgtgk¡ dk fookg vtqZeUn ckuks csxe ds lkFk gqvk
ekuk tkrk gSA Fkk ftldks eqerkt egy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
 jktiwr jktk egkjk.kk çrki us vdcj dh v/khurk eqerkt egy vklQ [kk¡ dh iq=h FkhA 'kkgtgk¡ us
Lohdkj ugha dh FkhA egkor [kk¡ dks [kku&[kkuk dh mikf/k nhA
 vdcj us viuh jkt/kkuh vkxjk ls Qrsgiqj lhdjh  'kkgtgk¡ dk la?k"kZ fl[kks ds 6 os xq: gjxksfoUn ls
1571 esa cukbZ FkhA gqvkA
 vdcj us bZlkbZ;ksa dks vkxjk rFkk ykgkSj esa fxjtk?kj  'kkgtgk¡ us vkSjaxtsc dks nf{k.k dk lwcsnkj fu;qDr
cukus dh vuqefr nhA fd;k vkSjaxtsc us nf{k.k dh jkt/kkuh vkSjxkcakn dks
 vdcj us chjcy dks dfojkt rFkk jktk dh mikf/k cuk;kA
nhA chjcy dh e`R;q ;qlwQtkbZvks dk foæksg nckrs gq,  'kkgtgk¡ dks dksfguwj ghjk ehj tqeyk us HksV fd;k FkkA
gqbZ FkhA chjcy dk okLrfod uke egs'knkl FkkA dksfguwj ghjk xksydq.Mk dh [kku ls fudkyk x;k FkkA
 vdcj dh e`R;q vfrlkj ds dkj.k 1605 bZñ esa gqbZA eqxydky esa xksydq.Mk ghjs dk lcls cMk dsUæ FkkA
vdcj dk edcjk fldUnjk ¼vkxjk½ esa gSA  'kkgtgk¡ ds pkj iq= Fks ftues nkjkf'kdksag lcls T;knk
tgk¡xhj ¼1605 bZñ&1627 bZñ rd½ n;kyq FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ us nkjkf'kdksag dks viuk
mRrjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr fd;kA
 tgk¡xhj dk okLrfod uke lyhe Fkk vdcj lyhe dks
'ks[kksckck ds uke ls iqdkjrk FkkA tgk¡xhj ds xq: dk  'kkgtgk¡ ds e;wj flagklu dk fuekZ.k csckny [kk¡ us
uke vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk FkkA tgk¡xhj 1605 bZñ esa fd;kA bls r[rs rkml dgrs FksA
xn~nh ij cSBkA  fnYyh dh tkek efLtn 'kkgtgk¡ us cuok;hA 'kkgtgk¡
 tgk¡xhj us U;k; dh tathj vkxjk fdys ds ;equk rV ds dky dks okLrqdyk dk Lo.kZ ;qx dgk tkrk gSA
ij yxokbZ FkhA U;k; dh tathj esa 60 ?kafV;k¡ FkhA  'kkgtgk¡ us fltnk vkSj ikcksl çFkk dks lekIr dj
 tgk¡xhj us rexk dj ij çfrcU/k yxk fn;kA teku fn;kA
csx dks egkor [kk¡ dh mikf/k tgkaxhj us nh FkhA  nkjkf'kdksag us iqjk.kksa dk Qkjlh esa vuqokn fd;k FkkA
tgkaxhj dk lcls cMk iq= [kqljks FkkA  egkHkkjr dk Qkjlh esa vuqokn jTeukek ds uke ls
 [kqljks us 1605 bZñ esa tgk¡xhj ds fo:) foæksg dj cnk;q¡uh us fd;k FkkA
fn;kA [kqljks dh gR;k 'kkgtgk¡ us djokbZA  rktegy dh :ijs[kk mLrkn vgen ykgkSjh us rS;kj
 xqfjYyk ;q) i)fr dh 'kq:vkr efyd vEcj us dh] dh rFkk ;g bZ'kk [kk¡ dh ns[kjs[k esa cuok;k x;kA
tks vgen uxj dk othj FkkA  1658 bZñ esa mÙkjkf/kdkjh dk ;q) cgknqjiqj esa gqvk rFkk
 uwjtgk¡ fetkZ X;klcsx dh iq=h FkhA uwjtgk¡ dk 1659 bZñ esa nkjkf'kdksag vkSj vkSjaxtsc ds chp vfUre
okLrfod uke esg:fulk Fkk og ,d fo/kok FkhA yMkbZ gqbZ ftlesa vkSjaxtsc dh thr gqbZA
tgk¡xhj us 1611 bZñ esa blls 'kknh dj yh rFkk mlds  nkjkf'kdksag dks bLyke /keZ dh vogsyuk djus ds
firk dks ,ReknqvkSyk dh mikf/k nhA tgk¡xhj ds 5 iq= dkj.k e`R;qn.M fn;k x;kA
FksA  vkSjaxtsc us 'kkgtgk¡ dks dSn djds vkxjk ds fdys esa
 eqxy fp=dyk tgk¡xhj ds le; es pje ij igq¡phA j[kk tgk¡ mldh e`R;q 1666 bZñ esa gks xbZA
 tgkaxhj ds njckj ds çeq[k fp=dkj%& eaUlwj] vcqy vkSjaxtsc ¼1658 bZñ&1707 bZñ½
glu] fclunkl] euksgj rFkk vdkfjtkA  vkSjaxtsc 1658 bZñ dks fnYyh dh xn~nh ij cSBk bldk
 d'ehj dk 'kkyhekj ckx tgkaxhj us cuok;kA nwljh ckj jkT;kfHk"ksd 1659 bZñ esa gqvkA og eqerkt
 tgkaxhj dh e`R;q 1627 bZñ esa gqbZA egy dk iq= FkkA
 tgkaxhj rFkk ,ReknqvkSyk dk edcjk uwjtgk¡ us  vkSjaxtsc us çFke ;q) vksjNk ds tq>kj flag ds fo:)
cuok;kA yMkA
 'kkgtgk¡ uwjtgk¡ dks 2 yk[k okf"kZd isa'ku nsrk FkkA  vkSjaxtsc us 1668 bZñ esa fgUnw&R;kSgkjks ij jksd yxk
'kkgtgk¡ ¼1628 bZñ ls 1658 bZñ rd½ nhA
 'kkgtgk¡ 1628 bZñ esa xn~nh ij cSBkA bldk okLrfod  iqjUnj dh lfU/k 1665 bZñ esa f'kokth vkSj egkjktk
t;flag ds chp gqbZA bl lfU/k ds vuqlkj f'kokth dks
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 19
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
vkSjaxtsc ds lkeus is'k gksuk FkkA  ukfnj'kkg us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k 1739 bZñ esa fd;k rFkk
 f'kokth dks dSn djds t;iqj Hkou esa j[kk x;kA ;gk¡ og vius lkFk e;wj flagklu ys x;kA ukfnj'kkg ds
ls f'kokth xqIr :i ls Qjkj gks x;sA lsukifr dk uke vgen'kkg vCnkyh FkkA
 vkSjaxtsc dks ftUnk ihj dgk tkrk FkkA  vaxzstks us 1803 bZñ esa fnYyh ij dCtk dj fy;kA
 vkSjaxtsc ds fo:) eFkqjk dk tkV foæksg tkV usrk  bykgkckn dh lfU/k 1765 bZñ esa gqbZ bl lfU/k ds
xksdqy ds usr`Ro esa 1669 bZñ esa gqvkA vuqlkj eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgvkye&II dks 20 yk[k
 vkSjaxtsc us tkft;k dj fQj ls ykxw dj fn;kA :i;s okf"kZd isa'ku vaxzstksa us nh Fkh rFkk caxky vkSj
 vkSjaxtsc ds njckj esa fgUnw eulcnkj lokZf/kd FksA os fcgkj dh nhokuh vaxzstksa dks fey xbZA
yxHkx 33 çfr'kr FksA  vfUre eqxy ckn'kkg cgknqj 'kkg tQj&II FkkA
 cukjl ds fo'oukFk efUnj rFkk eFkqjk ds dS'kojk;  vaxzstksa us bldks fuokZflr djds jaxwu Hkst fn;kA tgk¡
efUnj dks vkSjaxtsc us 1669 bZñ esa rqMok fn;k FkkA mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
 bLyke /keZ Lohdkj u djus dkj.k flD[kksa ds ukSos xq: 'ksj'kkg lwjh ¼1540 bZñ&1545 bZñ rd½
rsxcgknqj dh gR;k vkSjaxtsc us djok nhA
 'ksj[kk¡ dk çkjfEHkd uke Qjhn [kk¡ FkkA buds firk dk
 Hkjriqj jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk pwMkey us dh FkhA uke glu [kk¡ FkkA
 vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q 1707 bZñ dks vgenkckn esa gqbZA  Qjhn [kk¡ dks ekS0 'kkg us 'ksj[kk¡ dh mikf/k nh FkhA
eqxydky ds eq[; rF;  ;g fnYyh dh xn~nh ij 1540 bZñ esa 67 o"kZ dh mez esa
 eqxydky dh jktHkk"kk Qkjlh FkhA cSBk FkkA
 eqxydkyhu lsuk laxBu eulcnkjh çFkk dgykrh Fkh]  ;gh ls bldk uke 'ksj'kkg lwjh iMkA
eulcnkjksa dks udn osru nsus dh O;oLFkk FkhA eqxy  'ksj'kkg lwjh dks vdcj dk vxznwr Hkh dgrs gSaA
lsuk 5 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr FkhA
 'ksj'kkg lwjh dh e`R;q rksi ds QV tkus ds dkj.k gqbZA
 tCrh ç.kkyh VksMjey us 'kq: dh FkhA
 eqxy dky esa lokZf/kd :i;s dh <ykbZ vkSjaxtsc ds  xzkaM Vªd jksM dk fuekZ.k 'ksj'kkg lwjh us djok;kA
le; esa gqbZA  'ksj'kkg lwjh us ikVfyiq= dk uke iVuk j[kkA
 Hkkjr esa rEckdw dk çpyu 1604 bZñ esa iqrZxkfy;ks ds  'ksj'kkg lwjh dk edcjk fcgkj ds lklkjke esa fLFkr gSA
}kjk gqvk FkkA  'ksj'kkg lwjh us nhiukg Hkou dks rqMokdj iqjkus fdys
 fulkj flDdk dk çpyu tgk¡xhj us fd;k rFkk vkuk dk fuekZ.k djok;kA
flDdk 'kkgtgk¡ us pyk;kA ejkBk lkezkT;
 mLrkn ealwj i{kh fo'ks"kK fp=dkj FkkA
 f'kokth dk tUe 1627 bZñ esa f'kousj esa gqvk FkkA
 vkSjaxtsc ,d oh.kkoknd Fkk rFkk vdcj uxkM+k ctkrk
FkkA  f'kokth ds firk dk uke 'kkgth Hkksl a ys vkSj ekrk dk
uke thtkckbZ FkkA
 vkSjaxtsc dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh 'kkgvkye FkkA
 eqxy lkezkT; dk çFke v;ksX; 'kkld tgk¡nkj 'kkg  f'kokth ij lokZf/kd çHkko xq: nknkth dksa.knso dk
FkkA FkkA dksa.knso f'kokth ds laj{kd Hkh FksA
 tgk¡nkj'kkg dks yEiV ew[kZ Hkh dgrs FksA  f'kokth ds xq: jkenkl FksA jkenkl us nklcks/k rFkk
vkuUnou Hkou uked iqLrd fy[khA
 flD[k usrk cUnk cgknqj dh gR;k eqxy lezkV  f'kokth us lcls igys 1646 bZñ esa rksj.k ds fdys ij
Q:Z[kfl;j us dh FkhA vf/kdkj dj fy;kA
 Q:Z[kfl;j us eq¶r esa vaxzstks dks O;kikj vkjEHk djus  f'kokth us viuh jkt/kkuh jk;x<+ 1656 bZñ esa cuk;hA
dh vuqefr nh FkhA
 f'kokth us igyh ckj eqxyksa ls 1657 bZñ esa ;q) fd;kA
 Q:Z[kfl;j dh gR;k lS¸;n cUnqvksa us dh FkhA lS¸;n  f'kokth us 1659 bZñ ds lygkj ds ;q) esa eqxyksa dks
cU/kq dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk u`i fuekZrk dgk tkrk gSA ijkftr fd;kA
 eqxy'kkld eqgEen'kkg dks jaxhyk ckn'kkg Hkh dgk  f'kokth ds eaf=eaMy dks v"Vç/kku dgk tkrk FkkA
tkrk FkkA bldk okLrfod uke jks'ku v[rj FkkA
uksV%&v"V fnXxt —".knso jk; ds njckj esa jgrs FksA
20 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 v"Vç/kku esa lcls egRoiw.kZ in is'kok dk gksrk Fkk veqDr ekY;n xzUFk dh jpuk dhA
vkSj is'kok dks ç/kkuea=h dgk tkrk Fkk vkSj vekR;]  —".knso jk; ds 'kkludky dks rsyxw lkfgR; dk Lo.kZ
foÙkea=h dks dgk tkrk FkkA ;qx dgk tkrk gSA
 ejkBk lkezkT; dh jktHkk"kk ejkBh FkhA  foV~Bly Lokeh efUnj rFkk gtkjk jke efUnj dk
 pkSFk rFkk ljns'keq[kh f'kokth }kjk yxk;s tkus okys nks fuekZ.k jktk —".knso jk; us djk;k FkkA rkyhdksVk dk
dj FksA ;q) 1565 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA
 f'kokth dh jktLo O;oLFkk efyd vEcj }kjk viukbZ cgeuh lkezkT;
xbZ jS;rokMh çFkk ij vk/kkfjr FkhA
 f'kokth dk jkT;kfHk"ksd 1674 bZñ esa dk'kh ds çfl)  cgeuh lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk 1347 bZñ dks vykmn~nhu
fo}ku xaxk HkV~V us fd;k Fkk ¼jk;x< esa½ vkSj f'kokth cgeu 'kkg us dh FkhA
dks N=ifr dh mikf/k nhA  bldk igyk uke tQj [kk¡ FkkA
 is'kok dk in ckykth fo'oukFk ds ckn oa'kkuqxr gks  blus viuh jkt/kkuh xqycxkZ cukbZA cgeu 'kkg us
x;kA xqycxkZ dk uke vglkukckn j[kkA
 f'kokth us Hkwfe ekius ds fy, dkBh uked ekid dk  cgeuh oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld dyhemYykg FkkA egewn
ç;ksx fd;kA xoka us chnj esa 1 egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
 dukZVd vfHk;ku f'kokth dk vfUre fot; vfHk;ku vk/kqfud Hkkjr
FkkA
 f'kokth dh e`R;q 1680 bZñ esa gks x;hA f'kokth dk caxky ds xoZuj
mRrjkf/kdkjh 'kEHkkth gq,A  jkWcVZ Dykbo%& blus caxky esa }S/k 'kklu dh O;oLFkk
 'kEHkkth us vkSjaxtsc ds foæksgh iq= vdcj dks 'kj.k dh] ftlds rgr jktLo olwyus] lSfud laj{k.k rFkk
nhA 'kEHkkth dks vkSjaxtsc }kjk cgknqjx< esa ekj fn;k fons'kh ekeys dEiuh ds v/khu FksA tcfd 'kklu pykus
x;kA 'kEHkkth dh e`R;q ds ckn mldk HkkbZ jktkjke dh ftEesnkjh uokc ds gkFkks esa FkhA
jktk cukA  blus eqxy lezkV 'kkgvkye II dks bykgkckn dh
 1700 bZñ esa jktkjke dh e`R;q ds ckn mldh fo/kok nwljh lfU/k 1765 bZñ}kjk dEiuh esa feyk fy;kA
iRuh rkjkckbZ us vius pkj o"khZ; iq= dks f'kokth uksV%& caxky dk vfUre xoZuj okjsu gsfLVXal FkkA
f}rh; ds uke ls xn~nh ij cSBk;kA
 rkjkckbZ us eqxyks ls la?k"kZ tkjh j[kkA dEiuh ds v/khu xoZuj&tujy
 1713 bZñ esa ckykth fo'oukFk ç/kkuea=h cukA  jsX;wysafVd ,DV 1773 bZñ ds vuqlkj] caxky ds xoZuj
 ckthjko çFke f'kokth ds ckn xqfjYyk ;q) dk lcls dks vc vaxzsth {ks=ks dk xoZuj tujy dgk tkus yxkA
cMk çfriknd FkkA  ftldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA bl çdkj
 ckykth ckthjko dks ukuk lkgc ds uke ls Hkh tkuk Hkkjr esa dEiuh ds v/khu çFke tujy okjsu gsfLVaXl
tkrk FkkA gqvkA ;g 'kq: es a,d DyZd FkkA
fot; uxj lkezkT; okjsu gsfLVXal ¼1774 bZñ&1785 bZñ rd½
 fot; uxj lkezkT; dks e/; ;qx dk çFke fgUnq  okjsu gsfLVXal us 1781 bZñ esa dydÙkk esa eqfLye f'k{kk
lkezkT; ekuk tkrk gSA fodkl ds fy, çFke enjlk LFkkfir fd;kA
 fons'kh ;k=h vCnqy jTtkd us fot; uxj dks fo'o  blh ds le; esa 1780 bZñ esa Hkkjr dk igyk lekpkj
dk lcls lqUnj 'kgj crk;kA i= n caxky xtV dk çdk'ku tsEl fgDdh us fd;kA
 fot;uxj rqaxHkæk unh ij fLFkr gSA  blh ds le; esa jsX;wysfVax ,DV ds rgr 1774 bZñ esa
dydÙkk esa ,d mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
 fot;uxj lkezkT; dk egkure 'kkld —".k nsojk; okjsu gsfLVXl ds le; esa cksMZ vkWQ jsosU;w dh LFkkiuk
FkkA ;g ckcj ds ledkyhu FkkA gqbZA fiV~l bafM;k ,DV ¼1784 bZñ½ dks Hkkjr vk;kA
 v"VfnXxt —".knso jk; ds njckj esa jgus okys vkB  vius dk;Zdky dh lekfIr ds i'pkr tc og 1785 bZñ
dfo;ksa dks dgk tkrk FkkA esa baXyS.M igq¡pk rks ml ij egkfHk;ksx pyk;k x;kA
 —".knsojk; rsyxw lkfgR; dk egku fo}ku FkkA blus

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 21

bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
ykWMZ dkuZokfyl FkhA
¼1786 bZñ&1793 bZñ rd vkSj 1805 bZñ½  jfookj dk vodk'k dh 'kq:vkr 1843 bZñ esa ykMZ
,fyucjks ds le; esa gqbZA
 blus 1793 bZñ esa LFkkbZ cUnkscLr dh i)fr ykxw dh
FkhA blds rgr fdlkuks dks mit dk 90 % dEiuh
ykWMZ gkfMZax ¼1844 bZñ&1848 bZñ½
dks nsuk iMrk FkkA LFkkbZ cUnkscLr dh ;kstuk lj  ujcyh&çFkk ij çfrcU/k ykMZ gkafMZx us yxk;kA
tkWu 'kksj us cukbZA dkuZokfyl dks Hkkjr esa ukxfjd ykWMZ MygkSth ¼1848 bZñ&1856 bZñ½
lsok dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA
 dksfguwj ghjk egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks Hkst fn;k x;kA
lj tkWu lksj ¼1793 bZñ&1798 bZñ½  MygkSth dks Hkkjr esa jsyos dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA
 blus vgLr{ksi dh uhfr viukbZA blh ds le; esa Hkkjr esa igyh ckj 16 vçSy 1853 bZñ
ykWMZ osystyh ¼1798 bZñ&1805 bZñ½ esa eqEcbZ ls Fkk.ks ds chp 34 fdeh0 çFke jsy pykbZ
xbZA blus f'keyk dks xzh"edkyhu jkt/kkuh cuk;kA
 blus lgk;d lfU/k dh i)fr 'kq: dh] ijUrq Ýaklhalh
xoZuj MqIys us lgk;d lfU/k dk ç;ksx ykMZ osystyh  blh ds le; esa 1853 bZñ esa dydÙkk vksj vkxjk ds
ls igys fd;k FkkA ykMZ osystyh Lo;a dks caxky dk chp rkj lsok 'kq: gqbZA
'ksj dgrk FkkA  1854 bZñ esa igyh ckj Mkd fVdV dk pyu Hkh blh
 blh us 1800 bZñ esa QksVZ fofy;e dkWyst dh dydÙkk ds le; ls gqvkA
esa LFkkiuk dhA  MygkSth ds 'kkludky dks O;ixr fl)kUr ¼Doctrine
of Lapse½ ds dkj.k vf/kd ;kn fd;k tkrk gS bl
ykWMZ feUVks çFke ¼1807 bZñ&1813 bZñ½ uhfr dks jkT; gMi uhfr Hkh dgrs FksA
 blds dky esa egkjk.kk j.kthr flag vkSj vaxzstks ds  bl uhfr ds vUrxZr lcls igys lrkjk dks vaxzsth
chp 1809 bZñ esa ve`rlj dh lfU/k gqbZA 1813 bZñ esa lkezkT; esa feyk;k x;kA
pkVZj ,DV ikfjr gqvkA
 vo/k dks dq'kklu dk vkjksi yxkdj MygkSth us
ykWMZ gsfLVXal ¼1813 bZñ&1823 bZñ½ vaxzsth lkezkT; es afeyk fy;kA ml le; vo/k dk
 laxksyh dh lfU/k 1816 bZñ esa ykMZ gsfLVXal ds le; esa uokc okftn vyh FkkA
gqbZA  blus 1854 bZñ esa yksd lsok foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dhA
 ykMZ gsfLVXal ds le; esa fiaMkfj;ksa dk neu fd;k blus f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, 1854 bZñ esa oqM fMLiSp
x;kA ykxw fd;kA
ykWMZ fofy;e csafVd ¼1828 bZñ&1835 bZñ½ ykWMZ dSfuax ¼1856 bZñ&1862 bZñ½
 ;g Hkkjr dk çFke xoZuj tujy FkkA  Hkkjr dk çFke ok;ljk; ykMZ dSfuax FkkA
 jktkjke eksgu jk; ds lg;ksx ls ykMZ fofy;e csafVd  blh ds le; esa 10 ebZ] 1857 bZñ dks ØkfUr esjB ls
us 1829 bZñ esa lrh çFkk dks lekIr dj fn;kA csafVd 'kq: gqbZA
us f'k'kq ckfydk dh gR;k ij Hkh jksd yxk nh FkhA  bl ØkfUr dk ;g ifj.kke gqvk fd bZLV bafM;k dEiuh
 blus Bxh çFkk dks lekIr dj fn;kA blesa duZy ds 'kklu dk vUr gks x;k rFkk 'kklu dh ckxMksj
lyheu us Hkh lg;ksx fd;kA baXyS.M dh egkjkuh ds gkFk esa igq¡p xbZA
 Hkkjr esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr eSdkys us ykMZ  bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk 1600 bZñes agqbZ FkhA
fofy;e csafVd ds le; esa dhA  jkT; gMi uhfr dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA eqxy
pkYlZ esVdkQ ¼1835 bZñ&1836 bZñ½ lezkV ds in dks lekIr dj fn;kA cEcbZ] dydÙkk
rFkk eækl esa mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 bls Hkkjrh; çsl dk eqfDr nkrk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd
blus ,d o"kZ ds dk;Zdky esa çsl ls çfrcU/k gVk fn;s  1861 bZñ esa bafM;u dkSfly ,DV ikfjr gqvkA
FksA ykWMZ es;ks%& ¼1869 bZñ&1872 bZñ½
ykWMZ ,fyucjks ¼1842 bZñ&1844 bZñ½  vaxzstksa ds le; esa çFke tux.kuk 1872 bZñ esa gqbZA
 nkl çFkk dh lekfIr ykMZ ,fyucjks ds le; esa gqbZ es;ks dh gR;k ,d vQxku us pkdw ekjdj dj nh FkhA

22 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
ykWMZ fyVu ¼1876 bZñ&1880 bZñ½ ykWMZ psElQksMZ ¼1916 bZñ&1921 bZñ½
 1878 bZñ esa oukZD;wyj çsl ,DV ikfjr gqvk ftlds  1916 bZñ esa iwuk esa efgyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk
vUrxZr Hkkjr ds lekpkj i=ks ij iw.kZ :i ls çfrcU/k gqbZA f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr lSMyj vk;ksx 1917 esa xfBr
yxk fn;k rFkk vkElZ ,DV }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa ls gfFk;kj gqvkA
j[kus dk vf/kdkj Hkh Nhu fy;k x;kA  1919 bZñ esa jkSysDV ,DV ikfjr gqvk] ftls Hkkjrh;
ykWMZ fjiu ¼1880 bZñ&1884 bZñ½ bfrgkl esa dkyk dkuwu dgk tkrk gSA
 1882 bZñ esa ykWMZ fjiu us oukZD;wyj çsl ,DV dks  13 vçSy 1919 bZñ dks tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdka.M
lekIr dj fn;kA ve`rlj esa gqvkA
 LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk tud ykWMZ fjiu dks dgk tkrk ykWMZ jhfMax ¼1921 bZñ&1926 bZñ½
gSA  5 Qjojh] 1922 bZñ dks mRrj çns'k ds xksj[kiqj ftys
 1881 bZñ esa fu;fer tux.kuk ykWMZ fjiu ds le; esa esa pkSjh&pkSjk dk.M gqvk ftlds ckn egkRek xka/kh us
gh 'kq: gqbZA vlg;ksx vkUnksyu okil ys fy;kA
 1881 bZñ esa çFke dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e ykMZ fjiu ds  1923 bZñ esa eksrhyky usg: vkSj fprjatu nkl us
}kjk yk;k x;kA blh ds le; esa bYcVZ fcy is'k fd;k bykgkckn esa Lojkt ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dhA 1921 bZñ esa
x;kA eksiyk foæksg dsjy ls 'kq: gqvkA
ykWMZ MQjhu ¼1884 bZñ&1888 bZñ½ ykWMZ bjfou ¼1926 bZñ&1931 bZñ½
 28 fnlEcj] 1885 bZñ dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh  3 Qjojh 1928 bZñ dks lkbeu deh'ku eqEcbZ igq¡pkA
LFkkiuk gqbZA  bldk fojks/k djus ij ykyk yktir jk; dh ykBh ls
ykWMZ dtZu ¼1899 bZñ ls 1905 bZñ½ ihVdj gR;k dj nh xbZA
 1904 bZñ esa Hkkjrh; fo'ofo|ky; vf/kfu;e ikfjr  1929 esa dk¡xzsl dk vf/kos'ku ykgkSj esa gqvkA bl
gqvkA vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k iañ tokgj yky usg: FksA bl
vf/kos'ku esa 26 tuojh 1930 bZñ dks Lora=rk fnol
 Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx dh LFkkiuk 1904 bZñ esa gqbZA
eukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA ykgkSj vf/kos'ku esa iw.kZ
blds }kjk Hkkjrh; bekjrksa dh rjQ /;ku fn;k x;kA
Lojkt dh ek¡x dh x;hA
 1905 bZñ esa ykWMZ dtZu us caxky dk foHkktu fd;kA
 xka/kh bjfou le>kSrk 1931 bZñ esa gqvkA
ykWMZ feUVks f}rh; ¼1905 bZñ&1910 bZñ½ ykMZ osfyaxVu ¼1931&1936 bZñ½
 1906 bZñ esa eqfLye yhx dh LFkkiuk lyhe mYyk rFkk
 16 vxLr] 1932 bZñ esa jSEts eSdMksukYM us fooknkLin
vkxk [kk¡ us <kdk esa dh FkhA 1907 bZñ esa dkaxzsl dk
lkEçnkf;d iapkV dh ?kks"k.kk dhA blds vuqlkj
lwjr ¼xqtjkr½ esa foHkktu gks x;k vkSj ;g xje ny
nfyrksa dks vyx çfrfuf/kRo nsus dks dgk x;kA
vkSj uje ny esa foHkkftr gks x;hA
 1932 esa iquk le>kSrk egkRek xka/kh vkSj Hkhejko
 eqlyekuks ds fy, fuokZpu O;oLFkk ekysZ&feUVks lq/kkj
vEcsMdj ds chp gqvkA
vf/kfu;e 1909 bZñ esa ikfjr fd;k x;kA
 fcgkj esa 1934 bZñ esa Hk;adj HkwdEi vk;kA Hkkjr ljdkj
ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; ¼1910 bZñ&1916 bZñ½ vf/kfu;e&1935 ikl fd;k x;kA
 blds le; esa fczVsu ds jktk tktZ iape Hkkjr 1911 ykWMZ fyfyFkxks ¼1936 bZñ&1943 bZñ½
bZñ esa vk;s rFkk 1911 bZñ esa caxky foHkktu dks jn~n
dj fn;k x;kA  blds le; esa igyh ckj pquko djk, x;sA dk¡xzsl us
X;kjg esa ls vkB çkUrksa esa viuh ljdkj cuk;hA
 1912 esa dydÙkk ls cnydj Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh fnYyh
cukbZ xbZA  1 flrEcj 1939 dks f}rh; fo'o;q) çkjEHk gqvkA
dk¡xzsl us blesa ukjk fn;k u dksbZ HkkbZ] u dksbZ ikbZA
 1912 bZñ esa ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; ds Åij fnYyh esa ce
QSadk x;kA bl dk.M esa HkkbZ ckyeqdqUnk dks Qk¡lh nh  1940 dks vxLr çLrko vaxstksa ds }kjk yk;k x;kA
xbZA  1942 esa fØIl fe'ku Hkkjr vk;kA
 çFke fo'o ;q) 1914 bZñ esa ykWMZ gkfMZax f}rh; ds
le; esa 'kq: gqvkA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 23
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
ykWMZ osoy ¼1944 bZñ&1947 bZñ½ vkUnksyu o"kZ O;fDr
 f'keyk le>kSrk 1945 bZñ esa gqvkA 4- ;qok caxky vkUnksyu 1826 gsujh fofo;u
 dSfcusV fe'ku 1946 bZñ dks Hkkjr vk;k ftlesa rhu fMjksft;k
lnL; Fks%& LVsQksMZ fØIl] iSfFkd ykjsal] A.B 5- czã lekt 1828 jktkjke eksgu jk;
vysDtsaMjA
6- rRocksf/kuh lHkk 1839 nsosUæukFk VSxksj
ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu
7- vk;Z lekt 1875 Lokeh n;kuUn
¼ekpZ 1947 ls&twu 1948 bZñ½ ljLorh
 ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu dks Lora= Hkkjr dk vfUre ok;ljk;
8- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl 1885 ,-vks- âkwe
rFkk çFke xoZuj tujy ekuk tkrk gSA 3 twu] 1947
bZñ dks ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk }kjk Hkkjr dk foHkktu dj 9- çkFkZuk lekt 1867 ds'kopUæ lsu]
fn;k x;kA 15 vxLr 1947 bZñ dks Hkkjr Lora= gqvkA vkRekjke ikaMqdj
1857 bZñ dh ØkfUr 10- ijegal eaMyh xksiky gfj ns'keq[k
 29 ekpZ 1857 bZñ dks eaxy ika.Ms uked ,d lSfud us 11- fczfV'k lkoZtfud lHkk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
cSjdiqj esa xk; dh pchZ feys dkjrwlks dks eq¡g ls 12- iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk egknso xksfoUn
dkVus ls Li"V euk dj fn;kA jkukMs
 ftlds ckn mls fxj¶rkj dj fy;k vkSj 8 vçSy 1857
13- osn lekt 1867 ds'kopUæ lsu
dks Qk¡lh ns nh xbZA
 eaxy ik.Ms 34oha jsthesaV dk lSfud FkkA ¼caxky dh½ 14- vyhx< eqfLye 1875 lj lS¸;n vgen
fo'ofo|ky; [kk¡
uksV%& 1857 dh ØkfUr ds le; Hkkjr dk xoZuj
tujy ykMZ dSfuax Fkk vkSj baXyS.M dk ç/kku ea=h 15- lR; 'kks/kd lekt 1873 T;ksfrck Qwys
ikeZLVsu FkkA 16- bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku 1876 lqjsUæ ukFk cuthZ
 ;g ØkfUr 10 ebZ] 1857 dks esjB ls 'kq: gqbZA 17- osywj eB 1887 Lokeh foosdkuUn
ØkfUr ds çeq[k dsUæ ¼ujsUæjko½
fnYyh & cgknqj'kkg tQj] c[r [kk¡ 18- 'kkjnk lnu jekckbZ
dkuiqj & ukuk lkgc vkSj rkR;k Vksis 19- jke—".k fe'ku 1897 Lokeh foosdkuUn
>k¡lh & jkuh y{eh ckbZ 20- f[kykQr vkUnksyu 1919 vyh cU/kq
bykgkckn & fy;kdr vyh
21- xnj ikVhZ 1913 ykyk gjn;ky
cjsyh & [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kku
Qrsgiqj & vtheqYyk 22- gfjtu lsod la?k 1932 egkRek xka/kh
¼iq.ks½
QStkckn & ekSyoh vgen mYyk
23- QkWjoMZ CykWd 1939 lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
txnh'kiqj ¼fcgkj½ & dqo¡j flag
y[kuÅ & csxe gtjr egy 24- vktkn fgUn QkSt 1942 jkl fcgkjh cksl
uksV%& rkR;k Vksis dk okLrfod uke jkepUæ ikMqjax 25- vktkn fgUn ljdkj 1943 lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
FkkA 1859 bZñ esa vaxzsth us bUgsa Qk¡lh ij yVdk fn;kA 26- gkse:y yhx 1916 ,suh cslsUV vkSj
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr cky xaxk/kj fryd
egRoiw.kZ laxBu ,oa laLFkk, 27- fo'o Hkkjrh 1912 jfoUæ ukFk Bkdqj
vkUnksyu o"kZ O;fDr 28- fgUnq egklHkk 1915 iañ enu eksgu
ekyoh;
1- ,f'k;kfVd lkaslkbVh 1784 fofyf;e tksUl
29- vfHkuo Hkkjr laLFkk 1904 fouk;d nkeksnj
2- vkReh; lHkk 1815 jktkjke eksgu jk; lkojdj
3- osnkUr dkWyst 1825 jktkjke eksgu jk;

24 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
vkUnksyu o"kZ O;fDr Lora=rk vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr
30- [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj 1930 [kku vCnqy iqLrdsa ,oa muds ys[kd
x¶Qkj [kku iqLrdsa ys[kd
31- ukStoku lHkk 1926 Hkxr flag rFkk
;'kiky 1- xksjk jfoUæukFk Bkdqj
32- Lojkt ikVhZ 1923 eksrhyky usg: 2- fgUn Lojkt egkRek xka/kh
rFkk lh-vkj- nkl 3- ?kjs&ckgjs jfoUæukFk Bkdqj
33- losZUV~l vkWQ bf.M;k 1905 xksiky —".k 4- vkuUn eB cfdae pUæ pVthZ
lkslkbVh xks[kys
5- Hkokuh efUnj vjfoUn ?kks"k
34- vuq'khyu lfefr 1907 Jh okfjUæ ?kks"k
6- xhrk jgL; cky xaxk/kj fryd
35- ohesUl bf.M;k 1917 ysMh 'knkf'ko
,lksfl,'ku v¸;j 7- jkbt vkWQ n ejkBk ikoj egknso xksfoUn jkukMs
36- vf[ky Hkkjrh; VªsM 1920 N.M. tks'kh 8- Hkkjr ,d [kkst iañ tokgj yky usg:
;wfu;u
9- oUns ekrje~ cfdae pUæ pVthZ
37- fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV 1928 Hkxr flag
fjifCyd ,lksfl,'ku 10- ikoVhZ ,.M vufczfV'k :y nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth
bu bafM;k
38- Lora= Jfed ikVhZ 1936 ch-vkj- vEcsMdj
11- nqxsZ'k uafnuh cafde pUæ pVthZ
39- fFk;kslksfQdy lkslkbVh 1875 eSMe CykV~oLdh]
duZy vYdkV 12- cax n'kZu cafde pUæ pVthZ
40- lkabfVfQd lkslkbVh 1864 lj lS¸;n vgen 13- n bafM;u LVªxy lqHkk"k pUæ cksl
[kk¡ 14- bafM;u eqlyekUl gaVj
41- ckfydk fo|ky; 1851 nknkHkkbZ uSjksth
15- uhy niZ.k nhu cU/kq fe=
42- vkRe lEeku vkanksyu 1925 E.V. jkekLokeh
uk;dj 16- bafM;k ohUl ÝhMe vcqy dyke vktkn
43- nso lekt 1887 f'koukjk;.k 17- bafM;k VqMs R.P. nÙk
vfXugks=h 18- çkCye vkWQ n bZLV ykMZ dtZu
44- vgefn;k vUnksyu fetkZ xqyke vgen 19- bafM;k vujsLV osysUVkbu f'kjksy
45- cgqtu lekt 1910 eqdqanjko ikfVy
20- xkSj d:.kkfuf/k n;kuUn ljLorh
46- bf.M;k gkml 1904 ';ke —".k oekZ
21- fonj bafM;k jfoUæ ukFk Bkdqj
47- Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ 1921 M.N. jk;
22- lksfo;r ,f'k;k tokgj yky usg:
48- mRrj çns'k fdlku 1915 enu eksgu
lHkk ekyoh; 23- uothou egkRek xka/kh
49- dk¡xzsl lektoknh ikVhZ 1934 ujsUæ nso rFkk 24- laokn dkSeqnh jktk jke eksgu jk;
t;çdk'k ukjk;.k 25- lkse çdk'k bZ'ojpUæ
50- çxfr'khy ys[kd la?k 1936 eaq'kh çsepUn
çeq[k miyfC/k;k¡
mikf/k çkIrdrkZ çnkudrkZ
1- jktk jktk jke eksgu vdcj&II
jk;

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 25

bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
mikf/k çkIrdrkZ çnkudrkZ 14- t.k&x.k&eu vf/kuk;d t; gs jfoUæ ukFk Bkdqj
2- egkRek egkRek xka/kh jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj 15- geus ?kqVus Vsddj jksVh ekaxh Fkh egkRek xka/kh
3- xq:nso jfoUæ ukFk VSxksjegkRek xka/kh fdUrq mRrj esa gesa iRFkj feysA
4- jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh lqHkk"k pUæ cksl 16- ;g ,d ,slk pSd Fkk ftldk egkRek xka/kh
cSad igys gh u"V gks tkus okyk
5- ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ckjnksyh dh FkkA
efgykvksa us
17- lewpk Hkkjr ,d fo'kky cUnhxzg fprjatu nkl
6- foosdkuUn Lokeh foosdkuUn egkjktk [ksrMh gS
7- ns'kuk;d lqHkk"k pUæ cksl jfouUæ ukFk VSxksj 18- Hkkjro"kZ dks ryokj ds cy ij ykMZ ,fYxu
8- usrkth lqHkk"k pUæ cksl ,MksYQ fgVyj gh thrk x;k Fkk vkSj ryokj ds
9- ns'kjRu@ jktsUæ çlkn egkRek xka/kh cy ij gh mls dCts esa j[kk
vtkr'k=q tk;sxkA
10- dk;ns ekSgEen vyh egkRek xka/kh 19- gw fyOl] bQ bafM;k Mkbt tokgj yky usg:
vkte ftUuk 20- esjs 'kjhj ij iM+h ,d&,d ykyk yktir jk;
11- v)Zuaxk egkRek xka/kh foaLVu pfpZy ykBh fczfV'k lkezkT; ds dQu
Qdhj esa dhy fl) gksxhA
12- ns'kæksgh egkRek xka/kh foaLVu pfpZy 21- ØkfUr dh ryokj esa /kkj fopkjksa Hkxr flag
Qdhj esa iRFkj jxM+us ls vkrh gSA
13- ou eSu egkRek xka/kh foaLVu pfpZy Hkkjr dk Lora=rk&la?k"kZ % egRoiw.kZ rF;
ckmaMªh QkslZ  dkaxzsl ds çFke vf/kos'ku esa 72 lnL;ksa us fgLlk fy;k
FkkA ;g vf/kos'ku eqEcbZ esa gqvk FkkA igys ;g iquk esa
jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr çeq[k ukjs gksuk Fkk ijUrq ogk¡ Iysx dh chekjh QSyus ds dkj.k
1- Lojkt gekjk tUe fl) cky xaxk/kj ugha gks ik;kA bl vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k W.C cuthZ FksA
vf/kdkj gS fryd  cafdepaæ pVthZ us dgk] dk¡xzsl ds yksx inksa ds Hkw[ks
2- vkjke gjke gS tokgj yky usg: jktuhfrK gSaA
3- Hkkjr NksMks ¼1942 bZñ½ egkRek xka/kh  fczfV'k gkml vkWQ dkWeUl dk pquko yMus okys
loZçFke Hkkjrh; nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth FksA os fycjy ikVhZ
4- fot;h fo'o frjaxk I;kjk ';keyky xqIrk ls pquko thrs FksA
5- t; fgUn lqHkk"k pUæ cksl  1906 bZñ esa dydÙkk esa gq, dk¡xzsl ds vf/kos'ku dh
6- fnYyh pyks lqHkk"k pUæ cksl v/;{krk djrs gq, nknkHkkbZ uSjksth us igyh ckj
LojkT; dh ek¡x dhA
7- gs jke egkRek xka/kh
 cky xaxk/kj fryd us 1894 bZñ esa x.kifr mRlo rFkk
8- lkjs tgk¡ ls vPNk fgUnksLrk¡ ekSñ bdcky 1895 bZñ esa f'kokth mRlo uked R;kSgkj çkjEHk fd;sA
gekjk osysUVkby f'kjkWys us cky xaxk/kj fryd dks Hkkjrh;
9- fgUnh] fgUnq] fgUnqLrku HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUæ vlUrks"k dk tud dgk FkkA
10- ljQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs jkeçlkn fcfLey  ykMZ dtZu us 20 tqykbZ] 1905 dks caxky dk foHkktu
fny esa gS dh ?kks"k.kk dhA
11- bUdykc ftUnkckn Hkxr flag  caxky foHkktu ds fojks/k esa dkaxzsl us dydÙkk ds
Vkmu gkWy esa Lons'kh vkUnksyu dk çkjEHk 1905 bZñ esa
12- rqe eq>s [kwu nks esa rqEgsa vktknh lqHkk"k pUæ cksl fd;kA iwjs ns'k esa bldk usr`Ro fd;kA bl nkSjku
nw¡xk johUæ ukFk Bkdqj us çfl) xhr vkekj lksukj caxyk
13- oUns ekrje~ cfdae pUæ pVthZ fy[kkA

26 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 16 Oct.] 1905 bZñ dks dkaxzsl }kjk iwjs caxky esa 'kksd ok;ljk; psElQksMZ FkkA
fnol euk;k x;kA  jksysDV ,DV ds }kjk vaxzsth ljdkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr
 caxky foHkktu dk eq[; mn~ns'; fgUnq vkSj eqlyekuksa dks fcuk eqdnek pyk;s tsy esa cUn dj ldrh FkhA
dks foHkkftr djuk FkkA blfy, Hkkjrh; turk us bls dkyk dkuwu dgkA
 dkekxkVkek: çdj.k 1914 bZñ esa ?kfVr gqvk FkkA bl  xka/kh th us jksysDV ,DV dh vkykspuk djrs gq,
çdj.k ds vUrxZr 1914 esa dqN Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds lR;kxzg djus dk fuf'p; fd;kA
dukMk ços'k dks ysdj vkUnksyu gqvk FkkA  +6 vçSy 1919 bZñ dks xka/kh th ds vuqjks/k ij ns'kHkj esa
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk r`rh; pj.k gM+rkyksa dk vk;kstu gqvkA
¼1919&1947½ bZñ  vaxzsth ljdkj us xka/kh th ds iatkc ,oa fnYyh esa
ços'k ij çfrcU/k yxk fn;kA
 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk r`rh; pj.k xka/kh ;qx ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA  9 vçSy 1919 dks xka/kh th dks fnYyh esa ços'k djus ds
lkFk gh fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;kA
 9 tuojh 1915] esa xka/kh th n0 vÝhdk ls Hkkjr ykSVs
vkSj xksiky —".k xks[kys dks viuk jktuhfrd xq:  blls turk esa vkØks'k c<+ x;k blfy, xka/kh th dks
cuk;kA cEcbZ ys tkdj fjgk dj fn;k] ijUrq turk dk
vkØks'k de ugha gqvkA
 xksiky —".k xks[kys dk jktuhfrd xq: egknso xksfoan
jkukMs FkkA tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM ¼1919½ bZñ
 egkRek xka/kh 1893 bZñ esa ,d xqtjkrh O;kikjh nknk  jksysDV ,DV ds fojks/k esa txg&txg ij iatkc esa
vCnqyk dk eqdnek yMus ds fy, n0 vÝhdk ¼Mjcu½ tulHkk,¡ vk;ksftr dh tk jgh FkhA
x;s FksA  bl nkSjku fczfV'k ljdkj us iatkc ds yksdfç; usrk
 egkRek xka/kh n0 vÝhdk esa 21 o"kks± rd jgsA MkWñ lSQqn~nhu fdpyw rFkk MkWñ lR;iky dks fxj¶rkj
 xka/kh th us 1904 bZñ esa fQfuDl QkeZ dh LFkkiuk dj fy;kA blh fxj¶rkjh dk fojks/k djus ds fy;s 13
¼Mjcu½ esa dhA vçSy 1919 dks ,d tulHkk ve`rlj ds tfy;k¡okyk
ckx esa vk;ksftr dh xbZA
 xka/kh th dh n`f"V esa vafglk dk vFkZ gS&lR; dh çkfIr
dk jkLrkA bls gh jkejkT; dgrs gSaA  ve`rlj ds QkSth dekaMj tujy Mk;j us fugRFkh HkhM
ij xksfy;k pyok nhA galjkt uked Hkkjrh; us Mk;j
 egkRek xka/kh dk tUe 2 vDVwcj] 1869 bZñ dks xqtjkr
dk lg;ksx fd;k FkkA
ds ¼iksjcUnj½ esa gqvk FkkA
 10 feuV rd gqbZ xksykckjh esa yxHkx 400 O;fDr ekjs
 budk fookg 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa dLrwjck xka/kh ls
x;s rFkk 2000 yksx ?kk;y gks x;sA ok;ljk; dh
gqvkA
dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL; 'kadj uk;j us Hkh R;kxi= ns
 xka/kh th us 1916 bZñ esa vgenkckn esa lkcjerh vkJe fn;kA
dh LFkkiuk dhA
 bl gR;kdk.M ds fojks/k esa jfoUæukFk VSxksj us ukbV
 'kq: esa xka/kh th us fczfV'k ljdkjksa ds ;q) ç;klksa esa dh mikf/k okil dj nhA
lgk;rk dh] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i fczfV'k ljdkj us
 bl gR;kdkaM dh tkap gaVj vk;ksx us dh FkhA gaVj
mUgsa dslj&,&fgUn dh mikf/k nhA
vk;ksx us tujy Mk;j ds —R; dks oS/k crk;kA
 xka/khth us Hkkjr esa lR;kxzg dk igyk ç;ksx 1917 bZñ
esa pEikj.k fcgkj esa fd;k x;kA f[kykQr vkUnksyu ¼1919&1921½
 Hkkjr esa 1917&18 bZñ esa xka/kh th us pEikj.k fdlku  f[kykQr vkUnksyu lkSdr vyh rFkk ekS0 vyh us 1919
vkUnksyu] [ksMk fdlku vkUnksyu rFkk vgenkckn bZñ esa 'kq: fd;k FkkA
etnwj vkUnksyu dk lQy usr`Ro fd;kA  ;g vkUnksyu rqdhZ ds [kyhQk dk vaxzstksa }kjk vieku
 egkRek xka/kh jfLdu ckaM dh iqLrd ¼vuVw n ykLV½ fd;s tkus ds dkj.k gqvkA
ls cgqr çHkkfor FksA  bl vkUnksyu dks egkRek xka/kh dk leFkZu Hkh çkIr
jksysDV ,DV ¼1919½ FkkA
 jksysDV ,DV 1919 bZñ esa Hkkjr vk;k bl le; vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ¼1 vxLr 1920 bZñ½
 1920 bZñ ds dkaxzsl ds ukxiqj vf/kos'ku esa vlg;ksx
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 27
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
çLrko fprjtu nkl us çLrkfor fd;k FkkA esa lw;Zlsu dks Qkalh nh x;h FkhA
 xka/kh }kjk 1 vxLr 1920 dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu 'kq: lkbeu deh'ku
dj fn;k x;kA bl vkUnksyu ds nkSjku xka/kh us viuh  1927 esa lj tku lkbeu dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx
dslj&,&fgUn dh mikf/k Hkh okil dj nhA xfBr gqvk ftlesa dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; lnL; ugha FkkA
 5 Qjojh] 1922 dks xksj[kiqj ftys ds pkSjh&pkSjk uked  ykMZ bjfou ds lq>koksa ij Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkbeu deh'ku
LFkku ij vkanksyudkjh HkhM+ us Fkkus dks vkx yxk nh ls ckgj j[kk x;kA
ftlesa 22 toku ftUnk ty x;sA
 dkaxzsl us bldk cfg"dkj fd;k tgk¡&tgk¡ ;g vk;ksx
 bl ?kVuk ls xka/kh th cgqr nq[kh gq, vkSj mUgksaus 12 x;k ogk¡ mldks dkys >.Ms fn[kk;s x;sA
Qjojh] 1922 dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu lekIr dj fn;kA
 1928 esa lkbeu deh'ku dk fojks/k djrs le; iqfyl
 ekpZ 1922 esa xka/kh th dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k vkSj dh ykBh yxus ls ykyk yktir jk; dh e`R;q gks xbZA
6 o"kZ dh ltk lqukbZA
 lkbeu deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ ebZ 1930 bZñ esa nh
 cky xaxk/kj fryd us vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk leFkZu FkhA
fn;k ijUrq vkUnksyu ds çFke fnu gh mudh e`R;q gks
xbZA usg: fjiksVZ
 1921 esa M.N jk; us Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh  lkbeu deh'ku dk cfg"dkj djus ij ykMZ odZu us
LFkkiuk dhA Hkkjrh;ksa dks lafo/kku cukus dh pqukSrh nhA Hkkjrh;
usrkvksa us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj dj fy;k rFkk mlds
Lojkt ikVhZ ckn fnYyh esa ,d lEesyu dk vk;kstu gqvkA
 Lojkt ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1923 bZñ esa eksrhyky usg:  blds v/;{k iañ eksrhyky usg: Fks budh v/;{krk esa
vkSj fprjtu nkla us bykgkckn esa dh FkhA blds ,d 7 lnL; lehfr cukbZ xbZA
ç;klksa ls gh Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkaln cuus dk xkSjo çkIr  bl lehfr us 28 vxLr 1928 dks ,d fjiksVZ is'k dh
gqvkA ftls usg: fjiksVZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
 1924 bZñ esa jkeçlkn fcfLey] pUæ'ks[kj vktkn]
'kphUæukFk lkU;ky us fgUnqLrku fjifCyd ,lksfl;'ku ftUuk QkewZyk
dh LFkkiuk dkuiqj esa dhA  eqfLye yhx ds usrk ekS0 vyh ftUuk us usg: fjiksVZ esa
eqlyekuksa ds fy, çFke fuokZpd e.My dh lqfo/kk u
dkdksjh dk.M fn;s tkus ds dkj.k eqlyekuksa dh 14 ekaxksa dk çi=
 ;g ?kVuk 9 vxLr 1925 dks dkdksjh uked LFkku ij tkjh fd;k] ftls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ftUuk dk pkSng
,d VªSu ls ljdkjh [ktkus dks ywVk x;kA lw=h; QkewZyk dgk tkrk gSA
 bl ?kVuk esa 29 yksxksa dks vfHk;qDr cuk;k x;kA dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vf/kos'ku
ftuesa jkeçlkn fcfLey jktsUæ ykfgMh] v'kQkd  dkaxzsl dk ykgkSj vf/kos'ku 31 fnlEcj 1929 dks
mYyk [kk¡] jks'kuyky dks Qkalh nh x;h FkhA vk;ksftr fd;k x;k bl vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k iañ
 1928 esa pUæ'ks[kj vktkn us fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV tokgj yky usg: FksA
fjifCyd ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk fnYyh esa dhA  mUgksaus usg: fjiksVZ dks fujLr ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
 1928 esa gh Hkxr flag] pUæ'ks[kj vktkn vkSj jktxq: mUgksaus iw.kZ Lojkt dh ekax dhA
us iqfyl vf/kdkjh lk.MlZ dh ykgkSj esa gR;k dj nhA
mUgksaus ykyk yktir jk; dk cnyk fy;k FkkA lfou; voKk vkUnksyu
 8 vçSy 1929 dks Hkxr flag vkSj cVqds'oj nÙk us  lfou; voKk vkUnksyu egkRek xka/kh us 1930 esa ykxw
dsUæh; fo/kkue.My esa ce Qsdk rFkk Hkxr flag us fd;k FkkA
baUdykc ftUnkckn dk ukjk fn;kA  12 ekpZ 1930 dks egkRek xka/kh us ,sfrgkfld ued
 23 ekpZ] 1931 dks Hkxr flag] lq[knso vkSj jktxq: dks lR;kxzg vkUnksyu çkjEHk dj fn;kA ¼MkaMh ;k=k½ Hkh
vaxzstksa }kjk Qkalh ns nh xbZA dgrs gSaA½
 27 Qjojh] 1931 dks bl laxBu ds cps ,dek= lnL;  xka/kh th us lkcjerh vkJe esa vius 78 vuq;kf;;ksa ds
pUæ'ks[kj vktkn bykgkckn ds vYÝSM ikdZ esa iqfyl lkFk MkaMh ekpZ fd;kA
ls eqBHksM esa 'kghn gks x;sA jktæksg ds vkjksi esa 1934  24 fnu dh yEch ;k=k ds i'pkr~ 6 vçSy 1930 dks
MkaMh esa xka/kh th us ued dkuwu rksM fn;kA ;gh ls
28 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
lfou; voKk vkUnksyu çkjEHk gqvkA  fØIl fe'ku 1942 esa Hkkjr vk;kA dkaxzsl vkSj eqfLye
 ued dkuwu ds mYya?ku ij xka/kh th dks fxj¶rkj dj yhx nksuksa us bl fe'ku dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA
fy;k x;k rFkk ;jonk tsy esa j[kk x;kA mlds ckn Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu
vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro vCckl rS;c th us fd;kA  Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu 9 vxLr 1942 dks egkRek xka/kh
 osc feyj ,d vesfjdh i=dkj Fkk] ftldks MkaMh ekpZ us 'kq: fd;k FkkA bl vkUnksyu ds 'kq: gksrs gh
ds le; lkcjerh vkJe esa xka/kh th us Bgjk;k gqvk egkRek xka/kh dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k vkSj vkxk [kk¡
FkkA iSys'k esa j[kk x;kA eqfLye yhx us bl vkUnksyu dk
[kqnkbZ f[knerxkj ¼yky dqrhZ½ vkUnksyu leFkZu ugha fd;kA
 [kqnkbZ f[knerxkj vkUnksyu ¼yky dqrhZ½ vkUnksyu  [kjkc LoLF; gksus ds dkj.k egkRek xka/kh dks 1944 esa
[kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kk¡ us 'kq: fd;kA fjgk dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku
yqbZ fQ'kj egkRek xka/kh ds lkFk FksA bl vkUnksyu ds
 bl vkUnksyu ds ek/;e ls [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kk¡ us nkSjku egkRek xka/kh us djks ;k ejks dk ukjk fn;kA
lfou; voKk vkUnksyu dks lg;ksx fn;kA
 f'keyk le>kSrk 1945 bZñ esa gqvk FkkA
xksyest lEesyu dSfcusV fe'ku
 çFke xksyest lEesyu 1930 bZñ esa yanu esa gqvkA bl
lEesyu dk mn~?kkVu fczVsu ds lezkV tktZ iape us  dSfcusV fe'ku 24 ekpZ 1946 dks Hkkjr ¼fnYyh½ vk;kA
fd;k rFkk bl lEesyu dh v/;{krk fczVsu ds  dSfcusV fe'ku esa 3 lnL; Fks&
ç/kkuea=h jSEts eSDMksukYM us dh FkhA 1- LVsQksMZ fØIl ¼v/;{k½ 2- iSfFkd ykjsal
 nwljk xksy est lEesyu 1931 esa yUnu esa gqvkA 3- A.V vysDtsUMj
egkRek xka/kh us nwljs xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k]  dsfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds }kjk Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dk
ijUrq lkEçnkf;d leL;k ij fookn gksus ds dkj.k fuekZ.k gqvkA
xka/kh th ogk¡ ls fujk'k gksdj okil vk x;s vkSj ;s ,Vyh dh ?kks"k.kk
lEesyu foQy gks x;kA
 fczVs'k ds ç/kkuea=h ,Vyh us 20 Qjojh 1947 dks
 rhljk xksyest lEesyu 1932 esa yUnu esa gqvk bl
?kks"k.kk dh Fkh] fd lHkh vaxzst twu 1948 ls igys Hkkjr
lEesyu dk dkaxzsl us cfg"dkj fd;kA
ds yksxksa dks lÙkk lkSaidj lnk ds fy, Hkkjr dks NksM+
uksV%& Hkhe jko vEcsMdj ,d ek= Hkkjrh; Fks] tks nsaxsA
rhuksa lEesyu esa mifLFkr jgsA  iañ tokgj yky usg: us bl fu.kZ; dks cqf)ekuh vkSj
 xka/kh&bjfou le>kSrk 5 ekpZ] 1931 esa gqvk Fkk bl lkglh fu.kZ; crk;kA
le>kSrs dks fnYyh le>kSrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk
iwuk le>kSrk ¼iwuk iSDV½  Hkkjr ds vfUre ok;ljk; ykMZ ekm.VcsVu FksA 3 twu
 iwuk le>kSrk 1932 esa Hkhe jko vEcsMdj vkSj egkRek 1947 dks ykMZ ekm.VcsVu us ,d ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk
xka/kh ds chp gqvkA dh ftls ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk dgk tkrk gSA
 iwuk le>kSrs ds vuqlkj nfyrkssa ds fy, çFkd fuokZpu  ;g ;kstuk Hkkjr foHkktu dh ;kstuk Fkh blesa Hkkjr
O;oLFkk lekIr gks x;hA dks LorU= djuk Fkk eqfLye yksxksa ;g pquuk Fkk fd os
 bl nkSjku fczVsu ds ç/kkuea=h jSEtS eSDMksukYM FksA Hkkjr esa jgsaxs ;k ikfdLrku esaA
 nwljk fo'o ;q) 1939 bZñ esa çkjEHk gks x;kA dkaxzsl us  ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk dks xksfoUn oYyHk iar us Lohdkj
vaxzstks ds lkeus çLrko j[kk ;fn vki gedks Lora= fd;k Fkk rFkk vcqy dyke vktkn us bldk leFkZu
?kksf"kr dj nsrs gS rks ge bl ;q) esa vkidh lgk;rk fd;k] tks cVokjs dk fojks/k dj jgs FksA
djsaxsA  bl çLrko dk fojks/k MkWñ lSQqn~nhu fdpyq rFkk
 dkaxzsl ds bl çLrko ds mRrj esa ok;ljk; ykWMZ iq:"kksZÙke nkl VaMu us fd;kA
fyufyFkxks us 8 vxLr] 1940 esa vxLr çLrko çLrqr  bl ;kstuk ds }kjk Hkkjr dks Lora= dj fn;k x;kA iañ
fd;kA tokgj yky usg: Hkkjr ds igys ç/kkuea=h cusA
 ikfdLrku 'kCn dk tud baXyS.M ds dSfEczt esa i<us  ykMZ ekm.VcsVu Lora= Hkkjr ds igys xouZj tujy
okys ,d Nk= pkSñ jger vyh FkkA cusA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 29
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
 Hkkjr dh vktknh ds le; baXyS.M dk lezkV tktZ  fnYyh "kM~;a= dsl esa nhukukFk ds }kjk eq[kcjh dh
"k"V~e FkkA x;h FkhA
 ikfdLrku ds igys xouZj tujy ekS0 vyh ftUuk FksA  vyhiqj dsl esa ljdkjh xokg ujsUæ xkslkbZ cu x;kA
 Hkkjr dh vktknh ds le; dkaxzsl dk v/;{k ts- ch-  lcls de mez esa Qk¡lh dh ltk ikus okyk ØkfUrdkjh
—iykuh FksA [kqnhjke cksl FkkA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds çeq[k rF;  Hkxr flag dks Qk¡lh dh ltk lqukus okyk U;k;k/kh'k
th-lh- fgYVu FkkA
 eqfLye yhx us lcls igys ikfdLrku dh ekax 1940 esa
dh FkhA eqfLye yhx us eqfDr fnol 1939 esa cuk;k]  lcds fy, ,d tkfr] ,d /keZ] ,d bZ'oj dk ukjk Jh
rFkk eqfLye yhx us çR;{k dk;Zokgh fnol 1946 esa ukjk;.k xq: us fn;kA
cuk;kA  lo.kZ fgUnqvksa dh Qklhoknh dk¡xzsl dgdj dk¡xzsl dk
 lfou; voKk vkUnksyu esa iBku lR;kxzfg;ksa ij xksyh pfj= fu:i.k eksgEen vyh ftUuk us fd;kA
pykus ls x<oky jkbQYl us budkj dj fn;kA  eSa ,d ØkfUrdkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gw¡A ;g dFku
 1939 esa egkRek xka/kh }kjk çLrkfor çR;k'kh iV~VkfHk gS&tokgjyky usg: dkA
lhrkjeS¸;k dks gjkdj lqHkk"k pUæ cksl dk¡xzsl ds  lqHkk"k pUæcksl ds jktuhfrd xq: ns'kcU/kq fprjatu
v/;{k pqus x;sA nkl FksA
 13 ekpZ 1940 bZñ dks yanu esa iatkc ds ljnkj Å/ke  Hkkjr dk fcLekdZ ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dks dgk
flag us iatkc ds HkwriwoZ ysf¶VusaV xouZj Mk;j dh tkrk gSA
xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nhA  'kqf) vkanksyu ds çorZd Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh FksA
 xka/khth us 1940 bZñ dks ioukj esa O;fDrxr lR;kxzg  19oha 'krkCnh ds Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk firk jktk
vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA bl vkUnksyu ds çFke lR;kxzgh jkeeksgu jk; dks dgk tkrk gSA
fouksck Hkkos] nwljs lR;kxzgh tokgjyky usg: ,oa  dk¡xzsl us ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn dh v/;{krk esa
rhljs lR;kxzgh czãnÙk FksA bl vkUnksyu dks fnYyh Hkkjr NksMks çLrko dks ikfjr fd;kA
pyks vkUnksyu Hkh dgk x;kA
 Hkkjr ds firkeg ¼xzSaM vksYM eSu vkWQ bafM;k½ nknkHkkbZ
 8 uoEcj 1943 bZñ dks tkiku us vaMeku vkSj fudksckj ukSjksth dks dgk tkrk gSA
}hi lqHkk"k pUæ cksl dks lkSai fn;sA usrkth us budk
uke Øe'k% 'kghn }hi vkSj Lojkt }hi j[kkA  fcuk rkt dk ckn'kkg lqjsUæukFk cuthZ dks dgk tkrk
gSA
 Hkxr flag ds fo:) eq[kcjh djus ds dkj.k Q.khUæ
?kks"k dh gR;k cSdq.M 'kqDy us dh FkhA  ,-vks- áwe dks gjfeV vkWQ f'keyk dgk tkrk gSA
 xka/khth us dk¡xzsl dh lnL;rk ls nks ckj R;kxi=  jkSysV ,DV dks fcuk vihy] fcuk odhy rFkk fcuk
fn;k&1925 bZñ esa vkSj 1930 bZñ esa fn;k FkkA nyhy dk dkuwu dgk x;kA
 dk¡xzsl dk çFke fczfV'k v/;{k tkWtZ ;wy FksA  22 fnlEcj] 1939 bZñ dks dk¡xzsl eaf=eaMy us lkewfgd
:i ls R;kxi= fn;kA bl fnu dks eqfLye yhx us
 eSa ns'k ds ckyw ls gh dk¡xzsl ls Hkh cMk vkUnksyu [kMk eqfDr fnol ds :i esa euk;kA
dj nw¡xk&egkRek xka/kh us dgk FkkA
 xka/khth us fØIl çLrko ij dgk&;g ,d vkxs dh
 nhuca/kq fe= dk ukVd uhy niZ.k esa uhy dh [ksrh rkjh[k dk psd gS] ftldk cSad u"V gksus okyk gSA
djus okys fdlkuksa ij gq, vR;kpkj dk mYys[k gSA
 bf.Mis.Msal QkWj bafM;k yhx dh LFkkiuk tokgjyky
 vkRelEeku vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr jkeLokeh uk;dj us usg: vkSj lqHkk"k pUæcksl us dh FkhA
dhA
 baf.M;k bf.Mis.Msal yhx dh LFkkiuk jklfcgkjh cksl us
 fujadkjh vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr n;ky nkl us dhA dh FkhA
 nsolekt ds laLFkkid f'ko ukjk;.k vfXugks=h FksA  jk"Vªh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku dq[;kr lsyqyj
 Hkkjr Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy,&;g ukjk vk;Zlekt us fn;kA tsy v.Meku esa fLFkr gSA
 Lokeh foosdkuUn us 1893 bZñ esa f'kdkxks esa fo'o /keZ  vk;Z efgyk lHkk dh LFkkiuk iafMr jekckbZ us dhA
lEesyu dks lacksf/kr fd;kA

30 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
fo'o bfrgkl ds çeq[k rF;  teZuh dk ,dhdj.k fcLekdZ us fd;k FkkA
çFke fo'o ;q) ¼1914&1918½ vesfjdk dh ØkfUr
 igyk fo'o ;q) 1914 esa 'kq: gqvk rFkk ;g ;q) 1918  vesfjdk dh ØkfUr 4 tqykbZ 1776 bZñ dks gqbZ FkhA
bZñ rd pykA bl fo'o ;q) esa 37 ns'kksa us Hkkx fy;kA cksLVu Vh ikVhZ dh ?kVuk dk laca/k vesfjdk dh ØkfUr
 igys fo'o ;q) dk rRdkyhu dkj.k lfcZ;k }kjk ls gS ;g ?kVuk 1773 bZñ esa gqbZ FkhA
vkWfLVª;k ds jktdqekj QMªhZus.M dh gR;k FkhA  vesfjdk dk igyk jk"Vªifr tktZ okaf'kxVu FksA
 vkWfLVª;k dk lkFk nsus ds fy, teZuh ;q) esa dwnk rFkk vczkfge fyadu vesfjdk ds 16 osa jk"Vªifr gq,A
lfcZ;k ds lkFk esa :l vk x;kA :l dh lgk;rk ds  /keZ fujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk lcls igys vesfjdk esa
fy, fczVsu vkSj Ýkal vk;s vkSj ckn esa vesfjdk us Hkkx gqbZ bls gh vk/kqfud x.kra= dh tuuh dgk tkrk gSA
ys fy;kA teZuh ds lkFk bVyh] tkiku vkSj csfYt;e vesfjdk esa lcls igys fyf[kr lafo/kku ykxw gqvkA
FksA  vesfjdh ØkfUr dk ukjk Fkk&çfrfuf/kRo ugha rks dj
 çFke fo'o;q) esa lEiw.kZ fo'o nks [kseksa esa c¡V ughaA
x;k&fe= jk"Vª ,oa /kqjh jk"VªA /kqjh jk"Vªksa esa teZuh]  çtkra= dh LFkkiuk lcls igys vesfjdk esa gqbZ FkhA
bVyh] gaxjh vkSj vkWfLVª;k rFkk fe= jk"Vªksa esa baXyS.M]
tkiku] :l] Ýkal rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk FksA vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr
 vUr esa teuhZ dh gkj gqbZ teuhZ dk ckn'kkg xn~nh  vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dh 'kq:vkr baXyS.M ls gqbZ Fkh D;ksafd
NksMdj Hkkx x;kA baXyS.M ds ikl dPps eky vkSj iw¡th dh vf/kdrk FkhA
 1918 esa vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr oqMjks foYklu FkkA  bl ØkfUr ds nkSjku ls¶Vh ySEi dk vkfo"dkj gEÝh
 olkZ; dh lfU/k 1919 bZñ esa gqbZ FkhA 1920 bZñ esa yhx Msoh us fd;k FkkA
vkWQ us'kUl dh LFkkiuk gqbZA  vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dh nkSM esa teZuh baXyS.M dk fojks/kh
FkkA
nwljk fo'o ;q) ¼1939&1945½
 nwljk fo'o ;q) 1939 esa 'kq: gqvk ;q) dh 'kq:vkr iqutkZxj.k
teZuh us ikSys.M ij vkØe.k djds dhA  iqutkZxj.k dk çkjEHk bVyh ls gqvk FkkA
 ;g ;q) olkZ; dh lfU/k ds dkj.k gqvk FkkA teZuh us  bVyh ds egkudfo nkaUrs dks iqutkZxj.k dk vxznwr
olkZ; dh laf/k dk mYya?ku 1935 bZñ esa fd;k FkkA ekuk tkrk gSA
 tkiku us phu ij geyk dj fn;k rFkk bVyh us  nkars us fMokbu dkesMh uked iqLrd fy[kh gSA nkars ds
bFkksfi;k ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA ckn iqutkZxj.k esa iSVªk¡d uked O;fDr us egRoiw.kZ
 tkiku] bVyh vkSj teZuh feydj /kqjhjk"Vª dgyk;saA Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
 ikSys.M dh lgk;rk ds fy, fczVsu] Ýkal rFkk vesfjdk  iSVªk¡d dks ekuokokn dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA og
vk x;sA ;s ns'k feydj fe=jk"Vª dgyk;saA bVyh dk fuoklh FkkA
 ;g ;q) 6 o"kks± rd pykA bl ;q) esa 61 ns'kksa us Hkkx  vk/kqfud fo'o dk çFke jktuhfrd fpUrd eSfd;kosyh
fy;kA ;g ;q) 1945 bZñ esa [kRe gqvkA dks ekuk tkrk gSA eSfd;kosyh us n fçUl uked iqLrd
fy[khA
 vesfjdk us Øe'k% 6 vxLr 1945 vkSj 9 vxLr 1945
dks tkiku ds fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxk'kkdh ij ijek.kq ce  fy;ksuknksZ n foaph] ekbdy ,atsyks vkSj jkQsy ;s rhuks
fxjk fn;sA bVyh ds egku fp=dkj FksA fy;ksuknksZ n foaph us
 24 vDVwcj] 1945] dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZ eksukfylk rFkk n ykLV lQj uked fp= cuk;sA
'kq:vkr esa blesa 51 lnL; ns'k FksA  n ykLV ttesaV ekbdy ,tsayks us cuok;k gSa rFkk
 1945 esa vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr ÝSdfyu Mh :tosYV esMksuk dk fp= jkQsy us cuok;k gSA
FkkA  lkSje.My dh [kkst dkWijfuDl us dh FkhA
 ukthokn fopkj/kkjk ls lacaf/kr fgVyj Fkk rFkk  teZuh ds çfl) oSKkfud dsiyj us xzgks dh xfr dk
Qkalhokn fopkj/kkjk ls lacaf/kr eqlksfyuh FkkA fu;e çfrikfnr fd;kA
 fgVyj teZuh dk pkalyj 1933 bZñ esa cukA fgVyj us  ckbcy dk teZu Hkk"kk esa vuqokn ekfVZu ywFkj us fd;k
,d iqLrd fy[kh ftldk uke esjk la?k"kZ ¼ekbu dsEi½ FkkA ;g teZuh dk fuoklh FkkA
gSA  ;wVksfi;k uked çfl) iqLrd Vkel lwj us fy[kh gS]
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 31
bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
tks baXyS.M dk fuoklh gSA  okVjyw dh yMkbZ 1815 bZñ esa gqbZ bl yMkbZ esa
 'ksDlih;j baXyS.M dk fuoklh Fkk mlus jksfe;ks ,oa usiksfy;u dh gkj gqbZA usiksfy;u dks cUnh cukdj lsaV
tqfy;V uked —fr dh jpuk dhA gsysuk }hi Hkst fn;k ogk¡ ij mldh e`R;q 1821 bZñ esa
gks x;hA
 /keZ lq/kkj vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr 16oha lnh esa baXyS.M
ls gqbZ FkhA vesfjdk dh [kkst dksyEcl us 1492 bZñ esa  usiksfy;u dks fyfVy dkjiksjy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
dh FkhA usiksfy;u ds iru dk dkj.k mlds }kjk :l ij fd;k
x;k vkØe.k FkkA
 Hkkjr dh [kkst 1498 bZñ esa okLdksfMxkek us dh Fkh og
iqrZxky dk fuoklh FkkA bVyh dk ,dhdj.k
 leqæh ekxZ ls iwjs fo'o dk pDdj yxkus okyk çFke  bVyh ds ,dhdj.k dk tud tkslsQ esftuh dks ekuk
O;fDr eSxyu FkkA tkrk gSA
baXyS.M dh ØkfUr  bVyh ds ,dhdj.k esa lcls cMh ck/kk vkfLVª;k mRiUu
dj jgk FkkA xSjhckYMh us yky dqrhZ uke ls lsuk dk
 baXyS.M dh xkSjoiw.kZ ØkfUr 1688 bZñ esa gqbZ bl le; laxBu fd;k FkkA
baXyS.M dk 'kkld tsEl f}rh; FkkA
 lkS o"kks± dk ;q) baXyS.M vkSj Ýkal ds chp gqvkA
:l dh ØkfUr
xqykcks dk ;q) baXyS.M esa gqvkA  lektokn dk lcls igys ç;ksx jkcVZ vksou us fd;k
 baXyS.M esa xzg ;q) lkr o"kks± rd pykA baXyS.M ds FkkA dkyZ ekDlZ teZuh dk fuoklh FkkA dkyZekDlZ us
jktk pkYlZ çFke dks Qk¡lh dh ltk nh x;h FkhA nkl dSfiVy rFkk dE;wfuLV eSuhQsLVks uked iqLrd
fy[kh gSA nqfu;k ds etnwjks ,d gks tkvks ;g ukjk
Ýkal dh ØkfUr dkyZekDlZ us fn;kA
 Ýkal dh ØkfUr 1789 bZñ esa yqbZ 16ok¡ ds 'kkludky esa  :l ds 'kkld dks tkj dgk tkrk FkkA
gqbZA  :l dks tkj ds 'kkld ls eqfDr vysDtsMj f}rh; us
 lekurk] LorU=rk o cU/kqRo Ýkal dh ØkfUr dk ukjk 1917 esa fnykbZ FkhA
FkkA  :l dh ØkfUr 1917 bZñ esa gqbZ bl ØkfUr dk çeq[k
 yqbZ 16ok¡ 1774 bZñ esa Ýkal dh xn~nh ij cSBkA eSa gh usrk ySfuu FkkA
jkT; gw¡ vkSj esjs gh dFku dkuwu gSA ;g yqbZ 16ok¡ us  pSdk uked laxBu dk xBu ySfuu us fd;k FkkA
dgk FkkA yqbZ 16ok¡ dks ns'kæksg ds vkjksi esa Qk¡lh nh vk/kqfud :l dk fuekZrk LVkfyu dks ekuk tkrk gSA
x;h FkhA
teZuh dk ,dhdj.k
 VSys ,d Hkwfedj FkkA eki&rkSy dh n'keyo ç.kkyh
Ýkal dh nsu gSA  teZuh dk ,dhdj.k fcLekdZ us fd;kA
 teZuh dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ç'kk FkkA
 Ýkal dh ØkfUr esa :lks] okYVs;j] ekVsLD;w us lcls
vf/kd ;ksxnku fn;kA  fcLekdZ teZuh dk ,dhdj.k ç'kk ds usr`Ro esa pkgrk
FkkA og 1862 esa ç'kk dk pkalyj cukA
 lks'ky dkaVªSDV uked iqLrd :lks us fy[kh FkhA
 fcLekdZ dks lcls vf/kd Hk; Ýkal ls FkkA teZuh esa
 dkuwu dh vkRek dh jpuk ekVsLD;w us dh FkhA jk"Vªh;rk dk lans'kokgd usiksfy;u cksukikVZ dks ekuk
 ysVlZ vkWu baxfy'k uked iqLrd dh jpuk okYVs;j us tkrk gSA
dh gSA  teZuh es aukth ny dk mRFkku fgVyj ds usr`Ro es
 okYVs;j us dgk Fkk dh lkS pwgks dh vis{kk ,d 'ksj dk gqvkA ,d jk"Vª ,d usrk dk ukjk fgVyj us fn;kA
'kklu vPNk gksrk gSA usiksfy;u Ýkal dk lezkV 1804 fgVyj us 30 vçSy 1945 dks vkRegR;k dhA
bZñ esa cukA
rqdhZ
 usiksfy;u dks vk/kqfud Ýkal dk tUenkrk ekuk tkrk
gSA  rqdhZ dks ;wjksi dk ejht dgk tkrk gSA
 vk/kqfud rqdhZ dk fuekZrk eqLrQk deky ik'kk dks ekuk
 VªkYQxj dk ;q) lcls igys 1805 bZñ esa usiksfy;u
tkrk gSA og rqdhZ dk igyk jk"Vªifr FkkA
vkSj baXyS.M ds chp gqvk FkkA usiksfy;u us baXyS.M dks
lcls igys cfu;ks dks ns'k dgkA  fjifCydu ihiqYl ikVhZ dk laLFkkid eqLrQk deky
ik'kk FkkA
32 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 bfrgkl ¼HISTORY½
phuh ØkfUr  eslksiksVkfe;k dh lH;rk ntyk vkSj Qjkr unh&?kkVh
esa fodflr gqbZA
 1911 bZñ esa gqbZ phuh ØkfUr dk uk;d lu;kr lsu
FkkA mlus rqax&esax ny dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj eapw  eslksiksVkfe;k dk u;k uke bZjkd gSA
jktoa'k dks lekIr dj fn;kA  loZçFke lhlk dk ç;ksx eslksiksVkfe;k esa gqvk FkkA
 MkWñ lu;kr lsu dks phu dk jk"Vªfirk dgk tkrk gSA  Hkkjr esa igyk bZlkbZ /keZ çpkjd lsUV FkkWel] igyh
 phuh lkE;oknh x.kra= dk çFke v/;{k ekvksRls raqx 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa vk;k FkkA
FkkA  bZlkbZ /keZ dk fodkl ;gwnh /keZ ls gqvk gSA
 phu ds }kj [kksyus dk Js; fczVsu dks fn;k tkrk gSA  iqutkZxj.k dk ckSf)d vFkZ vkUnksyu gSA
 phu ,f'k;k dk ejht ds uke ls tkuk x;kA  vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dks jsM bafM;u dgk tkrk
 phu dh dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk 1921 bZñ esa gqbZA FkkA
 fo'o esa loZçFke flDdk ,oa dkxth eqæk dk çpyu  iw.kZ:i ls nkl çFkk dk mUewyu vczkge fyadu us
phu esa gqvkA 1863 bZñ esa fd;kA
fo'o bfrgkl ds çeq[k rF;  vesfjdh jk"Vªifr ds fuokl LFkku dks OgkbV gkml
dgrs gSaA
 felz dh çkphu lH;rk uhy unh dh ?kkVh esa fodflr
 cksY'ksfod ny dk usrk ysfuu FkkA
gqbZ FkhA
 enj eSfDle xksdhZ dh jpuk gSA
 felz ds yksxksa us loZçFke [ksrh dk vkfo"dkj dj fy;k
FkkA  okaMhokW'k dh yMkbZ esa vaxzstksa us Ýkalhfl;ksa dks iwjh
rjg ijkLr dj fn;k FkkA
 yxkrkj clk gqvk fo'o dk lcls iqjkuk 'kgj nfe'd
gSA  /kqjh jk"Vªksa dk usr`Ro teZuh us fd;kA çFke fo'o ;q) esa
lokZf/kd gkfu teZuh dh gqbZA
 lkSj iapkax felz ns'k dh nsu gSA
 /keZ fujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk loZçFke vesfjdk esa gqbZA
 felz ds fo'kky fijkfeM dk fuekZ.k lezkV [kqÝw }kjk
xhtk esa djok;k x;kA  /keZ&lq/kkj vkanskyu dh 'kq:vkr baXyS.M esa gqbZA
 felz ds fdlku dks QSYykg dgk tkrk FkkA  1905 bZñ esa tkiku us :l dks gjk;kA
 lSU/kookfl;ksa dh eq[; lokjh cSyxkMh FkhA  ihr vkrad ls tkiku dks lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA
 çkphu felz esa jkT; dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh jktk dh iq=h  f}rh; fo'o;q) ds vijkf/k;ksa ij eqdnek pyk, tkus
gksrh FkhA ds fy, U;wjsecxZ uked LFkku dks pquk x;kA
 phu dh lH;rk dks ihyh unh ?kkVh lH;rk ds uke ls  f}rh; fo'o;q) esa teZuh dh ijkt; dk Js; :l dks
tkuk tkrk gSA fn;k tkrk gSA
 loZçFke phu us irax mMkus dh dyk fodflr dhA  'khr ;q) vesfjdk rFkk :l ds chp pyrk FkkA
 loZçFke js'ke m|ksx phu esa 'kq: gqvkA  vesfjdk us fgjksf'kek ij QSVeSu rFkk ukxklkdh ij
fyV~y ckW; uked ijek.kq ce fxjk;s FksA
 loZçFke ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij lsuk esa HkrhZ djus dk Js;
phu dks gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 33

lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fodkl fu;qfDr dh x;hA og vius dk;ksZ ds fy, fczfV'k laln
ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk FkkA
 lafo/kku 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ls gqbZ
gSA  Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy dk uke cnydj ok;ljk; dj
fn;k x;kA vr% bl le; ds xouZj tujy ykWMZ
 fczVsu ds lafo/kku dks fo'o ds lHkh lafo/kkuksa dh
dSfuax vafre xouZj tujy ,oa çFke ok;ljk; gq,A
tuuh dgk tkrk gSA
 1861 bZñ dk Hkkjr ifj"kn~ vf/kfu;e%& xoZuj
 1895 bZñ esa cky xaxk/kj fryd us Lojkt fo/ks;d dk
tujy dks v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr çnku dh
çk:i çLrqr fd;kA
xbZA ,sls v/;kns'k dh vo/kh 6 ekg gksrh FkhA
 mlds ckn 1922 esa egkRek xka/kh rFkk 1934 esa tokgj
 1862 bZñ esa ykWMZ dSfuax us rhu Hkkjrh;ksa&cukjl ds
yky usg: us Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
jktk] ifV;kyk ds egkjktk vkSj lj fnudj jko dks
lafo/kku lHkk ds xBu dh ek¡x dhA
fo/kkuifj"kn~ esa euksfur fd;kA
 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl dk dky 1600
 1892 bZñ dk Hkkjr ifj"kn~ vf/kfu;e%& bl
bZñ ls çkjEHk gksrk gSA blh o"kZ baXyS.M esa bZLV
vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vçR;{k pquko&ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr
bf.M;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA
gqbZA
 dEiuh ds çca/ku dh leLr 'kfDr xouZj rFkk 24
 1909 dk Hkkjr ifj"kn~ vf/kfu;e ¼ekysZ&feUVks
lnL;h; ifj"kn~ esa fufgr FkhA
lq/kkj½%& igyh ckj eqfLye leqnk; ds fy, i`Fkd
 1773 bZñ dk jsX;wysfVax ,DV%& bl ,DV ds rgr çfrfuf/kRo dk micU/k fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr
okjsu gsfLVXl dks caxky dk xoZuj tujy cuk;k eqfLye lnL;ksa dk pquko eqfLye ernkrk gh djrs FksA
x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr dydÙkk esa 1774
 bl vf/kfu;e dks lkeznkf;drk fuokZpd ds :i esa
bZñ,d mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh x;h ftlesa
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k o rhu vU; U;k;/kh'k FksA blds
çFke eq[; U;k;/kh'k lj ,fytkg bEis FksA  lR;saæ çlkn flUgk ok;ljk; dh dk;Zikfydk ifj"kn~
ds çFke Hkkjrh; lnL; cusA mUgsa fof/k lnL; cuk;k
 1784 dk fiV~l bf.M;k ,DV%& fiV~l bafM;k ,DV
x;kA
dks ,DV vkWQ lSVyesaV ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
bl ,DV ds }kjk }S/k 'kklu dk vkjEHk gqvkA uksV%&1909bZñ esa ykWMZ ekWysZ baXySaM esa Hkkjr ds jkT;
lfpo Fks vkSj ykWMZ feaVks Hkkjr ds ok;ljk;A
 1813 dk pkVZj vf/kfu;e%& dEiuh ds vf/kdkj i=
dks 20 o"kks± ds fy, c<k;k x;kA  1919 dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e ¼ek.VsX;w&
psElQksMZ lq/kkj½%& çkUrksa esa }S/k 'kklu yxk;k x;kA
 1833 dk pkVZj vf/kfu;e%& caxky ds xoZuj tujy
dks Hkkjr dk xoZuj tujy dgk tkus yxkA  bl vf/kfu;e ds }kjk yksd lsok vk;ksx dk xBu
fd;k x;kA
 ykMZ eSdkys dh v/;{krk esa çFke fof/k vk;ksx dk
xBu fd;k x;kA  igyh ckj dsUæh; ctV dks jkT;ksa ds ctV ls vyx
dj fn;k x;kA
 Hkkjr esa nkl çFkk dks fof/k fo:) ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
x;kA  Hkkjr esa igyh ckj efgykvksa dks ernku nsus dk
vf/kdkj 1926 esa fn;k x;kA
 1858 dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e%& Hkkjr dk 'kklu
dEiuh ds gkFkksa ls fczfV'k egkjkuh ds gkFkksa esa pyk  1935 dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e%& bl vf/kfu;e esa
x;kA 321 vuqPNsn vkSj 10 vuqlwfp;k¡ FkhA bl vf/kfu;e ds
}kjk çkUrksa esa ls }S/k 'kklu dks gVk fn;k x;k rFkk
 eqxy lezkV ds in dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
dsUæ esa }S/k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
 Hkkjr esa 'kklu lapkyu ds fy, fczfV'k eaf=eaMy esa
 lkEçnkf;d fuokZpu i)fr dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA
,d lnL; ds :i esa Hkkjr ds jkT; lfpo dh
34 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
 E;kekj ¼cekZ½ dks Hkkjr ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA  Hkkjr us lafo/kku dks 26 uoEcj 1949 bZñ dks vaxhdkj
 Hkkjrh; fjtZo cSad dh LFkkiuk 1935 esa gqbZA fd;kA
 bl vf/kfu;e dks Hkkjr ds feuh lafo/kku dk ntkZ  lafo/kku 26 tuojh 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA
fn;k x;k gSA  lafo/kku lHkk dh vfUre cSBd 24 tuojh 1950 dks
 bl vf/kfu;e ds }kjk fczfV'k laln dh loksZPprk dks gqbZA
cuk, j[kk x;kA  24 tuojh 1950 dks jktsUæ çlkn dks Hkkjr dk
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh jpuk jk"Vªifr pquk x;kA
 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk firk MkWñ ch-vkj- vEcsMdj dks
 lafo/kku lHkk ds xBu dk fopkj loZçFke ,e-,u-jkW; dgk tkrk gSA
us 1934 esa j[kk FkkA
 igyh ckj lafo/kku lHkk dh vo/kkj.kk] Lojkt ikVhZ
 Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds us 1935 bZñ esa çLrkfor dh FkhA
rgr gqvkA
 lafo/kku cukus ds fy, 13 desfV;k¡ xfBr dh x;h
 ;g ;kstuk ekpZ 1946 bZñ esa Hkkjr vk;hA blesa rhu FkhA
lnL; FksA lj LVsQksMZ fØIl] ykMZ isfUFkd yksjsUl rFkk
,-oh- vysDtsUMjA  lafo/kku lHkk ds laoS/kkfud lykgdkj in ij Jh ch-
,u- jko dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA
 lafo/kku lHkk esa 389 lnL; Fks] ftlesa 292 fczfV'k
çkUrksa ds çfrfuf/k] 93 ns'kh fj;klrks ds çfrfuf/k rFkk  22 tqykbZ 1947 bZñ dks jk"Vªh; /ot viuk;kA
4 phQ dfe'uj {ks=ksa ds çfrfuf/k FksA  24 tuojh 1950 bZñ dks jk"Vªh; xku viuk;kA
 Hkkjr foHkktu ds i'pkr~ lafo/kku lHkk esa 299 lnL;  24 tuojh 1950 bZñ dks jk"Vªh; xhr viuk;kA
jg x;sA  ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; fu.kZ; ds
 lafo/kku lHkk dh igyh cSBd 9 fnlEcj 1946 dks vuqlkj çLrkouk dks lafo/kku dk vk/kkjHkwr vax ekuk
ubZ fnYyh esa gqbZA x;k gSA
 lHkk ds lcls cqtZqx lnL; MkWñ lfPpnkuUn flUgk  1935 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us igyh ckj Hkkjr
dks lHkk dk vLFkkbZ v/;{k pquk x;kA ds lafo/kku ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vf/kdkfjd :i ls
 eqfLye yhx us bl cSBd dk cfg"dkj fd;k vkSj lafo/kku lHkk ds xBu dh ekax dhA
ikfdLrku ds fy, ,d vyx lafo/kku dh ekax dhA  vxLr çLrko 1940 esa igyh ckj lafo/kku lHkk dh
 rst cgknqj li: o t; çdk'k ukjk;.k us lafo/kku ekax dks fczfV'k jkt }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
lHkk dh lnL;rk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh fo'ks"krk,¡
 gSnjkckn ,d ,slh nslh fj;klr Fkh] ftlds çfrfuf/k  Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fo'o esa lcls yEck fyf[kr lafo/kku
lafo/kku lHkk esa 'kkfey ugha gq;sA gSA
 lafo/kku lHkk ds lnL;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds  fo'o dk çFke fyf[kr lafo/kku la;qDr jkT;
lnL;ksa dh la[;k 33 Fkh rFkk eqlyekuksa dh la[;k 79 vesfjdk us o"kZ 1789 esa viuk;k FkkA
FkhA  Hkkjr ds ewy lafo/kku esa 22 Hkkx] 395 vuqPNsn vkSj
 lafo/kku lHkk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 FkhA 8 vuqlwfp;k¡ Fkha] orZeku esa 25 Hkkx] 470$
 11 fnlEcj 1946 bZñ dks jktsUæ çlkn dks lafo/kku vuqPNsn vkSj 12 vuqlwfp;k¡ gSA
lHkk dks LFkkbZ v/;{k pquk x;kA  ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk fooj.k 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds
 13 fnlEcj 1946 dks tokgj yky usg: us lafo/kku }kjk 1976 esa fd;k x;k gSA
lHkk esa mn~ns'; çLrko çLrqr fd;kA  Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ,dy ukxfjdrk dk çko/kku gSA
 çk:i lfefr dk v/;{k MkWñ Hkhe jko vEcsMdj dks  Hkkjrh; lafo/kku mnkj ,oa dBksjrk dk feJ.k gSA
pquk x;kA lafo/kku lHkk esa budk fuokZpu if'pe  Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks odhyksa dk LoxZ dgk x;k gSA
caxky ls gqvk FkkA çk:i lfefr esa 7 lnL; FksA D;ksafd lafo/kku lHkk esa odhyksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd
 lafo/kku ds çk:i ij 114 fnu cgl pyhA FkhA
 lafo/kku dks cuus esa 2 o"kZ 11 eghus rFkk 18 fnu  lafo/kku ds }kjk Hkkjr dks jkT;ksa dk la?k crk;k x;k
dk le; yxkA gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 35
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976 dks feuh lfefr v/;{k
lafo/kku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks lafo/kku lHkk }kjk viuk;k x;k vYila[;d milfefr ,p-lh- eq[kthZ
FkkA çfØ;k fu;e lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
 Hkkjr dk lafo/kku u rks yphyk gS vkSj u gh dBksj dk;Z lapkyu lfefr MkWñ ds-,e- eqa'kh
cfYd nksuksa dk feyk&tqyk :i gSA
 ;g Hkkjr dks ,d lEiw.kZ çHkqRo lEiUu ,oa vkokl lfefr ch- iV~VkfHk lhrkjeS¸;k
yksdrU=kRed x.kjkT; ?kksf"kr djrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; lfefr ,l- okjnkpkfj;kj
 blesa lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj çnku
fd, x, gSA
 ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT;okn ds vuqlkj]
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds çeq[k lzksr
mn~nsf'kdk lafo/kku dk vax gS] ij bls U;k;ky; esa lzksr çko/kku
dkuwuh ntkZ çkIr ugha gSA
Hkkjr 'kklu  la?kkRed O;oLFkk] U;k;ikfydk
 mn~nsf'kdk dks lafo/kku dh vkRek vkSj lafo/kku vf/kfu;e] 1935 dh 'kfDr] jktuhfr dh vk/kkjHkwr
fuekZrkvksa ds eu dh dqath dgk x;k gSA lajpuk] yksd lsok vk;ksx
 mn~nsf'kdk esa ç;qDr ge Hkkjr ds yksx--- 'kCn ls
Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dh laçHkqrk Hkkjr dh turk esa teZuh dk lafo/kku  vkikrdkyhu mica/k
fufgr gSA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k  ewy dÙkZO;
 Hkkjr ,d x.kra= gS] bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr dk dk lafo/kku
jk"Vªk/;{k fuokZfpr gksxk] vkuqoaf'kd ughaA
vesfjdk  ekSfyd vf/kdkj
 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1976 }kjk mn~nsf'kdk esa dk lafo/kku  loksZPp U;k;ky;
lektoknh vkSj iaFk&fujis{k 'kCn tksMs x, rFkk  U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu ,oa
jk"Vª dh ,drk dks jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=rk
ls çfrLFkkfir fd;k x;kA  lafo/kku dh loksZPprk
 mn~nsf'kdk esa lafo/kku ds vaxhdj.k dh frfFk 26  jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx dh
uoEcj] 1949 nh x;hA çfØ;k
 blh dkj.k 26 uoEcj Hkkjr esa fof/k fnol ds :i esa  mijk"Vªifr dk in ,oa jkT;lHkk
euk;k tkrk gSA esa insu lHkkifr
 jk"Vªifr esa la?k dh dk;Zikfydk
lafo/kku dh çeq[k lfefr;k¡ 'kfDr
,oa muds v/;{k  jk"Vªifr dk la?k ds j{kk cyks dk
loksZPp lekns'k
lfefr v/;{k
tkiku dk  fof/k }kjk LFkkfir çfØ;k
lapkyu lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
lafo/kku
la?k lafo/kku lfefr iañ tokgjyky usg:
dukMk dk  ljdkj dh la?kh; O;oLFkk
çkarh; lafo/kku lfefr ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy lafo/kku  dsUæ ds ikl vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡
 la?k rFkk jkT; ds chp 'kfDr;ksa
la?k 'kfDr lfefr iañ tokgjyky usg: dk forj.k
çk:i lfefr MkWñ Hkhe jko vEcsMdj vkWLVªsfy;k dk  lkroha vuqlwph dh leorhZ lwph
rnFkZ >.Mk lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn lafo/kku  çLrkouk dh Hkk"kk
 dsUæ jkT; lEcU/k
foÙk ,oa LVkQ lfefr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
vk;jyS.M dk  jkT; ds uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo
ewy vf/kdkj milfefr ts-ch- —iykuh lafo/kku  jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpd eaMy ,oa

36 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½

lzksr çko/kku ea=h foHkkx

fuokZpu dh i)fr 6- tkWu eFkkbZ jsyos o ifjogu ea=h
 jk"Vªifr }kjk jkT;lHkk esa lekt 7- MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn [kk| ,oa —f"k ea=h
lsok] lkfgR;] dyk ,oa foKku
ds {ks= esa [;kfr çkIr O;fDr;ksa 8- jktdqekjh ve`rk dkSj LokLF; ea=h
dk euksu;u 9- ckcw tx thou jke Je ea=h
fczfV'k lafo/kku  lalnh; ç.kkyh 10- jQh vgen fdnobZ lapkj ea=h
 ,dy ukxfjdrk 11- vkj-ds- "k.keqxe 'ksêh foÙk ea=h
 fof/k dk 'kklu
 fof/k fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k 12- oh-,u- xkMfxy dk;Z] [kku ,oa ÅtkZ
 lalnh; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj 13- lh-,p- HkkHkk okf.kT; ea=h
 pquko esa lokZf/kd er ds vk/kkj
ij thr dh çfØ;k 14- MkWñ ';ke çlkn eq[kthZ m|ksx ,oa vkiwfrZ
 f}lnuh; O;oLFkk
laln
nf{k.k vÝhdk  lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh çfØ;k  lafo/kku esa laln dk çko/kku vuqPNsn&79 esa gSA
dk lafo/kku
 laln ds rhu vax yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk o jk"Vªifr gSA
dSfcusV fe'ku ds çLrko ij xfBr laln ds l= dks jk"Vªifr cqykrk gSA
vUrfjr eaf=eaMy yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk
ea=h foHkkx 1- ;g laln dk fuEu ;g laln dk mPp lnu
lnu gSA yksd lHkk es gSA jkT;lHkk esa vf/kdre
tokgj yky usg: dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn~ ds mik/;{k] vf/kdre 552 lnL; gks 250 lnL; gks ldrs gSA
fons'kh ekeys rFkk jk"VªeaMy ldrs gSA
cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy x`g] lwpuk rFkk çlkj.k
2- orZeku esa yksd lHkk es jkT;lHkk es 245 lnL;
cynso flag j{kk 545 lnL; gSA gSAa
tku eFkkbZ m|ksx rFkk vkiwfrZ 3- yksdlHkk dk lnL; jkT;lHkk dk lnL; cuus
lh- jktxksikykpkjh f'k{kk cuus dh vk;qq 25 o"kZ dh vk;q 30 o"kZ gksuh
gksuh pkfg,A pkfg,A
lh- ,p- HkkHkk dk;Z] [kku ,oa cUnjxkg
jktsUæ çlkn [kk| ,oa —f"k 4- jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk esa 2 jkT;lHkk esa jk"Vªifr 12
,Xyks&bf.M;u lnL; [;kfr çkIr lnL; dks
txthou jke Je euksfur dj ldrk gSA euksfur dj ldrk gSA
LorU= Hkkjr dk igyk eU=h e.My 5- yksdlHkk ds lnL;ksa dk jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk
¼1947½ dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ dk gksrk
gSA gSA
ea=h foHkkx
6- yksdlHkk laln dk jkT;lHkk laln dk LFkkbZ
1- Tkokgj yky usg: ç/kkuea=h vLFkkbZ lnu gSA lnu gSA
2- ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsyx`g eU=h o lwpuk 7- yksdlHkk dk çFke jkT;lHkk dk igyk v/;{k
o çlkj.k ea=h v/;{k x.ks'k oklqnso MkWñ loZiYyh jk/kk—".ku
3- ljnkj cynso flag j{kk ea=h ekoyadj FkkA FkkA
4- Hkhejko vEcsMdj fof/k ea=h ¼dkuwu ea=h½  mijk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk insu v/;{k gksrk gSA
 jkT;lHkk dk igyk v/;{k MkWñ loZiYyh jk/kk d`".ku
5- ekSñ vCnqy dyke vktkn f'k{kk ea=h

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 37

lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
FkkA  yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy;s 47 lhVsa
 yksdlHkk dh 545 lhVas 2026 rd fuf'pr dj nh x;h vkjf{kr gSA
¼84 os lfo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk½  yksdlHkk v/;{k dk pquko yksdlHkk ds lnL; djrs
 foRr fo/ks;d igys yksdlHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA gSA
 jkT;lHkk foRr fo/ks;d dks dsoy 14 fnu rd jksd  yksdlHkk v/;{k ,oa mik/;{k viuk R;kxi= ijLij
ldrh gSA ,d&nwljs dks nsrs gSA
 lk/kkj.k fo/ks;d laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu es is'k  laln ds nksuksa lnu dh x.kiwfrZ lnL; la[;k dk
fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT;lHkk bldks 6 eghus rd jksd 1@10 gksrh gSA
ldrh gSA  çkjEHk es lfo/kku es yksdlHkk ds lnL;ks dh la[;k
 ;fn lk/kkj.k fo/ks;d ij dksbZ fookn gks tk;s] rks 500 FkhA
jk"Vªifr lfo/kku ds vuqPNsn&108 ds vUrZxr laln  orZeku esa 530 lnL; jkT;ks ls] 13 lnL; dsUæ
dk la;qDr vf/kos'ku cqyk ldrk gSA 'kkflr çns'k ls rFkk 2 ,aXyks bf.M;u lnL;
 la;qDr vf/kos'ku dh v/;{krk yksdlHkk v/;{k djrk jk"Vªifr euksfur djrk gSA
gSA vxj yksdlHkk v/;{k ugh gS] rks v/;{krk yksdlHkk  61 os lafo/kku lals/ku 1989 esa ernku djus dh
dk mik/;{k ;k ofj"Bre vf/kdkjh djrk gSA vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj nh xbZA
 yksd lHkk dk çFke v/;{k x.ks'k oklqnso ekoyadj  yksdlHkk ds dk;Zdky esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk ykxw
Fkk rFkk çFke mik/;{k vuUr lS;ue FkkA gkus ij 1 o"kZ dh o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA ,slk 1976
 Lora= Hkkjr ds çFke vke pquko o"kZ 1951&52 esa bZñ es gks pqdk gSA
vk;ksftr gq,A x.kra= Hkkjr dh çFke yksdlHkk dk  vuqPNsn 75 ds vuqlkj efU=ifj"kn yksdlHkk ds çfr
igyk l= 13 ebZ 1952 dks gqvkA lkewfgd :i ls mRrjnk;h gksrh gSA
 yksdlHkk dk dk;Z fnol lqcg 11 cts ls 1-00 cts  MsfoM vkbtu gkoj vesfjdk ds çFke jk"Vªifr Fks]
rd vkSj nksigj 2-00 cts ls 6-00 cts rd gSA ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; laln es Hkk"k.k fn;k FkkA
yksdlHkk esa rhu l= esa cSBd gksrh gS% 1- ctV l=  jkT;lHkk dk igyh ckj xBu 3 vçSy 1952 dks
¼Qjojh ls ebZ½ 2- ekulwu l= ¼tqykbZ ls flrEcj½ 3- fd;k x;kA rc bldk uke dkmfUly vkWQ LVsV
'khr l= ¼uoEcj ls fnlEcj½A FkkA
 vxj dksbZ laln lnL; cxSj lnu dks crk;s 60 fnuksa  23 vxLr 1954 dks bl lnu dk uke cny dj
rd vuqifLFkr jgrk gSA rks mldh lnL;rk lekIr gks jkT;lHkk dj fn;k x;kA
tk;sxhA  jkT;lHkk ds ,d&frgkbZ lnL; çR;sd 2 o"kZ ckn
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk nksuksa esa lsokfuo`r gks tkrs gSA
p;fur gksrk gS rks 10 fnuksa ds Hkhrj ;g crkuk gksxk
 jkT;lHkk esa foi{k dk usrk pqus tkus ds fy, U;wure
fd fdl lnu esa jguk gSA vU;Fkk jkT;lHkk dh lhV
10% lhVs ;k 25 lhVs çkIr djuk vfuok;Z gSA
fjDr gks tk,xhA
 jkT;lHkk dh dk;Zokgh rhu l= esa gksrh gS&ctV l=]
 ;fn fdlh O;fDr us laln vkSj jkT; fo/kkueaMy dh
ekulwu l= o 'khr l=A
lnL;rk xzg.k dj yh gS rks mls 14 fnuksa ds Hkhrj
crkuk gksxk fd og fdldk lnL; jguk pkgrk gSA  vuqPNsn&249 ds vuqlkj] jkT;lwph ij dkuwu cukus
vU;Fkk laln dh lnL;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA dh lalnh; igy jkT;lHkk }kjk gh dh tk ldrh gSA
 ik¡poha yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky ns'k esa vkikr fLFkfr  vuqPNsn&312 ds rgr~ jkT;lHkk dks vf[ky Hkkjrh;
ykxw djus ds dkj.k lcls T;knk jgk gSA lsok ds l`tu dk vf/kdkj gSA
 ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ,d gh lnu esa nks fuokZpu {ks=ksa ls  Hkkjrh; laln ,d o`Ùkkdkj Hkou gSA
pqu fy;k tkrk gS rks mls 10 fnu ds vUnj ,d lhV  bldk fMtkbu vkfdZVsDV ¼okLrqdkj½ lj ,Mfou
NksMuh iMsxh] vU;Fkk mldh nksuksa lhV fjDr gks yqfV;Ul ,oa lj gscVZ czsdj us 1912 esa rS;kj fd;k
tk;sxhA FkkA
 yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy;s 84 lhVsa vkjf{kr  laln Hkou dh uhao 12 Qjojh] 1921 esa j[kh x;hA
gSA  yksdlHkk es lcls vf/kd lhV jkT;ks esa mRrj çns'k

38 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
¼80½ RkFkk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k es fnYyh ¼7½ lhV gSA  vuqPNsn 16%& yksd fu;kstu es lekurk
 jkT;lHkk esa lcls vf/kd lhV jkT;ksa esa mRrj çns'k  vuqPNsn 17%& vLi`';rk dk var
¼31½ rFkk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k esa fnYyh ¼3½ esa gSA  vuqPNsn 18%& mikf/k;ksa dk var
 bafnjk xka/kh] ,p- Mh0 nsoxkSMk] bUæ dqekj xqtjky rFkk  vuqPNsn 19%& cksyus dh LorU=rk
MkWñ eueksgu flag ,sls O;fDr gS] tks jkT;lHkk ds  vuqPNsn 20%& vijk/kksa ds fy, nks"kflf) ds laca/k esa
lnL; jgs vkSj ç/kkueU=h cusA
laj{k.k
 yksdlHkk ds lcls yEcs le; rd v/;{k cyjke
 vuqPNsn 21%& çk.k vkSj nSfgd Lora=rk dk laj{k.k
tk[kM jgs FksA
 vuqPNsn 21 ¼d½%&çkjafHkd f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj
 yksdlHkk ds ,dek= v/;{k] tks jk"Vªifr cus uhye
latho jsM~Mh FksA  vuqPNsn 22%& dqN n'kkvksa esa fxj¶rkjh vkSj fujks/k ls
laj{k.k
 yksdlHkk ds çFke nfyr v/;{k th-,e-cky;ksxh FksA
 vuqPNsn 23%& ekuo ds nqO;kZikj vkSj cykr~Je dk
 yksdlHkk dh çFke efgyk v/;{k ehjk dqekj FkhA fu"ks/kA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds çeq[k Hkkx  vuqPNsn 24%& 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpks dks eqf'dy
Hkkx vuqPNsn dkj[kkuksa esa dk;Z djus ij jksd
Hkkx 1 la?k ,oa mldk jkT; {ks= 1 ls 4 rd  vuqPNsn 26%& /kkfeZd dk;ksZ ds çca/k dh Lora=rk
 vuqPNsn 29%& vYila[;d oxksZ ds fgrksa dk laj{k.k
Hkkx 2 ukxfjdrk 5 ls 11 rd
 vuqPNsn 30%& f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj ç'kklu
Hkkx 3 ekSfyd vf/kdkj 12 ls 35 rd djus dk vYila[;d oxksZ dk vf/kdkj
Hkkx 4 uhfr&funsZ'kd rRo 36 ls 51 rd  vuqPNsn 33%& bl Hkkx }kjk çnÙk vf/kdkjksa dk cyksa
Hkkx 4d ewy dÙkZO; 51 ¼d½ vkfn dks ykxw gksus esa mikarj.k djus dh laln dh
'kfDr
Hkkx 5 la?k 52 ls 151 rd  vuqPNsn 34%& tc fdlh {ks= esa lsuk fof/k ço`Ùk gS
Hkkx 6 jkT; 152 ls 237 rd rc bl Hkkx }kjk çnÙk vf/kdkjksa ij fucZU/ku
Hkkx 8 la?k jkT; {ks= 239 ls 242 rd  vuqPNsn 35%& bl Hkkx ds mica/kksa dks çHkkoh djus ds
fy, fo/kku
Hkkx 14 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa 308 ls 323 rd
ds v/khu lsok,¡  vuqPNsn 40%& xzke iapk;rksa dk laxBu
 vuqPNsn 44%& ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d leku flfoy
Hkkx 15 fuokZpu vk;ksx 324 ls 329 rd lafgrk
Hkkx 17 jkt Hkk"kk 343 ls 351 rd  vuqPNsn 45%& cPpksa ds fy, fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z
Hkkx 18 vkikr mica/k 352 ls 360 rd f'k{kk dk mica/k
Hkkx 20 lafo/kku la'kks/ku 368  vuqPNsn 48%& —f"k vkSj i'kq ikyu dk laxBu
 vuqPNsn 48 ¼d½%&i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k rFkk lao/kZu
lafo/kku ds dqN egRoiw.kZ vuqPNsn vkSj ou rFkk oU; thoksa dh j{kk
 vuqPNsn 1%& Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk la?k gSA  vuqPNsn 49%& jk"Vªh; egRo ds Lekjdksa] LFkkuksa vkSj
 vuqPNsn 3%& laln }kjk fdlh jkT; dk uke rFkk oLrqvksa dk laj{k.k
u;s jkT;ksa dk xBu o budh lhek rFkk ukeksa esa  vuqPNsn 50%& U;k;ikfydk rFkk dk;Zikfydk dk
ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrh gSA çFkDdj.k
 vuqPNsn 5%& ukxfjdrk  vuqPNsn 51%& vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk dh
 vuqPNsn 12%& jkT; 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk vfHko`f)
 vuqPNsn 14%& fof/k ds le{k lerk  vuqPNsn 51¼d½%&ewy dÙkZO;
 vuqPNsn 15%& /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUeLFkku  vuqPNsn 52%& Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr
ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ks/k  vuqPNsn 53%& la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 39
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 vuqPNsn 54%& jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu  vuqPNsn 148%& Hkkjr dk fu;a=d&egkys[kkijh{kd
 vuqPNsn 55%& jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu dh jhfr  vuqPNsn 153%& jkT;ksa ds jkT;iky
 vuqPNsn 56%& jk"Vªifr dh inkof/k  vuqPNsn 155%& jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr
 vuqPNsn 57%& iqufuZokZpu ds fy, ik=rk  vuqPNsn 156%& jkT;iky dh inkof/k
 vuqPNsn 58%& jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gksus ds fy, vgZrk,a  vuqPNsn 157%& jkT;iky fu;qDr gksus ds fy, vgZrk,a
 vuqPNsn 60%& jk"Vªifr }kjk 'kiFk ;k çfrKku  vuqPNsn 159%& jkT;iky }kjk 'kiFk ;k çfrKku
 vuqPNsn 61%& jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus dh
 vuqPNsn 163%& jkT;iky dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus
çfØ;k
ds fy, eaf=ifj"kn~
 vuqPNsn 63%& Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr
 vuqPNsn 168%& jkT;ksa ds fo/kkueaMyksa dk xBu
 vuqPNsn 64%& mijk"Vªifr dk jkT;lHkk dk insu
lHkkifr gksuk  vuqPNsn 169%& jkT;ksa esa fo/kku ifj"knksa dk mRlknu
;k l`tu
 vuqPNsn 66%& mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu
 vuqPNsn 178%& fo/kku lHkk dk v/;{k vkSj mik/;{k
 vuqPNsn 67%& mijk"Vªifr dh inkof/k
 vuqPNsn 69%& mijk"Vªifr }kjk 'kiFk ;k çfrKku  vuqPNsn 182%& fo/kku ifj"kn~ dk lHkkifr vkSj
milHkkifr
 vuqPNsn 72%& jk"Vªifr dks {kenku dh 'kfDr
 vuqPNsn 214%& jkT;ksa ds fy, mPp U;k;ky;
 vuqPNsn 74%& jk"Vªifr dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus
ds fy, eaf=ifj"kn~  vuqPNsn 217%& mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k dh
fu;qfDr vkSj mlds in~ dh 'krsZ
 vuqPNsn 76%& Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh
 vuqPNsn 77%& Hkkjr ljdkj ds dk;Z dk lapkyu  vuqPNsn 233%& ftyk U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr
 vuqPNsn 78%& jk"Vªifr dks tkudkjh nsus vkfn ds  vuqPNsn 243 ¼d½%& xzke lHkk
laca/k esa ç/kkuea=h ds drZO;  vuqPNsn 243 ¼[k½%& iapk;rksa dh lajpuk
 vuqPNsn 79%& laln dk xBu  vuqPNsn 243 ¼Fk½%& uxjikfydkvksa dk xBu
 vuqPNsn 80%& jkT;lHkk dh lajpuk  vuqPNsn 244%& vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa vkSj tutkfr {ks=ksa dk
 vuqPNsn 81%& yksdlHkk dh lajpuk ç'kklu
 vuqPNsn 85%& laln dk l=] l=kolku vkSj fo?kVu  vuqPNsn 262%& vUrjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ;k unh&nwuksa ds
 vuqPNsn 93%& yksdlHkk dk v/;{k vkSj mik/;{k ty laca/kh fooknksa dk U;k; fu.kZ;u
 vuqPNsn 98%& laln dk lfpoky;  vuqPNsn 263%& varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ ds laca/k esa mica/k
 vuqPNsn 106%& laln lnL;ksa ds osru vkSj HkÙks  vuqPNsn 266%& Hkkjr vkSj jkT;ksa dh lafpr fuf/k;ka
 vuqPNsn 108%& dqN n'kkvksa esa nksuksa lnuksa dh la;qDr vkSj yksd ys[ks
cSBd  vuqPNsn 267%& vkdfLedrk fuf/k
 vuqPNsn 110%& /ku fo/ks;d dh ifjHkk"kk  vuqPNsn 280%& foÙk vk;ksx
 vuqPNsn 117%& foÙk fo/ks;dksa ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k mica/k  vuqPNsn 315%& la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds fy, yksd lsok
 vuqPNsn 124%& mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk vkSj vk;ksx
xBu  vuqPNsn 329%& fuokZpu laca/kh ekeykssa esa U;k;ky;ksa
 vuqPNsn 125%& U;k;k/kh'kksa ds osru vkfn ds gLr{ksi dk otZu
 vuqPNsn 129%& mPpre U;k;ky; dk vfHkys[k  vuqPNsn 330%& yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj
U;k;ky; gksuk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k
 vuqPNsn 137%& fu.kZ;ksa ;k vkns'kksa dk mPpre  vuqPNsn 331%& yksdlHkk esa vkaXy&Hkkjrh; leqnk;
U;k;ky; }kjk iqufoZyksdu dk çfrfuf/kRo
 vuqPNsn 143%& mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ djus dh  vuqPNsn 332%& jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr
jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkkuksa dk
40 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
vkj{k.k 'kfDr;ksa ds ckjs es fn;k x;k gSA blds vUrxZr rhu
 vuqPNsn 333%& jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa lwfp;k¡ gSA la?k lwph] jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwphA
vkaXy&Hkkjrh; leqnk; dk çfrfuf/kRo  la?k lwph%& bl lwph es fn;s x;s fo"k;ksa ij dsUæ
 vuqPNsn 338%& jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx ljdkj dkuwu cukrh gSSaA lafo/kku ds ykxq gksus ds
le; bles 97 fo"k; Fks vc 100 fo"k; gSaA
 vuqPNsn 338 ¼d½%& jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr
vk;ksx  jkT; lwph%& bl lwfp es fn;s x;s fo"k; ij jkT;
ljdkj dkuwu cukrh gSA jk"Vªh; fgr lEcfU/kr gksus ij
 vuqPNsn 339%& vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa ds ç'kklu vkSj dsUæ ljdkj Hkh dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA lafo/kku ds
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k ds ckjs esa la?k dk ykxw gksus ds le; blds vUrxZr 66 fo"k; Fks] ijUrq
fu;a=.k orZeku es 61 fo"k; gSA
 vuqPNsn 340%& fiNMs oxksZ dh n'kkvksa ds vUos"k.k ds  leorhZ lwph%& blds vUrxZr fn;s fo"k; ij dsUæ ,oa
fy, vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr jkT; ljdkj nksuks dkuwu cuk ldrs gS] ijUrq dkuwu
 vuqPNsn 341%& vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ ds fo"k; leku gksu ij dsUæ ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k
 vuqPNsn 342%& vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ dkuwu ekU; gksxkA lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds le; 47
fo"k; Fks ijUrq orZeku es 52 fo"k; gSA
 vuqPNsn 343%& la?k dh jktHkk"kk
 vkBoh vuqlwph%& bles Hkkjr dh 22 Hkk"kkvksa dk
 vuqPNsn 345%& jkT; dh jktHkk"kk ;k jktHkk"kk,a mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ewy :i ls vkBoha vuqlwph esa
 vuqPNsn 351%& fgUnh Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds fy, funsZ'k 14 Hkk"kk,sa Fkh] ijUrq 1967 esa flaf/k dks 1992 esa
 vuqPNsn 352%& vkikrdky dh mn~?kks"k.kk ef.kiqjh] usikyh] rFkk dksad.kh vkSj 2003 esa eSFkyh]
laFkkyh Mksxjh ,o cksMks dks vkBoh vuqlwph es
 vuqPNsn 356%& jkT;ksa esa lkaoS/kkfud ra= ds foQy gks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
tkus dh n'kk esa mica/k
 ukSoh vuqlwph%& lafo/kku es ;g vuqlwph çFke
 vuqPNsn 360%& foÙkh; vkikrdky ds ckjs esa mica/k lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1951 }kjk tksMh x;hA ;g Hkwfe
 vuqPNsn 368%& lafo/kku dk la'kks/ku djus dh laln lq/kkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA
dh 'kfDr vkSj mlds fy, çfØ;k  nloh vuqlwph%& ;g lafo/kku esa 52 osa lafo/kku
 vuqPNsn 392%& dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus dh jk"Vªifr la'kks/ku 1985 ds }kjk tksMh x;h gSA bles ny&cny
dh 'kfDr ls lEcf/kr çko/kku gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh vuqlwfp;k¡  X;kjgoh vuqlwph%& ;g iapk;rh jkt ls lEcaf/kr
gSA ;g 73 os lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1993 ds }kjk tksMh
 igyh vuqlwph%& blesa Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa rFkk x;hA blesa 29 fo"k; fn;s x;s gSA
dsUæ'kkflr çns'k dk mYys[k gSA
 ckjgoh vuqlwph%& ;g 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds ç'kklu ds ckjs
 nwljh vuqlwph%& bles Hkkjr ds fofHkUu inkf/kdkfj;ksa esa gS rFkk 'kgjh {ks=ks ds 18 fo"k; fn;s x;s gSA ;g
dks fn;s tkus okys osru dk mYys[k gSA vuqlwph 74 osa lafo/kku 1993 }kjk tksMh gSA
 rhljh vuqlwph%& bles fofHkUu inkf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk yh ekSfyd vf/kdkj
xbZ 'kiFk dk mYys[k gSA
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&3 esa vuqPNsn 12 ls 35 rd ewy
 pkSFkh vuqlwph%& blesa fofHkUu jkT;ksa rFkk dsUæ vf/kdkjksa dk fooj.k gSA
'kkflr çns'kks dk jkT;lHkk es çfrfuf/kRo dk fooj.k
fn;k x;k gSA  bls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafo/kku ls fy;k x;k
gSA
 ikpoh vuqlwph%& blesa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds ç'kklu
ds ckjs es fn;k x;k gSA  lafo/kku ds Hkkx&3 dks Hkkjr dk vf/kdkj&i=
¼Magnacarta½ dgk tkrk gSA
 NBh vuqlwph%& blesa vle] es?kky;] f=iqjk rFkk
fetksje jkT;ksa ds tutkfr {ks=ksa ds ç'kklu ds ckjs esa  ewy lafo/kku esa 7 ekSfyd vf/kdkj FksA ysfdu 44 osa
fn;k x;k gSA lafo/kku la'kks/ku 1978 ds }kjk lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj
dks gVk fn;k x;k gSA
 lkroha vuqlwph%& blesa dsUæ vksj jkT;ksa ds chp
 bls lafo/kku ds Hkkx&12 esa vuqPNsn&300¼d½ ds
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 41
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
varxZr dkuwuh vf/kdkj cuk fn;k x;kA 24 rd½
 çk.k ,oa nSfgd LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj vuqPNsn&21 ds 4- /kkfeZd LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNssn 25 ls
vUrxZr fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNssn 28 rd½
 og vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa Hkh fuyfEcr ugha gksrk gSA 5- laL—fr o f'k{kk lEcU/kh ¼vuqPNssn 29 ls vuqPNssn
 okd~ ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk vuqPNsn&19 ds 30 rd½
vUrxZr gSA 6- laoS/kkfud mipkjksa dk vf/kdkj ¼ vuqPNssn 32½
 dkj[kkuksa vkfn esa 14 lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dks ekSfyd drZO;
dk;Z ij j[kus ij çfrcU/k vuqPNsn&24 ds vUrxZr
yxk;k x;k gSA  ljnkj Lo.kZflag lfefr dh vuq'kalk ij lafo/kku ds
42 osa la'kks/ku 1976 ds }kjk ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks
 Hkhejko vEcsMdj us lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&32 dks lafo/kku esa tksMk x;kA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh vkRek dgk gSA
 bls :l ds lafo/kku ls fy;k x;k gSA
 tokgjyky usg: us çLrkouk dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh
vkRek dh laKk nh gSA  ewy drZO;ksa dk mYys[k Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx&4¼d½
ds vuqPNsn&51¼d½ esa fd;k x;k gSA
 Hkkjr jRu /kkjdksa dks eaf=eaMy Lrj ds ea=h dk ntkZ
feyrk gSA  ewy drZO;ksa ds vuqlkj jk"Vªxku ;k jk"Vªh; /ot dk
vuknj djuk n.Muh; vijk/k gSA
 'kkafriwoZd lEesyu djus dh LorU=rk vuqPNsn&19
¼1½¼[k½ esa gSA  ewy drZO;ksa ds vuqlkj ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho
vkfn dh j{kk djsaA
 ewy vf/kdkjksa dk laj{kd mPpre U;k;ky; gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; us ds'kokuan Hkkjrh ekeys 1973 esa jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRo
dgk fd ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kku  jkT; ds uhfr&funsZ'kd fl)kUr dk o.kZu lafo/kku ds
la'kks/ku dks pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS ;fn og lafo/kku Hkkx&4 esa vuqPNsn&36 ls 51 rd fd;k x;k gSA
ds ewy <k¡ps ds f[kykQ gks rks mls voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k  bls vk;jySaM ds lafo/kku ls fy;k x;k gSA
tk ldrk gSA  vuqPNsn&40%& xzke iapk;rksa dk laxBuA
 o"kZ 1979 esa eksjkjth nslkbZ ljdkj us f}rh; fiNMk
 vuqPNsn&48%& —f"k ,oa i'kqikyu dk laxBuA
oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA
 vuqPNsn&50%& dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk dk
 vuqPNsn&21 ¼d½ esa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h gS fd jkT; 6 ls
i`FkDdj.kA
14 o"kZ rd dh mez ds cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z
f'k{kk miyC/k djk,xkA  vuqPNsn&51%& vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh
 lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn&13 U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu ds vfHko`f)A
fl)kar dks tUe nsrk gSA  jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; Hkkjr
 fdlh O;fDr dk VsyhQksu Vsi djuk okd~ vfHkO;fDr esa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd yksdra= dh LFkkiuk djuk
gSA
[vuqPNsn&19 ¼1½ ¼d½] rFkk çk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=rk
¼vuqPNsn&21½ dk mYya?ku gSA  lafo/kku ds 42osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku esa uhfr funsZ'kd
rRo dks ewy vf/kdkjksa ds ijs ojh;rk nh x;h FkhA
 mPpre U;k;ky; ¼vuqPNsn&32 ds varxZr½ ,oa mPp
U;k;ky; ¼vuqPNsn&226 ds varxZr½ fjV tkjh dj  ds-Vh- 'kkg ds vuqlkj jkT; dk uhfr funsZ'kd rRo
ldrs gSA os ik¡p çdkj ds fjV tkjh dj ldrs gSA ,d ,slk psd gS] tks cSad dh lqfo/kkuqlkj vnk fd;k
1- cUnh çR;{khdj.k 2- ijekns'k 3- mRçs"k.k 4- çfr"ks/k tk,xkA
5- vf/kdkj i`PNk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk
 gekjs ekSfyd vf/kdkj fuEu çdkj gSa%&  Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ukxfjdrk 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr ugha
1- lekurk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNssn 14 ls vuqPNsn 18 fd;k x;k gSA
rd½  lafo/kku ds Hkkx&2 esa vuqPNsn ¼5&11½ dsoy
2- LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNssn 19 ls vuqPNssn 22 bdgjh ;k ,dy ukxfjdrk çnku djrs gSa] blesa
rd½ jkT;ksa ds fy, i`Fkd ukxfjdrk dk çko/kku ugha gSA
3- 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNssn 23 ls vuqPNssn  ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ij fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr
42 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
laln esa fufgr gSA  yksdlHkk dk lnL; fuokZfpr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gksA
 ¼vuqPNsn&11½ ukxfjdrk laca/kh fu;eksa ds fy, laln  pquko ds le; ykHk dk in u /kkj.k fd;s gksA
}kjk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk vf/kfu;e 1955 ikfjr  vuqPNsn&54 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu e.My
fd;k x;k gSA es yksdlHkk] jkT;lHkk vkSj jkT; dh fo/kkulHkkvksa ds
 Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk tUe ls] iathdj.k ls ;k fuokZfpr lnL; Hkkx ysrs gS] ijUrq ubZ O;oLFkk ds
mÙkjkf/kdkj ls çkIr gksrh gSA vuqlkj iqnqpsjh fo/kkulHkk rFkk fnYyh fo/kkulHkk ds
 Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk x`g ea=ky; }kjk çnku dh tkrh fuokZfpr lnL; dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
gSA  ,d O;fDr ftruh ckj pkgs jk"Vªifr in ij fuokZfpr
 laln vuqPNsn&10 ds rgr fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ls gks ldrk gSA
ukxfjdrk okil ys ldrh gSA vxj mls fo'okl gks  jk"Vªifr in ds mEehnokj ds fy, fuokZpu e.My ds
fd%& 50 lnL; çLrkod rFkk 50 lnL; vuqeksnd gksrs
 ukxfjdrk ds fy, >wBs vkSj xyr lcwr is'k fd, x, gSA
gSa ;k O;fDr lafo/kku ds çfr oQknkj ugha gSA  vuqPNsn&55 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu leku
 vxj og nq'eu ns'k ds lkFk yMkbZ ds le; dksbZ ukrk vuqikfrd çfrfuf/kRo ç.kkyh vkSj ,dy ldjej.kh;
j[krk gSA er i)fr ds }kjk gksrk gSA
 vxj og yxkrkj lkr o"kks± ls vf/kd le; ls ns'k ls  jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu ls lEcf/kr fookn mPpre
ckgj jg jgk gksA U;k;ky; }kjk fuiVk;k tkrk gSA
 vxj og ukxfjd iathdj.k djkus ds le; ds ik¡p  fuokZpu voS/k ?kksf"kr gksus ij mlds }kjk fd;s x;s
o"kks± ds Hkhrj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd o"kZ ds fy, tsy esa dk;Z voS/k ugh gksrs gSA
jgk gksA
 jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA
 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk
fl)kUr Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA  jk"Vªifr dks mlds in dh 'kiFk mPpre U;k;ky;
 ukxfjdrk dk ifjR;kx] vU; ns'k dh ukxfjdrk dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k fnykrk gsA mlds vuqifLFkfr es
Lohdkj dj ysus ljdkj }kjk ukxfjdrk Nhuus ij mPpre U;k;ky; dk ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k 'kiFk
ukxfjdrk dk vUr gks ldrk gSA fnykrk gSA
 fnlEcj 2003 esa fons'kksa esa cls Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksxksa  jk"Vªifr viuk R;kx i= mijk"Vªifr dks nsrk gS rFkk
dks dqN 'krksZ ds lkFk nksgjh ukxfjdrk çnku djus dk mijk"Vªifr bldh lwpuk yksdlHkk v/;{k dks nsxkA
çko/kku fd;k x;k ftls vksojlht flfVtu f'ki  jk"Vªifr in ds mEehnokj dks pquko çpkj ds fy, nks
vkWQ bafM;k dk uke fn;k x;kA lIrkg dk le; feyrk gSA
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx
 vuqPNsn&53 ds vuqlkj] Hkkjrh; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk  jk"Vªifr ij lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&61 ds varxZr fdlh
'kfDr jk"Vªifr eas fufgr gksrh gSA Hkh lnu }kjk lafo/kku ds çko/kkuksa dk mya?ku djus ds
 Hkkjr esa lalnh; O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k gS vr% dkj.k egkfHk;ksx yxk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq blds
jk"Vªifr uke ek= dh dk;Zikfydk gS rFkk ç/kku eU=h fy, vko';d gS fd jk"Vªifr dks 14 fnu igys
o mldk eU=h e.My okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA fyf[kr lwpuk nh tk;s] ftl ij ml lnu ds ,d
 jk"Vªifr ns'k dk loS/kkfud ç/kku gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr pkSFkkbZ lnL;ksa ds gLrk{kj gksus pkfg,A
Hkkjr dk çFke ukxfjd dgykrk gSA  tks lnu jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx yxkuk pkgrk gS igys
 vuqPNsn&52 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoS/kkfud blds nks frgkbZ lnL; bl çLrko dks ikfjr djsxsaA
ç/kku gksrk gS rFkk Hkkjr dk çFke ukxfjd dgykrk mlds ckn ;g çLrko nwljs lnu es tk;sxkA rc
gSA nwljk lnu jk"Vªifr ij yxk;s vkjksiks dh tk¡p djsxk
;k djk;sxk vkSj ,slh tk¡p es jk"Vªifr ds Åij yxk;s
jk"Vªifr in dh ;ksX;rk ¼vuqPNsn&58½ x;s vkjksiks dks fl) djus okyk çLrko nks frgkbZ
 og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA cgqer ls ikfjr gks tk;sxkA rc jk"Vªifr ij
 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gksA egkfHk;ksx dh çfØ;k iwjh le>h tk;sxh vkSj mlh
fnu ls jk"Vªifr dks R;kx i= nsuk gksxkA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 43
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 jk"Vªifr dk fjDr in 6 eghus ds vUnj Hkjk tkuk 3- v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr%& jk"Vªifr
t:jh gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&123 ds vUrZxr v/;kns'k
 ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k jk"Vªifr ugh gS rks mlds dk;Z tkjh dj ldrk gSA bldk çHkko laln dk l=
mijk"Vªifr djrk gSA ;fn mijk"Vªifr Hkh ugh gS rks çkjEHk gksus ds 6 lIrkg rd jgrk gSA jk"Vªifr
mPpre U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k djrk gS vkSj jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ij v/;kns'k tkjh ugh dj
rhuks dh vuqifLFkfr es mPpre U;k;ky; dk ofj"Bre ldrk gSA
U;k;k/kh'k dk;Z lHkkysxkA 4- lSfud 'kfDr%& jk"Vªifr rhuks lsukvksa dk loksZPp
lsukifr gksrk gS] fdUrq budk ç;ksx fof/k }kjk
jk"Vªifr ds osru ,o HkRrs djrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr dk ekfld osru ik¡p yk[k :i;s gksrk gSA 5- {keknku dh 'kfDr%& lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&72
 jk"Vªifr dk osru vk;dj ls eqDr gksrk gSA ds vUrZxr jk"Vªifr fdlh vijk/kh ds n.M dks de
 jk"Vªifr dks fu'kqYd fuokl LFkku o vU; HkRrs çkIr ;k {kek dj ldrk gSA
gksrs gSA uksV%& ;fn {keknku ;kfpdk jk"Vªifr us jn~n dj
nh rks nwljh ;kfpdk nk;j ugh dh tk ldrhA
 jk"Vªifr ds vf/kdkj rFkk drZO;
6- laln lnL;ksa ds euksu;u dk vf/kdkj%&
1- fu;qfDr lEcU/kh vf/kdkj%& Hkkjr dk ç/kkuea=h vuqPNsn&331 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk esa nks
 ç/kkuea=h dh lykg ij eaf=ifj"kn~ ds vU; vkaXy Hkkjrh; leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks euksfur dj
lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr ldrk gSA blh çdkj vuqPNsn&80 ¼3½ ls og
 mPpre U;k;ky; ,oa mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; dyk] lkfgR;] i=dkfjrk] foKku rFkk lkekftd
U;k;/kh'k dk;ksZ esa i;kZIr vuqHko ,oa n{krk j[kus okys 12
O;fDr;ksa dks jkT;lHkk esa uketn dj ldrk gSA
 jkT;ksa es jkT;iky
7- jk"Vªifr dh vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡%&
 Hkkjr ds fu;U=d ,ao egkys[kk ijh{kd
vkikrdky ls lEcaf/kr mica/k Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds
 eq[; pquko vk;qDr ,ao vU; pquko vk;qDr Hkkx&18 ds vuqPNsn&352 ls 360 ds vUrxZr
 Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh ¼vVkuhZ tujy½ feyrk gSA eaf=ifj"kn~ ds ijke'kZ ls jk"Vªifr rhu
çdkj ds vkikr ykxw dj ldrk gSA
 la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k vkSj lnL;
8- jktuSfrd 'kfDr%& nwljs ns'kksa ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh
 vUrjk"ZVªh; ifj"kn ds lnL;
le>kSrk ;k laf/k jk"Vªifr ds uke ls dh tkrh
 foÙk vk;ksx ds lnL; gSA jk"Vªifr fons'kksa ds fy, Hkkjrh; jktnwrksa dh
 Hkk"kk vk;ksx ds lnL; fu;qfDr djrk gS ,oa Hkkjr esa fons'kksa ds jktnwrksa
dh fu;qfDr dk vuqeksnu djrk gSA
 fiNMk oxZ vk;ksx ds lnL;
9- lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&143 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr
 vYila[;d vk;ksx ds lnL; mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijkeZ'k ys ldrk gS] ijUrq
 Hkkjr ds jktnwr rFkk vU; jktukf;d og ;g ijke'kZ ekuus ds fy, ck/; ugha gSA
 vuqlwfpr {ks=ks ds ç'kklu ds lEcU/k es fjiksVZ 10- jk"Vªifr dh fdlh fo/ks;d ij vuqefr nsus ;k u
nsus okys vk;ksx ds lnL; vkfn nsus ds fu.kZ; ysus dh lhek dk vHkko gksus ds
2- fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡%& laln ds l= dks vkgwr djus] dkj.k jk"Vªifr tsch ohVks dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gS]
l=kolku djus rFkk yksdlHkk Hkax djus laca/kh D;ksafd vuqPNsn&111 dsoy ;g dgrk gS fd ;fn
vf/kdkj jk"Vªifr fo/ks;d ykSVkuk pkgrk gS] rks fo/ks;d dks
mls çLrqr fd;s tkus ds ckn ;Fkk'kh?kz ykSVk nsxkA
 laln }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;d jk"Vªifr ds vuqeksnu tsch ohVks 'kfDr dk ç;ksx lcls igys 1986 esa
ds ckn gh dkuwu curk gSA fd;k x;k FkkA
 jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn&85 ds varxZr yksdlHkk dks  MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn Hkkjr ds çFke jk"Vªifr FksA
Hkax dj ldrk gSA os yxkrkj nks ckj jk"Vªifr fuokZpr gq,A
 laln dk la;qDr vf/kos'ku lafo/kku ds  MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu Hkkjr ds çFke eqfLye
vuqPNsn&108 ds rgr jk"Vªifr cqykrk gSA jk"Vªifr FksA
44 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
 uhye ltho jsMMh çFke O;fDr Fks] tks uksV%& oh-oh- fxfj] U;k;ewfrZ eqgEen fgnk;rqYyk rFkk
fuZfojks/k jk"Vªifr pqus x;sA ch-Mh- tÙkh dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr jg pqds gSA
 Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk jk"Vªifr çfrHkk nsoh Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr
flag ikfVy FkhA
 lafo/kku es mijk"Vªifr ls lEcf/kr çko/kku vesfjdk ds
 dsoy oh-oh- fxjh ds fuokZpu ds le; nwljs lafo/kku ls fy;k x;k gSA
pØ dh erx.kuk djuh iMh FkhA
 Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk insu v/;{k gksrk
 MkWñ ,l jk/kk —".ku Hkkjr ds çFke gSA ¼vuqPNsn 64@89½
mijk"Vªifr rFkk nwljs jk"Vªifr FksA
 mijk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk dk lnL; ugh gksrkA vr% bldks
 orZeku esa jk"Vªifr ,e- jkeukFk dksfoUn gS] os ernku dk vf/kdkj ugh gS] fdUrq lHkkifr ds :i es
14 osa Øe ds jk"Vªifr gSA fu.kkZ;d er nsus dk vf/kdkj çkIr gSA
 44osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr
eaf=ifj"kn~ ls viuh lykg ij iqufoZpkj djus
mijk"Vªifr in ds fy, ;ksX;rk
dks dg ldrk gSA  og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks
 laln ds okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.k jk"Vªifr  35 o"kZ dh vk;q iqjh dj pqdk gks
j[kokrk gSA  jkT;lHkk dk lnL; pqus tkus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gks
 lHkh n'kkvksa esa e`R;qn.M {keknku dh 'kfDr  fuokZpu ds le; fdlh YkkHk ds in ugh gks
jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gSA  mijk"Vªifr dks mlds in dh 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk
 jk"Vªifr {keknku dh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx gSA
eaf=ifj"kn~ dh lykg ij djrk gSA  mijk"Vªifr viuk R;kx i= jk"Vªifr dks nsrk gSA
 vuqPNsn&78 ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr la?k ds dk;ksZ  bldk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA
dh tkudkjh ç/kkuea=h ls ekax ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gksus ij mijk"Vªifr ] jk"Vªifr
 eq[; U;k;k/kh'k U;k;ewfrZ eqgEen dh gSfl;r ls dk;Z djrk gSA ¼vuqPNsn&68½
fgnk;rqYyk us jk"Vªifr ds drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu
fd;k FkkA  mijk"Vªifr dh jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djus dh
vf/kdre vof/k 6 eghus gksrh gSA bl nkSjku jk"Vªifr
 jk"Vªifr dks mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku fxj¶rkj dk pquko djuk vfuok;Z gSA
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djrs le; mijk"Vªifr]
 laln ds fy, jk"Vªifr dk vfHkHkk"k.k dsUæh; jk"Vªifr dh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa] fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa] vkSj osru
eaf=eaMy rS;kj djrk gS D;ksafd okLrfod o HkRrs dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gSA
dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dsUæh; eaf=eaMy esa fufgr
gSA  tc mijk"Vªifr] jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z djrk gS rks
og jkT; lHkk ds v/;{k ds :i es dk;Z ugh djsxkA
 Hkkjr ds 11osa jk"Vªifr MkWñ ,- ih0 ts- vCnqy
dyke dks felkby eSu dh laKk nh tkrh gSA  mijk"Vªifr dk pquko yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ds
lnL; feydj djrs gSA
 jk"Vªifr Hkou dk fMtkbu fczfV'k okLrqdkj
,Mfou yqfV;Ul }kjk fd;k FkkA o"kZ 1950  mijk"Vªifr dk osru pkj yk[k :i;s gSA
rd bls ok;ljk; gkml dgk tkrk FkkA  orZeku mijk"Vªifr oSd;k uk;Mw gS] os 13osa Øe ds
mijk"Vªifr gSA
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr;ksa dk Øe
1- MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn 2- MkWñ ,l- jk/kk—".ku Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh ¼vVkuhZ tujy½
3- MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu 4- oh- oh- fxfj  vVkuhZ tujy dh fu;qfDr lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&76
ds vUrZxr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
5- Q[k:n~nhu vyh vgen 6- uhye latho jsM~Mh
 vVkuhZ tujy jk"Vªifr ds çlkn&i;±r in /kkj.k dj
7- Kkuh tSy flag 8- vkj- osadVje.k
ldrk gSA
9- MkWñ 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ 10- ds- vkj- ukjk;.k
 vVkuhZ tujy cuus ds fy, ogh ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,]
11- MkWñ ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke 12- çfrHkk ikfVy tks mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k cukus ds fy,
13- ç.ko eq[kthZ 14- jkeukFk dksfoUnA gksrh gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 45
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 Hkkjr ds çFke egkU;k;oknh ,e-lh- lhryokn FksA U;k;ikfydk
 vVkuhZ tujy u rks laln dk lnL; gksrk gS vkSj u  mPpre U;k;ky;%& Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk
gh ea=he.My dk lnL; gksrk gSA ysfdu og fdlh Hkh bdgjh vkSj ,dh—r gS] ftlesa loksZPp f'k[kj ij
lnu eas Hkk"k.k ns ldrk gS] fdUrq mls er nsus dk Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;ky; gSA mPpre U;k;ky;
vf/kdkj ugh gSaA fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA
 vVkuhZ tujy Hkkjr dk çFke fof/k&vf/kdkjh gksrk  mPpre U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk xBu lEcU/kh 'kfDr;k¡
gSA og Hkkjr ljdkj dks fof/k lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa ij Hkkjrh; laln dks çkIr gSA
lykg nsrk gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dk xBu 28 tuojh] 1950 dks
 vVkuhZ tujy dks Hkkjr ds lHkh U;k;ky;ksa es lquokbZ gqvk FkkA
dk vf/kdkj gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk
 vVkuhZ tujy dks lgk;rk nsus ds fy, ,d lkWfyflVj rSrhal vU; U;k;k/kh'k gksrs gSA çkjEHk esa ,d eq[;
tujy o nks vfrfjDr lkWfyflVj tujy Hkh fu;qDr U;k;k/kh'k rFkk lkr vU; U;k;k/kh'k gksrs FksA
fd;s x;s gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; dk xBu lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&124
ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
jkT; dk egkf/koDrk ¼,MoksdsV tujy½  bu U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&165 es jkT; ds egkf/koDrk dh mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k vius in ij 65 o"kZ
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA rd jg ldrk gSA
 og jkT; dk loksZPp dkuwuh vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA  mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k dks dnkpkj rFkk
 egkf/koDrk dh fu;qDrh jkT;iky djrk gsA ;g vleFkZrk ds vk/kkj ij laln ds çR;sd lnu esa
jkT;iky ds çlkn&i;±r gh in ij cuk jgrk gSA fo'ks"k cgqer ikfjr djds jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk
 egkf/koDrk cuus ds fy, og gh ;ksX;rk;sa gksuh pkfg,] ldrk gSA
tks mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k cuus dh gksrh gSA  mPpre U;k;ky; dk U;k;/kh'k cuus dh
;ksX;rk,%&
fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd ¼CAG½ 1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
 fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr 2- og fdlh mPp U;k;ky; vFkok nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
vuqPNsn&148 ds rgr djrk gSA U;k;ky;ksa esa yxkrkj de&ls&de 5 o"kks± rd
 lkoZtfud /ku dk laj{kd fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd U;k;k/kh'k ds :i esa dk;Z dj pqdk gksA ;k
dks dgk tkrk gSA 3- fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ;k U;k;ky;ksa esa yxkrkj 10
 fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd dh inkof/k 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ o"kks± rd vf/koDrk jg pqdk gksA ;k
dh vk;q rd dh gksrh gSA 4- jk"Vªifr dh utj esa dkuwu dk mPp dksfV dk
 fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd viuk R;kxi= jk"Vªifr dks Kkrk gksA
nsrk gSA  mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks mlds in dh
 fu;a=d egkys[kk ijh{kd dks laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA
lekosnu ij gVk;k tk ldrk gSA  mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k fjVk;j gksus ds ckn
 bldk osru 2-50 yk[k gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa ;k fdlh Hkh vf/kdkjh
 og dsUæ ljdkj ds ys[kksa ls lacaf/kr fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr ds lkeus odkyr ugh dj ldrs gSA
dks nsrk gSA  eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jk"Vªifr dh Loh—fr ysdj fnYyh ds
 og jkT; ljdkj ds ys[kksa ls lacaf/kr fjiksVZ jkT;iky vfrfjDr fdlh vU; LFkku ij Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky;
dks nsrk gSA dh cSBd cqyk ldrk gSA
 og laln dh yksd ys[kk lfefr ds fe= vkSj  vc rd gSnjkckn vkSj Jhuxj esa bl çdkj dh cSBd
ekxZn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vk;ksftr gks pqdh gSA
 Hkkjr ds çFke fu;a=d o egkys[kk ijh{kd oh- ujgkjh  eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dk osru 2-80 yk[k :i;s gS rFkk
jko FksA vU; U;k;k/kh'kksa dk osru 2-50 yk[k :i;s gSA

46 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
 loksZPp U;k;ky; dh foLr`r 'kfDr;k¡ vuqPNsn&136 ds  çR;sd mPp U;k;ky; dk xBu ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
varxZr nh x;h gSA rFkk vU; U;k;k/kh'k ls feydj fd;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds çFke U;k;k/kh'k  budh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ds }kjk gksrh gSA
ghjkyky ts- dkfu;k FksA  fHkUu&fHkUu mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa U;k;k/kh'kksa dh la[;k
 mPpre U;k;ky; esa lcls yEcs le; rd eq[; vyx&vyx gskrh gSA
U;k;k/kh'k jgus okys O;fDr okbZ- oh- pUæpwM FksA  mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa vfrfjDr U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr
 lcls de le; rd eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jgus okys O;fDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA vfrfjDr U;k;k/kh'k 2 o"kZ ds fy;s
dey ukjk;.k flag FksA fu;qDr gksrs gSA
 çFke nfyr eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds- th- cky—".kuu~ FksA  mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dk osru 2-50
yk[k rFkk vU; U;k;k/kh'kksa dk osru 2-25 yk[k :i;s
 Qkfrek choh çFke efgyk U;k;k/kh'k FkhA vHkh rd gksrk gSA
efgyk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr mPpre U;k;ky;
esa ugha gqbZ gSA  mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k cukus ds fy,
;ksX;rk%&
mPpre U;k;ky; ds dk;Z 1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA
 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds chp fookn dks lqy>kukA 2- de ls de 10 o"kZ rd U;k;f;d in /kkj.k dj
 ;g ns'k dk lcls cMk vihyh; U;k;ky; gSA pqdk gksA
 ;g lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&143 ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr dks vFkok
ijke'kZ ns ldrk gS] ijUrq bl ijke'kZ dks ekuuk ;k u 3- fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ;k ,d ls vf/kd U;k;ky;ksa esa
ekuuk jk"Vªifr ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA yxkrkj 10 o"kks± rd vf/koDrk jgk gksA
 mPpre U;k;ky; vc rd ik¡p ckj jk"Vªifr dks  mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks 'kiFk jkT;iky
ijke'kZ ns pqdk gSA fnykrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dh vodk'k
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&137 ds vUrxZr loksZPp xzg.k djus dh vo/kh 65 o"kZ gSA ¼çLrkfor½
U;k;ky; vius QSlys ij iqufoZpkj dj ldrk gSA  mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks ml çdkj in ls
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&129 ds varxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; gVk;k tk ldrk gS] ftl çdkj mPpre U;k;ky;
,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks gVkrs gSA
 jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; esa vko';drkuqlkj
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&32 ds vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; U;k;k/kh'kksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dj ldrk gSA
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, 5 çdkj dh fjV tkjh djrk  lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&215 ds vUrxZr mPp U;k;ky;
gSA ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gSA
1- cUnh çR;{khdj.k 2- ijekns'k  Hkkjr esa lcls igys 1862 bZñ esa dydÙkk] eqEcbZ]
eækl esa mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
3- mRçs"k.k ds ys[k 4- çfr"ks/k
 vuqPNsn&226 ds vuqlkj] mPp U;k;ky; 5 çdkj dh
5- vf/kdkj i`PNk&ys[k fjV tkjh dj ldrk gSA
uksV%& tc Hkkjrh; U;k; i)fr esa yksd fgr eqdnek uksV%& lcls igys dsjy mPp U;k;ky; us 1997 bZñ
¼PIL½ yk;k x;k rc Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k P.N. esa cUn dks vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr fd;kA
Hkxorh FksA
v/khuLFk U;k;ky;
mPp U;k;ky;  lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&233 esa v/khuLFk ,oa ftyk
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&214 ds vUrxZr çR;sd jkT; ds U;k;ky;ksa dks çko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
fy, ,d mPp U;k;ky; gksxk] ijUrq vuqPNsn&231 ds  ftyk U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr mPp U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ
vUrxZr ,d gh mPp U;k;ky; nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ls jkT;iky djrk gSA
jkT;ksa rFkk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'kksa ds fy, gks ldrk gSA
 tks O;fDr de ls de 7 o"kZ rd fdlh U;k;ky; esa
 orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 25 mPp U;k;ky; gSA dsUæ yxkrkj vf/koDrk jgk gks] mls ftyk U;k;k/kh'k fu;qDr
'kkflr çns'k esa dsoy fnYyh esa mPp U;k;ky; gSA fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 47
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
ç/kkuea=h ,oa eaf=ifj"kn~ Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh rhuksa dh e`R;q muds dk;Zdky ds
nkSjku gqbZ o yky cgknqj 'kkL=h dh Hkkjr ds ckgj
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&74 ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dks
rk'kdUn esa gqbZA
mlds dk;ksZ esa lykg nsus ds fy, ,d eaf=ifj"kn~ gksrh
gS] ftldk ç/kku ç/kkuea=h gksrk gSA  H.D. nsoxksMk] ,slas ç/kkuea=h Fks] tks in xzg.k djrs
le; fo/kkulHkk ds lnL; FksA
 lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn&75 ds vuqlkj ç/kkuea=h dh
fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gS] rFkk vU; ea=h;ksa dh  pkSñ pj.k flag ,dek= ,sls ç/kkuea=h gq,] tks dHkh
fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ç/kkuea=h dh lykg ij djrk gSAA yksdlHkk esa mifLFkr ugha gq,A
 ç/kkuea=h dks 'kiFk jk"Vªifr fnykrk gSA eaf=ifj"kn~  lcls de mez ds ç/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh cusA
lkewfgd :i ls yksd lHkk ds çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA  dSfcusV eU=h esa lcls cMk dk;Zdky txthou jke
 ea=h rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa%& dk jgkA og yxHkx 32 o"kks± rd dSfcusV ea=h jgsA
1- dSfcusV ea=h 2- jkT; ea=h 3- mi ea=h Hkkjr ds ç/kkuea=h ,oa mudk dk;Zdky
 ç/kkuea=h yksdlHkk dk usrk gksrk gS og fdlh Hkh le; Ø- uke dk;Zdky
yksdlHkk dks fo?kfVr djus dh flQkfj'k jk"Vªifr ls
dj ldrs gSA 1- tokgjyky usg: 1947&1964
 ç/kkuea=h uhfr vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~] 2- xqytkjh yky uUnk 1964 ¼dk;Zokgd½
jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn~] varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ rFkk 3- yky cgknqj 'kkL=h 1964&1966
jk"Vªh; ty lalk/ku ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k gksrk gSA
4- xqtykjh yky uUnk 1966 ¼dk;Zokgd½
 vuqPNsn&78 ds vuqlkj ç/kkuea=h] jk"Vªifr vkSj
eaf=ifj"kn~ ds chp laokn dh eq[; dM+h gSA 5- bafnjk xka/kh 1966&1977
 ;fn ç/kkuea=h dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vFkok og R;kx i= 6- eksjkjth nslkbZ 1977&1979
ns nsrk gSA rks eaf=ifj"kn~] Lor% gh fo?kfVr gks tkrh gS
7- pj.k flag 1979&1980
vkSj 'kwU;rk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
 jk"Vªifr lqj{kk lfefr dk ç/kku ;k v/;{k ç/kkuea=h 8- bafnjk xka/kh 1980&1984
gksrk gSaA 9- jktho xka/kh 1984&1989
 oSKkfud ,oa vkS|ksfxd vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ dk v/;{k 10- fo'oukFk çrki flag 1989&1990
Hkkjr dk ç/kkuea=h gksrk gSA
11- pUæ'ks[kj 1990&1991
 mi&ç/kkuea=h in dk l`tu lafo/kku ds çko/kkuksa ls
gVdj gqvkA 12- ih-oh- ujflag jko 1991&1996
 mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k dh ubZ 13- vVy fcgkjh oktis;h 1996
vkfFkZd uhfr dks 1991 esa rkRdkyhu ç/kkuea=h ujflEgk 14- ,p-Mh- nsoxkSMk 1996&1997
jko ds }kjk ?kksf"kr dh x;hA
 Hkkjr ds çFke ç/kkuea=h ia- tokgjyky usg: Fks] os 15- bUædqekj xqtjky 1997&1998
16 lky] 9 eghus vkSj 13 fnu rd vius in ij jgsA 16- vVy fcgkjh oktis;h 1998&2004
ç/kkueaf=;ksa esa lcls yEck dk;Zdky mudk gh gSA
17- MkWñ eueksgu flag 2004 ls 2014
 ,d dk;Zdky esa lcls de le; rd vVy fcgkjh
oktis;h ç/kkuea=h jgsA ¼13 fnuksa rd½ 18- ujsUæ eksnh 2014 ls ---------
 nwljs Øe ds ç/kkuea=h yky cgknqj 'kkL=h FksA ns'kh fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy;
 Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk ç/kkuea=h Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh  ns'kh fj;klrksa dk Hkkjr esa foy; djkus dk Js;
FkhA og nks ckj ç/kkuea=h cuh] tc og igyh ckj ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy dks tkrk gSA
ç/kkuea=h cuh rks og jkT;lHkk dh lnL; FkhA
 tqukx<+ fj;klr dks tuer laxzg ds vk/kkj ij
 fo'oukFk çrki flag ,sls ç/kkuea=h gq, gS ftldks Hkkjr esa feyk;k x;kA
mlds in ls vfo'okl çLrko }kjk gVk;k x;kA
 gSnjkckn fj;klr dks iqfyl dk;Zokgh ds ek/;e ls
 tokgj yky usg:] yky cgknqj 'kkL=h rFkk Hkkjr esa feyk;k x;kA
48 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
 tEew d'ehj fj;klr dks foy; i= ij gLrk{kj ds  lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&155 ds vuqlkj jkT;iky dh
}kjk feyk;k x;k FkkA fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr 5 o"kks± ds fy, djrk gS] ijUrq og
jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu jk"Vªifr ds çlkn&i;ZUr ij gh in ij jgrk gSA
 lafo/kku lHkk ds v/;{k MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn us  jkT;iky dks 'kiFk mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[;
bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; ds vodk'k çkIr U;k;/kh'k U;k;k/kh'k fnykrk gSA
S.K. /kj dh v/;{krk esa ,d&pkj lnL; vk;ksx  inkof/k ds nkSjku jkT;iky dh fxj¶rkjh ugha gks
fu;qDr fd;kA ldrh gSA
 bl vk;ksx us Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu  jkT;iky ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj ç'kklfud lqfo/kk ds vk/kkj jkT; 1- jkT;iky eq[;ea=h rFkk eq[;ea=h dh lykg ls
ds iquxZBu dk leFkZu fd;kA eaf=ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
 jkT;ksa iquxZBu vk;ksx 1953 esa cuk FkkA 2- jkT;iky eq[;ea=h dks 'kiFk fnykrk gS rFkk
u;s jkT;ksa dk xBUk eaf=ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dks eq[;ea=h dh lykg ij
'kiFk fnykrk gSA
jkT; xBu o"kZ
3- jkT;iky jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k ,oa
1- vkU/kz çns'k & 01 vDVwcj 1953
lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA
2- xqtjkr & 01 ebZ 1960
3- egkjk"Vª & 01 ebZ 1960 4- lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&217¼I½ ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky
jk"Vªifr dks mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k dh
4- ukxkyS.M & 01 fnlEcj 1963 fu;qfDr ds lEcU/k esa ijke'kZ ns ldrk gSA
5- gfj;k.kk & 01 uoEcj 1966
5- jkT;iky jkT; ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk dqykf/kifr
6- fgekpy çns'k & 25 tuojh 1971 gksrk gS rFkk midqyifr dks fu;qDr djrk gSA
7- flfDde & 26 vçSy 1975
6- jkT;iky jkT; fo/kku ifj"kn~ ds dqy lnL;ksa dk
8- fetksje & 20 Qjojh 1987 1@6 Hkkx lnL;ksa dks fu;qDr djrk gS] ftudk
9- v:.kkpy çns'k & 20 Qjojh 1987 laca/k foKku] lkfgR;] dyk] lekt&lsok] lgdkjh
10- mÙkjk[k.M & 09 uoEcj 2000 vkUnksyu vkfn ls jgrk gSA
11- >kj[k.M & 15 uoEcj 2000 7- vuqPNsn&333 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky jkT;
12- NÙkhlx<+ & 1 uoEcj 2000 fo/kkulHkk esa ,d ,Xyks bf.M;u lnL; euksfur
13- rsyaxkuk & 02 twu 2014 djrk gSA
jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 8- vuqPNsn&164 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky fo/kku eaMy
dk vfHkUu vax gSA
jkT;iky
9- jkT;iky fo/kku eaMy dk l=kg~oku djrk gS]
 lafo/kku esa jkT;iky dh O;oLFkk vuqPNsn&153 esa dh mldk l=kolku djrk gS rFkk mldk fo?kVu
x;h gSA djrk gS] jkT;iky fo/kkulHkk ds vf/kos'ku vFkok
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&6 esa jkT; 'kklu ds fy, çko/kku nksuksa lnuksa ds la;qDr vf/kos'ku dks lacksf/kr
fd;k x;k gSA jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk çeq[k djrk gSA
jkT;iky gksrk gS] og çR;{k :i ls vFkok v/khuLFk 10- jkT; fo/kku eaMy }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;d jkT;iky ds
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls bldk mi;ksx djrk gSA gLrk{kj ds ckn gh vf/kfu;e cu ikrk gSA
 çR;sd jkT; esa ,d jkT;iky gksrk gS ysfdu ,d gh 11- vuqPNsn&161 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky fdlh O;fDr
jkT;iky dks nks ;k vf/kd jkT;ksa dk jkT;iky fu;qDr ds naM dks {kek vFkok de dj ldrk gSA
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
12- vuqPNsn&213 ds vuqlkj] jkT;iky v/;kns'k tkjh
 jkT;iky dh ;ksX;rk%& dj ldrk gSA ,sls v/;kns'k 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj
1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA fo/kku eaMy }kjk Loh—r gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn
2- 35 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gks o fdlh ykHk ds fo/kku eaMy 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj mls viuh Loh—fr
in ij u gksA ugha nsrk gS] rks ml v/;kns'k dh oS/krk lekIr gks
3- og jkT; fo/kkulHkk dk lnL; pqus tkus ;ksX; gksA tkrh gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 49
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 jkT;iky dk osru 3-5 yk[k :i;s gSA gSA
fo/kku e.My  fo/kku ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu vkuqikfrd
çfrfuf/kRo dh ,dy lØe.kh; er ç.kkyh ds }kjk
 jkT; fo/kku eaMy dk fuekZ.k fo/kkulHkk] fo/kku
gksrk gSA
ifj"kn~ rFkk jkT;iky ls feydj gksrk gSA
 jkT;iky fo/kku ifj"kn esa dqy 1@6 lnL; dks
fo/kkulHkk euksfur djrk gSA
 bldk xBu vuqPNsn&170 ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA  fo/kku ifj"kn~ dh cSBd dk xq.kiwrhZ dksje de ls de
 bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kks± dk gksrk gSA 10% lnL; gksuk pkfg,] ijUrq ;g la[;k esa 10 ls
de ugha gksuk pkfg,A
 fo/kkulHkk ds fo/kku l= dh 'kq:vkr jkT;iky djrk
gSA eq[;ea=h
 fo/kkulHkk dk lnL; cuus ds fy, U;wure vk;q 25  eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk vuqPNsn&163 ds
o"kZ gSA rgr dh tkrh gSA
 çR;sd jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk esa de ls 60 vkSj vf/kd ls  fo/kkulHkk esa cgqer çkIr ny ds usrk dks jkT;iky
vf/kd 500 lnL; gksrs gSA eq[;ea=h fu;qDr djrk gSA
viokn%& xksok ¼40½] fetksje ¼40½ rFkk flfDde ¼32½  eq[;ea=h rFkk eaf=;ksa dks 'kiFk jkT;iky fnykrk gSA
D;ksafd budks vuqPNsn&371 ds rgr fo'ks"k jkT; dk  eq[;ea=h viuk R;kxi= jkT;iky dks nsrk gSA
ntkZ çkIr gSA  ;fn fdlh ny dks Li"V cgqer çkIr u gks rks
 ¼vuqPNsn&332½ ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] rFkk jkT;iky eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr esa vius foosdkf/kdkj
tutkfr;ksa dks fo/kkulHkk esa tual[;k ds vk/kkj ij dk ç;ksx dj ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky lcls
vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA cMs ny ds usrk dks eq[;ea=h fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
 fdlh fo/ks;d dks /ku fo/ks;d ekuk tk;s vFkok ugh uksV%& jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= fnYyh rFkk iqnqpsjh dh
bldk fu.kZ; fo/kkulHkk djrh gSA fo/kkulHkk ds pquko ds ckn eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr
jk"Vªifr ds }kjk dh tkrh gS vkSj eq[;ea=h jk"Vªifr ds
 fo/kkulHkk dk x.kiqfrZ dksje 1@10 gksrk gSA çfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA
 foÙk fo/ks;d igys fo/kkulHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk gSA uhfr vk;ksx
fo/kkuifj"kn~ flQZ bls 14 fnuksa rd jksd ldrh gSA
 ç/kkuea=h ujsUæ eksnh us 15 vxLr 2014 dks yky
 lcls vf/kd fo/kkulHkk dh lhVs mÙkj çns'k jkT; esa gS fdys dh çkphj ls jk"Vª ds uke vius lEcks/ku esa
rFkk lcls de flfDde esa gSA mÙkj çns'k esa budh ;kstuk vk;ksx ds uke ij ,d u;h laLFkk ykus dh
la[;k 403 rFkk flfDde esa 32 gSA ?kks"k.kk dhA
 fo/kkulHkk esa jkT;iky ,d ,aXyks bf.M;u lnL;  1 tuojh 2015 dks ,d u;h laLFkk ftls jk"Vªh;
euksfur djrk gSA Hkkjr ifjorZu laLFkku dgk x;k vfLrRo esa vk;h]
 fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA vke rkSj ij bls uhfr vk;ksx dgk tkrk gSA
fo/kku ifj"kn~  bldk v/;{k ç/kkuea=h gksrk gS vkSj ;g vk;ksx dsUæ
ljdkj ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ljdkj ds fy, Hkh uhfr;ksa
 fo/kku ifj"kn~ jkT; fo/kku e.My dk mPp lnu gksrk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
gSA  ;g iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa ljdkj dks lykg
 bldk xBu lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&169 ds rgr fd;k nsxkA
tkrk gSA  uhfr vk;ksx dk çFke mik/;{k vjfoUn iuxfM;k FksA
 fo/kku ifj"kn~ orZeku esa dsoy 6 jkT;ksa esa gSA  orZeku esa uhfr vk;ksx dk mik/;{k jktho dqekj gSA
1- mÙkj çns'k 2- dukZVd 3- egkjk"Vª jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~
4- fcgkj 5- vkU/kz çns'k 6- rsyxkuk
 jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu 6 vxLr 1952 dks
 fo/kku ifj"kn~ dk lnL; cuus ds vk;q 30 o"kZ gksrh gSA gqvk FkkA
 fo/kku ifj"kn~ ds lnL; dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ dk gksrk  bldk v/;{k ç/kkuea=h gksrk gS rFkk lHkh jkT;ksa ds
50 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
eq[;ea=h blds lnL; gksrs gSA ny pquko fpà jkT;
 jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk eq[; dk;Z dsUæ o jkT; 3- f'ko lsuk rhj deku egkjk"Vª
ljdkj vkSj uhfr vk;ksx ds chp lsrq dh rjg dk;Z
djuk gksrk gSA 4- euls ¼egkjk"Vª egkjk"Vª
uo fuekZ.k lsuk½
fuokZpu vk;ksx
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&15 ds vuq0&324 ls 329 rd] 5- vdkyh ny rjktw
iatkc
fuokZpu ls lEcfU/kr micU/k fn;k x;k gSA 6- turk ny ;wukbVsM rhj fcgkj @
 fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu 25 tuojh 1950 dks gqvk >kj[k.M
FkkA ;g ,d LFkkbZ laoS/kkfud fudk; gSA 7- eqfLye yhx lh<h dsjy
 fuokZpu vk;ksx dk xBu eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr o 8- vUuk æfoM equs= dMxe nks iÙkh rfeyukMq
vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa ls feydj fd;k tkrk gSA
bu lHkh dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA 9- yksd tu 'kfDr ikVhZ caxyk fcgkj
 eq[; pquko vk;qDr dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ 10- jk"Vªh; turk ny ykyVsu fcgkj]
dh vk;q rd gksrk gSA >kj[k.M
 vU; pquko vk;qDr dk dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ ;k 62 o"kZ 11- us'kuy dk¡Ýsal gy tEew&d'ehj
iwjh gksus rd gksrk gSA 12- >kj[k.M eqfDr ekspkZ rhj&deku >kj[k.M
 igys pquko vk;ksx ,d lnL; vk;ksx Fkk fdUrq 1993
bZñ esa rhu lnL; vk;ksx cuk fn;kA 13- æfoM equs= dMxe mxrk lwjt rfeyukMq
fuokZpu vk;ksx ds eq[; dk;Z jk"Vªh; ny dk ntkZ gkfly djus ds fy,
 pquko {ks=ksa dk ifjlheu vko';d 'krsZ
 ernkrk lwfp;ksa dks rS;kj djokuk  yksdlHkk vke pquko vFkok jkT; fo/kku pquko vFkok
 fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk çnku djuk fdUgh pkj vFkok vf/kd jkT;ksa esa pquko esa Mkys x;s
oS/k erks dk 6% çkIr djuk t:jh gksxkA
 jktuhfrd nyksa dks pquko fpUg çnku djuk
 blds vykok fdlh ,d jkT; vFkok jkT;ksa ls
 jktuhfrd nyksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk rS;kj djkuk fo/kkulHkk dh de ls de 4 lhVs thruh gksxhA
 pquko djokuk vFkok
fuokZpu vk;ksx ds dqN vU; rF;  yksd lHkk esa 2% lhVs gks vkSj ;s de ls de rhu
 ;g ,d loS/kkfud laLFkk gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa gkfly dh xbZ gSA
 eq[; o vU; pquko vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk orZeku esa ekU;rk çkIr
gSA jk"Vªh; jktuSfrd ny
 eq[; pquko vk;qDr dks egkfHk;ksx tSlh çfØ;k ls
gVk;k tk ldrk gSA ny pquko&fpà
 eq[; pquko vk;qDr dk ntkZ loksZPp U;k;ky; ds Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dey
eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds leku gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl gkFk dk iatk
 eq[; pquko vk;qDr ,oa vU; pquko vk;qDrksa dk osru cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZ gkFkh
Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k esa ls fn;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ¼Hkkdik½ gafl;k o ckyh
çeq[k {ks=h; ny o mudk pquko fpà
ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ¼ekdik½ gafl;k o gFkkSMk
ny pquko fpà jkT;
r`.kewy dk¡xzsl ikVhZ tksMk Qqy
1- rsyxq ns'ke ikVhZ lkbZfdy vka/kz çns'k
jk"Vªoknh dk¡xzsl ikVhZ ¼jkdik½ ?kMh
2- lektoknh ikVhZ lkbZfdy mÙkj çns'k
us'kuy ihiYl ikVhZ iqLrd

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 51

lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk 1993 ds pquko esa tkyh ernku  ;g vk;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds
vkSj dqN ernkrk ij fu;U=.k j[kus ds fy, QksVks vf/kdkfj;ksa@deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr Hkz"Vkpkj fu;a=.k
;qDr igpku i= dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA dh loksZPp laLFkk gSA
 1 uoEcj ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q iqjh djus okyk Hkkjrh;  jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d v/;kns'k tkjh fd, tkus ds
ukxfjd ernkrk lwph esa 'kkfey gksus dk ik= gksrk gS QyLo:i dsUæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx dks 25 vxLr 1998
vkSj og blds fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA ls lkafof/kd ntkZ nsdj ,d cgqlnL;h; vk;ksx cuk;k
 lcls igys ifjlheu ds vk/kkj ij dukZVd esa pquko x;kA
vk;ksftr fd;s x;s FksA  vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k o nks lrdZrk vk;qDr gksrs gS
ftudh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
bySDVªkfud oksfVax e'khu ¼EVM½
 budk dk;Zdky 4 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ¼tks Hkh
 bldk lcls igys ç;ksx 1982 esa dsjy ds ik:j igys gks½] rd gksrk gSA
fo/kkulHkk {ks=ksa esa fd;k x;kA
 1999 es EVM dk ç;ksx djds iqjk pquko djokus jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx
okyk jkT; xksok gSA  o"kZ 1966 esa la;qDr jk"Vª us ekuof/kdkj pkVZj viuk;k
 EVM dk ç;ksx djds igyh ckj 2004 esa lEiw.kZ vke FkkA
pquko djk;k x;kA  la;qDr jk"Vª ekuof/kdkj ?kks"k.kk 10 fnlEcj 1948 esa
dh x;h FkhA blfy, 10 fnlEcj dks çfro"kZ
vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuof/kdkj fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
 vuqPNsn&263 ds vUrxZr dsUæ o jkT; ds chp  jk"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk 12 vDVwcj
rkyesy LFkkfir djus gsrq jk"Vªifr ,d vUrjkZT; 1993 dks ekuo vf/kdkj j{kk vf/kfu;e] 1993 ds rgr
ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dj ldrk gSA dh x;h FkhA
 igyh ckj twu 1990 esa vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk  ;g vk;ksx ns'k esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy,
gqbZA vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh igyh cSBd 10 vDVwcj Lok;r rFkk Lora= fudk; dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
1990 dks gqbZA  jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds v/;{k dh fu;qfDr
 ç/kkuea=h rFkk muds }kjk euksuhr Ng dSfcusV Lrj jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA
ds ea=h] lHkh jkT;ksa o la?k jkT; {ks=ksa ds eq[;ea=h  jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds v/;{k dks 'kiFk
,oa la?k jkT; {ks=ksa ds ç'kkld blds lnL; gksrs gSA jk"Vªifr }kjk fnyk;h tkrh gSA
 vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ dh cSBd o"kZ esa 3 ckj dh tk;sxh  vk;ksx dk v/;{k ogh O;fDr gksrk gS] tks loksZPp
ftldh v/;{krk ç/kkuea=h djsxkA bl cSBd esa de ls U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k jg pqdk gksA
de 10 lnL; gksus vfuok;Z gSA
 vk;ksx esa lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk 6 lnL;
foÙk vk;ksx lfefr dh flQkfj'k ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA
 foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu vuqPNsn&280 ds vUrxZr fd;k  jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds çFke v/;{k U;k;ewfrZ
tkrk gSA foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu jk"Vªifr djrk gSA jaxukFk feJk FksA
 foÙk vk;ksx esa jk"Vªifr }kjk ,d v/;{k o pkj vU; yksd lsok vk;ksx
lnL; fu;qDr gksrs gSA  yksd lsok vk;skx dh LFkkiuk 1926 esa dh xbZA
 igyk foÙk vk;ksx 1951 esa xfBr gqvk] ftldk v/;{k  yksd lsok vk;skx dh LFkkiuk ds fy, 1924 bZñ esa
K.C. fu;ksxh FkkA
fof/k vk;ksx us flQkfj'k dh FkhA
 15 osa foÙk vk;ksx ds v/;{k ,u-ds- flUgk gSA bl  la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k o lnL;ksa dh
vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa 1 vçSy 2020 ls ik¡p lky dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gSA
vof/k ds fy, gksxhA
 la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL; dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr
 jkT; foÙk vk;ksx dk xBu vuqPNsn&243 ¼A½ ds djus dh 'kfDr jk"Vªifr dks gSA
vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA
 la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k o lnL;ksa dh
dsUæh; lrdZrk vk;ksx fu;qfDr 6 o"kZ ds fy, dh tkrh gS] ijUrq og 6 o"kZ
 bldh LFkkiuk 1964 esa dh x;h FkhA blds çFke ls igys 65 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj ysrk gSA og in
v/;{k Jh ds- laFkue FksA eqDr gks tkrk gSA
52 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
 jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr  v/;{k dk dk;Zdky 3 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
jkT;iky djrk gS] ijUrq bUgs in ls gVkus dk  blds çFke v/;{k t;Urh iVuk;d FksA
vf/kdkj jk"Vªifr dks gSA
 orZeku esa jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh v/;{k js[kk 'kekZ
 jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx ds v/;{k o lnL;ksa dk gSA
dk;Zdky 6 o"kZ o 62 o"kZ vk;q rd gksrk gSA
yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr
lwpuk vk;ksx
 18 fnlEcj dks laln us yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr fcy
 15 twu 2005 dks jk"Vªifr ,ihts vCnqy dyke 2011 ikfjr dj fn;kA jk"Vªifr ç.ko eq[kthZ us 01
vktkn us lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ij gLrk{kj fd,A tuojh 2014 dks bl ,sfrgkfld fcy ij gLrk{kj
 blds ckn 12 vDVwcj 2005 esa lwpuk dk vf/kdkj djds bls vf/kfu;e cuk fn;kA
vf/kfu;e ykxw gqvkA
 fcy dh i`"BHkwfe%& yksdiky 'kCn dh jpuk o"kZ
 vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa gSA 1963 esa y{eh ey fla?koh us dh FkhA o"kZ 1966 esa
 jk"Vªifr eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr rFkk vU; lwpuk vk;qDrksa eksjkjth nslkbZ dh v/;{krk esa xfBr çFke ç'kklfud
dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA lq/kkj vk;ksx us yksdiky ds xBu dh flQkfj'k dh
 bu lHkh dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ ;k 65 o"kZ vk;q rd FkhA loZçFke o"kZ 1968 esa yksdiky dks laln esa çLrqr
gksrk gSA fd;k x;kA blds ckn laln esa dbZ ckj yksdiky
 çFke eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr otkgr gchcqYyk FkkA fo/ks;d çLrqr fd;k x;k vkSj 11oha ckj 2011 esa laln
esa fo/ks;d çLrqr gqvkA 01 tuojh 2014 dks jk"Vªifr
 lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds rgr ukxfjd dks ljdkjh ;k ç.ko eq[kthZ us fcy ij gLrk{kj djds bls dkuwu
v)Z&ljdjh laxBu@laLFkk ls lwpuk çkIr djus dk cuk fn;kA
oS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA vkosnu çkIr gksus ds 30 fnuksa ds
Hkhrj lwpuk çnku djuk ck/;dkjh gSA ;fn ekeyk  yksdk;qDr laLFkk dh LFkkiuk loZçFke vksfM'kk esa dh
thou ;k ekuof/kdkj dk gS rks lwpuk 48 ?k.Vksa ds x;hA
Hkhrj çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA  Ombudsmen uke ls yksdiky in dk xBu loZçFke
 ;fn fdlh ukxfjd dh vihy ¼30 fnu ds ckn vkSj 60 LohMu@dsaMosfu;u ns'k ls fd;k x;kA
fnu ds Hkhrj½ vkSj nwljh vihy ¼çFke vihy vkns'k  yksdiky vkSj yksdk;qDr fcy 2011%& bl fcy ds
çkIr gksus ds 90 fnu ds Hkhrj½ ds mik; lekIr gks Mªk¶V dks yksdlHkk esa euq fla?koh desVh us rS;kj
tkrs gS rks og lafo/kku ds vuq- 32 ds v/khu loksZPp fd;kA jkT;lHkk esa yksdiky ij la'kks/ku ds fy,
U;k;ky; esa tk ldrk gSA lR;ozr prqZosnh desVh dk xBu fd;k x;kA
 vf/kfu;e dsoy Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks lwpuk dk  lajpuk%& yksdiky vkSj vf/kdre vkB lnL; bl
vf/kdkj nsrk gSA vk;ksx ds lnL; gksaxs ftuesa ls pkj lnL; U;kf;d
jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx i`"BHkwfe ds gksaxs vkSj vU; pkj lnL;ksa esa 50%
vYila[;d] vks-ch-lh-] efgyk] vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj
 o"kZ 1993 esa ikfjr vf/kfu;e ds rgr çFke vYila[;d vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds gksaxsA
vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA
 tfLVl fiukdh paæ ?kks"k yksdiky lfefr ds igys
 Ng leqnk; dks ns'k esa vYila[;d dk ntkZ fn;k x;k v/;{k fu;qDr fd;s x;s gSA jk"Vªifr us bUgsa 'kiFk
gS&flD[k] bZlkbZ] ikjlh] ckS)] eqfLye vkSj tSuA xzg.k djk;h gSA in xzg.k djus ls iwoZ og jk"Vªifr
 ns'k dh tula[;k esa budk fgLlk 19-50 çfr'kr gSA ekuof/kdkj vk;ksx ds lnL; FksA
 blesa ,d v/;{k vkSj ik¡p vU; lnL; gksrs gSA  v/;{k ds fy, vgZrk fuEu gSa%& Hkkjr ds iwoZ eq[;
 jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx ds çFke v/;{k ekS- ljnkj U;k;k/kh'k ;k fQj lqçhe dksVZ dk fjVk;MZ U;k;k/kh'k
vyh [kku FksA ;k ,slk x.kekU; O;fDr ftls Hkz"Vkpkj fo:) ekeyksa esa
jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx de ls de 25 o"kks± dk vuqHko jgk gksA
 jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk xBu 31 tuojh 1992 esa  ps;jeSu vkSj lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ ;k 70 o"kZ
fd;k x;kA vk;q iw.kZ djus rd gksrk gSA
 lafo/kku vkSj fof/k ds vUrxZr efgykvksa dh lqj{kk  bu lnL;ksa dk pquko ç/kkuea=h dh v/;{krk okyh
djuk bldk çeq[k dk;Z gSA ik¡p lnL;h; desVh djsxhA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 53
lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 yksdiky dh tk¡p ds nk;js esa ekewyh ljdkjh  o"kZ 2004 jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr vkSj jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr
deZpkjh ls ysdj dqN lqj{kk mik;ksa ds lkFk ç/kkuea=h tutkfr vk;ksx xfBr gqvkA bldk dk;Zdky rhu
vkSj iwoZ ç/kkuea=h dk in Hkh 'kkfey gSA o"kZ dk gksrk gSA
 dksbZ Hkh O;fDr yksdiky ls f'kdk;r dj ldrk gSA  vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx ds orZeku v/;{k uan
f'kdk;r dSls gks ;s yksdiky r; djsxkA fd'kksj lkbZ gSA
 Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeys esa yksdiky [kqn laKku ys ldrk  vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx ds orZeku v/;{k jke 'kadj
gSA Hkz"Vkpkj ds ekeys esa nks ls nl lky dh ltk dFksfj;k gSA
laHko gSA
laln dh foÙkh; lfefr;k¡
jk"Vªh; ,drk ifj"kn~
 çkdyu lfefr%& bl lfefr esa yksdlHkk ds 30
 bldh LFkkiuk 1961 esa dh x;hA lnL; gksrs gS blesa jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey
 bldh LFkkiuk dk çeq[k mn~ns'; jk"Vªh; ,drk ds ç'u ugha fd;k tkrkA
ij ldkjkRed igy djuk gSA  blds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ gksrk gSA
 bldk v/;{k ç/kkuea=h gksrk gSA
 lfefr dk v/;{k yksdlHkk ds v/;{k }kjk euksfur
 blesa foi{kh jktuSfrd nyksa ds lnL;ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA
 ;g lfefr ljdkjh [kpZ dSls deh yk;h tk;s] laxBu
jk"Vªh; vkink çca/ku çkf/kdj.k esa dSls dq'kyrk yk;h tk;s rFkk ç'kklu esa dSls lq/kkj
 o"kZ 2005 esa bldk xBu fd;k x;kA ;g x`g fd;k tk;s vkfn fo"k;ksa ij fjikVZ nsrh gSA
ea=ky; ds v/khu gSA  çdyu lfefr ds çfrosnu ij lnu esa cgl ugha gks
 bldk mn~ns'; çk—frd ;k ekuo fufeZr vkinkvksa ds ldrhA
le; {kerk dk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj lkFk gh vkinkvksa ls yksd ys[kk lfefr
fuiVus ds fy, uhfr cukuk gSA
 bldk v/;{k ç/kkuea=h gksrk gSA  bl lfefr dks çkdyu lfefr dh tqM+ok¡ cgu dgrs
gSaA
vU; fiNM+k vk;ksx  blesa 22 lnL; gksrs gS] ftlesa 15 lnL; yksdlHkk
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&340 ds rgr jkT; dks vU; ls o 7 lnL; jkT;lHkk ls gksrs gSA
fiNMs oxZ ds fodkl ds fy, ç;kljr~ jgus dk  bu lHkh dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA bls y?kq
vkg~oku fd;k x;k gSA
yksdlHkk Hkh dgrs gSaA
 tuojh 1953 dks dkdk dsydj dh v/;{krk esa çFke
vU; fiNMs oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA  bl lfefr ds v/;{k dks euksfur yksdlHkk ds v/;{k
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
 f}rh; vU; fiNMs+ oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu ch- ih-
e.My dh v/;{krk 01 tuojh 1979 dks fd;k x;kA  bl lfefr dk v/;{k fojks/kh ny dk usrk gksrk gSaA
blus vks-ch-lh- ds fy, ljdkjh lsokvksa esa 27%  yksd ys[kk lfefr esa jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks lg
vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA lnL; ekuk tkrk gS rFkk mUgsa er nsus dk vf/kdkj
 o"kZ 1993 dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds LFkk;h vk;ksx dk ugha gksrk gSA
xBu fd;k x;kA yksd ys[kk lfefr ds dk;Z
 dk;Zdky rhu o"kZ dk gksrk gSA  ;g lfefr Hkkjr ds fu;U=d egkys[kk ijh{kd }kjk
vuqlwfpr tkfr @ fd;s x;s dk;ksZ dh tkap djrh gSA
vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx  Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk [kpZ dh xbZ jkf'k;ksa ds ys[kkvksa dh
 lkekftd] vkfFkZd :i ls fiNMs vuqlwfpr tkfr tkap djrh gSa
¼vuqPNsn&338½ vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr  laln }kjk fd;s x;s vfrfjDr O;; dh tkap djrh
¼vuqPNsn&338½ ¼d½ ds ukxfjdksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj gSaA
lkekftd fLFkfr dk vkadyu vkSj fodkl ds fy,  lfefr jk"Vªifr ds fofÙk; ekeyksa dh Hkh tkap djrh
lykg nsus ds fy, xfBr fd;k x;k gSA gSA
54 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
uksV%& yksd ys[k lfefr viuk çfrosnu yksdlHkk 3%2 gSA Hkkjr dh lafo/kku lHkk us jk"Vªh; /ot dk
dks nsrh gS] ftlls fd tks vfu;ferrk,¡ mlds /;ku esa çk:i 22 tqykbZ 1947 dks viuk;kA lQsn iV~Vh ds
vkbZ gS mu ij laln esa cgl gks vkSj mu ij çHkkoh chp esa uhyk jax dk pØ gS] ftlesa 24 frfYy;k¡ gS
dne mBk;s tk ldsaA rFkk bl pØ dks lkjukFk esa v'kksd LrEHk ls cus
iapk;rh jkt pØ ls fy;k x;k gSA
 Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt dk vkjEHk 2 vDVwcj 1959 bZñ  jk"Vªh; /ot dk dSlfj;k jax tkx`fr] 'kkS;Z rFkk R;kx
dks Hkkjr ds ç/kkuea=h iañ tokgj yky usg: }kjk dk] lQsn jax lR; ,oa ifo=rk dk ,oa gjk jax
jktLFkku jkT; ds ukxkSj ftys esa gqvkA thou&le`f) dk çrhd gSA
 vkU/kz çns'k esa 11 vDVwcj 1959 dks iapk;rh jkt  jk"Vªh; /ot dks lafo/kku lHkk esa galk esgrk us çLrqr
dk xBu gqvkA iapk;rh jkt cyoar jk; esgrk fd;kA
lfefr dh flQkfjl ij yxk;k x;k Fkk ;g lfefr  tuojh] 2004 bZñ dks ,d egRoiw.kZ fofu.kZ; esa
1957 bZñ esa xfBr gqbZA mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd lafo/kku ds
 73ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku iapk;rh jkt esa lEcfU/kr gSA vuqPNsn&19 ¼1½ ¼v½ ds v/khu jk"Vªh; /ot Qgjkuk
ukxfjdksa dk ewy vf/kdkj gSA
 iapk;rh jkt dk çko/kku lafo/kku ds Hkkx&9] ds
vuqPNsn&243 esa fd;k x;k gS rFkk vuqlwph&11 Hkh  jk"Vªh; /ot dks jk"Vªh; 'kksd ds le; >qdk fn;k tkrk
iapk;rh jkt ls lEcfU/kr gSA gSA jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr o ç/kkuea=h dk fu/ku gks
tkus ij lEiw.kZ ns'k esa jk"Vª /ot dks 12 fnuksa ds fy,
 73ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh eq[; ckrsa%& >qdk fn;k tkrk gSA
1- blesa iapk;rh jkt ds f=Lrjh; <k¡ps dk çko/kku  iwoZ jk"Vªifr] iwoZ ç/kkuea=h o iwoZ mijk"Vªifr dk fu/ku
fd;k x;k gSA xzke Lrj ij xzke iapk;r] ç[k.M gks tkus ij jk"Vª/ot dks 7 fnuksa ds fy, >qdk fn;k
Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr rFkk ftyk Lrj ij ftyk tkrk gSA
ifj"kn~ ds xBu dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA
 Hkkjr ds jk"Vª/ot dk igyh ckj çn'kZu 14 vxLr
2- bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA
1947 dks e/; jkf= esa gqvkA
3- ,d&frgkbZ efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh
xbZA jk"Vªh; xhr
4- iapk;r Hkax gksus ij 6 ekg ds vUnj fuokZpu gksaxsA  cafdepUæ pVthZ ds miU;kl vkuUn eB esa bUgh ds
uksV%& 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn iapk;rh jkt }kjk jfpr oUns ekrje dks jk"Vªh; xhr ds :i esa 24
vf/kfu;e dk fuekZ.k djus okyk çFke jkT; dukZVd tuojh 1950 dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
gSA  bl xhr dks lcls igys 1896 bZñ esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
 74ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku%& ;g la'kks/ku uxjikfydkvksa dk¡xzsl ds dydÙkk vf/kos'ku esa xk;k x;k bls xkus dh
ls lacaf/kr gSA blds }kjk lafo/kku ds Hkkx&9 ¼d½] le; lhek 1 feuV vkSj ik¡p lsds.M gSA
vuqPNsn&243 ,oa 12oha vuqlwph dk çko/kku fd;k x;k uksV%& Hkkjrh; laln ds vf/kos'ku dk çkjEHk tu x.k
gSA blesa dqy 18 fo"k; fn;s x;s gSA eu ls vkSj lekiu oUns ekrje~ ds xk;u ls gksrk
 74ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh eq[; ckrsa%& gSA
uxjikfydkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, 1@3 Hkkx LFkku jk"Vªh; xku
vkjf{kr gSA
 jfoUæukFk Bkdqj }kjk jfpr tu x.k eu dks
 uxjikfydkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds lafo/kku lHkk us 24 tuojh 1950 dks Hkkjr dk jk"Vª
fy, Hkh vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA xku Lohdkj fd;kA
 uxjh; laLFkkvksa dk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ dk gksxkA  bldks xkus dk le; 52 lsds.M gS rFkk laf{kIr vo/kh
fo?kVu dh fLFkfr esa Ng ekg ds vUnj pquko djkuk 20 lsds.M gSA
gSA
 ;g lcls igys 27 fnlEcj 1911 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fpà dk¡xzsl ds dksydkrk vf/kos'ku esa xk;k x;kA
 Hkkjrh; /ot%& rhu iV~Vh;ksa okyk frjaxk Hkkjr dk  bldks Hkkjr HkkX; fo|krk 'kh"kZd ls çdkf'kr fd;k
jk"Vªh; /ot gS] /ot dh yEckbZ o pkSMkbZ dk vuqikr x;k FkkA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 55

lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; çrhd ds fy, jkT; dh ljdkjh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj
ldrk gSA
 Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; çrhd lkjukFk fLFkr v'kksd ds
flag LrEHk ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx dh vuq—fr gSA uksV%& lafo/kku esa çko/kku fd;k x;k gS fd tc rd
laln }kjk dkuwu ugha cuk;k tkrk rc rd mPpre
 Hkkjr ljdkj us bls 26 tuojh 1950 dks viuk;kA U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth gksxhA
 çrhd ds uhps eqaMdksifu"kn~ esa fy[kk lw= lR;eso
t;rs nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk gqvk gSA vkikr micU/k
 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa rhu çdkj ds vkikr dky dh
jk"Vªh; dyS.Mj O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
 Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; dSys.Mj 'kad lor~ ij vk/kkfjr gSA jk"Vªh; vkikr ¼vuqPNsn&352½
 jk"Vªh; iapkx dks ljdkjh dk;Z esa ç;ksx ds fy, 22  bldh ?kks"k.kk ;q)] ckgjh vkØe.k vkSj 'kL= foæksg
ekpZ 1957 dks viuk;k x;kA gksus ij jk"Vªifr }kjk ns'k ds fdlh Hkkx ;k iqjs ns'k esa
 bldk igyk eghuk ps= o vfUre eghuk QkYxqu gksrk dh tkrh gSA
gSA ;g lkekU; o"kZ esa 22 ekpZ vkSj yhi o"kZ esa 21  jk"Vªh; vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk jk"Vªifr eaf=e.My dh
ekpZ dks çkjEHk gksrk gSA fyf[kr flQkfj'k ij djrk gSA jk"Vªh; vkikr dh
jk"Vªh; i'kq & ck| ?kks"k.kk dks U;k;ky; esa ç'uxr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jk"Vªh; iq"i & dey  jk"Vªh; vkikr ds le; gekjs ewy vf/kdkj fuyfEcr
jk"Vªh; i{kh & eksj gks tkrs gS ijUrq vijk/k ds fy, nks"k flf) ds lEcU/k
jk"Vªh; Qy & vke esa laj{k.k dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn&20½ rFkk çk.k vkSj
nSfgd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn&21½ vkikrdky
jk"Vªh; isM & cjxn esa Hkh çHkkoh jgrs gSA
jk"Vªh; fojklr i'kq & gkFkh  jk"Vªifr }kjk jk"Vªh; vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk ,d ekg rd
jk"Vªh; unh & xaxk tkjh jgrh gSA ;fn laln bls 2@3 cgqer ls ikfjr
jk"Vªh; tyh; tho & MkWfYQu ¼eNyh½ dj ns rks ;g 6 ekg vkSj c<kbZ tk ldrh gSA
jktHkk"kk  vkikr dky esa yksd lHkk dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ rd
c<k;k tk ldrk gSA
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx&17 ds vuqPNsn&343 ds vuqlkj  lcls igys vkikr dky 26 vDVwcj 1962 dks yxk
la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh o fyfi nsoukxjh gSA tc phu us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkA
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&344 esa jk"Vªifr dks jktHkk"kk ls  nwljh ckj vkikr dky ikfdLrku ds ;q) ds le; 3
lEcfU/kr dqN fo"k;ksa esa lykg nsus ds fy, ,d vk;ksx fnlEcj 1971 bZñ esa yxkA
dh fu;qfDr dk çko/kku gSA
 rhljh ckj jk"Vªh; vkikr dky vkUrfjd xMcMh ds
 jk"Vªifr us bl vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx djrs gq, Jh B.G dkj.k 26 twu 1975 dks yxk;k x;k FkkA
[kjs dh v/;{krk esa çFke jktHkk"kk vk;ksx dk xBu
1955 esa fd;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us 1956 esa viuk jkT;ksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ¼vuqPNsn&356½
çfrosnu fn;kA  ;fn fdlh jkT; dk 'kklu lafo/kku ds vuqlkj ugha
 lafo/kku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa fuEu Hkk"kkvksa dks py jgk gSA rks jk"Vªifr ml jkT; ds 'kklu dks vius
jktHkk"kk ds :i esa ekU;rk çkIr gS%& gkFkksa esa ys ysrk gSA
1- vlfe;k 2- caxyk 3- xqtjkrh 4- fgUnh 5- dUuM  jkT;ksa esa vkikr dky dh vof/k 2 ekg dh gksrh gSA
6- d'ehjh 7- ey;kye 8- ejkBh 9- mfM;k 10- iatkch blls vf/kd ds le; ds fy, laln ls vuqefr ysuh
11- laL—r 12- flaf/k 13- rfey 14- rsyqxw 15- mnwZ iMrh gS] rc ;g 6 ekg dh tk ldrh gSA
16- dksad.kh 17- ef.kiqjh 18- usikyh 19- eSfFkyh  jkT;ksa esa vkikr dky dh vof/k vf/kdre 3 lky rd
20- laFkkyh 21- Mksxjh 22- cksMks gksrh gSA
 jkT; dh Hkk"kk%& lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&345 ds  blls vf/kd ds fy, lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku djuk iMsxkA
v/khu çR;sd jkT; ds fo/kku eaMy dks ;g vf/kdkj  lcls igys 1951 esa iatkc esa vkikr dky yxk FkkA
fn;k x;k gS fd og vkBoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey  lokZf/kd le; rd vkikr dky tEew&d'ehj jkT; esa
Hkk"kkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd dks ljdkjh dk;ksZ yxk FkkA
56 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 lafo/kku ¼COSNTITUTION½
foÙk vkikr dky ¼vuqPNsn&360½ fu;U=.k vkfn fo"k;ksa dks jkT; lwph ls leorhZ lwph
esa yk;k x;kA
 ;g vkikr dky tc yxk;k tkrk gSA tc jk"Vªifr dks
,slk fo'okl gks tk;s dh ns'k dh foÙkh; 'kk[k [krjs esa  44ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1978½%& blds }kjk lEifÙk
gSA ds vf/kdkj dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj ls gVkdj dkuwuh
vf/kdkj cuk fn;kA
 fofÙk; vkikr dky dh ?kks"k.kk dks 2 eghus ds Hkhrj
laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ls Loh—r djuk vko';d gSA  yksdlHkk o fo/kkulHkk dk dk;Zdky iqu% 6 o"kZ ls 5
o"kZ dj fn;k x;kA
 bl vkikr dky dh vf/kdre le; lhek fu/kkZfjr
ugha dh xbZ rFkk ;g Hkkjr esa vHkh rd ,d ckj Hkh  52ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1985½%& nycny fojks/kh
ugha yxk gSA çko/kku ¼vuqlwph&10 tksMh½ x;hA
 61ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1989½%& blds }kjk ernku
çeq[k lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj nh xbZA
 çFke lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1951½%& bl la'kks/ku lsa  69ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1991½%& fnYyh dks jk"Vªh;
lafo/kku esa 9oha vuqlwph tksMh xbZA jkt/kkuh {ks= NCR dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA
 lkrok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1956½%& bl la'kks/ku }kjk  73ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1993½%& iapk;rh jkt
Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa dk iqu% xBu fd;k x;kA ¼11oha vuqlwph½A
 12ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1962½%& iqrZxkyh vkf/kiR;  74ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1993½%& uxj fudk;
okys xksok] neu&nho dks Hkkjr dk vax cuk fn;kA lEcU/kh ¼12oha vuqlwph½A
 14ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1962½%& Ýkafllh vkf/kiR;  84ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2001½%& yksdlHkk rFkk
okys iqnqpsjh dks Hkkjr dk vax cuk fn;kA fo/kkulHkkvksa dh lhVksa dh la[;k esa 2026 rd dksbZ
 24ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1971½%& laln dks ekSfyd ifjorZu u djus dk çko/kku fd;k x;kA
vf/kdkjksa lfgr lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa la'kks/ku  86ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2002½%& 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds
dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z f'k{kkA
 26ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1971½%& jktkvksa ds  92ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2003½%& lafo/kku dh 8oha
fçohilZ vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkj lekIrA vuqlwph esa cksMks] Mksxjh] eSfFkyh ,oa laFkkyh Hkk"kk dks
 27ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1971½%& iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa dk 'kkfey fd;k x;kA vc bl vuqlwph esa 22 Hkk"kk,¡ gks
iquxZBuA x;h gSA
 31ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1973½%& yksdlHkk dh 525  93ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2006½%& f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa
lnL; la[;k dks c<kdj 545 dj fn;k rFkk vkj{k.k vuqPNsn&15 dh /kkjk&4 ds çko/kkuksa ds rgr
dsUæ'kkflr çns'kksa dk çfrfuf/kRo 25 ls ?kVkdj 20 dj fd;k x;k gSA
fn;k x;kA  95ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2010½%& yksdlHkk esa
 35ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1974½%& flfDde dks vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj tutkfr ds fy, lhVksa dk
lgjkT; ds :i esa Hkkjr esa 'kkfey fd;kA vkj{k.k c<k;k x;kA
 42ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼1976½%& bl la'kks/ku ls  101ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2016½%& oLrq ,oa lsok
lafo/kku ls çLrkouk esa lektoknh /keZfujis{k ,oa ,drk dj ¼GST½ dks ykxw djus gsrqA
o v[k.MÙkk vkfn 'kCn tksMs x;sA  124ok¡ lafo/kku la'kks/ku ¼2019½%& vkfFkZd :i ls
detksj oxZ ds yksxksa dks 10 % vkj{k.kA
 uhfr funsZ'kd rRo dks ewy vf/kdkjksa ij loksZPprk nh egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
xbZA  'kwU; dky%& laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa ç'u dky ds
 lafo/kku ds Hkkx 4 ¼d½ esa 10 ekSfyd drZO; tksMs x;sA Bhd ckn ds dky dks 'kwU; dky dgk tkrk gSA ;g
 yksdlHkk o fo/kkulHkk ds dk;Zdky dks 5 o"kZ ls 6 12 cts çkjEHk gksrk Fkk vkSj 1 cts rd pyrk FkkA
o"kZ dj fn;k x;kA uksV%& orZeku esa 'kwU; dky dh vof/k 1 cts ls 2
 blds }kjk ou] lEink] f'k{kk rFkk tula[;k cts rd pyrk gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 57

lafo/kku ¼CONSTITUTION½
 laln dk LFkxu%& laln ds dke&dkt dks dqN fudkyk tk ldrkA
le; ds fy, LFkfxr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g dqN  vfo'okl çLrko%& ;g lnu ds foi{kh ny ds
?k.Vs] fnu ;k lIrkg dk Hkh gks ldrk gSA lnL;ksa }kjk yk;k tkrk gSa çLrko ds i{k esa de ls
 vuqiqjd ç'u%& lnu esa fdlh lnL; }kjk v/;{k dh de 50 lnL;ksa dk gksuk vko';d gSa ;k çLrko çLrqr
vuqefr ls fdlh fo"k; ftlds lEcU/k esa mÙkj fn;k gksus ds ckn 10 fnu esa bl ij ppkZ gksuh vko';d
tk pqdk gks ds Li"Vhdj.k gsrq vuqiqjd ç'u iwNus gSA
dh vuqefr çnku dh tkrh gSA  f='kadq laln%& vke pquko esa fdlh jktuSfrd ny
 rkjkafdr ç'u%& ftu ç'uksa dk mÙkj lnL; rqjUr dks Li"V cgqer u feyus dh fLFkfr esa f='kadq laln
pkgrk gSA mls rkjkafdr ç'u dgrs gSaA rkjkafdr ç'uksa dh jpuk gksrh gSA
dk mÙkj ekSf[kd fn;k tkrk gSA  /ku fo/ks;d%& vuqPNsn&110 ds vUrxZr laln esa
 vrkjkafdr ç'u%& ftu ç'uksa dk mÙkj lnL; fyf[kr jktLo ,df=r djus vFkok vU; çdkj ls /ku ls
esa pkgrk gSaA mls vrkjkafdr ç'u dgrs gSaA lacaf/kr fo/ks;dA
 lafpr fuf/k%& lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&266 esa lafpr  fxyksVhu%& fdlh fo/ks;d ij fopkj&fofue; dks 'kh?kz
fuf/k dk çko/kku gSA jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr rFkk lekIr djus dh çfØ;k fxyksVhu dgykrh gSA
fu;U=d egkys[kk ijh{kd vkfn dk osru blh fuf/k  iqujkoyksdu dk fl)kar%& blds vuqlkj U;k;ky;
ls fn;k tkrk gSA }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd dksbZ fo'ks"k fu;e
 vkdfLed fuf/k%& lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&267 ds laiw.kZ vFkZ esa vFkok bldk dksbZ ,d Hkkx vlaoS/kkfud
vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj ,d vkdfLed fuf/k dh LFkkiuk gS ;k ughaA
djsaxhA laln dh Loh—fr ds fcuk bl en ls /ku ugha

58 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½

 Hkwxksy ds ukedj.k ,oa bl fo"k; dks çkFkfed Lrj ij oLrqvksa ls çdk'k <+¡d tkrk gS] rc fugkfjdk fn[kkbZ
O;ofLFkr Lo:i çnku djus dk Js; ;quku ds nsrh gSA
fuokfl;ksa dks tkrk gSA lkSje.My
 Hkwxksy dk tud fgdsfV;l dks ekuk tkrk gSA
 lw;Z ds pkjksa vkSj pDdj yxkus okys fofHkUu xzgksa] {kqæ
 orZeku Hkwxksy dk tud vysdts.Mj okWu gEcksYV dks xzgks] /kwedsrqvks] mYdkvksa rFkk vU; vkdk'kh; fi.Mks ds
ekuk tkrk gSA leqg dks lkSj e.My dgrs gSaA
czãk.M  lkSj e.My dh [kkst dkWijfuDl us dh FkhA
 lw{ere v.kqvksa ls ysdj fo'kky vkdk'kxaxkvksa ds rkjk
lEefyr :i dks czãk.M dgk tkrk gSA
 rkjs m".k pedrh gqbZ xSl ds Hkkx gksrs gS] tks
 czãk.M dk fuekZ.k egkfoLQksV fl)kUr ¼Big-bang fugkfjdkvksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSA ;s vkdkj] æO;eku vkSj
theory½ ls gqvk gSA
rkieku esa lw;Z ls O;kl esa 450 xquk NksVs ls 1000 xquk
 czãk.M dk O;kl 108 çdk'k o"kZ gSA cMs rd gksrs gSA
 czãk.M esa yxHkx 100 vjc eankfduh ¼Galaxy½ gSA  rkjksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSlksa esa gkbMªkstu 71%]
 czãk.M ds jgL; dks tkuus ds fy, 30 ekpZ 2010 dks ghfy;e 26-5% rFkk vU; rRo 2-5% gksrs gSA
tsusok esa i`Foh dh lrg ls 50 ls 175 ehVj uhps  rkjksa esa gkbMªkstu o ghfy;e esa lay;u dh çfØ;k ikbZ
yxHkx 27-36 fdeh0 yEcs lqjax esa yktZ gSMªu tkrh gSA
dksykbtj uked egkç;ksx fd;k x;kA
 czãk.M dk lcls cMk rkjk Likbuy vksjsxh gSA
eankfduh ¼Galaxy½  czãk.M esa foLQksVh rkjk vfHkuo rkjk dgykrk gSA
 rkjks dk ,slk leqg] tks /kq/kyk lk fn[kkbZ iMrk gS rFkk  fdlh rkjs dh thou vof/k mlds vkdkj ij fuHkZj
tks rkjk fuekZ.k çfØ;k dh 'kq:vkr dk xSl iqat gSA djrh gSA
eankfduh dgykrk gSA
 i`Foh dk lcls fudVre rkjk lw;Z gSA
 gekjh i`Foh dh enkfduh dk uke nqX/kes[kyk ;k
vkdk'k xaxk gSA bldk 80% Hkkx lihZyk ¼Sprial½ gS]  lkbjl i`Foh ls ns[kk tkus okyk lokZf/kd pedhyk
ftldh rhu Hkqtk,¡ gSA lw;Z buesa ls nwljh Hkqtk ij rkjk gSA
fLFkr gSA egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
 bl eankfduh dks lcls igys xSyhfy;ks us ns[kk FkkA  yky nkuo%& ;s e`R;ksUeq[k rkjs gksrs gSaA tc fdlh
 vkdk'k xaxk ds lcls utnhd eankfduh dks nso;kuh rkjs esa gkbMªkstu ?kVus yxrh gS] rks mlesa ykfyek
dgrs gSaA fn[kus yxrh gSA
 czãk.M esa ik;k tkus okyk okeu vkdk'kxaxk ¼Dwarf  okeu rkjs%& ftu rkjksa dk çdk'k lw;Z ds çdk'k ls
Galaxy½ uohure Kkr vkdk'kxaxk gSA de gksrk gS] os okeu rkjs dgykrs gSA
 +vkdk'kxaxkvksa ds nwj tkus dh iqf"V MkWIyj çHkko }kjk  uksok%& ;g vR;kf/kd ped ds lkFk vpkud fn[kkbZ
gksrh gSA nsrk gS rFkk ckn esa vius ewy Lrj ij okil ean iM+
 vkWfj;u uscqyk gekjh vkdk'k xaxk dk lcls 'khry tkrk gSA bldks uksok rkjk dgrs gSaA
vkSj pedhys rkjks dk leqg gSA  lqijuksok%& 20 ls vf/kd eSXuhV~;wM okys rkjs dks
 fugkfjdk%& vkdk'kxaxk esa fLFkr fugkfjdk /kwy vkSj lqij uksok dgrs gSaA lqijuksok ,d e`rçk; rkjk gSA
xSl ds es?k gksrs gSA ;fn xSl mn~nhIr gksrh gS vFkok  cgqy rkjs%& nks ls vf/kd rkjksa dk fudk; cgqy rkjk
es?k lh/ks çfrfcfEcr gksrs gSa vFkok vf/kd nwjh dh dgykrk gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 59

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 —".k fooj ¼Black Hole½%& tc fdlh rkjs dk var lS0 yxrs gSA
gksrk gS] rks mldk Hkkj rhu xquk vf/kd gks tkrk gSA  lkSj ÅtkZ dks mrjh /kzqo ij vkSjksjk cksfj;kfyl o
fuikr gksus ds lkFk gh ;g bruk l?ku gks tkrk gS fd nf{k.kh /kzqo ij vkSjksjk vkWLVªsfyl dgrs gSaA
çdk'k Hkh blds xq:Ro ls fudy ugha ikrk( ;g
 lw;Z dk O;kl 13 yk[k 92 gtkj fdeh0 gS] tks i`Foh
va/k{ks= gks tkrk gS] bls ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA bls
ds O;kl dk yxHkx 110 xquk gSA
—".k fooj ;k CySd gksy dgrs gSaA
 lw;Z gekjh i`Foh ls 13 yk[k xquk cMk gSA
 vesfjdk ds tkWu Oghyu us 1967 esa loZçFke CySd
gksy 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k FkkA  i`Foh dks lw;Z ds rki dk 2 vjc ok¡ Hkkx feyrk gSA
 iYlj%& ?kwers gq, U;wVªkWu rkjs dks iYlj dgrs gSa] tks  lw;Z ds /kCcks dk ,d iwjk pØ 22 o"kZ dk gksrk gS igys
fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsa NksMrs gSA 11 o"kks± rd ;g /kCck c<rk gS rFkk ckn ds 11 o"kks±
rd ;g /kCck ?kVrk gSA
 /kqzo rkjk%& çkphu dky esa yksx rkjs dks ns[kdj fn'kk
dk Kku çkIr djrs FksA /kzqo ,d rkjk gS] tks Bhd i`Foh  tc lw;Z dh lrg ij /kCck fn[kkbZ iMrk gSA rks ml
ds mÙkj esa gSA ;g i`Foh ls 47 çdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA le; i`Foh ij pqEcdh; >a>kokr mRiUu gksrs gSA blls
pqEdch; lqbZ dh fn'kk cny tkrh gS ,oa jsfM;ks
 lIrh"kZ%& lIrh"kZ lkr rkjksa dk lewg gSA ;g vkdk'k
Vsyhfotu o fctyh pkfyr e'khu vkfn esa xMcMh
esa mÙkj dh vksj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA
mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
lw;Z xzg
 lw;Z lkSje.My dk ç/kku gS ;g gekjh eankfduh  xzg og [kxksfy; fi.M gS] tks fuEu 'krksZ dks iwjk djrs
nqX/kes[kyk ds dsUæ ls yxHkx 30]000 çdk'k o"kZ dh gSA
nqjh ij fLFkr gSA ;g gekjh eankfduh ds dsUæ ds pkjksa
vksj 250 km/s dh xfr ls ifjØek dj jgk gSA 1- tks lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djrk gSA
 bldks eankfduh dh ifjfdek djus esa 25 djksM+ o"kZ 2- mlesa i;kZIr xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy gks ftlls og xksy
yxrs gS] ftls czãk.M o"kZ dgrs gSaA Lo:i xzg.k dj ldsA
 lw;Z vius v{k ij iqoZ ls if'pe dh vksj ?kqerk gSA 3- mlds vkl&ikl dk {ks= lkQ gks ;kfu mlds
vkl&ikl [kxksyh; fi.Mks dh HkhM&HkkM u gksA
 lq;Z dk e/; Hkkx 25 fnuksa esa rFkk /kzqoh; Hkkx 35 fnuksa
esa ,d ?kw.kZu iqjk djrk gSA 4- xzgks dh ;g mi;qDr ifjHkk"kk 2006 ds çkx lEesyu
esa r; gqbZ Fkh rFkk vxLr 2006 esa ;e ¼plato½ dks
 lw;Z ,d xSlh; xksyk gS] ftlesa gkbZMªkstu 71% xzgks dh Js.kh ls gVk fn;k blfy, xzgks dh la[;k
ghfy;e 26-5% o vU; rRo 2-5% gSA 9 ls ?kVdj 8 jg x;hA ;e dks vc ckSus xzg dh
 lw;Z dk dsUæh; Hkkx ØksM dgykrk gS ftldk rkieku Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA
1.5 × 107 fMxzh lsfYl;l gksrk gSA
 xzgks dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%&
 lw;Z dh ckgjh lrg dk rkieku 60000c gksrk gSA 1- ikfFkZd ;k vkUrfjd xzg&cq/k] 'kqØ] i`Foh rFkk eaxy
 lw;Z dh ÅtkZ dk L=ksr ukfHkdh; lay;u gSA dks bl Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA
 lw;Z dh nhfIreku lrg dks çdk'ke.My dgrs gSaA 2- ckgjh xzg&c`gLifr] 'kfu] v:.k rFkk o:.kA
çdk'ke.My ds fdukjs çdk'k eku ugha gksrk] D;ksafd  eaxy] cq/k] c`gLifrokj] 'kqØ] rFkk 'kfu dks uXu vk¡[kks
lw;Z dk ok;qe.My çdk'k dk vo'kks"k.k dj ysrk gSA ls ns[k tk ldrk gSA
bls o.kZ e.My dgrs gSaA ;g yky jax dk gksrk gSA
 lw;Z&xzg.k ds le; lw;Z ds fn[kkbZ nsus okys Hkkx dks cq/k ¼Mercury½
lw;Z&fdjhV dgrs gSaA lw;Z&fdjhV X&fdj.ks mRlftZr  ;g lw;Z dk lcls utnhd xzg gSA
djrk gS bls lw;Z dk eqdV dgrs gSaA  bldk lcls fof'k"V xq.k gS pqEcdh; {ks= dk gksukA
 iw.kZ lw;Z&xzg.k ds le; lw;Z fdjhV ls çdk'k dh çkfIr  ;g lcls NksVk xzg gS] tks lw;Z fudyus ds nks ?k.Vs
gksrh gSA igys fn[kkbZ iMrk gSa
 lw;Z dh mez 5 fcy;u o"kZ gSA Hkfo"; esa lw;Z }kjk ÅtkZ  ;g lw;Z dh ifjØek lcls de le; esa iwjh djrk gSA
nsrs jgus dk le; 1011 o"kZ gSA vFkkZr ;g lkSje.My dk lcls vf/kd d{kh; xfr
 lw;Z ds çdk'k dks i`Foh rd igqpus esa 8 feuV 16-6 okyk xzg gSA

60 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 bldk rkikUrj lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA o:.k ¼Neptune½
 bl xzg ij dSyksfjl csflu ik;k tkrk gSA  ;g lw;Z ls lcls nwjh ij fLFkr gSA
'kqØ ¼Venus½  ;g gjs jax dk xzg gSA
 ;g i`Foh dk lcls fudVre xzg gSA  bl xzg ds pkjksa vksj feFksu xSl dk ckny Nk;k gqvk
 ;g lcls pedhyk xzg gS rFkk ;g lcls xeZ xzg gSA gSA
 bls lka> dk rkjk o Hkksj dk rkjk dgk tkrk gSA i`Foh ¼Earth½
D;ksafd ;g 'kke dks if'pe fn'kk esa rFkk lqcg dks iwoZ  i`Foh vkdkj esa ik¡pok lcls cMk xzg gSA
fn'kk esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
 i`Foh vius v{k ij 23½º ij >qdh gqbZ gSA
 bls i`Foh dh cgu Hkh dgrs gSaA D;ksafd ;g ?kuRo
vkdkj esa i`Foh ds leku gSA  i`Foh lkSj e.My dk ,dek= ,slk xzg gS ftl ij
thou gSA bldk ,dek= mixzg pUæek gSA
 ;g vU; xzgks ds foijhr nf{k.kko`r pDdj yxkrk gSA
 uksV&cq/k rFkk 'kqØ ,sls xzg gS ftudk dksbZ mixzg ugha  bldk fo"kqorh; O;kl 12]756 fdeh0 o /kzqoh; O;kl
gSA 12]714 fdeh0 gSA
 ;g vius v{k ij if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj 1610 fdeh0
c`gLifr ¼Jupeter½ dh pky ls 23 ?k.Vs 56 feuV 4 lS0 esa iwjk pDdj
 ;g lkSj e.My dk lcls cMk xzg gSA yxkrh gS] bls ?kq.kZu o nSfud xfr Hkh dgrs gSaA
 bls viuh /kwjh ij pDdj yxkus esa lcls de le;  i`Foh dks lw;Z dh ,d ifjØek iwjh djus esa 365 fnu
yxrk gSA bldks 10 ?k.Vs yxrs gSaA 5 ?k.Vs 48 feuV 46 lS0 ¼yxHkx 365 Day 6 H) dk
 blds mixzg dk uke X;kuhehM gS ;g lcls cMk le; yxrk gSA ifjØek djus esa yxs le; dks gh lkSj
mixzg gSA bldk jax ihyk gSA o"kZ dgk tkrk gSA
eaxy ¼Mars½  okf"kZd xfr ds dkj.k gh i`Foh ij _rq ifjorZu gksrh
gS rFkk fnu jkr dk NksVk cMk gksuk Hkh ;gh dkj.k gSA
 bls yky xzg dgk tkrk gSA bldk yky jax vk;ju
vkDlkbM ds dkj.k gSA  vkdkj rFkk cukoV dh n`f"V ls i`Foh 'kqØ ds leku
gSA
 ;gk¡ i`Foh ds leku nks /kzqo gS] ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ i`Foh
ds leku _rq ifjorZu gksrk gSA  ty dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k bls uhyk xzg Hkh dgk
 ;g viuh /kqjh ij 24 ?k.Vs esa ,d pDdj yxkrk gSA tkrk gSA
 blds nks mixzg gS fMeksl o Qkscksl  bldk v{k viuh d{kk ds lkis{k 66½º dk dks.k cukrk
gSA
 lkSje.My dk lcls cMk Tokykeq[kh vksfyil eslh
rFkk lkSje.My dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr fuDl vksyfEi;k  lw;Z ds ckn i`Foh dk lcls fudV dk rkjk çk¡fDlek
eaxy xzg ij gSA lsUpqjh gS] tks vYQk lsUpqjh leqg dk ,d rkjk gS] tks
i`Foh ls 4-22 çdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA
'kfu ¼Saturn½  lkbjl ;k MkWxLVkj i`Foh ls 9 çdk'k o"kZ nqj gSA ;g
 ;g vkdkj esa nwljk lcls cMk xzg gSA lw;Z ls 2 xqus æO;eku okyk rkjk gS ;g jkf= esa
 'kfu ds pkjksa vksj oy; ¼eksVh çdk'k okyh dq.Myh½ lokZf/kd pedrk gSA
gSA ftudh la[;k 7 gSA  ,d tho/kkjh ds :i esa i`Foh dk oSKkfud uke xzhu
 VkbZVu 'fku dk mixzg gS] tks lkSj e.My dk nwljk IySusV gSA
lcls cMk mixzg gSA pUæek ¼Moon½
 VkbZVu mixzg ij i`Foh ds leku ok;qe.My gSA
 pUæek dh lrg o ml dh vfrfjDr fLFkfr dk
v:.k ¼Uranus½ v/;;u djus okyk foKku&lsysuksykWth dgykrk gSA
 ;g vkdkj esa rhljk lcls cMk xzg gSA  pUæek ij /kqy ds eSnku dks 'kkfUr lkxj dgrs gSaA ;g
 ;g vius v{k ij iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj ?kwerk gSA pUæek dk fiNyk Hkkx gS ftl ij va/ksjk jgrk gSaA
 bls ySVk gqvk xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA  pUæek ds nf{k.kh /kzqo ij fLFkr yhcfuV~t ioZr pUæek

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 61

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr gS 35000 QhV ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
 pUæek dks thok'e xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA /kwedsrq
 lw;Z ds lanHkZ esa pUæek dh ifjØek dh vof/k 29-53  lkSje.My ds {kksj ij cgqr gh NksVs&NksVs vjcksa fia.M
fnu ¼29 fnu] 12 ?kaVs] 44 feuV vkSj 2-8 lsds.M½ gksrh ekStqn gS] tks /kwedsrq ;k iqPNy rkjs dgykrs gSA
gSA bl le; dks ,d pUæekl ;k lkbuksfMd ekl  /kwedsrq dh iwN ges'kk lw;Z ls nwj gksrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh
dgrs gSaA gSA
 i`Foh ls pUæek ds 57% Hkkx dks ns[k ldrs gSA  gSys uked /kwedsrq 76 o"kks± ckn fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ;g
 pUæek o i`Foh ds chp dh vkSlru nwjh 384365 fdeh0 vfUre ckj 1986 esa fn[kkbZ fn;k FkkA vxyh ckj ;g
gSA 2062 esa fn[kkbZ nsxkA
 pUæek dk v{k ry i`Foh ds v{k ds lkFk 58-480 dk i`Foh dh xfr;k¡
dks.k cukrk gSA  i`Foh dh nks xfr;k¡ gSa%&
 pUæek i`Foh ds v{k ds yxHkx lekUrj gSA bldk 1- ?kw.kZu ¼nSfud xfr½&i`Foh lnSo vius v{k ij
ifjØe.k iFk Hkh nh?kZ o`Ùkkdkj gSA if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kqerh gS ftls i`Foh dh
 pUæek lw;Z dh ifjØek yxHkx 29 fnu esa iwjh djrk ?kw.kZu dgrs gSaA blds dkj.k fnu rFkk jkr gksrs gS
gS bl le; dks ,d pUæekl ;k lk;uksfMd ekl vr% bls nSfud xfr dgrs gSaA
dgrs gSaA 2- ifjØe.k ¼okf"kZd xfr½&i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj
 viksyks ;ku ds varfj{k ;kf=;ksa }kjk pUæek dh pêkuksa ,d nh?kZ o`Ùkh; ekxZ ij ifjØek djrh gS ftls
dk dqN Hkkx yk;k x;k ftlls ;g irk pyrk gS fd ifjØe.k ;k okf"kZd xfr dgrs gSaA i`Foh dks lw;Z dh
pUæek Hkh mruk iqjkuk gS ftruk dh i`Foh ¼460 djksM+ ifjØek iwjh djus esa yxHkx 365 fnu 6 ?kaVs yxrs
o"kZ½ bu pêkuksa esa VkbVsfu;e /kkrq vf/kd ek=k esa gSA gSA i`Foh dh bl xfr ds dkj.k _rq,¡ cnyrh gSA
lqij ewu  milkSj%& tc i`Foh lw;Z ds vR;f/kd ikl gksrh gS mls
milkSj dgrs gSaA ,slk 3 tuojh dks gksrk gSA
 tc pUæek i`Foh ds lcls fudV gksrk gS rks ml  vilkSj%& tc i`Foh lw;Z ls vf/kdre nwjh ij gksrh gS
fLFkfr dks lqij ewu dgrs gSaA bls isfjth Qqy equ Hkh mls vilkSj dgrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr 4 tqykbZ dks gksrh
dgrs gSaA gSA
Cyw ewu  ,ilkbM js[kk%& milkSjhd o vilkSjhd dks feyus
 ,d dSys.Mj ekg esa nks iwf.kZek gks rks nwljh iwf.kZek dk okyh dkYifud js[kk lw;Z ds dsUæ ls xqtjrh gSA bls
pkan Cyw ewu dgykrk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k nks ,ilkbM js[kk dgrs gSaA
iwf.kZekvksa ds chp 31 fnuksa ls de dk vUrjky gksuk  v{kkal js[kk%& fo"kqor o`Ùk ds mRrj rFkk nf{k.k esa
gSA Hkw&e/; js[kk lekUrj fLFkr dkYifud js[kkvksa dks
ckSus xzg va{kkl js[kk dgk tkrk gSA
Hkw e/; js[kkvksa ds mRrj esa fLFkr v{kkal js[kkvksa dks
 tks xzg dgykus ds ekinaM ij [kjs ugha gksrs] os ckSus mrjh va{kkl js[kk,¡ o nf{k.k esa fLFkr v{kkl js[kkvksa
xzg dgykrs gSA ;s vxzfyf[kr gS&;e] lsjl] psjkWu dks nf{k.kh v{kkl js[kk dgrs gSaA
rFkk bfjlA
uksV%& Hkw&e/; js[kk 0º dh v{kkl js[kk gSA vr% bl
{kqæ xzg ij fLFkr lHkh LFkkuksa dk v{kkal 00 gksxkA
 eaxy o c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa ds chp dqN NksVs&NksVs  ddZ js[kk%& Hkw&e/; js[kk ds mRrj esa 23½º va{kk'k
vkdk'kh; fi.M gS] tks lw;Z dh ifjØek dj jgs gSA dks ddZ js[kk dgrs gSaA
mls {kqæ xzg dgrs gSaA  edj js[kk%& Hkw&e/; js[kk ds nf{k.k esa 23½º va{kk'k
 {kqæ xzg tc i`Foh ls Vdjkrk gS rks i`Foh dh i`"V ij dks edj js[kk dgrs gSaA
fo'kky xrZ curk gSA yksukj >hy ¼egkjk"Vª½ bldk ns'kkUrj js[kk
mnkgj.k gSA
 mÙkjh /kqzo dks nf{k.kh /kqzo ls feykus okyh dkYifud
 Qksj osLVk ,d ek= {kqæ xzg gS ftls uaxh vk[kksa ls js[kkvksa dks ns'kkUrj js[kk,¡ dgrs gSaA
62 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 ;s lekUrj ugh gksrh gSA js[kk ekuk x;kA bldks 0º ekudj ckdh ns'kkUrjksa ds
 bu js[kkvksa dh yEckbZ cjkcj gksrh gSA le; dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
 baXyS.M ds xzhufop LFkku ls xqtjus okyh ns'kkUrj js[kk vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk
dks ç/kku e/;kg js[kk ekuk x;k gS rFkk blds ns'kkUrj  180º ns'kkUrj dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk dgk tkrk gS
dk eku 0º gSA D;ksafd bl js[kk ds nksuksa vksj frfFk;ksa esa ,d fnu dk
 ç/kku e/;kg js[kk ds ckbZ vksj dh js[kk,¡ if'peh vUrj gSA bl js[kk ds iwoZ dh vksj tkus ij 1 fnu c<
ns'kkUrj o nk;s vksj dh js[kk,¡ iwohZ ns'kkUrj dgykrh tkrk gS o if'pe dh vksj tkus ij 1 fnu ?kV tkrk
gSA gSA
 ,d ns'kkUrj dh nwjh r; djus esa 4 feuV dk le;  vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk vkdZVhd lkxj] pqdh lkxj]
yxrk gSA csfjax LVªsV rFkk ç'kkUr egklkxj ls xqtjrh gSA bldk
 nks ns'kkUrj js[kkvksa ds chp dh nwjh xksjs uke ls tkuh fu/kkZj.k 22 vDVwcj 1884 esa okf'kaxXVu esa fd;k x;kA
tkrh gSA uksV%& csfjax ty laf/k vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk ds
 ddZ laØkfUr%& 21 twu dks lw;Z ddZ js[kk ij lekUrj gSA
yEcor~ iMrk gSA bls ddZ laØkfUr dgrs gSaA bl fnu  fo'o dks 24 le; tksuks esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
mÙkjh xksyk)Z esa lcls cMk fnu gksrk gSA USA dks 7 le; tksu esa] :l dks 11 le; tksu esa
 edj laØkfUr%& 22 fnlEcj dks lw;Z edj js[kk ij rFkk vkLVªsfy;k dks 3 le; tksu esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
yEcor~ iMrk gSA bls edj laØkfUr dgrs gSaA bl fnu  çR;sd tksu 150 ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa lcls cMk fnu gksrk gSA
dfVcU/k ¼Zone½
 fo"kqo%& ;g i`Foh ij og fLFkfr gS tc lw;Z dh fdj.ks
fo"kqor js[kk ij yEcor~ iMrh gS rks lEiw.kZ i`Foh ij  çR;sd xksyk)Z dks rki ds vk/kkj ij dbZ Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk
fnu o jkr cjkcj gksrs gSA 23 flrEcj, 21 ekpZ dks x;k gSA bu Hkkxksa dks dfVcU/k dgrs gSaA ;s fuEu gS%&
;g fLFkfr gksrh gSA bls Øe'k% 'kjn fo"kqo o clar  m".k dfVcU/k ¼Tropical Zone½&fo"kqor js[kk ls 300
fo"kqo dgrs gSaA mÙkj ,oa 300 nf{k.k dk Hkkx] ;gk¡ o"kZ esa nks ckj lw;Z
uksV%& i`Foh dks vius v{k ij >qdh gksus ds dkj.k fnu 'kh"kZ ij pedrk gS rFkk bl Hkkx dk ekSle lnSo xeZ
o jkr NksVk cMk gksrk gSA jgrk gSA
 miks".k dfVcU/k ¼Sub Tropical Zone½&300 ls 450
lw;Zxzg.k mÙkjh o nf{k.k v{kklksa ds chp fLFkr {ks= gS ;gk¡ dqN
 tc dHkh fnu ds le; lw;Z o i`Foh ds chp esa pUæek eghus rkieku vf/kd o dqN eghus rkieku de jgrk
vk tkrk gSA rks mls lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA gSA
 tc lw;Z dk ,d Hkkx fNi tkrk gS rks mls vkaf'kd  'khrks".k dfVcU/k ¼Temperate Zone½&450 ls 660
lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSaA tc iwjk lw;Z gh dqN le; ds mÙkjh o nf{k.kh va{kk'kksa dk {ks= gSA ;gk¡ lw;Z flj ds
fy, fNi tkrk gS rks mls iw.kZ lw;Z xzg.k dgrs gSa iw.kZ Åij dHkh ugha pedrk cfYd mldh fdj.ks frjNh
lw;Z xzg.k ges'kk vekoL;k ds fnu gksrk gSA gksrh gS blfy, ;gk¡ ij rkieku ges'kk de jgrk gSA
 vf/kdre xzg.k ,d o"kZ esa 7 gks ldrs gSA  /kzqoh; dfVcU/k ¼Polar Zone½&660 ls 900 ds chp
pUæxzg.k fLFkr {ks= gS] ;gk¡ rkieku vR;Ur gh de jgrk gS]
ftlds QyLo:i ;gk¡ ges'kk cQZ teh jgrh gSA
 tc lw;Z o pUæek ds chp esa i`Foh vk tkrh gS rks bls
pUæxzg.k dgrs gSaA pUæxzg.k ges'kk iwf.kZek dh jkf= esa i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk
gh gksrk gSA çR;sd iwf.kZek dks pUæxzg.k ugha gksrk gSA  i`Foh ds vUnj ds fgLls dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
 ,d o"kZ esa vf/kdre 3 ckj pUæxzg.k gks ldrk gSA 1- Hkw&iiZVh ¼Crust½
 lw;Z xzg.k ds leku pUæxzg.k Hkh vkaf'kd o iw.kZ gks 2- vkoj.k ¼mantle½
ldrk gSA 3- dsUæh; Hkkx ¼Core½
uksV%& 22 vDVwcj 1884 esa okaf'kxVu esa ,d 1- Hkw&iiZVh&i`Foh ds Åijh Hkkx dks Hkw&iiZVh dgrs
vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSBd gqbZA blh cSBd esa xzhufop uked gSaA ;g vUnj dh rjQ 34 fdeh0 rd dk {ks= gSA
LFkku ls xqtjus okyh ns'kkUrj js[kk dks ç/kku e/;kg ;g eq[;r% cslkYV pêkuksa ls cuk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 63
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
blds nks Hkkx gSa%& 1- fl;ky 2- lhek dk vUrj gSA
fl;ky {ks= esa flfydu ,oa ,yqfeu rFkk lhek {ks= pV~Vku
esa flfydu o eSXusf';e dh cgqyrk gskrh gSA ;g  i`Foh dh lrg ds dBksj Hkkx dks pV~Vku dgrs gSaA
i`Foh ds dqy vk;ru dk 0.5% Hkkx ?ksjs gq, gSA
 mRifÙk ds vk/kkj ij ;g rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSA
Hkw&iVy dh jpuk lkexzh%& vkWDlhtu
¼46.60%½] flyhdu ¼27.72%½ rFkk ,Y;qehfu;e 1- vkXus; pV~Vku&;g eSXek o ykok ds teus ls
¼8.13%½ curh gSA tSls& xzsukbV] cslkyV] isXekVkbV]
Mk;ksjkbV] xzscks vkfnA
2- vkoj.k ¼Mantle½%& 2900 fdeh0 eksVk ;g {ks=
 vkXus; pV~Vku thok'e jfgr gksrh gSA vkfFkZd
eq[;r% cslkYV pêkuksa dk cuk gSA bl fgLls esa
eSXek pSEcj ik;s tkrs gSA ;g i`Foh ds dqy vk;ru :i ls ;g cgqr gh lEiUu pV~Vku gSA blesa
dk 83% Hkkx ?ksjs gq, gSA yksgk] fufdy] rk¡ck] lhlk] tLrk] ØksekbV]
eSXuhf'k;e] lksu] IysVhue rFkk pqEcdh; yksgk
3- dsUæh; Hkkx ¼Core½%& i`Foh dk dsUæh; Hkkx ik;s tkrs gSA
fudsy rFkk Qsjl dk cuk gSA i`Foh dk dsUæh; Hkkx
 cslkYV esa yksgs dh ek=k lokZf/kd gksrh gSA bl
laHkor% æo vFkok IykfLVd voLFkk esa gSA ;g i`Foh
ds dqy vk;ru dk 16% Hkkx ?ksjs gq;s gSA bls uhQs pV~Vku ls dkyh feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
dgrs gSaA 2- volknh pV~Vku%& ç—fr ds dkjdks }kjk fufeZr
 i`Foh ls lEcfU/kr eq[; fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSA NksVh&NksVh pV~Vkus fdlh LFkku ij tek gks tkrh
gS ckn esa ncko ;k j;klfud çfrfØ;k ;k vU;
 i`Foh dk vkSlr ?kuRo 5-5 gm/cm3 gSA dkj.kksa }kjk Bksl ijr esa fufeZr gks tkrh gSA bUgs
 i`Foh dh vkSlr f=T;k 6370 fdeh0 gSA gh volknh pV~Vku dgrs gSaA tSls& cyqok iRFkj]
 i`Foh ds uhps dh rjQ tkus ij çfr 32 m dh xgjkbZ pquk iRFkj] lySV] ued dh pV~Vku vkfn
ij rkieku 10c c< tkrk gSA  volfn pV~Vkus ijrnkj gksrh gSA
 i`Foh ds LFkyh; {ks= ij lcls fupyk {ks= e`r lkxj  buesa tho tUrq o ouLifr dk thok'e ik;k
¼tkWMZu½ ds vkl ikl dk {ks= gSA ;g {ks= leqæ ry ls tkrk gSA
400 eh0 uhpk gSA  bu pV~Vkuksa esa yksg v;Ld QkLQsV dks;yk ,oa
 lcls igys ikbFkkxksjl us ;g crk;k dh i`Foh xksy gS lhesUV cukus dh pV~Vku ik;h tkrh gSA
vkSj vkdk'k esa Lora= :i ls yVdh gqbZ gSA  [kuht rsy volkfn pV~Vkuksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 U;wVu us ;g lkfcr fd;k fd i`Foh ukjaxh ds leku  nkeksnj] egkunh o xksnkojh unh csfluks dh
gSA volknh pV~Vkuksa esa dks;yk ik;k tkrk gSA
 tsEl thu us i`Foh dks uk'kikrh ds leku crk;kA vkxjk dk fdyk o fnYyh dk yky fdyk cyqok
LFkye.My iRFkj uked volknh pV~Vku dk cuk gSA
 i`Foh dh lEiw.kZ ckg~; ijr ftl ij egk}hi o 3- dk;kUrfjr pV~Vku%& rki nkc o jlk;fud
egklkxj fLFkr gS mls LFkye.My dgrs gSaA fØ;kvksa ds dkj.k volknh o vkXus; pV~Vkuksa ls
dk;kUrfjr pV~Vku dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 i`Foh ds dqy 29% Hkkx ij LFky o 71% Hkkx ij ty
gSA Tokykeq[kh
 i`Foh ds Hkw&{ks=Qy rFkk ty&{ks=Qy dk vuqikr 3 %  Tokykeq[kh Hkw&iVy ij og çk—frd Nsn o njkj gS
7 gSA ftlls gksdj i`Foh dk fi?kyk inkFkZ ykok] jk[k] Hkki
 i`Foh ds mRrjh xksyk)Z dk 61% rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk)Z o vU; xSls ckgj fudyrh gSA ckgj gok esa mMk gqvk
dk 81% Hkkx ij ty fo|eku gSA ykok 'kh?kz gh B.Mk gksdj NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa esa cny
tkrk gS ftls flaMj dgrs gSaA
 i`Foh ij vf/kdre Å0 ekmUV ,sojsLV ioZr dh gSA ;g
leqæ ry ls 8850 eh0 Å¡pk gS o usiky esa fLFkr gSA  Tokykeq[kh QVus ls tks xSls fudyrh gS muesa ok"i dk
çfr'kr lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
 i`Foh ij vf/kdre xgjkbZ esfj;kuk xrZ ¼11022 ehñ½ gSA
uksV%& LVªkEcksyh Tokykeq[kh Hkw&e/; lkxj esa bVyh ds
 ;g ç'kkUr egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA bl çdkj i`Foh dh fllyh ds mÙkj esa fyikjh }hi ij fLFkr gSA
vf/kdre Å0 o vf/kdre xgjkbZ esa yxHkx 20 fdeh0
64 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 bl Tokykeq[kh ls lnSo çTofyr xSl ckgj fudyrh vkSlr osx 8 km/sec gksrk gSA ;g xfr vU; lHkh
jgrh gS] ftlls vkl&ikl dk Hkkx çdkf'kr jgrk gSA rjaxks ls lcls vf/kd gSA
blh dkj.k bl Tokykeq[kh dks Hkw&e/; lkxj dk 2- vuqçLFk ygjsa ¼S-wave½%& bUgs vuqçLFk rjaxs Hkh
çdk'k LrEHk dgrs gSaA ;g Tokykeq[kh ,d laØh; dgrs gSaA ;g rjax dsoy Bksl ek/;e ls gksdj
¼Active½ Tokykeq[kh dk mnkgj.k gSA xqtjrh gSA budk vkSlr osx 4 km/sec gksrk gSA
 Tokykeq[kh rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSa%& 3- /kjkryh; ygjsa ¼L-wave½%& bUgs /kjkryh; ;k
1- laØh; Tokykeq[kh ¼Active½%& ;s oks Tokykeq[kh gS] yEch rjaxks ds uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA bu
tks vDlj QVrs jgrs gSA orZeku le; esa fo'o esa rjaxks dh [kkst H.D Love us Hkh dh FkhA blfy,
500 laØh; Tokykeq[kh gSA buesa bVyh dk ,Vuk bUgs yo rjaxksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s rjaxs
rFkk LVªkEcksyh çeq[k gSA dksVksiSDlh ¼bDosMksj½] eq[;r% /kjkry rd gh lhfer jgrh gS ;s Bksl æo
LVªkEcksyh ¼ysikjh }hi½] ekSukyksvk ¼gokbZ }hi½] cSju rFkk xSl rhuks ek/;eks ls xqtj ldrh gSA
}hi ¼v.Meku½ rFkk ekm.V ,Vuk ¼fllyh½ lHkh  bldh pky 1-5 ls 3 km/sec gksrh gSA
laØh; Tokykeq[kh gSA
 ;s rjaxs vR;kf/kd fouk'kdkjh gksrh gSA
2- çlqIr Tokykeq[kh ¼Dormant½%& ;s oks Tokykeq[kh
gS ftuesa fudV vrhr esa dksbZ mn~xkj ugha gqvk gSA  HkqdEih; rjaxksa dks lhLeksxzkQ uked ;a= ls ekik tkrk
ysfdu dHkh Hkh mn~xkj gks ldrk gSA tkiku dk gSA
¶;qth;kek Tokykeq[kh rFkk v.Meku&fudksckj dk  HkwdEih; rjaxksa ds ckjs esa dqN egRoiw.kZ rF;%&
ukjdksaMe Tokykeq[kh çlqIr Tokykeq[kh dk
 L rjaxsa dsoy /kjkry ds ikl gh pyrh gSA
mnkgj.k gSA
 dsoy p rjaxsa gh i`Foh ds dsUæh; Hkkx ls xqtj
3- 'kkUr Tokykeq[kh ¼Extinct½%& ;s oks Tokykeq[kh gS]
tks uk rks igys QVs gS vkSj u gh bUgs Hkfo"; esa ldrh gSA
dHkh QVus dh lEHkkouk gSA lqYrku ¼bZjku½] iksik  lHkh HkqdEih; rjaxksa dk osx vf/kd ?kuRo okys
¼E;kekj½ rFkk fdyheatkjks ¼vÝhdk½ lHkh 'kkUr inkFkksZ ls xqtjus ij c< tkrk gS rFkk de ?kuRo
Tokykeq[kh gSA okyks ls xqtjus ij ?kV tkrk gSA
 Tokykeq[kh QVus ls tks xSlsa fudyrh gS muesa ok"i dk  dsUæ&HkqdEi ds mnHko LFkku dks mldk dsUæ dgrs
çfr'kr lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA gSaA P, S, L rjaxs dsUæ ds ikl igqprh gSA
 vkLVªsfy;k egk}hi esa ,d Hkh Tokykeq[kh ugha gSA  vf/kdsUæ&HkqdEi ds dsUæ ds Bhd Åij i`Foh dh lrg
 fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk Tokykeq[kh dksVksiSDlh ¼bDokMksj½ ij fLFkr fcUnq dks HkqdEi dk vf/kdsUæ dgrs gSaA
esa gSA vf/kdsUæ ij lcls igys P rjaxs igqprh gSA
 lalkj dk lokZf/kd lfØ; Tokykeq[kh fdyk;w gSA  lqukeh%& vUr% lkxjh; HkqdEi }kjk mRiUu ygjks dks

 Tokykeq[kh ioZr ekmaV lsaV gsysal la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk tkiku esa lqukeh dgk tkrk gSA
esa fLFkr gSA uksV%& fjDVj Ldsy dk vkfo"dkj&pkYlZ fjDVj
 xslj%& tc Tokyeq[kh QVrk gS rks njkjksa ls ty rFkk ¼1935½
ok"i Å¡pkbZ ij fudydj fxjrk gS bls gh xsalj dgrs ioZr
gSaA
 mRiÙkh ds vk/kkj ij ioZr pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSA
HkwdEi 1- Cykd ioZr%& tc pV~Vkuksa esa fLFkr Hkaz'k ds dkj.k
 HkwdEi HkwiVy dh dEiu vFkok ygj gS] tks /kjkry ds e/; Hkkx uhps /k¡l tkrk gS rFkk vxy&cxy ds
uhps vFkok Åij pV~Vkuksa ds yhysiu ;k xq:Rokd"kZ.k Hkkx Å¡ps mBs çrhr gksrs rks bls Cykd ioZr dgrs
dh lefLFkfr esa {kf.kd voLFkk gksus ij mRiUu gksrh gSaA
gSA
chp ds /kals Hkkx dks fj¶V ?kkVh dgrs gSaA
 flLeksyksth %& blesa HkwdEi dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk mnkjg.k%& CykWd QkWjsLV ¼teZuh½] okLtsl ¼Ýkal½
gSA HkwdEi esa rhu çdkj ds dEiu gksrs gSa%& rFkk lkYV jsat ¼ikfdLrku½A
1- çkFkfed ygjsa ¼P-wave½%& ;g rjax i`Foh ds uksV%& fo'o dh lcls yEch fj¶V ?kkVh tkMZu unh
vUnj çR;sd ek/;e ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA bldk dh ?kkVh gS] tks yky lkxj ls gksdj tsEcsth unh
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 65
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
rd 4800 fdeh0 yEch gSA 1- vijnukRed eSnku%& unh] fgekuh] iou tSlh
2- vof'k"B ioZr%& ;s ioZr pV~Vkuks ds vijnu ds 'kfDr;ksa ds vijnu ls vijnukRed eSnku curs gSA
dkj.k fufeZr gksrs gSA tSls& fo/;kapy] lriqMk] 2- fu{ksikRed eSnku%& unh fu{ksi }kjk cMs&cMs
uhyxhfj¼byk;ph½] ikjlukFk] jktegy dh igkfM;k eSnkuksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS blesa xaxk] lryt]
¼Hkkjr½ rFkk xSlk ,o cqVs ¼vesfjdk½ vkfnA felhflIih rFkk g~okaXgks unh ds eSnku çeq[k gSA
3- lafpr ioZr%& Hkq&iVy ij feV~Vh] ckyq] dadM] ou
iRFkj rFkk ykok ds ,d LFkku ij tek gksus ls cuus
okys ioZr dks lafpr ioZr dgrs gSaA jsfxLrku esa  ou fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gSA
cuus okys ckyq ds Lrqi blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSA 1- m".k dfVcU/kh; lnkcgkj ou ¼Tropical
Evergreen Rain Forest½%& bl çdkj ds ou
4- ofyr ioZr%& ;s i`Foh dh vkarfjd 'kfDr;ksa ls
/kjkry dh pV~Vkuks ds eqM tkus ls curs gSA ;s fo"kqor js[kh; çns'k o m".k dfVcU/kh; çns'kksa esa ik;s
ygjnkj ioZr gSA tSls&fgeky;] vkYil] ;qjky] tkrs gSA ;gk¡ 200 lseh0 ls vf/kd o"kkZ gksrh
jkWdht] ,.Mht vkfnA gSA ;gk¡ isMks dh ifÙk;k¡ pkSMh gksrh gSA fo'o dk
lcls cMk lk¡i ,uksdksUMk bUgh ouks esa ik;k tkrk
uksV%& ofyr ioZrks ds fuekZ.k dk vk/kqfud fl)kUr gSA
IysV VsdVkWfud dh ladYiuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA
2- m".k dfVcU/kh; v/kZ ir>M ou ¼Tropical
tgk vkt fgeky; ioZr [kMk gS ogk¡ fdlh le; Semideciduous forest½%& ;gk¡ 150 lseh0 ls de
ij VsFkhl lkxj FkkA ;s uohure ioZr dk mnkgj.k o"kkZ gksrh gSA lky lkxoku rFkk ckal bUgh ouks esa
gSA ik;s tkrs gSA
Hkkjr dk vjkoyh ¼jktLFkku½ fo'o ds lcls iqjkus 3- fo"kqor~ jsf[k; ou%& ;s ou o`{k rFkk >kfM;ksa ds
ofyr ioZrks esa fxuk tkrk gSA vjkoyh fo'o dh feJ.k gskrs gSA tSrqu] dkWd] rFkk vksad ;gk¡ ds eq[;
lcls çkphu ioZrekyk gSA o`{k gSA
vjkoyh ioZr dh lcls Åph pksVh ekm.V vkcw ds 4- VSxk ou%& ;s lnkcgkj ou gSA ;gk¡ ds o`{kksa dh
ikl xq:f'k[kj gSA ifÙk;k uqfdyh gksrh gSA
iBkj 5- Vq.Mªk ou%& ;s ou cQZ ls <ds jgrs gSZ xehZ esa ;gk¡¡
 /kjkry dk og Hkkx tks vius vkl&ikl ds LFky ls ekl rFkk ykbdsu ds ikS/ks mxrs gSA
Å¡pk rFkk mldk 'kh"kZ Hkkx PkkSMk o likV gksrk gS og 6- ioZrh; ou%& ;gk¡¡ pkSMh iÙkh okys 'kadq/kkjh o`{k
iBkj dgykrk gSA ik;s tkrs gSA
 iBkj dh Å0 300 ls 500 eh0 rd gksrh gSA 7- ?kkl ds eSnku%& ?kkl Hkqfe;ks dks nks oxksZ esa
 fo'o dk lcls vf/kd Å¡pk iBkj frCcr dk iBkj foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
¼ikehj dk iBkj½ bldh Å0 16000 QhV gSA 1- m".k dfVcU/kh;%& lokuk ¼vÝhdk½ dEikst
 fo'o dk nwljk lcls Å¡pk iBkj gS cksyfo;k dk iBkj ¼czkthy½] ykuksl ¼csustq,yk½
¼12000 QhV½ Å0 gSA 2- 'khrks".k dfVcU/kh;%& çs;jh ¼USA o dukMk½
 dksjkr iBkj FkkbyS.M esa fLFkr gS rFkk vykLdk iBkj iEikl ¼vtsZUVhuk½ osYM ¼vÝhdk½
U.S.A esa fLFkr gSA
egk}hi
 psjkiwath ;k es?kky; iBkj ty }kjk fufeZr iBkj gSA
 i`Foh ij Hkq&Hkkx dh lcls cMh bdkbZ dks egk}hi
 Hkkjr esa NksVk ukxiqj dk iBkj rFkk la;qDr jkT; dgrs gSaA i`Foh dks lkr egk}hiks esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] tks
vesfjdk esa vkstkdZ dk iBkj xqEcnkdkj iBkj gSA vxzfyf[kr gSA ,f'k;k] vÝhdk] m0 vesfjdk] n0
eSnku vesfjdk] v.VkdZfVdk] ;wjksi rFkk vkLVªsfy;kA
 500 fQV ls de Å0 okys Hkq&i`"B ds lery Hkkx dks ,f'k;k
eSnku dgrs gSaA fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk 90 %  ;g lalkj dk lcls cMk egk}hi gS ;g fo'o ds
Hkkx eSnku esa fuokl djrk gSA lEçnk; eSnku dk yxHkx 30% {ks=Qy ij QSyk gqvk gSaA
fuekZ.k unh ds }kjk gksrk gSA
 bl egk}hi ls gksdj fo"kqor js[kk] ddZ js[kk rFkk
 eSnku vusd çdkj ds gksrs gSa%& vkdZfVd js[kk xqtjrh gSA
66 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 yky lkxj o Lost ugj ,f'k;k egk}hi dks vÝhdk  fo'o dk lcls xgjk xrZ esfj;kuk xrZ ç'kkUr
egk}hi ls vyx djrs gSA egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA
 csfjax tylaf/k ,f'k;k egk}hi dks m0 vesfjdk egk}hi  fo'o dk lcls B.Mk LFkku c[kksZ;kaLd ¼:l½ esa fLFkr
ls vyx djrh gSA gS bls i`Foh dk 'khr /kzqo dgrs gSaA
 ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fo'o dh yxHkx 60% tula[;k  fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk iBkj ikehj dk iBkj gSA orZeku
fuokl djrh gSA blfy, ;g fo'o dk lcls vf/kd esa ;g frCcr ¼phu½ esa fLFkr gSA bls lalkj dh Nr Hkh
tula[;k okyk egk}hi gSA dgrs gSaA
 csfjax tylaf/k vUrjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk ds lekUrj  ,f'k;k egk}hi esa rhu çeq[k çk;}hi gS%& vjc çk;}hi]
fLFkr gSA nDdu çk;}hi rFkk b.Mks phu çk;}hiA vjc çk;}hi
 fo'o esa flpkbZ ugjks dk lcls cMk tky ikfdLrku fo'o dk lcls cMk çk;}hi gSA
esa gSA  ,f'k;k egk}hi esa fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr f'k[kj
 fo'o dk lokZf/kd Mkd?kj okyk ns'k Hkkjr gSA ekm.V ,ojsLV fLFkr gSA bldh Å¡pkbZ 8850 eh0
 fo'o dk lokZf/kd lekpkj i<us okyk ns'k gkWxdkax gSA ;g usiky esa fLFkr gSA usiky esa bldk uke
gSA lkxjekFkk gSA ekm.V ,ojsLV fgeky; ioZrekyk dk gh
 E;kekj vius lqUnj ckS) efUnjksa ds fy, çfl) gSA Hkkx gSA
 eysfj;k dh nokbZ dquSu] fludksuk ls cukbZ tkrh gSA  phu fo'o dk lcls vf/kd eNyh idMus okyk ns'k
fo'o esa lcls vf/kd fludksuk b.Mksusf'k;k esa gksrk gSA nwljs LFkku ij tkiku gSA
gSA  tkiku dk ukdk'kkdh uxj D;w'kw }hi ij fLFkr gSA
 fo'o esa lcls vf/kd eqLyeku b.Mksusf'k;k esa gh gSA ;wjksi
 Jhyadk dh lcls yEch unh egkoSyh xaxk gSA  bl egk}hi esa 46 ns'k gSA
 ,f'k;k esa {ks0 dh n`f"V ls lcls cMk ns'k phu rFkk
 ;g fo'o dk lcls uxjh—r egk}hi gSA
lcls NksVk ns'k ekynho gSA
 fo'o dh lcls xgjh >hy cSdky >hy ,f'k;k egk}hi  ;qjky ioZr rFkk dkds'k ioZr ,f'k;k egk}hi
esa fLFkr gSA dks ;wjksi egk}hi ls vyx djrs gSA
 fo'o dk lokZf/kd tula[;k ?kuRo okyk ns'k  ;wjksi egk}hi dh lcls egRoiw.kZ unh MsU;qc gSA ;g
flaxkiqj ;gh ij gSA dkyklkxj esa fxjrh gSA
 Lost ugj Hkq&e/; lkxj dks yky lkxj ls tksMrh  ;wjksi dh lcls yEch unh oksYxk unh gSA vkxs
gSA tkdj ;g Mku unh esa fey tkrh gSA
 ,f'k;k dk lcls ?kuk clk }hi tkok ¼b.Mksusf'k;k½  iks unh dks bVyh dh xaxk Hkh dgrs gSaA
esa gSA  baXfy'k pSuy Ýkal dks U.K ls vyx djrk gSA
 LFky:n%& ftu ns'kksa dh lhek leqæ dks ugh yxrh  ;wjksi egk}hi dk lcls cMk uxj yanu gS] tks VsEl
gS mUgs LFky:n dgrs gSaA unh ij fLFkr gSA
 ,f'k;k esa fuEu ns'k LFky:) ns'k gS&  {ks0 dh n`f"V ls lcls cMk ns'k :l gSA ;g ;wjksi
dtkfdLrku] eaxksfy;k] usiky] HkwVku] ykvksl] egk}hi esa fLFkr gSA
mTcsfdLrku rFkk vQxkfuLrkuA bu ns'kksa esa lcls  bVyh dks ;wjksi dk Hkkjr dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g
cMk LFky:) ns'k dtkfdLrku gSA ns'k Hkh Hkkjr dh rjg —f"k ç/kku gS rFkk ;gk¡¡ fgeky;
 Lof.kZe f=Hkqt%& ,f'k;k ds ykvksl] FkkbyS.M rFkk ioZr dh rjg vkYil ioZr fLFkr gSA
E;kekj Lof.kZe f=Hkqt ds vUrxZr vkrs gSA
 xYQ LVªhe ty/kkjk ;wjksi dk xeZ dEcy ds uke ls
 ç'kkUr egklkxj rFkk vkdZfVd egklkxj dks csfjax tkuh tkrh gSA
tylaf/k }kjk tksMk tkrk gSA
 LohVªtjyS.M ns'k dks ;wjksi dk [ksy dk eSnku dgk
 fo'o dh lcls cMh >hy dSfLi;u lkxj ¼:l½ ,f'k;k tkrk gSA
esa fLFkr gSA
 Ýkal dh jkt/kkuh isfjl gS] tks lhu unh ds rV ij
 tks :l dk fgLlk ,f'k;k esa iMrk gS mls lkbcsfj;u fLFkr gSA bl uxj dks QS'ku dh uxjh Hkh dgrs gSaA
dgk tkrk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 67
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 'kSEisu 'kjkc fo'o esa lcls vf/kd Ýkal esa curh gSA  fo'o esa lokZf/kd lks;kchu mRikfnr djus okyk ns'k
 Ýkal dks lqjk vkSj lqanfj;ksa dk ns'k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA U.S.A gSA lcls vf/kd eDdk Hkh ;gh ij gksrh gSA
 Ýkal dh lhu unh baXfy'k pSuy esa fxjrh gSA  lalkj dk lcls cMk cUnjxkg U;q;kdZ gSA
 Ýkal dks Hkwfe rFkk tyok;q dh n`f"V ls y?kq ;wjksi dgk  m0 vesfjdk esa fLFkr lqihfj;j >hy fo'o dh lcls
tkrk gSA cMh rkts ikuh dh >hy gSA
 Ýkal ;wjksi dk ,dek= ns'k] tks [kknkUu mRiknu esa  e`r ?kkVh U.S.A ds dSfyQksfuZ;k esa fLFkr gSA
vkRefuHkZj gSA blfy, bls fdlkuksa dk ns'k Hkh dgrs  CySd fgYl] Blue Hills o Green Hills U.S.A esa fLFkr
gSaA gSA
 ;wjksi ds fQuyS.M ns'k dks >hyksa dk ns'k Hkh dgrs gSaA  f'kdkaxks USA fo'o esa lcls cMk jsyos tD'ku gSA
 bVyh fo'o dk lokZf/kd vaxjw o tSrqu mRiknd ns'k  fQYe m|ksx ds fy, dSfyQksfuZ;k dk ykl ,ftaYl
gSA 'kgj fo'o çfl) gSA gkWyhoqM ;gh ij gSA
 czsuj njkZ%& vkLVªsfy;k $ bVyh  flfydkWu oSyh vesfjdk ds dSfyQksfuZ;k esa fLFkr gS]
xzsV ls.V cjukMZ njkZ%& bVyh $ fLoV~tjyS.M tks dh lkW¶Vos;j o dEI;wVj m|ksx ds fy, çfl) gSA
 :l ds ekLdks dks ik¡p lkxjks dk cUnjxkg Hkh dgk  esfDldks fo'o dk lokZf/kd pk¡nh mRiknd ns'k gSA
tkrk gSA  m0 vesfjdk ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dks jsM bf.M;u rFkk
 xzsV fczVsu ds vUrxZr baXyS.M] osYl rFkk LdkVyS.M ,fLdeks ¼dukMk½ dgrs gSaA
'kkfey gksrs gS] tks Øe'k% blds iwohZ] if'peh rFkk  ,fLdeks dk ?kj cQZ dk cuk gksrk gS] ftls bXyq dgrs
mÙkjh Hkkx gSA gSaA
 vxj xzsV fczVsu esa m0 vk;jyS.M dks Hkh 'kkfey dj  lalkj esa lksus dh lcls cMh [kku vks.Vsfj;ks
fy;k tk;s] rks ;g U.K dgykrk gSA ¼dukMk½ esa gSA
 baXfy'k pSuy rFkk Mkscj tylaf/k U.K dks ;wjksi ls  dukMk ds vUnj D;qcsd çkar Ýsap Hkk"kk okyk {ks= gSA
vyx djrs gSA bls ns'k ds vUnj gh ns'k dk ntkZ çkIr gSA
 ;wjksi dk ;qØsu x.kjkT; fo'o dk çeq[k xsgw¡ mRiknd  U.S.A ds n0 iqohZ rV ij pyus okyk pØokr
ns'k gSA blfy, bls fo'o dk vUu Hk.Mkj rFkk jksVh VkjusMks o gfjdsu dgykrk gSA
dh Mfy;k dgrs gSaA  U.S.A dk MsVªk;V uxj dkj m|ksx dk çeq[k dsUæ
 vkyIl ioZr dk loZf/kd Hkkx fLoV~tjyS.M ns'k esa gSA gSA
bl ioZr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ekm.V CySd gS] tks fd  dukMk fo'o esa lokZf/kd dkxt mRikfnr djus okyk
Ýkal esa fLFkr gSA ns'k gSA
mÙkjh vesfjdk  D;qck }hi dks xUus dk çeq[k mRiknd gksus ds dkj.k
 mÙkjh vesfjdk fo'o dk rhljk cMk egk}hi gSA blesa phuh dk dVksjk dgk tkrk gSA
dqy 29 ns'k gSA  U.S.A dh cwVs dh [kku fo'o dh lcls cMh rk¡cs dh
 bldh [kkst dksyEcl us 1492 es dh FkhA vr% bls [kku gSA
ubZ nqfu;k dgrs gSaA  dukMk dk oqM oqQsyks us'kuy ikdZ fo'o dk lcls
 1000 if'peh ns'kkUrj js[kk bl egkns'k ds e/; ls cMk us'kuy ikdZ gSA
xqtjrh gSA  lsaV ykjsal unh >hyks ls feydj fo'o dk lcls
 m0 vesfjdk dk uke vesfjxks osliqlh uked lkglh yEck vkarfjd tyekxZ cukrh gSA
O;fDr ds uke ij vesfjdk iMkA nf{k.k vesfjdk
 iukek ugj m0 vesfjdk o n0 vesfjdk dkss tksMrh  n0 vesfjdk dk vf/kdka'k foLrkj n0 xksyk)Z esa gSA
gSA  ;g fo'o dk pkSFkk lcls cMk egk}hi gSA
 blls ç'kkUr egklkxj rFkk va/kegklkxj ds chp  nñ vesfjdk dk lokZf/kd uxjh—r ns'k m:Xos gSA
;krk;kr vklku gks x;k gSA
 nñ vesfjdk dk lcls cMk LFky:æ ns'k cksfyfo;k gSA
 iukek ugj ds nks cUnjxkg iukek rFkk dksyu gSA  czkthy dk lkUVksl cUnjxkg dkWQh cUnjxkg ds uke
68 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
ls tkuk tkrk gSA vkfFkZd] lkekftd] vkS|ksfxd o lkaL—frd {ks= esa
 czkthy fo'o es lcls vf/kd dkWQh mRiknu djus dkQh fiNMk gqvk gSA
okyk ns'k gS  vÝhdk egk}hi esa lcls vf/kd tula[;k okyk ns'k
 czkthy dk lkvks ikmyks fo'o dh dkWQh e.Mh ds uke ukbthfj;k gS rFkk vÝhdk egk}hi esa lcls vf/kd
ls tkuk tkrk gSA uxjh—r ns'k fyfc;k gSA
 czkthy es dgok ¼dkWQh½ ds ckxksa dks QtsaMk dgrs gSaA  nf{k.kh lqMku vÝhdk egk}hi dk u;k ns'k gSA ;g
 fo'o esa lcls vf/kd lk¡i czkthy esa ik;s tkrs gSA 2011 esa cuk FkkA ;g UNO dk 193ok¡ lnL; gSA
 fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk >juk ,sathy ¼osustq,yk½ dsjksuk  vÝhdk egk}hi esa cq'keSu ¼dkykgkjh½] fiXeh ¼dkxks
unh ij fLFkr gSA csflu½] cn~nw ¼lgkjk e:LFky½ vkfn tutkfr;k ik;h
tkrh gSA
 fo'o dk lcls cMk ekl fu;kZrd ns'k vtsZ.Vhuk gSA
vtsZ.Vhuk ds ?kkl dss eSnkuksa dks iEikl dgrs gSaA  vÝhdk esa ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dks lokuk rFkk osYM dgrs
iEikl eSnkuksa es vYQk&vYQk ?kkl mxk;h tkrh gSA gSaA
 nñ vesfjdk dk og LFkku tgk¡ tkM+ksa esa o"kkZ gksrh gS]  Lost ugj felz ns'k esa fLFkr gSA ;g ugj yky lkxj
e/; fpyh gSA dks Hkw&e/; lkxj ls tksMrh gSA bldh ya0 168 fdeh0
gSA bldk fuekZ.k 1869 esa fd;k x;k FkkA felz }kjk
 nñ vesfjdk egk}hi m0 vesfjdk ls iukek tylaf/k bldk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1956 esa gqvkA bl ugj ds dkj.k
}kjk feyk gqvk gSA ;wjksi ls Hkkjr vkus esa yxHkx 7000 fdeh0 nqjh dh
 nñ vesfjdk ds czkthy ns'k es cgus okyh unh vestu cpr gksrh gSA Lost ugj ds n0 {kksj ij iksVZ Lost
{ks=Qy ds cgko dh n`f"V ls fo'o dh lcls cMh unh rFkk m0 {kksj ij iksVZ lbZn cUnjxkg gSA
gSA
 fo'o dk lcls fo'kky ghjk dqfyuku gS] tks 1905 esa
vÝhdk n0 vÝhdk dh fçeh;j [kku ls [kkstk x;k FkkA
 ;g fo'o dk nwljk lcls cMk egk}hi gSA  fo'o esa lcls vf/kd lksuk Hkh n0 vÝhdk esa ik;k
 vÝhdk egk}hi ftczkYVj tylaf/k }kjk ;wjksi ls tkrk gSA
vyx gksrk gSA  n0 vÝhdk ds tksgkalcxZ dks lksus dk uxj Hkh dgk
 vÝhdk egk}hi ds iwoZ es fgUn egklkxj vksj if'pe tkrk gSA
es vVykafVd egklkxj fLFkr gSA  n0 vÝhdk esa fo'o dk 90% Øksfe;e gksrk gSA
 vÝhdk ,d ek= ,slk egk}hi gS ftlls gksdj fo"kqor  vÝhdk egk}hi esa lhly uked ikS/ks ls twV iSnk gksrk
js[kk] ddZ js[kk rFkk edj js[kk xqtjrh gSA gSA
 uhy unh dk ojnku feJ dks dgrs gSaA  vÝhdk egk}hi dk çeq[k [ktwj mRiknd ns'k felz gSA
 dkxksa unh fo"kqor js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gSA ;gk¡¡ ds fdlkuks dks QsYykg dgrs gSaA
 fyEiksiks unh edj js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gSA  felz dks ,f'k;k o ;wjksi egk}hi dk taD'ku dgrs gSaA
 vÝhdk es fLFkr fdEcjys dh [kku fo'o dh lcls cMh  dkaxksa ns'k dks ouks dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA
ghjs dh [kku gSA blfy, bls ghjks dk ns'k dgk tkrk  ,.VoiZ ¼csfYt;e½ fo'o dk ghjk O;kikj dk lcls cMk
gSA dsUæ gSA
 vkLoku ck¡/k uhy unh ij fLFkr gSA uhy unh ij clk
lcls cMk 'kgj dkfgjk gSA vkLVªsfy;k
 xksYM dksLV ds uke ls tkuk tkus okyk ns'k ?kkuk gSA  ;g lcls NksVk egk}hi gS] tks nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa fLFkr
gSA bl egk}hi esa 22 ns'k gSA edj js[kk bl egk}hi
 LVsuyh tyçikr dkxks unh ij fLFkr gSA ds chpks&chp ls xqtjrh gSA
 foDVksfj;k tyçikr tkEcsth unh ij fLFkr gSA  bl egk}hi dks }hih; egk}hi Hkh dgrs gSaA
 gkWuZ vkQ vÝhdk] vÝhdk ds iqohZ Hkkx dks dgk tkrk
 vkLVªsfy;k ds ewy fuokfl;ksa dks ,cksftZUl dgrs gSaA
gSA blds vUrxZr&bfFkiksfi;k] ftcwrh rFkk lksekfy;k
ns'k vkrs gSA  Vkjsal tylf/k%& vkLVªsfy;k $ U;qfxuh dks tksMrh gSA
 vÝhdk dks va/kegk}hi Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g  vkLVªsfy;k fo'o çfl) eSfjuks Åu dk çeq[k mRiknd
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 69
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
ns'k gSA Qsfc;u osfyax 'kklsu dks tkrk gSA
 ;gk¡¡ fo'o esa HksM ikyus okys etnqjks dks tsdk: dgrs  bl egk}hi dh loksZPp pksVh fclu ekflQ gSA
gSaA  bl egk}hi esa fØy eNyh ikbZ tkrh gS] tks >q.Mks esa
 xzsV cSfj;j jhQ ,d çoky fHkfÙk gS] tks vkLVªsfy;k esa jgrh gSA
fLFkr gSA  nf{k.kh /kzqo ij igqpus okyk O;fDr ,Melu ¼1911½ FkkA
 vkLVsªfy;k dh çeq[k ioZr Jà[kyk xzsV fMokbfMax jsat
gSA bl ioZrJs.kh vkSj bl egk}hi dk loksZPp ioZr
vaVkdZfVdk esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
f'k[kj dksL;wLdks gSA  nñ /kzqo ij igqpus okyk çFke O;fDr MkWñ fxjhjkt
 ckDlkbM lcls vf/kd vkLVªsfy;k esa gksrk gSA fljksgh FkkA
 fxClu vkSj foDVksfj;k bl egk}hi ds çeq[k e:LFky  Hkkjr us viuk igyk vaVkdZfVdk vH;ku 1981&82 esa
gSA çkjEHk fd;k FkkA bl vfHk;ku dk usr`Ro MkWñ lbZn
tgwj dkfle us fd;k FkkA
 vkLVªsfy;k egk}hi dks I;klh Hkwfe dk ns'k] ySaM vkQ
daxk: o n ySM vkQ xksYMu ¶yhl dgrs gSaA  Hkkjr ds vVkdZfVdk ij vius 'kks/k dsUæ%&
 U;qthyS.M dks nf{k.k dk fczVsu dgrs gSaA 1983 & nf{k.k xaxks=h
 U;qthyS.M esa ,ew vkSj dksdkcjkZ uked i{kh ik;s tkrs 1989 & eS=h
gSA ,ew dh Vk¡xs yEch gksrh gS vkSj blds ia[k ugha gksrs orZeku esa & Hkkjrh
gSA tye.My
 ekvksjh U;qthyS.M dh tutfr gSA fdoh U;qthyS.M
 lEiw.kZ i`Foh dk ¾ Hkkx ¼yxHkx 71% Hkkx½ ij
dk jk"Vªh; i{kh gSA tye.My dk foLrkj gSA
vaVkdZfVdk  m0 xksyk)Z esa 60-7% rFkk nñ xksyk)Z esa 80-9% Hkkx
 vaVkdZfVd egk}hi fo'o dk ik¡pok lcls cMk egk}hi ij ty gSA
gSA ;g nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa fLFkr gSA  i`Foh ij mifLFkr ty dh dqy ek=k dk 97-5% ty
 ;g egk}hi rhuksa egklkxjksa fgUn egklkxj] ç'kkUr egklkxj esa gS] tksfd [kkjk ikuh gSA
egklkxj vkSj vVykfVad egklkxj ls f?kjk gqvk gSA  dqy ty dk 2-5% Hkkx gh LoPN rFkk ehBk gSA
 bl egk}hi dk 98 % Hkkx lnk cQZ ls <dk jgrk  egklxhjh; ty ds nks egRoiw.kZ xq.k gSA
gSA blh dkj.k bls 'osr egk}hi dgrs gSaA 1- rkieku 2- yo.krk
 'khr _rq rFkk xzh"e _rq esa bl egk}hi dk vkdkj  egklkxj%& ty e.My dk og Hkkx ftldh dksbZ
vyx&vyx gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k bls xfr'khy fuf'pr lhek u gks egklkxj dgykrk gSA lcls cMk
egk}hi dgrs gSaA rFkk xgjk egklkxj ç'kkUr egklkxj gSA egklkxjksa
 ykbdsu o ekl vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi dh çeq[k dh vkSlr xgjkbZ 3800 eh0 gksrh gSA
ouLifr gSA  leqæ%& ty e.My dk og Hkkx tks rhu rjQ ty
 Dohu eksM ioZr Js.kh bl egk}hi dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa ls f?kjk gks rFkk ,d rjQ egklkxj ls feyk gks leqæ
esa ck¡Vrh gSA dgykrk gSA
uksV%& vaVkdfVZdk egk}hi dh [kkst& dsIVu tsEl  [kkMh ¼Gulf½%& leqæ dk LFkyh; Hkkx esa ços'k dj
DykdZ us 1911 bZñ esa dh FkhA tkus ij tks ty dk {ks= curk gS mls [kkMh dgrs gSaA
 fo'o esa lcls de rkieku vaVkdZfVdk ds oksLVkd esa egklkxjh; ty dk rkieku yxHkx 50C ls 330C rd
fjdkMZ fd;k x;k gSA jgrk gSA
 ekm.V ,cqZ'k bl egk}hi dk lfØ; Tokykeq[kh gSA  vkdkj esa vUrj ds dkj.k vVykfUVd egklkxj esa
 bl egk}hi dh [kkst dk igyk ç;kl vaxzst ukfod okf"kZd rkikUrj ç'kkUr egklkxj dh vis{kk vf/kd
tsEl dqd us fd;k FkkA ysfdu og eq[; Hkwfe rd ugha gksrk gSA
igq¡p ik;k FkkA  m0 xksyk)Z esa nñ xksyk)Z dh rqyuk esa rkikUrj vf/kd
 bl egk}hi dh eq[; Hkwfe dh [kkst djus dk Js; gksrk gSA

70 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 yo.krk dks çfr gtkj esa O;Dr djrs gSA fgUn egklkxj
 leqæh ty dh vkSlr yo.krk yxHkx 35 çfr gtkj  blds m0 esa ,f'k;k egk}hi] nf{k.k esa vaVkdZfVdk
gksrh gSA egk}hi] iwoZ esa vkLVªsfy;k egk}hi rFkk if'pe esa
 leku [kkjsiu okys LFkkuksa dks feykdj [khph xbZ js[kk vÝhdk egk}hi fLFkr gSA ;g ,d v)Zegklkxj gSA
dks leyo.k js[kk dgrs gSaA  bl egklkxj dk lcls cMk }hi esMkxkLdj gSA
 fo'o esa lcls vf/kd yo.krk rqdhZ dh oku >hy esa gSA  fM;kxks xkf'kZ;k }hi Hkh fgUn egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA
nwljk LFkku e`r lkxj dk gSA  ekWjh'kl }hi Hkh blh egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA bl }hi
 ç'kkUr egklkxj esa xqvke }hi ds fudV fLFkr dk fuekZ.k Tokykeq[kh çfØ;k ls gqvk gSA
esfj;kuk xrZ lcls xgjk xrZ gSA bldh xgjkbZ yxHkx  y{;}hi o eky}hi çoky }hiksa ds mnkgj.k gSA
11 fdeh0 gSA bls pSysUtj xrZ Hkh dgrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty /kkjk;sa
 xzsV csfj;j jhQ vkLVªsfy;k ds DohalyS.M ds lehi
 ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr vf/kd nqjh rd egklkxj ds
fLFkr gSA ;g lalkj dh lcls cMh çoky fHkRrh gS] tks
ty ds fo'kky çokg dks egklkxjh; ty/kkjk dgrs
ç'kkUr egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA
gSaA ;s fuEu nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&
 fo'o ds çeq[k xrZ 1- xeZ ty/kkjk%& ;g ty/kkjk çk;% Hkw&e/; js[kk ls
esfj;kuk xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj /kzqoksa dks vksj pyrh gSA fuEu v{kka'kksa ls mPp
Vksaxk xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj v{kka'kksa dh rjQ cgus okyh ty/kkjk dks xeZ
feaMukvksa xrZ & ç'kkUr egklkxj ty/kkjk dgrs gSaA ;s /kkjk;s ftu {ks=ksa esa pyrh gS
ogk¡ rkieku c<k nsrh gSA
lq.Mk xrZ & fgUn egklkxj
2- B.Mh ty/kkjk%& mPp v{kka'kksa ls fuEu v{kka'kkas dh
ç'kkUr egklkxj vksj cgus okyh ty/kkjk dks B.Mh ty/kkjk dgrs
 ;g /kjkry ds 1@3 Hkkx dks <drk gSA bldh vk—fr gSaA ;s çk;% /kzqoks ls Hkw&e/; js[kk dh rjQ pyrh gSA
f=Hkqtkdkj gS ,oa {ks= lEiw.kZ LFky ds {ks=Qy ls ;s /kkjk;s ftu {ks=ksa esa tkrh gS ogk¡ rkieku ?kVk
vf/kd gSA nsrh gSA
 bldk 'kh"kZ Hkkx csfjax tylaf/k ij rFkk vk/kkj uksV%& mrjh xksyk)Z dh ty/kkjk,¡ vius nk;s vksj
vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi ij gSA blds if'pe esa ,f'k;k o n0 xksyk)Z dh ty/kkjk,¡ vius ck;s vksj cgrh
egk}hi rFkk vkLVªsfy;k egk}hi iwoZ esa m0&n0 gSA ;g dkWfjvksfyl cy ds çHkko ls gksrk gSA
vesfjdk egk}hi rFkk n0 esa vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi fLFkr mijksDr fn;s x;s dFku dk viokn fgUn egklkxj
gSA ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa ik;k tkrk gS bl Hkkx esa /kkjkvksa
 bl fo'kky egklkxj esa dqy 2000 ls vf/kd }hi gSA ds cgus dh fn'kk ekulwu fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ;gk¡
xeZ ty/kkjk,¡ B.Ms lkxj dh vksj o B.Mh
vVykfUVd egklkxj ty/kkjk,¡ xeZ lkxjks dh vksj cgus yxrh gSA
 ;g lEiw.kZ lalkj dk NBk Hkkx gSA bldk {ks0 ç'kkUr ç'kkUr egklkxj dh ty/kkjk,¡
egklkxj dk yxHkx vk/kk vkSj lalkj ds {ks0 dk
xeZ B.Mh
yxHkx 16% gSA
,yuhuks ty/kkjk dSyhQksfuZ;k dh ty/kkjk
 bl egklkxj dh vk—fr vaxzsth ds S vk—fr ls
feyrh tqyrh gSA D;wjksfl;k dh ty/kkjk vaVkdZfVdk dh ty/kkjk
 blds if'pe esa m0 o n0 vesfjdk egk}hi] iwoZ esa lq'khek dh ty/kkjk gEcksYV dh ty/kkjk
;wjksi o vÝhdk egk}hi rFkk nf{k.k esa vaVkdZfVdk vykLdk dh ty/kkjk D;wjkby dh ty/kkjk
fLFkr gSA vVykfUVd egklkxj dh ty/kkjk,¡
 cjeqMk Hkh n0 vaVkdZfVdk egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA xeZ B.Mh
 jkseka'k xEHkhj vVykfUVd egklkxj dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa xYQ LVªhe ty/kkjk ysczkMksj dh ty/kkjk
esa ck¡Vrk gSA
¶yksfjMk ty/kkjk QkWdySaM dh ty/kkjk
czkthy ty/kkjk dukjh dh ty/kkjk
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 71
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
fgUn egklkxj dh ty/kkjk,¡  ok;qe.My esa fofHkUu çdkj dh xSl ik;h tkrh gSA
ukbVªkstu & 78-07%
xeZ B.Mh
vkWDlhtu & 20-93%
ekstkfEcd dh ty/kkjk if'pe vkLVªsfy;k dh ty/kkjk dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM & 0-03%
vxqygkl dh ty/kkjk vkWxZu & 0-93%
 U;qQkm.MyS.M ds lehi xYQLVªhe o ysczkMksj dh ok;qe.My esa ik;h tkus okyh
ty/kkjk feyrh gSA tgk¡ xeZ ty/kkjk o B.Mh ty/kkjk dqN egRoiw.kZ xSal
vkil esa feyrh gSA ogk¡ IySDVu uked ?kkl ik;h  ukbVªkstu&;g xSl ok;qe.My esa lcls vf/kd ek=k esa
tkrh gSA ik;h tkrh gSA ;g xSl ok;qe.My esa 128 fdeh0 dh
 ;g LFkku eNyh ikyu ds fy, cgqr vf/kd fodflr Å¡pkbZ rd QSyh gqbZ gSA ;fn ok;qe.My esa ukbVªkstu
gksrk gSA ugha gksrh rks vkx ij fu;a=.k j[kuk dfBu gks tkrk
 eNyh ikyu ds fy, çfl) LFkku xzk.M cSad gSA ukbVªkstu ls isM&ikS/kks esa çksVhu dk fuekZ.k gksrk
U;qqQkm.MyS.M ds lehi vVykafVd egklkxj esa fLFkr gS] tks Hkkstu dk eq[; vax gSA
gSA  vkWDlhtu%& ;g xSl ok;qe.My esa 64 fdeh0 dh
Tokj&HkkVk Å¡pkbZ rd QSyh gqbZ gS] ijUrq 16 fdeh0 ls Åij
 pUæek rFkk lw;Z dh vkd"kZ.k 'kfDr ds dkj.k lkxj ds tkdj bldh ek=k cgqr de gks tkrh gSA vkWDlhtu
ty dks Åij mBus rFkk fxjus dks Tokj&HkkVk dgrs ds fcuk ge b/kZu ugha tyk ldrsA vr% ;g ÅtkZ dk
gSaA eq[; L=ksr gSA
 lkxj ds ty dks Åij mBdj vkxs c<us dks Tokj  dkcZu&MkbZ&vkWDlkbM&;g lcls Hkkjh xSl gS blh
rFkk lkxj ds ty dks uhps fxjdj ihNs ykSVus dks dkj.k ;g lcls fupyh ijr esa feyrh gSA fQj Hkh
HkkVk dgrs gSaA bldk foLrkj 32 fdeh0 dh Å¡pkbZ rd gSA ;g xSl
xzhu gkml çHkko ds fy, ftEesnkj gS vkSj ok;qe.My
 vekoL;k o iwf.kZek ds fnu pUæek] lw;Z o i`Foh ,d dh fupyh ijr dks xeZ j[krh gSA
lh/k esa gksrs gSA vr% bl fnu mPp Tokj mRiUu gksrk
gSA  vkstksu&;g xSl vkWDlhtu dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gSA
;g ok;qe.My esa vf/kd Å¡pkbZ rd cgqr de ek=k esa
 pUæek dk Tokj mRiknd cy lw;Z dh vis{kk nks xquk feyrh gSA ;g lw;Z ls vkusokyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls
gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g lw;Z dh rqyuk esa i`Foh ls vf/kd gesa cpkrh gSA ;fn ok;qe.My esa vkstksu xSl dh
fudV gSA ek=k de gks tk;s rks lw;Z dh ijkcSaxuh fdj.ks vf/kd
 tc lw;Z o pUæek i`Foh ds dsUæ ij ledks.k cukus gS ek=k esa i`Foh rd igqpdj dSl a j tSlh Hk;kud
rks ml fnu fuEu Tokj mRiUu gksrk gSA chekfj;k QSyk ldrh gSA
 i`Foh ds çR;sd LFkku ij çfrfnu 12 ?k.Vs 26 feuV uksV%& vkstu ijr dks C.F.C ¼Dyksjks&Qyksjks&
ckn Tokj vkrk gS rFkk Tokj ds 6 ?k.Vs 13 feuV dkcZu½ xSl uqdlku igqpk¡ jgh gSA
ckn HkkVk vkrk gSA  tyok"i&ok;qe.My esa tyok".k lcls vf/kd
 Tokj çfrfnu nks ckj vkrk gSA ,d ckj pUæek ds ifjorZu'khy o vleku forj.k okyh xSl gSA ;g 8
vkd"kZ.k ls vkSj nwljh ckj i`Foh ds vidsUæh; cy ls fdeh0 dh Å¡pkbZ rd ik;h tkrh gSA blds la?kuu
 baXyS.M ds n0 esa fLFkr lkmFkSEiVu esa çfrfnu Tokj gksus ds dkj.k ckny] o"kkZ] dksgjk] vksl rFkk fge vkfn
4 ckj vkrk gSA dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;g ,d dEcy dk dke djrh gS]
ftls i`Foh u rks vR;kf/kd xeZ gksrh gS u vR;kf/kd
 egklkxj ds ty dk mPpre rkieku vxLr esa rFkk
B.MhA
U;wure rkieku Qjojh esa vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA
 vkdk'k dk jax uhyk /kqy d.k ds dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk
ok;qe.My gSA
 i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ls f?kjs gq, ok;q ds foLr`r QSyko  dkcZuMkbZ vkWDlkbM rFkk tyok"i i`Foh ds rkieku dks
dks ok;qe.My dgrs gSaA cuk;s j[krs gSA
 ok;qe.My dh Åijh ijr ds v/;;u dks ok;qfoZKku  ok;qe.My dh lajpuk%& ok;qe.My dks fuEu ijrks
vksj fupyh ijr ds v/;;u dks _rq foKku dgrs gSaA esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
72 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
1- {kksHk e.My ¼Troposphere½%& ;g ok;qe.My dh  lw;Z ls i`Foh rd igq¡pus okys lkSj fod.kZ ÅtkZ dks
lcls fupyh ijr gSA bl e.My dks v/kkse.My Hkh lw;Zrki dgrs gSaA ;g ÅtkZ y?kq rjaxksa ds :i esa lw;Z
dgrs gSaA bldh Å¡pkbZ /kqzoksa ij 8 fdeh0 o fo"kqor ls i`Foh rd igqprh gSA
js[kk ij yxHkx 18 fdeh0 gksrh gSA  i`Foh lw;Z fofdj.k dh ÅtkZ dk 51% Hkkx çkIr djrh
 lHkh ok;qe.Myh; ?kVuk, tSls ckny] vk¡/kh rFkk gSA
o"kkZ blh e.My esa gksrh gSA  lerki js[kk%& leku rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks feykus
 bldks laogu e.My Hkh dgrs gSaA okyh dkYifud js[kk lerki js[kk dgykrh gSA
2- lerki e.My ¼Stratosphere½%& lerki e.My  vf/kdre rFkk U;wure rkieku ds vUrj dks rkikUrj
18 ls 32 fdeh0 rd dh Å¡pkbZ rd gSA dgrs gSaA ;s nks çdkj dk gksrk gSA
 blesa rkieku leku jgrk gSA 1- nSfud rkikUrj%& fdlh LFkku ij fdlh ,d fnu
 bldh eksVkbZ /kzqoks ij lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA ds vf/kdre rFkk U;wure rkieku ds vUrj dks ogk¡
dHkh&dHkh fo"kqor js[kk ij bldk yksi gks tkrk dk nSfud rkikUrj dgrs gSaA
gSA 2- okf"kZd rkikUrj%& fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ds lcls xeZ
 bl e.My esa ok;q;ku mMkus dh vkn'kZ n'kk rFkk B.Ms eghus ds vkSlr rkieku ds vUrj dks
ik;h tkrh gSA okf"kZd rkikUrj dgrs gSaA
 dHkh&dHkh bl e.My esa fo'ks"k çdkj ds es?kks  fo'o esa lokZf/kd rkikUrj :l ds cb[kksZ;kaLd esa ik;k
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls ewykHk es| dgrs gSaA tkrk gSA
3- vkstksu e.My ¼Ozonosphere½%& ;g 32 fdeh0 ok;qnkc
ls 60 fdeh0 rd dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA  lkekU; n'kkvksa es leqæ ry ij ok;qnkc ikjs ds 76
 bl e.My esa ,d vkstksu xSl dh ijr ik;h lseh0 Å¡ps LrEHk }kjk iMus okyk nkc gksrk gSA
tkrh gS] tks lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh  ok;qnkc cSjksehVj }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gSA blfy, bls
 ok;qe.Mhy; nkc dh bdkbZ ckj gSA
i`Foh dk lqj{kk dop dgrs gSaA
 lenkc js[kk%& leku ok;qnkc okys LFkkuksa dks feykus
 vkstksu ijr dks u"V djus okyh xSl C.F.C gS]
okyh dkYifud js[kk lenkc js[kk dgykrh gSA
tks AC, fÝt tSls midj.kksa ls fudyrh gS]
blesa lcls T;knk uqdlku Dyksfju xSl ds fo'o dh çeq[k tutkfr;k¡
dkj.k gksrk gSA tutkfr ns'k
 vkstksu ijr dh eksVkbZ ukius esa Mkclu bdkbZ ekvksjh & U;qthyS.M
dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,Ldheks & dukMk ¼xzhuyS.M½
 bl e.My esa Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk rkieku c< tkrk
[khjxht & e/; ,f'k;k
gSA çfr fdeh0 esa 50C dh o`f) gksrh gSA
lsekax & eysf'k;k
4- vk;u e.My ¼Ionosphere½%& bldh Å¡pkbZ 60
fdeh0 ls 640 fdeh0 rd gksrh gSA tqyq & n0 vÝhdk
 bl e.My esa jsfM;ks] Vh- oh-, jMkj rFkk Qksu dh gSnk & vesfjdk
lapkj fdj.ks ijkofrZr gksrh gSA ;kdw & Vq.Mªk çns'k
 lapkj mixzg blh e.My esa ik;s tkrs gSA jsM bf.M;u & m0 vesfjdk ¼dukMk½
5- cká e.My ¼Exosphere½%& 640 fdeh0 ls Åij ;wdkf/kj & lkbcsfj;k
ds Hkkx dks cká e.My dgrs gSaA bldh Åij dh vQjhnh & ikfdLrku
dksbZ lhek fu/kkZfjr ugh gSA elkbZ & dsU;k
 bl e.My esa gkbMªkstu o ghfy;e xSl dh
cksjks & czkthy
ç/kkurk gksrh gSA
uhxzks & e/; vÝhdk
 bl e.My esa vkSjksjk vkWLVªkfyl rFkk vkSjksjk
cksfj;kfyl uked ?kVuk gksrh gSA vkbuw & tkiku

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 73

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
tutkfr ns'k fo'o ds çeq[k [kuht mRiknd ns'k
fiXeht & dkaxks csflu
[kfut çFke f}rh;
cn~nw & vjc
dks;yk phu vesfjdk
bdkFkk & n0 vÝhdk
cq'keSu ¼cksRlokuk½ & dkykgkjh e:LFky ykSg v;Ld phu vkWLVªsfy;k
osnkl & Jhyadk rk¡ck fpyh is:
vkSdk & bDokMksj lksuk phu vkWLVªsfy;k
vksax & Hkkjr pk¡nh eSfDldks is:
,Vk & fQyhihUl ,Y;wehfu;e phu :l
rkrkj & lkbcsfj;k
fVu phu baMksusf'k;k
fo'o ds çeq[k Qly mRiknd ns'k ;wjsfu;e dtkf[kLrku dukMk
Qly çFke f}rh; eSaxuht nñ vÝhdk phu
xsgw¡ phu Hkkjr ,.Vheuh phu rtkfdLrku
/kku phu Hkkjr jkd QkLQsV phu eksjDdks
xUuk czkthy Hkkjr lhes.V phu Hkkjr
dikl Hkkjr phu dksckYV dkaxks :l
dsyk Hkkjr phu QsYLikj rqdhZ bVyh
ukfj;y baMksusf'k;k fQyhihal xzsQkbV phu Hkkjr
rEckdw phu czkthy ftIle phu vesfjdk
çk—frd jcj FkkbZySaM baMksusf'k;k IysfVue nñ vÝhdk :l
vkyw phu Hkkjr VaxLVu phu :l
I;kt phu Hkkjr VkbVsfu;e phu :l
twV Hkkjr ckaXykns'k ghjk dkaxks :l
nygu phu Hkkjr çk—frd xSl vesfjdk :l
tkS ;wjksih; ;wfu;u :l [kfut vesfjdk lÅnh vjc
Tokj vesfjdk Hkkjr
lks;kchu vesfjdk czkthy
ufn;ks ds fdukjs cls fo'o ds çeq[k uxj
uxj unh
ew¡xQyh phu Hkkjr
of'kaxVu & iksVksesd
jsilhM dukMk phu dkfgjk & uhy
lwjteq[kh ;qØsu :Lk [kkjrqe ¼lqMku½ & uhy
lsc phu vesfjdk isfjl & lhu
elkys Hkkjr ckaXykns'k jkse & Vkbcj
vaxwj bVyh Ýkal cxnkn & fVxfj'k
cfyZu & Lçh
larjk czkthy phu
iFkZ & Loku

74 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
uxj unh fo'o dh çeq[k tylfU/k;k¡
vkLoku & uhy
tylfU/k ladsr % fdl&fdl dks tksMrh gS
yUnu & VsEl dk uke HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr
csyxzsM & MsU;qc
eyDdk vaMeku lkxj ,oa nf{k.kh phu lkxj
dksyksu & jkbu tylfU/k baMksusf'k;k&eysf'k;k
yhojiqy & elhZ ikd eUukj ,oa caxky dh [kkMh
cqMkisLV & MsU;qc tylfU/k Hkkjr&Jhyadk
fo;uk & MsU;qc lq.Mk tkok lkxj ,oa fgUn egklkxj
Vksfd;ks & vjkdkok tylfU/k baMksusf'k;k
'ka?kkbZ & ;kaxfVlhD;kax lqlhek tkiku lkxj ,oa iwohZ phu egklkxj
jaxwu & bjkorh tylfU/k tkiku
Mcfyu & fyQks ekstkfEcd fgUn egklkxj
pVxko & eS;k.kh pSuy ekstkafcd&ekykxklh
f'kdkxksa & f'kdkxksa Vksjl vjkQqjk lkxj ,oa ikiqvk dh [kkMh
cljk & ntyk rFkk Qjkr tylfU/k ikiqvk&U;wfxuh&vkWLVªsfy;k
D;wcsd & lsaV ykjsl csfjax csfjax lkxj ,oa pqdlh lkxj
dho & uhij tylfU/k vykLdk&:l
LVkfyuxzkaM & oksYxk Msfol csfQu [kkMh ,oa vVykafVd egklkxj
fyLcu & Vaxl tylfU/k xzhuySaM&dukMk
U;w;kdZ & gMlu Mksoj bafXy'k pSuy ,oa mÙkjh lkxj
vksVkok & lsaVykjsal tylfU/k baXySaM&Ýkal
flMuh & MkfyaZx ¶yksfjMk eSfDldks dh [kkMh] vVykafVd egklkxj
ekf.Vª;y & lsaV ykjsasl tylfU/k la0 jk0 vesfjdk&D;wck
ekLdks & eksLdok gkeqZt Qkjl dh [kkMh ,oa vkseku dh [kkMh
lasV yqbZl & felhflih tylfU/k vkseku&bZjku
fo'o dh çeq[k ugjsa gMlu gMlu dh [kkMh o vVykafVd egklkxj
 dhy ugj ¼teZuh½%& mRrjh lkxj $ ckYVhd lkxj tylfU/k dukMk
 K.P. ugj ¼Hkkjr½%& vka/kz çns'k $ rfeyukMq ftczkYVj Hkwe/; lkxj ,oa vVykafVd egklkxj
 Lost ugj ¼feJ½%& yky lkxj $ Hkqe/; lkxj tylfU/k Lisu&eksjDdks
 lw ugj ¼U.S.A½%& lqihfj;j >hy $ g;wju >hy eSxsyu ç'kkar ,oa nf{k.k vVykafVd egklkxj
 iukek ugj ¼iukek½%& vVykfUVd egklkxj $ ç'kkUr tylfU/k fpyh
egklkxj ¼dSfjfc;u lkxj½
fo'o ds dqN çeq[k ns'k
 eSupsLVj ugj ¼xszV fczVsu½%& eSupsLVj $ yhoj iqy
rFkk 'kgj ds iqjkus ,oa u, uke
 oksYxk Mku ugj ¼:l½%& jksLVkso $ LVkfyu xzkaM
 bZjh ugj ¼USA½%& bZjh >hy $ fe'khxu >hy u;s uke iqjkus uke
 xksVk ugj ¼LohMu½%& LVkdgkse $ xqVsucxZ tk;js dkaxks
 U;q okVj os ¼teZuh½%& mrjh lkxj $ jkVjMe FkkbZySaM L;ke
 iukek ugj%& bldk fuekZ.k 1914 esa gqvkA çkjEHk esa rkboku QkeksZlk
bl ij vesfjdk dk vf/kdkj FkkA ijUrq 2000 ls bl
ij iukek dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA lwjhuke Mp xqvkuk
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 75
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
u;s uke iqjkus uke n0 dk fczVsu U;qthySaM
ukehfc;k nf{k.k&if'peh vÝhdk uhy unh dh nsu felz
bjkd eslksiksVkfe;k mxrs lw;Z dk ns'k tkiku
bZjku if'kZ;k Mqcrs lw;Z dk ns'k fczVsu
;kxwu jaxwu e/; jkf= ds ukosZ
?kkuk xksYM dksLV lw;Z mn; dk ns'k
dacksfM;k daiwfp;k] [kesj iqoZ dk eSupsLVj vkslkdk
bfFk;ksfi;k vchlhfu;k baXyS.M dk cxhpk dsUV
chftax ihfdax xksjks dh dcz fxuh rV ¼vÝhdk½
E;kaekj cekZ dsdks dh Hkwfe LdkVySa.M
ftEckCos nf{k.k jksMsf'k;k fo'o dk phuh dk dVksjk D;wck
tkfEc;k mÙkj jksMsf'k;k ,.Vhyht dk eksrh D;wck
xkMZu lhVh f'kdkxks
fo'o ds çeq[k HkkSxksfyd miuke gok okyk 'kgj f'kdkxks
ykSax dk }hi tathckj phu dk 'kksd áaxgks unh
LofIuy ehukjksa okyk 'kgj vkWDlQksMZ ¼baXyS.M½ ¼ihyh unh½
;wjksi dk okjk.klh yhMsu flVh daxk:vks dh Hkwfe vkLVªsfy;k
¼fLoV~tjyS.M½ >hyks dk ns'k fQuyS.M
ejdr }hi vk;jyS.M Hkq&e/; lkxj dk }kj ftczkYVj
lkr igkfM;ksa dk uxj jkse ifo= Hkwfe ts:lye ¼btjkby½
iksi dk 'kgj jkse fyyh dk ns'k dukMk
bZVjuy lhVh jkse gtkjks gkFkh;ksa dh Hkwfe ykvksl
gksyh lhVh jkse lQsn gkFkh;ksa dh Hkwfe FkkbZyS.M
if'pe dk cschyksu jkse xzsukbV lhVh ,ojMhu
jDro.kZ efgyk jkse iqoZ dk osful dksfPp ¼dsjy½
çkphu fo'o dh lezkKh jkse vjc lkxj dh jkuh dksfPp ¼dsjy½
,Eik;j lhVh U;w;kdZ ¼USA½ Dosdj lhVh fQykMsfYQ;k
lalkj dh Nr ikehj dk iBkj ;wjksi dk [ksy dk eSnku LohV~tjyS.M
lkr Vkiqvksa dk uxj eqEcbZ fujarj cgus okys fDoVks
Hkkjr dk elkyksa dk cxhpk dsjy >juks dk 'kgj
'osr 'kgj csyxzsM yS.M vkWQ Fk.MjkoksYV HkwVku
eksfr;ksa dk }hi cgjhu ¼fctyh dh xMxkgV dk ns'k½
iou pDdh;ksa dh Hkwfe uhnjySaM fgUn egklkxj dk eksrh Jhyadk
va/kegk}hi vÝhdk iqoZ dk eksrh Jhyadk
;wjksi ds ck:n dk ihik ckYdu
76 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
Lekjdksa dh uxjh fo;uk uke mn~xe LFkku fxjus dk LFkku
fo'o dh tUur isfjl bjkorh unh ekuljksoj >hy caxky dh [kkMh
lalkj dk jksVh Hk.Mkj çs;jht MsU;qc unh CySd QksjsLV ¼teZuh½ dkyk lkxj
¼m0 vesfjdk½ vestu unh ySxks foyQsjks vVykafVd egklkxj
Lokf.kZe iSxksMk dk ns'k E;kaekj ukbtj unh fxuh rV fxuh dh [kkMh
fo'o dh çeq[k HkkSxksfyd [kkstsa ehdkax unh frCcr dk iBkj nf{k.kh phu lkxj
mÙkjh /kqzo jkcZV fi;js ¼U.S.A, 1909½  edj js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gS&fyEiksiks unh ¼nñ
nf{k.kh /kzqo ,eaMlu ¼ukosZ] 1911½ vÝhdk½
 Hkq&e/; js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gS&dkaxks unh ¼tk;js
lkSje.My dh [kkst dkWijfuDl ¼ikSys.M] 1540½
unh½
gokbZ }hi leqg dh [kkst dSIVu dqd ¼1770½  ddZ js[kk dks nks ckj dkVrh gS&ekgh unh ¼Hkkjr½
Lost ugj dk fuekZ.k QnhZuUn&n&ysisIl ¼1869½  vewj unh :l rFkk phu ds chp esa lhek cukrh gSA
xzgks dh xfr dk fu;e dsiyj ¼teZuh½  foDVksfj;k ty çikr rFkk djhck ck¡/k tkEcsth unh ij
Hkkjr dh [kkst okLdksfMxkek ¼iqrZxky½ fLFkr gSA
 felhflih unh fo'o dk lcls cMk unh rU= cukrh
fo'o dk Hkze.k eSxyu gSA blds }kjk cuk;k x;k MsYVk i{kh ds iats tSlk
U;wQkm.MySaM dh [kkst tkWu dSosV gksrk gSA
vesfjdk dh [kkst dksyEcl ¼1492½ fo'o ds çeq[k vkS|ksfxd uxj
n0 ç'kkUr egklkxj eSxyu uxj m|ksx
dh [kkst
MsVªk;V vkVkseksckby ¼USA½
fo'o ds çfl) LFkku
gkyhoqM fQYe m|ksx ¼USA½
OgkbV gkml okf'kaxVu DC
isaVkxu okf'kaxVu DC gokuk flxkj ¼D;qck½
vksisjk gkml flMuh ¼vkLVªsfy;k½ eqYrku feV~Vh ds crZu ¼ikfdLrku½
,fQy Vkoj isfjl ¼Ýkal½ eSupsLVj lwrh oL= m|ksx ¼baXyS.M½
eMsZdk iSysl tdkrkZ ¼b.Mksusf'k;k½ vkslkdk lwrh oL= m|ksx ¼tkiku½
>qdh gqbZ ehukj ihlk ¼bVyh½
csyQkLV tgkt fuekZ.k
Mkmfuax LVªhV yanu
dkyksfl;e jkse ¼bVyh½ fo'o dh çeq[k ouLifr
LVSP;w vkWQ fycVhZ U;w;kdZ ¼USA½ gSyksQkbV uedhu {ks= esa ik;h tkus okyh ouLifr
VªksiksQkbV m".k dfVca/kh; tyok;q okyh ouLifr
fo'o dh çeq[k unh
eslksQkbV 'khrks".k dfVcaU/k tyok;q okyh ouLifr
uke mn~xe LFkku fxjus dk LFkku
uhy unh foDVksfj;k >hy Hkw&e/; lkxj fyFkksQkbV pV~Vkuksa esa ik;h tkus okyh
czãiq= unh ekuljksoj >hy caxky dh [kkMh gkbxzksQkbV nynyh {ks=ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh
flU/kq unh ekuljksoj >hy vjc lkxj

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 77

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
fo'o ds çeq[k ns'kksa dh jkt/kkuh ,oa eqæk ns'k jkt/kkuh eqæk
ns'k jkt/kkuh eqæk flaxkiqj flaxkiqj MkWyj
Hkkjr ubZ fnYyh :i;k ekWjh'kl iksVZ yqbZl :i;k
ckaXykns'k <kdk Vdk eksjDdks jckr fnjge
HkwVku fFkEiw UxqyVªe nñ vÝhdk fçVksfj;k jSaM
usiky dkBekaMw :i;k lwMku [kkjrwe ikmaM
ikfdLrku bLykekckn :i;k ls'ksYl foDVksfj;k :i;k
vQxkfuLrku dkcqy vQxkuh V~;wuhf'k;k V~;wfu'k nhukj
phu chftax ;qvku ftEckCos gjkjs MkWyj
Jhyadk dksyEcks :i;k felz dkfgjk ikmaM
bZjku rsgjku fj;ky ?kkuk vØk dsMh
bjkd cxnkn fnukj dsU;k uSjksch f'kfyax
baMksusf'k;k tdkrkZ :i;k ftcwrh ftcwrh ÝSad
cgjhu eukek fnukj dukMk vksVkok MkWyj
eaxksfy;k mykucVksj rqxfjd D;wck gokuk ihlks
eysf'k;k Dokykyaiqj fjaxfxV cjewMk gsfeYVu MkWyj
ekynho ekys :fQ;k eSfDldks eSfDldks flVh ihlks
yscuku cs:r ikmaM la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk okf'kaxVu MkWyj
FkkbZyS.M cSadkd cgr teSdk fdaxLVu MkWyj
la;qDr vjc vehjkr vcw/kkch fnjge czkthy czkthfy;k fj,y
rqdhZ vadkjk yhjk fpyh lkafr;kxks ihlks
drj nksgk fj;ky lqjhuke ijkekfjcks fxYMj
dEcksfM;k UgkseisUg fj,y vtsZVhuk C;wul vk;lZ vtsZ.Vhuks
mÙkj dksfj;k I;ksaxI;kax okWu :l ekLdks :cy
nf{k.k dksfj;k flvksy okWu Lisu eSfMªM ;wjks
edkÅ edkÅ iVkdk iksyS.M okjlk Tyksrh
tkiku VksD;ks ;su ukosZ vksLyks Øksu
czwusbZ canjlsjh MkWyj iqrZxky fyLcu ;wjks
lkbçl fudksfl;k ikmaM Ýkal isfjl ;wjks
gkaxdkax foDVksfj;k MkWyj teZuh cfyZu ;wjks
xqvke vxkuk MkWyj ;wuku ,Fksal ;wjks
vkseku eLdV fj;ky gaxjh cqMkisLV ÝksfjaV
fQyhihal euhyk ihlks MsuekdZ dksisugsxu Øksu
lhfj;k nfe'd ikmaM fyFkqvkfu;k fofYu;l ;wjks
lÅnh vjc fj;kn fj;ky ,Lrksfu;k rkfYyu ;wjks

78 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
ns'k jkt/kkuh eqæk  gaxjh esa fLFkr LVsih ?kkl Hkwfe;ksa dks iqLrkt dgk
tkrk gSA
LohMu LVkWdgkse Øksuk
 Jhyadk ds ?kkl ds eSnku iVkuk ds uke ls tkus tkrs
fLoV~tjyS.M cuZ ÝSad gSA
xzsV&fczVsu yanu ikmaM  bjkonh unh dks E;kaekj dh thou/kkjk dgrs gSaA
fQuyS.M gsyfladh ;wjks  csfYt;e dk ,.VoiZ uxj fo'o esa ghjk O;kikj dk
uhnjyS.M~l ,eLVjMZe ;wjks lcls cMk dsUæ gSA
vkfLVª;k fo;uk ;wjks Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy
ekYVk okysVk ;wjks  Hkkjr dh vk—fr prq"dks.kh; gSA
jksekfu;k cq[kkjsLV Y;w  v{kka'k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr mÙkjh xksyk)Z dk ns'k gS rFkk
ns'kkUrj dh n`f"V ls iwohZ xksyk)Z ds e/; esa gSA
vtjcStku ckdw eukr  Hkkjr mÙkjh xksyk)Z esa 8º4 ls 37º6 mÙkjh v{kka'k rFkk
vk;jyS.M Mcfyu ;wjks 68º7 ls 97º25 iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds chp fLFkr gSA
yDlecxZ yDlecxZ ;wjks  Hkkjr dk {ks=Qy 32]87]263 oxZ fdeh0 gSA
csfYt;e czqlsYl ;wjks  {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr 7ok¡ lcls cMk ns'k gSA
cqYxkfj;k lksfQ;k ;wjks 1- :l 2- dukMk 3- phu
ykrfo;k jhxk ;wjks 4- USA 5- czkthy 6- vkLVªsfy;k
7- Hkkjr 8- vtsZ.Vhuk
vkWLVªsfy;k dsucjk MkWyj
 tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr fo'o dk nwljk lcls cMk
U;wthyS.M osfyaXVu MkWyj ns'k gSA
fQth lqok MkWyj 1- phu 2- Hkkjr 3- USA
4- b.Mksusf'k;k 5- czkthy 6- ikfdLrku
egRoiw.kZ rF; % fo'o 7- ckaXykns'k 8- :l
 fo'o dk lcls Å¡pk ty çikr osustq,yk dh dSjksuk
 Hkkjr dk mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd foLrkj 3214 fdeh0 rFkk
unh ij fLFkr lkYVks ,aftYl ty çikr gSA
iwoZ ls if'pe rd foLrkj 2933 fdeh0 gSA
 fo'o esa loZçFke dikl dh ladj tkfr mRiUu djus
 Hkkjr esa xkaoksa dh la[;k yxHkx 6 yk[k 41 gtkj
dk Js; Hkkjr dks gSA
¼tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj½ gSA
 I;wek nf{k.kh vesfjdk esa feyus okyh 'ksj dh ,d
 f=iqjk vkSj ckaXykns'k dh lhek 'kwU; js[kk dgykrh gSA
çtkfr gSA
 Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk dh ya0 15200 fdeh0 gSA
 Lisu dk dSfMt 'kgj dkWdZ ds fy, çfl) gSA
blds rVh; Hkkx dh ya0 7516-5 fdeh0 gSA
 {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cMk Hkwvkosf"Br
uksV%& ijUrq Hkkjr dh rVjs[kk dh ya0 eq[; Hkq&Hkkx
ns'k eaxksfy;k gSA
dks NksMdj 6100 fdeh0 gSA
 Qjxuk ?kkVh e/; ,f'k;k esa fLFkr gSA
 lcls yEch rVjs[kk okyk jkT; xqtjkr gS rFkk nwljs
 bVyh çk—frd xSl dk mi;ksx djus okyk çFke LFkku ij vkU/kz çns'k dk gSA
;wjksih; ns'k gSA
 lcls NksVh rV js[kk okyk jkT; xksok gSA
 uhy unh dh fupyh ?kkVh esa xzh"e _rq esa ck<+ vk
 Hkkjr dk {ks=Qy fo'o ds {ks=Qy 2-42% gSA tcfd
tkrh gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k fo'o dh tula[;k dk 17-5% gSA
 fo'o dh lcls pkSMh tylaf/k Msfol tylaf?k gSA
 Hkkjr dk lcls nf{k.kre fcUnq bafnjk IokbUV gS ;g
 uydwi }kjk flapkbZ dh fof/k dk lcls igys ç;ksx v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg esa fLFkr gSA bl igyk
phu esa fd;k x;k FkkA uke fixfefy;u IokbUV FkkA ;g Hkq&e/; js[kk ls
 tkikuh is; 'ksd dk fuekZ.k pkoy ls fd;k tkrk gSA 876 fdeh0 nwj gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 79

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 Hkkjr dk lcls mRrjh fcanq bafnjk dky gS] tks tEew&  Hkjr ds dqy 17 jkT; iMkslh ns'kks dh lhek ls yxs
d'ehj esa fLFkr gSA gq, gSA
 Hkkjr dk lcls if'peh fcUnq ljØhd ¼xqtjkr½ gS  iMkslh ns'kks dh lhek ls yxs lcls yEcs jkT;%&
rFkk iwohZ fcUnq okykaxw ¼v:.kkpy çns'k½ esa gSA ckaXykns'k & iañ caxky
 Hkkjr ds 9 jkT; rV js[kk ls yxs gq;s gSA
phu & tEew&d'ehj
 ladks'k unh vle o v:.kkpy çns'k ds chp lhek
ikfdLrku & jktLFkku
cukrh gSA
dksykck IokbUV & eqEcbZ usiky & fcgkj
IokbUV dkyhesjs & rfeyukMq E;kaekj & fetksje
IokbUV isMªks & tkQuk ¼Jh yadk½ HkwVku & vle
 cqftZy njkZ Jh uxj dks fxyfxr tksMrk gSA vQxkfuLrku & tEew&d'ehj ¼xqyke d'ehj½
 f'kidhyk njkZ f'keyk rFkk frCcr dks tksMrk gSA  Hkkjr dh tyh; lhek ls dqy 7 ns'k yxs gq, gSA
 ;kaX;ki njkZ ds ikl cáiq= unh Hkkjr esa ços'k djrh 1- ikfdLrku 2- Jhyadk 3- eky}ho
gSA 4- E;kaekj 5- FkkbZyS.M 6- ckaXykns'k
 tksthyk njkZ dk fuekZ.k flU/kq unh ls gqvk gSA 7- b.Mksusf'k;k
f'kidhyk njsZ & lryt unh  n0 es Hkkjr] Jh yadk ls ikd tylaf/k rFkk eUukj dh
tSysIyk njsZ & frLrk unh [kkMh ds }kjk vyx gksrk gSA
 dkjkdksje njkZ Hkkjr dk lcls Å¡pk njkZ gS ;gk¡¡ ls  tkQuk ¼Jhyadk½ Jhyadk ls ,fyQSUVk njkZ }kjk tqM+k
phu ds fy, ,d lMd cuk;h x;h gSA gSA
 NH-1A ysg dks tksthyk njkZ ls gksrs gq;s d'ehj ?kkVh  Hkkjr dk fudVre iM+kslh leqæh ns'k & Jhyadk rFkk
ls tksMrk gSA b.Mksusf'k;k
 tokgj lqjax cfugky njkZ ij fLFkr gSA  Hkkjr dk ekud le; bykgkckn ds fudV fetkZiqj ls
 ddZ js[kk Hkkjr ds e/; ls 8 jkT;ksa ls xqtjrh gSA xqtjus okyh 82½º iwohZ ns'kkUrj dks ekuk x;k gSA
1- jktLFkku 2- xqtjkr 3- e/; çns'k  82½º iwohZ ns'kkUrj js[kk Hkkjr ds 5 jkT;ksa ls gksdj
4- NÙkhlx<+ 5- >kj[k.M 6- iañ caxky xqtjrh gS & mÙkj çns'k] e/; çns'k] NÙkhlx<+]
7- f=iqjk 8- fetksje vksfM'kk rFkk vkU/kz çns'kA
 Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k  i`Foh dh pqEcdh; fo"kqor js[kk f=osUæe ¼dsjy½ ls
usiky rFkk HkwVku 'kkfey gSA xqtjrh gSA
 Hkkjr ds iMkslh ns'k rFkk muls yxus okys  rhuksa vksj ckaXykns'k ls f?kjk gqvk jkT; f=iqjk gSA
jkT;%&  rhu v)Z pUækdkj leqæ rV dU;kdqekjh esa feyrs gSA
phu J&K] fgekpy çns'k] mÙkjk[k.M]  Hkkjr esa ik;h tkus okyh leLr pV~Vkuksa esa vkfFkZd
flfDde] v:.kkpy çns'k n`f"V ls /kkjokM pV~Vkusa lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
ikfdLrku J&K] iatkc] jktLFkku] xqtjkr pV~Vku gSA lksuk] rk¡ck] yksgk rFkk tLrk bUgha esa ik;k
tkrk gSA
vQxkfuLrku J&K] ¼xqyke d'ehj½
 Hkkjr esa jkes'oje~ ds fudV /kuq"k dksMh+ vkSj Jh yadk
HkwVku flfDde] vle] iañ caxky] ds chp leqæ esa Mqch çoky }hi dh ,d js[kk ftls
v:.kkpy çns'k vkne dk iqy dgrs gSaA
E;kaekj v:.kkpy çns'k] ukxkyS.M] if'peh rVksa ds uke
fetksje] ef.kiqj
usiky m0ç0] fcgkj] caxky] flfDde] xqtjkr ls xksok = dksad.k rV
mÙkjk[k.M xksok ls dukZVd = dsujk rV
ckaXykns'k vle es?kky;] fetksje] f=iqjk] caxky dukZVd ls dsjy = ekykckj rV
80 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
Hkkjr ds if'peh canjxkg >hy jkT; >hy jkT;
dkaMyk & xqtjkr fpYdk >hy vksfM'kk dksys: >hy vkU/kz çns'k
Ugkok'kksok & egkjk"Vª yksdVd >hy ef.kiqj iqyhdV >hy rfeyukMw
ekekZxksok & xksok
gqlSu lkxj >hy vkU/kz çns'k
dksfPp & dsjy
eqEcbZ ¼lcls cMk½ & egkjk"Vª mÙkjk[k.M esa fLFkr ç;kx
eaxyq: & dukZVd ç;kx unh;k¡
iqohZ rVksa ds uke nsoç;kx HkxhjFkh&vyduUnk
dU;kdqekjh ls —".kk MsYVk = dksjkse.My rV d.kZç;kx vyduUn&fi.Mj
—".kk MsYVk ls xksnkojh MsYVk = xksydq.Mk rV :æç;kx eUnkfduh&vyduUnk
xksnkojh MsYVk ls mRrjh rVh; Hkkx = mÙkjh ljdkj rV fo".kq ç;kx /kkSyh xaxk&vyduUnk
iqohZ rV ds cUnjxkg uUn ç;kx uUnuh&vyduUnk
ikjk}hi & vksfM+'kk  dsnkjukFk ¼f'ko /kke½%& eankfduh unh ij fLFkr gSA
vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z dk lekf/k LFky gSA
,UukSj & rfeyukMq
 cæhukFk ¼fo".kq /kke½%& vyduUnk unh ij fLFkr gSA
fo'kk[kkiRue~ & vkU/kz çns'k ¼lcls xgjk½
vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z }kjk LFkkfir 4 ihBksa esa ls ,d gSA
rwrhdksfju & rfeyukMq
psUubZ & rfeyukMq Hkkjr dk HkkSfrd Lo:i
dksydkrk & i0 caxky  Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd vk—fr;ksa dks ik¡p Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk
tkrk gS&
ySxqu >hy 1- mÙkj dk fgeky; ioZr Ük`a[kyk
fpYdk & vksfM+'kk
2- çk;}hih; iBkj
iqyhdV >hy & rfeyukMq
3- rVorhZ eSnku
dksys: >hy & vkU/kz çns'k
4- Hkkjrh; }hi lewg
Hkkjr dh çeq[k >hys
5- mÙkj Hkkjr dk eSnku
>hy jkT; >hy jkT;  fgeky; ioZr Hkkjr dh mÙkj dh mÙkjh lhek ij fLFkr
My >hy J&K t;lean jktLFkku gSA bldh vk—fr f=Hkqtkdkj gSA
cSjh ukx J&K lkaHkj jktLFkku  bl ioZr Üka`[kyk dh mRifÙk VsfFkl lkxj ij IysV
VSDVksfud fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij gqbZ gSA IysV foorZuh
'ks"k ukx J&K MhMokuk jktLFkku fl)kar ds vuqlkj bafM;u ,oa ;wjsf'k;u IysVksa ds
oqyj >hy J&K iq"dj jktLFkku Vdjko ls fgeky; dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
ekul cy J&K [kqjikrky mÙkjk[k.M  ;g fo'o dh uohure ioZr Üka`[kyk gSA
vuar ukx J&K nsorky mÙkjk[k.M  Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhek ij vofLFkr fgeky; ioZr
Ük`a[kyk,¡ fo'o esa lcls Å¡ph gSA
ukfxu J&K ukSdqfN;krky mÙkjk[k.M
 Vªkal fgeky; egku fgeky; ds mÙkj esa frCcr esa
isfj;kj >hy dsjy uSuhrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M fLFkr gSA
v"Veqnh >hy dsjy lkrrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M  Hkkjr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh K2 ;k xkMfou vkfLVu gS]
csEckuM >hy dsjy ekykrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M tks djkdksje Js.kh esa fLFkr gSA
yksukj >hy egkjk"Vª jkdlrky >hy mÙkjk[k.M  o`gn fgeky; y?kq fgeky; ls esu lsUVªy FkzLV }kjk
vyx gksrh gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 81

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 ekmaV ,ojsLV fo'o dh loksZPp pksVh gSA bls frCcrh bl igkMh ds if'pe vkSj ls ueZnk unh fudyrh gS
Hkk"kk esa pkseksyqaxek ,oa usiky esa lkxjekFkk dgk rFkk nf{k.k dh rjQ ls egkunh fudyrh gSA
tkrk gSA  fo/;kapy%& ;s U.P, >kj[k.M] NRrhlx<+ jkT; esa gS
 e/; fgeky; egku fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA ;s ijrnkj pV~Vkuksa dk cuk gSA
 y?kq fgeky; dh <kyksa ij ik, tkus okys NksVs&NksVs  fo/;kapy ioZrekyk mRrj Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr ls
?kkl ds eSnkuksa dks d'ehj esa exZ dgrs gSaA tSls& vyx djrk gSA
xqyexZ] lksuexZA Hkkjr esa —f"k
 f'kokfyd fgeky; dk foLrkj iatkc ds iksrokj
 Hkkjr ds dqy {ks=Qy ij yxHkx 51% Hkkx ij —f"k
csflu ls dkslh unh rd gSA
gSA blesa 4% Hkkx ij pkjkxkg yxHkx 21% Hkkx ij
 f'kokfyd dks tEew esa tEew igkfM;k¡ rFkk v:.kkpy ou rFkk 24% catj Hkqfe gSA
çns'k esa MkQyk] fe'keh] fejh vkSj vcksj igkfM;ksa ds
 lcls T;knk ou e/; çns'k gSA —f"k jkT; lwph dk
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
fo"k; gSA
 y?kq fgeky; ,oa f'kofyd Js.kh ds chp dbZ ?kkfV;k¡
 Hkkjr ds igys [kk| ,oa —f"k ea=h jktsUæ çlkn FksA
ikbZ tkrh gS] ftUgs iwoZ esa }kj ¼gfj}kj] dksV}kj½ ,oa
if'pe esa nwu ¼nsgjknwu½ dgk tkrk gSA  ns'k dh dqy Je 'kfDr dk 48-9 % Hkkx —f"k esa yxk
 vjkoyh ioZrekyk%& ;g jktLFkku esa fLFkr gSA ;s gqvk gSA
fo'o dh lcls çkphu ioZrekyk gSA  lcls T;knk Jfed diMk m|ksx esa yxs gq, gS] rFkk
 uohure ioZrekyk fgeky; gSA lcls T;knk efgyk pk; m|ksx esa yxh gqbZ gSA
 vjkoyh ioZrekyk dk lcls Å¡pk ioZr f'k[kj  Hkkjr dh çeq[k [kkn~; Qly pkoy gSA
xq:f'k[kj gSA  ns'k esa xsgw ds fy, çFke LFkku mÙkj çns'k dk gS rFkk
 vjkoyh dh if'pe vkSj ls ekgh rFkk ywuh unh çfr gS gsDVs;j ds fglkc ls iatkc dk çFke LFkku gSA
fudyrh gSA ywuh unh dPN ds j.k esa xk;c gks tkrh gfjr ØkfUr
gSA  Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr ykus dk Js; MkWñ M.S. Lokeh
 ekyok dk iBkj%& ;g e/;çns'k vkSj NÙkhlx< jkT; ukFku dks tkrk gSA
esa fLFkr gSA ;g tokykeq[kh pV~Vkuksa dk cuk gqvk gSA  Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr 1967&68 esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA
blls pEcy vkSj csrok unh fudyrh gSA
 Hkkjr esa nwljh gfjr ØfUr 1983&84 esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA
 NksVk ukxiqj dk iBkj%& bl foLrkj fcgkj]
>kj[k.M] vksfM'kk ,oa iañ caxky esa ik;k tkrk gSA blesa  fo'o esa gfjr ØkfUr dk tud uksjeksu cksjyksx dks
xzsukbV pV~Vkuksa dh ç/kkurk gSA bl iBkj dks Hkkjr dgk tkrk gSA
dk :j dgk tkrk gSA egkunh] Lo.kZjs[kk] lksu o  gfjr ØkfUr Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk lQy xsgw¡ esa jgh gS
nkeksnj unh bl iBkj dh eq[; ufn;k¡ gSA rFkk mlds ckn pkoy esa jgh gSA
 lriqMk%& bldh igkfM;k¡ e/; çns'k jkT; esa gSA ;s  lcls mPp dksfV dh dkWQh vjsfcdk gSA dkQh cht
Tokykeq[kh pV~Vkuksa ls cuh gSA ls çkIr dh tkrh gSA
 bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh /kwix<h gSA blds iqohZ fgLls  Qyksa ,oa lfCt;ksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa
ls rkIrh unh fudyrh gSA nwljk LFkku gS rFkk igyk LFkku phu dk gSA
 uhyfxjh%& ;g rfeyukMq esa fLFkr gS] tks ,d CykWd  frygu çkS|ksfxdh fe'ku dh 'kq:vkr 1986 esa gqbZ FkhA
ioZr gSA bldh lcls Åph pksVh MksMkcsêk gSA ;s fofHkUu çdkj dh —f"k fof/k;k¡
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh nqljh lcls cMh pksVh gSA
lsjh dYpj & js'ke dhV ikyuk
 uhyfxjh dh igkMh ij iwohZ ?kkV vkSj if'peh ?kkV ,fi dYpj & e/kqeD[kh ikyu
feykrk gSA
filh dYpj & eNyh ikyu
 vUukeykbZ%& vUukeykbZ igkMh ij fLFkr nf{k.k Hkkjr
dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh vuSeqfn gSA foVh dYpj & vaxwj dh [ksrh
¶yksjh dYpj & Qwyks dh [ksrh
 eSdky%& ;s NÙkhlx<+ jkT; esa gSA bl igkMh dh
loksZPp f'k[kj vejdaVd gS] tks fd ,d CykWd ioZr gS oehZ dYpj & dSpqvk ikyu

82 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
ikseks dYpj & Qyks dk mRiknu  rEckdw dh ifÙk;ksa dks lq[kkus dh çfØ;k dks D;wfjax
gkWVhZ dYpj & ckxokuh dgrs gSa] ftlls ifÙk;ksa esa okafNr jax ,oa xa/k vkfn
vksysjh dYpj & lCth dk mRiknu xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
,jksiksfVZd & gok esa ikS/ks dks mxkuk  fo'o esa rEckdw dk lcls cMk mRiknd ,oa miHkksDrk
gkbMªksiksfuDl & ty esa ikS/ks dks mxkuk phu gSA
 vUu Hk.Mkj.k djrs le; nkuksa esa ueh 10 % ls uhps
fofHkUu —f"k ØkfUr;k¡ gksuh pkfg, vU;Fkk dhV çdksi dk Hk; jgrk gSA
uhyh ØkfUr & eNyh mRiknu  nyguh Qlyksa ds mRiknu gsrq dksckYV vko';d rRo
jtr ØkfUr & v.Mk mRiknu gSA
gfjr ØkfUr & [kk|kUu mRiknu  eDdk esa OgkbV cM ,oa /kku esa [kSjk jksx tLrk dh
Hkwjh ØkfUr & moZjd mRiknu deh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
ihyh ØkfUr & frygu mRiknu  lcls mPp dksfV dk dgok vjsfcdk gksrk gSA
lqugjh ØkfUr & Qy mRiknu  >we [ksrh%& blesa taxyksa dk dkVdj Hkwfe lkQ dh
cknkeh ØkfUr & elkyk mRiknu tkrh gS rFkk blds ckn bl Hkwfe ij [ksrh dh tkrh
xqykch ØkfUr & >haxk eNyh mRiknu gSA
yky ØkfUr & VekVj@ekal mRiknu  jch dh Qly %& ;g vDVwcj&uoEcj esa cksbZ tkrh gS
—".k ØkfURk & ck;ksfMty mRiknu rFkk ekpZ&vçSy esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&xsg¡w] tkS] puk]
ve`r ØkfUr & unh tksMks ifj;kstuk eVj] ljlks] vkyw rFkk jkbZ vkfnA
'osr ØkfUr & nw/k mRiknu  [kjhQ dh Qly %& ;g twu&tkSykbZ esa cksbZ tkrh gS
rFkk uoEcj&fnlEcj esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&pkoy]
 MkWñ oxhZl dqfj;u us vksijs'ku QYM dk;ZØe pyk;k xUuk] frygu] Tokj rFkk cktjk vkfn
Fkk tks fd nw/k mRiknu ls lEcfU/kr gSA
 tk;n dh Qly%& ;g ebZ&twu esa cksbZ tkrh gS vkSj
QlyksRikn esa jkT;ksa dk Øe tqykbZ&vxLr esa dkVh tkrh gSA tSls&jkbZ] eDdk]
Qly çFkke LFkku f}rh; LFkku Tokj] twV vkSj jkxhA
pkoy if'pe caxky vka/kz çns'k Hkkjr dh fefV~V;k¡
xsgw¡ mÙkj çns'k iatkc  feV~Vh ds v/;;u dks iSMksykWth dgrs gSaA
cktjk jktLFkku mÙkj çns'k  Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku us Hkkjr dh fefV~V;ksa dks vkB
Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gSA
eDdk vka/kz çns'k dukZVd
1- tyks< feV~Vh%& ;g ufn;ksa }kjk yk;h x;h feV~Vh
puk e/; çsn'k egkjk"Vª gSA bl feV~Vh esa ikSVk'k cgqr vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA
vjgj egkjk"Vª dukZVd ysfdu gkbMªkstu o QkLQksjl dh deh ik;h tkrh
gSA
elwj mÙkj çns'k e/; çns'k
Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk tyks< feV~Vh ik;h tkrh gSA
ew¡xQyh xqtjkr vka/kz çns'k ;s nks çdkj dh gksrh gS & ckaxj rFkk [kknjA
ljlksa jktLFkku mÙkj çns'k 2- dkyh feV~Vh%& bldk fuekZ.k cslkYV pV~Vkuksa ds
lks;kchu e/; çsn'k egkjk"Vª VqVus&QqVus ls gqvk gSA
lwjteq[kh dukZVd vka/kz çns'k bl feV~Vh dks jsaxqj feV~Vh Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g feV~Vh
dikl dh [ksrh ds fy, gksrh gSA bl feV~Vh esa
dikl xqtjkr egkjk"Vª vk;ju] pquk] esXusf'k;e ik;k tkrk gSA ;g feV~Vh
twV if'pe caxky fcgkj Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk egkjk"Vª esa ik;h tkrh gSA
vkyw mÙkj çns'k if'pe caxky 3- yky feV~Vh%& bl feV~Vh esa flfydk rFkk vk;ju
ik;k tkrk gSA
I;kt egkjk"Vª xqtjkr
yky feV~Vh dk yky jax ykSg&vkWDlkbM ds dkj.k
xUuk mÙkj çns'k egkjk"Vª gksrk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 83
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
yky feV~Vh esa pquk feykdj mitkÅ cuk;k tk gSnjkckn & ewlh unh
ldrk gSA lEcyiqj & egkunh
bl feV~Vh dh mit {kerk de gksrh gSA dquwZy ¼vk0 ç0½ & rqxHkæk unh
4- ySVsjkbV feV~Vh%& bl feV~Vh esa vk;ju vkSj lksdkssok ?kkV ¼vle½ & czãiq= unh
flfydk ikbZ tkrh gSA dksydkrk & gqxyh unh
bl feV~Vh esa pk; vkSj byk;ph ds fy, vPNh dksVk & pEcy unh
{kerk gSA
tcyiqj & ueZnk unh
Hkkjr esa flpkb± xqgkoVh & czãiq= unh
 rkykcksa }kjk lcls T;knk flpkbZ rfeyukMq esa gksrh gSA fMczqx< & czãiq= unh
 Hkkjr esa lcls cMk flpkbZ dk lk/ku & 55-9% dqvk] y[kuÅ & xkserh unh
uydqi
v;ks/;k & lj;q unh
 Hkkjr esa nqljs LFku ij & ugj ¼31-4%½
Jh jaxiêue & dkosjh unh
 fo'o dk lokZf/kd flfpr {ks= & phu ¼21%½
vksjNk & csrok unh
 nqljs LFkku ij Hkkjr gS & Hkkjr
fr:fpjkiYyh & dkosjh unh
 lcls T;knk Hkkjr esa uydqi&mRrj çns'k esa
ufn;ksa ds fdukjs çeq[k uxj jsy ifjogu
 Hkkjrh; jsy ,f'k;k dh nwljh lcls cMh rFkk fo'o dh
uxj unh pkSFkh lcls cMh vFkZO;oLFkk gSA
vkxjk & ;equk unh  fo'o dh lcls igyh jsyxkMh 1825 bZñ esa fyojiwy ls
fnYyh & ;equk unh eSupsLVj ds chp pyh FkhA
cæhukFk & vyaduUnk unh  Hkkjr esa lcls igys jsy vçSy 1853 bZñ esa eqEcbZ ls
fQjkstiqj & lryt unh Fkk.ks ds chp pyh Fkh] ftldh nwjh 34 fdeh0 FkhA ;g
gfj}kj & xaxk unh ykMZ MygkSth ds le; esa pyh FkhA
dkuiqj & xaxk unh  Hkkjrh; jsyos cksMZ dh LFkkiuk 1905 esa gqbZ FkhA
bykgkckn & xaxk] ;equk ljLorh  Hkkjrh; jsyos dk jk"Vªhdj.k 1950 esa gqvkA
dUukSt & xaxk unh  Hkkjr esa rhu çdkj dh jsyos ykbu gSA
Jh uxj & >sye unh czk.M xzst & 1-676 eh0
lqjr & rkIrh unh ehVj xzst & 1 eh0
eFkqjk & ;equk unh usjks xzst & -610 eh0
cjsyh & jkexaxk unh  ns'k esa lcls yEch nqjh r; djus okyh jsyxkMh foosd
,Dlçsl gSA ;g fMczqx< ¼vle½ ls dU;kdqekjh
vgenkckn & lkcjerh unh
¼rfeyukMw½ ds chp 4286 fdeh0 dh nwjh r; djrh gSA
te'ksniqj & Lo.kZ js[kk
 Hkkjr dh lcls rst xfr ls pyus okyh jsyxkMh oUns
dVd & egkunh Hkkjr ¼Vªsu&18½ gSA
ukfld & xksnkojh  fo'o dk lcls yEck jsyekxZ Vªkal&lkbcsfj;u jsyekxZ
tkSuiqj & xkserh gS] tks ysfuuxzkM ls CykMhokWLVd rd 9438 fdeh0
okjk.klh & xaxk yEck gSA
yqf/k;kuk & lryt  dksd.k jsyos%& ;g egkjk"Vª ds jksgk ls e<xzke xksok
fot;okMk & —".kk unh rd tkrk gS bl Vªsd dh y0 741 fdeh0 gSA bl Vªsd
ij lcls igys jsy 1998 esa pyh FkhA
mTtSu & f{kçk unh
 dksd.k jsyos egkjk"Vª] xksok] dukZVd rFkk dsjy jkT;ksa
iBjiqj & Hkhek unh dks ykHk igqpkrk gSA
84 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 Hkkjrh; jsyos esa orZeku esa 18 e.My ¼tksu½ gSA çR;sd bykgkckn ls uSuh ds chp esa gqbZA
e.My dk ç/kku egkçcU/kd gksrk gSA igys dHkh 9  ,;j bf.M;k dk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa fLFkr gSA
e.My gqvk djrs FksA  ,;j bf.M;k fons'kksa ds fy, lsok,¡ miyC/k djkrk gSA
tksu eq[;ky; bafnjk xka/kh v0 gokbZ vM~Mk & ubZ fnYyh
e/; jsyos eqEcbZ jktho xka/kh gokbZ vM~Mk & gSnjkckn
iwoZ jsyos dksydkrk N=ifr f'kokth gokbZ vM~Mk & eqEcbZ
iwohZ rV jsyos Hkqous'oj lqHkk"k pUæ cksl gokbZ vM~Mk & dksydkrk
iwoZ&e/; jsyos gkthiqj vUuk vk0 gokbZ vM~Mk & psUubZ
pkSñ pj.k flag gokbZ vM~Mk & y[kuÅ
mÙkj jsyos ubZ fnYyh
ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy gokbZ vM~Mk & vgenkckn
mÙkj&e/; jsyos bykgkckn
MkWñ vEcsMdj gokbZ vM~Mk & ukxiqj
mÙkj&iwoZ jsyos xksj[kiqj xq: jkenkl gokbZ vM~Mk & ve`rlj
mÙkj&iwoZ ÝaVh;j jsyos ekyhxk¡o ¼xqokgkVh½ ohj lokjdj gokbZ vM~Mk & iksVZ Cys;j
mÙkj&if'pe jsyos t;iqj nkcksfye gokbZ vM~Mk & xksok
nf{k.k jsyos psUubZ xksihukFk ckjnksyh gokbZ vM~Mk & xqokgkVh
nf{k.k&e/; jsyos fldanjkckn nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj gokbZ vM~Mk & bankSj
nf{k.k&iwoZ jsyos dksydkrk 'ks[k vkye gokbZ vM~Mk & Jh uxj
yky cgknqj 'kkL=h & okjk.klh
nf{k.k&iwoZ e/; jsyos fcykliqj
nf{k.k&if'pe jsyos gqcyh
lMd ifjogu
 Hkkjr fo'o dh lcls cMh lMd ç.kkyh okys ns'kksa esa
if'pe jsyos eqEcbZ ls ,d gSA
if'pe&e/; jsyos tcyiqj  ns'k esa dqy ;krk;kr dk 40% Hkkx jk"Vªh; jktekxZ
esVªks jsyos dksydkrk lEiUu djkrk gSA
nf{k.k rV jsyos fo'kk[kkiêue  Hkkjr dk lcls yEck jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&44 gSA ;g
mÙkj esa Jhuxj ls vkjEHk gksdj nf{k.k esa dU;kdqekjh
 Hkkjr esa lcls igys eSVªks jsy dksydÙkk esa 1984 esa esa lekIr gksrk gSA ;g jk"Vªh; jktekxZ tEew&d'ehj]
pyhA iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh] mÙkj çns'k] e/; çns'k]
 fnYyh eSVªks jsy dk çkjEHk 25 fnlEcj 2002 dks pykbZ egkjk"Vª] rsyaxkuk] vkU/kz çns'k] dukZVd vkSj rfeyukMq
xbZA ;g eSVªks rhl gtkjh ls 'kkgnjk rd pyk;h x;h ds jkT;ksa ls xqtjrk gSA bldh dqy yEckbZ 3]475
FkhA ml le; ç/kkuea=h vVy fcgkjh oktis;h FksA ;g fdyksehVj gSA
eSVªks tkiku rFkk n0 dksfj;k ds lg;ksx ls pyk;h  jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&1 vkSj jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&2 dks
x;hA lfEefyr :i ls xzkaM Vªd jksM dgk tkrk gSA
 jsy batu ds dkj[kkus&fprjatu] okjk.klh] rFkk  Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 47-A gS] tks
HkksikyA ek= 6 fdyksehVj yEck gSA
 lokjh fMCcksa ds dkj[kkus&diwjFkyk] isjcwj] caxyq:  jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dk fu;a=.k dsUæh; yksd fuekZ.k
rFkk dksydkrkA foHkkx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
 jsyxkMh ds ifg;s cukus dk dkj[kkus&Nijk ¼fcgkj½A  jk"Vªh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ -15 jktLFkku ds e:LFky ls
 jsy dksp QSDVªh&jk;cjsyhA gksdj xqtjrk gSA
ok;q ifjogu  Lof.kZe prqHkqZt ;kstuk ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds pkj
egkuxjksa fnYyh] eqEcbZ] psUubZ dksydkrk dks jk"Vªh;
 Hkkjr esa ok;q ifjogu dh 'kq:vkr 1911 bZñ esa gqbZA ;g jktekxZ ls tksMuk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 85
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 Hkkjr esa lMdks dk lcls vf/kd ?kuRo xksok esa gSA jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&6 y[khiqj ls Hkkaxk
 Hkkjr esa lMdks dk lcls de ?kuRo tEew&d'ehj esa
gSA Hkkjr ds çeq[k cUnjxkg
 Hkkjr esa lMdks dh lcls vf/kd yEckbZ egkjk"Vª esa cUnjxkg jkT;
gSA dkaMyk & xqtjkr
 Hkkjr esa lcls de lMdks dh yEckbZ vksfM'kk esa gSA ekekZxksok & xksok
dqN çeq[k jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ikjk}hi & vksfM'kk
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd dksfPp & dsjy
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&1 fnYyh&ikd lhek rd ,UukSj & rfeyukMw
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&2 fnYyh&dksydkrk Ugkok'ksok & egkjk"Vª
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&3 vkxjk&eqEcbZ rqrhdksfju & rfeyukMw
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&4 eqEcbZ&psUubZ fo'kk[kkiêue & vkU/kz çns'k
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&5 dksydkrk&psUubZ  ns'k esa dqy 12 cMs rFkk 187 NksVs cUnjxkg gSA cMs
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&6 dksydkrk&eqEcbZ cUnjxkgksa dh ns[k&js[k dsUæ ljdkj }kjk rFkk NksVs
cUnjxkgksa dh ns[k&js[k jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&7 okjk.klh&dU;kdqekjh gSA
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&8 fnYyh&t;iqj&eqEcbZ  psUubZ ,d —f=e cUnjxkg gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&17 ikuosy&bnkiYyh çkphu cUnjxkg gSA
jk"Vªh; jktekxZ la[;k&28 fnYyh&y[kuÅ  ns'k dk lcls cMk cUnjxkg eqEcbZ gSA
 ns'k dk lcls xgjk cUnjxkg fo'kk[kkiêue~ gSA
ty ifjogu  dkaMyk ,d Tokjh; cUnjxkg gS ;g eqDr O;kikj {ks=
 dsUæh; tyekxZ çf/kdj.k dh LFkkiuk 1987 esa dh x;h okyk cUnjxkg gSA ¼iañ nhu n;ky cUnjxkg u;k uke½
FkhA bldk eq[;ky; dksydkrk esa gSA ns'k ds tyekxksZ
dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA  nkgst xqtjkr esa fLFkr cUnjxkg gS bls jlk;u
cUnjxkg Hkh dgrs gSaA
1- vkarfjd tyekxZ%& ;g ifjogu ufn;ksa] ugjksa ,oa
>hyksa ds }kjk gksrk gSA  dksphu f'ki;kMZ fyfeVsM dh LFkkiuk 1972 esa gqbZ FkhA
;gk¡¡ tgktks dk fuekZ.k rFkk ejEer dk dk;Z gksrk gSA
2- lkeqfæd tyekxZ%& bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lEiw.kZ bldk eq[;ky; dksfPp esa gSA
çk;}hih; rVh; Hkkx dkQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA çeq[k oU; tho vHk;kj.;@jk"Vªh; m|ku
 bykgkckn ls gfYn;k rd tyekxZ dks 22 vDVwcj] iykaew ¼csryk½ & >kj[k.M
1986 dks jk"Vªh; tyekxZ la[;k&1 ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k nkyek & >kj[k.M
FkkA ;g lcls yEck tyekxZ Hkh gSA bldh yEckbZ
1620 fdeh0 gSA gtkjh ckx oU; tho vHk;kj.k & >kj[k.M
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; tyekxZ fxj ou vHk;kj.k & xqtjkr
uy ljksoj & xqtjkr
tyekxZ la[;k dgk¡ ls dgk¡ rd
dSewj & fcgkj
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&1 bykgkckn ls gfYn;k
dkcsZV jk"Vªh; m|ku & mÙkjk[k.M
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&2 lfn;k ls /kqcjh ¼czãiq= unh½
nq/kok & mÙkj çns'k
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&3 dksYye ls dksV~Viqje
pUæçHkk & mRrj çns'k
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&4 dkdhukMk ls ejDdkue
ck¡nhiqj & dukZVd
jk"Vªh; tyekxZ&5 rypj ls /kkejk
lkses'oj & dukZVd
86 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
rqxHkæk & dukZVd  fo'o esa jsM MkVk cqd dk çFke çdk'ku 1964 bZñ esa
dkoyk ou tho vHk;kj.k & rsyaxkuk fd;k x;k FkkA
ekul & vle Hkkjr dh çeq[k unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk
dkthjaxk & vle ifj;kstuk unh jkT;
/kkuk i{kh fogkj & jktLFkku ghjkdq.M ck¡/k egkunh vksfM'kk
j.kFkEHkkSj & jktLFkku pEcy pEcy jktLFkku@
dqaHkyx<+ & jktLFkku e/; çns'k
isap jk"Vªh; m|ku & egkjk"Vª dkdM+kikjk rkIrh xqtjkr
fpYdk & mfMlk mdkbZ ifj;kstuk rkIrh xqtjkr
fleyhiky & mfMlk ekyçHkk ekyçHkk dukZVd
bafnjk xka/kh & rfeyukMw nkeksnj unh nkeksnj iañ caxky
eqnqeykbZ & rfeyukMw@dukZVd ?kkVh ifj;kstuk
isfj;kj & dsjy Hkk[kM+k ukxy lryt iatkc
ijkfEcdqye & dsjy O;kl O;kl iatkc
dkUgk fdlyh & e/; çns'k rqxHkæk rqxHkæk dukZVd
iapx<h & e/; çns'k
e;wjk{kh e;wjk{kh i0 caxky
cka/kox< & e/; çns'k
ukxktqZu lkxj —".kk vkU/kz çns'k
ukxj gksy & dukZVd
x.Md ifj;kstuk x.Md fcgkj
lqYrkuiqj >hy vHk;kj.k & gfj;k.kk
QjDdk ifj;kstuk xaxk@ i0 caxky
jksfgyk jk"Vªh; m|ku & fgekpy çns'k
HkkxhjFkh
lqUnj ou & i0 caxky
fjgUn ifj;kstuk fjgUn m0 çns'k
Hkxoku egkohj & xksok
bM~Mqdh ifj;kstuk isfj;kj dsjy
dsoyknso ia{kh fogkj & jktLFkku
fVgjh ifj;kstuk HkkxhjFkh mRrjk[k.M
MkEQk & fetksje
Mk¡phxko & tEew&d'ehj ekrkVhyk csrok m0 çns'k
lyhe vyh & tEew&d'ehj dks;uk ifj;kstuk dks;uk egkjk"Vª
f'koiqjh jk"Vªh; ikdZ & e/; çns'k jkexaxk ifj;kstuk jkexaxk mÙkj çns'k
 çkstsDV VkbZxj bafUnjk xka/kh us 1973 esa 'kq: fd;k ?kkVçHkk ifj;kstuk ?kkVçHkk dukZVd
x;kA Åijh —".kk ifj;kstuk —".kk dukZVd
 Hkkjr esa dsoy 18 jkT; esa ck| ik;s tkrs gSA
Hkhek ifj;kstuk iouk egkjk"Vª
 ukenQk us'kuy ikdZ v:.kkpy çns'k esa fLFkr gSA ;g
tk;dokMh ifj;kstuk xksnkojh egkjk"Vª
fo'o dh lokZf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr gSA
 lokZf/kd vH;kj.k e/; çns'k jkT; esa gSA bls VkbZxj
j.kthr lkxj jkoh iatkc
LVsV jkT; Hkh dgrs gSaA fgMdy ifj;kstuk ?kkVçHkk dukZVd
 fte dkcsZV ikdZ ls jkexaxk unh cgrh gSA ukFkik >kdjh lryt fgekpy çns'k
 jsM MkVk cqd esa foyqIr i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj ikS/kksa ds ckjs rqycqy ifj;kstuk >sye tEew&d'ehj
esa tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA
nqygLrh ifj;kstuk fpukc tEew&d'ehj
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 87
Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
ifj;kstuk unh jkT; gSA
cxfygkj ifj;kstuk fpukc tEew&d'ehj  lcls de n'kdh; o`f) nj okyk jkT; ukxkyS.M dk
gSA
fryS;k ifj;kstuk cjkdj >kj[k.M  xzkeh.k tula[;k dk çfr'kr lcls vf/kd fgekpy
ljnkj ljksoj ueZnk xqtjkr çns'k esa gSA
'kjkorh ifj;kstuk 'kjkorh dukZVd  uxjh; tula[;k dk çfr'kr lcls vf/kd xksok esa gSA
iukek ifj;kstuk iukek xqtjkr  lcls T;knk 'kgjh tula[;k egkjk"Vª dh gSA
 lcls de 'kgjh tula[;k flfDde dh gSA
jk.kk çrki lkxj pEcy jktLFkku
 vuqlwfpr tkfr lcls vf/kd mÙkj çns'k esa gSA
ljfgUn ugj lryt gfj;k.kk  vuqlwfpr tutkfr lcls vf/kd e/; çns'k esa gSA
ifj;kstuk
 vuqlwfpr tkfr ukxkyS.M rFkk v:.kkpy çns'k esa
ck.klkxj ifj;kstuk lksu fcgkj@m-ç-@ fcydqy Hkh ugha gSA
e/;çns'k
 vuqlwfpr tutkfr gfj;k.kk rFkk iatkc esa ugha gSA
dq.Mk ifj;kstuk dq.Mk rfeyukMq  lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k fnYyh gSA
 ijek.kq ÅtkZ vk;ksx vxLr 1948 esa cuk rFkk Hkkjr  U;qure tula[;k okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k y{;}hi gSA
dh çFke vkS|ksfxd uhfr Hkh ykxw gqbZA  lcls vf/kd tual[;k ?kuRo okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k
tux.kuk 2011 fnYyh gSA
 Hkkjr esa igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykMZ eS;ks ds dky  lcls de tula[;k ?kuRo okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k
esa gqbZA vMeku&fudksckj gSA
 igyh fu;fer tux.kuk 1881 esa ykMZ fjiu ds dky  lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k y{;}hi
esa gqbZA gSA
 lcls de lk{kjrk okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k nknj rFkk
tux.kuk 2011 ds vkdMs ukxj gosyh gSA
 tula[;k esa lcls cMk jkT; mÙkj çns'k gS rFkk nwljk  lcls vf/kd fyax vuqikr okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k
LFkku egkjk"Vª dk gSA iqnqpsjh gSA
 tula[;k esa lcls NksVk jkT; flfDde gS rFkk nwljk  lcls de fyax vuqikr okyk dsUæ 'kkflr çns'k neu
LFkku fetksje dk gSA ,o nho gSA
 {ks=Qy esa lcls cM+k jkT; jktLFkku gS rFkk nwljk  vuqlwfpr tkfr lcls vf/kd fnYyh esa gSA
LFkku eè; çns'k dk gSA
 vuqlwfpr tutkfr lcls vf/kd y{;}hi esa gSA
 {ks=Qy esa lcls NksVk jkT; xksok gSA
 v.Meku fudksckj }hi leqg o y{;}hi esa vuqlwfpr
 lcls T;knk lkj{krk okyk jkT; dsjy gS rFkk nwljk tkfr ugha gSA
LFkku fetksje dk gSA
 vuqlwfpr tutkfr fnYyh] p.Mhx<+ rFkk iqnqpsjh esa
 lcls de lk{kjrk okyk jkT; fcgkj gS rFkk nwljk ugha gSA
LFkku v:.kkpy çns'k dk gSA
 Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 121 djksM o fo'o dh
 tula[;k ?kuRo esa lcls cMk jkT; fcgkj gS rFkk tula[;k dk 17-5% gSA
nwljk LFkku i0 caxky dk gSA
iq:"k efgyk
 lcls de tula[;k ?kuRo okyk jkT; v:.kkpy çns'k 51-47% 48-53%
gS rFkk nwljk LFkku fetksje dk gSA
 ukxkyS.M dh n'kdh; o`f) nj _.kkRed jgh FkhA
 lcls vf/kd fyaxkuqikr okyk jkT; dsjy ¼1084½ gS
rFkk nwljk LFkku rfeyukMw dk gSA  Hkkjr dk tual[;k ?kuRo 382 O;fDr çfr oxZ fdeh0
gSA
 lcls de fyaxkuqikr okyk jkT; gfj;k.kk ¼879½ gSA
 Hkkjr dk fyaxkuqikr 943 gSA
 lcls vf/kd n'kdh; o`f) nj okyk jkT; es?kky; dk

88 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
 Hkkjr esa 73% tula[;k lk{kj gSA dukZVd dk jRu & eSlqj
 iq.kZ lk{kj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkus okyk jkT; dsjy gSA R;kSgkjksa dk uxj & enqjS ¼rfeyukMw½
 Hkkjr esa 17% tula[;k >qXxh&>ksiMh esa jgrh gSA Lo.kZ efUnj dk 'kgj & ve`lj
xzkeh.k tual[;k uxjh; tual[;k uokcks dk 'kgj & y[kuÅ
68-8% 31-2% egyks dk 'kgj & dksydkrk
 2011 esa tux.kuk vk;qDr D.C pUæekSyh Fks rFkk ;g bLikr uxjh & te'ksniqj
Hkkjr dh 15oha tux.kuk Fkh rFkk Lora= Hkkjr dh 7oha ioZrks dh jkuh & elwjh
tux.kuk FkhA jsfy;ks dk 'kgj & fnYyh
 tula[;k ds bfrgkl esa egku foHkktd o"kZ 1921 ;k Hkkjr dk LohV~tjyS.M & d'ehj
¼1911&21½ dks ekuk tkrk gSA vjc lkxj dh jkuh & dksfPp
 tux.kuk laxBu dsUæh; x`g ea=ky; ds v/khu dk;Z /kku dh Mkfy;k & NÙkhlx<+
djrk gSA
Hkkjr dk cxhpk & caxyw:
 tux.kuk 2011 dk vkn'kZ okD; Fkk&gekjh tux.kuk
isBk uxjh & vkxjk
gekjk Hkfo";A
dks;yk uxjh & /kuckn
Hkkjr ds çeq[k HkkSxksfyd miuke rkyk uxjh & vyhx<+
bZ'oj dk fuokl LFkku & ç;kx tqMok uxj & gSnjkckn vkSj
ik¡p ufn;ks dh Hkqfe & iatkc fldUnjkckn
lkr Vkiqvks dk uxj & eqEcbZ o`) xaxk & xksnkojh
cqudjks dk 'kgj & ikuhir lqrh oL=ksa dh jkt/kkuh & eqEcbZ
varfj{k dk 'kgj & caxyw: ifo= unh & xaxk
Mk;e.M gkcZj & dksydÙkk m0 Hkkjr dk eSu psLVj & dkuiqj
Hkkjr dk ços'k }kj & eqEcbZ efUnjksa ,oa ?kkVksa dk uxj & okjk.klh
iwoZ dk osful & dksfPp jk"Vªh; jktekxks± dk pkSjkgk & dkuiqj
Hkkjr dk ihV~jlcxZ & te'ksniqj ¼>kj[k.M½ jktLFkku dk xkSjo & fprkSaM
Hkkjr dk eSupsLVj & vgenkckn ufn;ksa dk mnxe
elkyks dk cxhpk & dsjy
unh mnxe LFkku
xqykch uxj & t;iqj
lryt & ekuljksoj >hy ¼frCcr½
>hyksa dk uxj & Jhuxj
xaxk & xaxks=h
Dohu vkWQ Msdu & iw.ks
flU/kq & ekuljksoj >hy ¼frCcr½
Hkkjr dk gkyhoqM & eqEcbZ
ueZnk & vejd.Vd dh igkfM;ksa ¼M.P½
lkYV lhVh & xqtjkr
egkunh & flgkok ¼NÙkhlx<+½
lks;k çns'k & e/; çns'k
—".kk unh & egkcys'oj ds lehi
ey; dk ns'k & dukZVd
xksnkojh & ukfld ¼egkjk"Vª½
lokZf/kd çnqf"kr unh & lkcjerh
dkosjh & dqxZ ¼dukZVd½
nf{k.k Hkkjr dh xaxk & dkosjh unh
dkyh unh & 'kkjnk unh pEcy & eÅ ¼e/; çns'k½
fcgkj dk 'kksd & dkslh unh czãiq= & ekuljksoj >hy
caxky dk 'kksd & nkeksnj unh rkIrh & oSrwy ¼e/; çns'k½
yhph 'kgj & nsgjknwu ywuh & vjkoyh ioZr
cyw ekm.Vsu & uhyfxjh dk igkfM;k¡ lksu & vejd.Vd dh igkMh
,f'k;k dh v.Mks dh Vksdjh & vkU/kz çns'k ;equk & ;equks=h

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 89

Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
jkoh & dk¡xMk ftyk ¼fgekpy çns'k½ yq'kkbZ & vle
unh mnxe LFkku Hkkjr ds [kfut lalk/ku
O;kl & fgekpy çns'k
[kfut inkFkZ jkT;
>sye & csjhukx ¼d'ehj½
 xaxk unh xaxks=h ls fudyrh gS ogk¡ mls HkkxhjFkh Hkh rk¡ck >kj[k.M
dgrs gSaA bldk xaxk uke nso ç;kx ds ckn iM+rk gS] ykSg&v;Ld vksfM'kk
tgk¡ vyduank vkSj HkkxhjFkh feyrh gSA
 xaxk unh dks ckaXykns'k esa in~ek dgrs gSaA eSaxuht vksfM'kk
 czãiq= unh dks ckaXykns'k esa tequk dgrs gSaA ckWDlkbV vksfM'kk
 flaU/kq unh Hkkjr esa dsoy tEeq&d'ehj esa cgrh gSA isVªksfy;e vle
 Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ds e/; flaU/kq ty le>kSrk 1960 esa
gqvkA dks;yk >kj[kaM
 pEcy unh jktLFkku esa lkyHkj cgrh gSA vHkzd vkU/kz çns'k
 xaxk dh lcls cMh lgk;d unh ;equk gSA
tLrk jktLFkku
Hkkjr dh tutkfr;k¡
;wjsfu;e >kj[k.M
 Hkkjr dh lcls cMh tutkfr xksaM gSA
 BDdjckck dks vkfnokfl;ksa dk elhgk dgk tkrk gSA eSXuslkbV mÙkjk[k.M
 VksMk tutkfr uhyfxfj dh igkfM;ksa ij ik;h tkrh lksuk dukZVd
gSA
pk¡nh jktLFkku
 Fkk: tutkfr fnikoyh dks 'kksd dk R;ksgkj eukrh gSA
 ukxk tutkfr feFku R;ksgkj eukrh gSA fyXukbV rfeyukMq
tutkfr jkT; fVu NÙkhlx<
eh.kk & jktLFkku
Fkksfj;e jktLFkku
ysipk & flfDde
Hkhy & xqtjkr] e/; çns'k ØksekbV >kj[k.M
Fkk: & mÙkjk[k.M VaxLVu jktLFkku
xqTtj & tEeq&d'ehj
lhlh >kj[k.M
dknj & dsjy
eksiyk & dsjy ghjk e/; çns'k
xkjks] [kklh] t;fUr;k & es?kky;  Hkkjr ds 'kh"kZ ik¡p [kfut mRiknd jkT; Øe'k%
catkjk & jktLFkku vksfM'kk] jktLFkku] vkU/kzçns'k] NÙkhlx< ,oa >kj[k.M
dqdh & ef.kiqj gSA
cDdjoky & tEeq&d'ehj Hkkjr ds m|ksx
fdUukSj & fgekpy çns'k  Hkkjr dk igyk yksg&bLikr dkj[kkuk dqYVh ¼i0
lkalh & iatkc caxky½ esa cjkdj unh ds rV ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
ykS/kk & iañ caxky  Hkkjr esa ,Y;qehfu;e dk dkj[kkuk 1937 esa i0 caxky
vykj & dsjy ds ts- ds- uxj esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
ckxMh & jktLFkku  LVhy vkWFksfjVh vkWQ bf.M;k ¼SAIL½ dh LFkkiuk 1973
cqDlk] HkksfV;k & mÙkjk[k.M esa dh x;h FkhA
pkSiku & tEew&d'ehj  Hkkjr esa igyh lwrh oL= dk lQy dkj[kkuk 1854 esa

90 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 Hkwxksy ¼GEOGRAPHY½
eqEcbZ esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA dkj[kkuk gS
 diM+k m|ksx Hkkjr dk lcls çkphu m|ksx gSA eqEcbZ  e/; çns'k dk usikuxj v[kckjh dkxt ds fy, çfl)
dks Hkkjr ds lwrh oL=ksa dh jkt/kkuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gSA
 twV m|ksx dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1859 bZñ esa dksydkrk  Hkkjr esa Åuh oL= dh igyh ehy 1876 esa dkuiqj esa
ds lehi fj'kjk esa dh xbZ twV dks lksus dk js'kk Hkh 'kq: gqbZA
dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh çeq[k [kku
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; twV laxBu dk eq[;ky; <kdk
fMXcksbZ vle isVªksfy;e
¼ckaXykns'k½ esa gSA
cksEcs gkbZ cksEcs isVªksfy;e
 Hkkjr esa phuh dh igyh fey 1903 esa fcgkj esa
LFkkfir dh xbZA flag Hkwfe >kj[k.M ykSg v;Ld
 Hkkjr esa lhesUV cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1904 bZñ esa jkuhxat i0 caxky dks;yk
eækl esa yxk;k x;k Fkk tks vlQy jgkA >fj;k >kj[k.M dks;yk
 Hkkjr esa lhesUV m|ksx dk igyk lQy dkj[kkuk [ksrMh jktLFkku rk¡ck
xqtjkr ds iksjcUnj esa yxk;k x;k FkkA lruk rFkk dksMjek >kj[k.M ckDlkbM
dVuh lhesUV m|ksx ds fy, çfl) gSA dksykj] gV~Vh dukZVd lksuk
 dkxt dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1879 bZñ esa y[kuÅ esa iUuk e/; çns'k ghjk
yxk;k x;kA
tkoj jktLFkku tLrk
 gks'kaxkckn ¼M.P½ esa uksV Nkius ds dkxt cukus okyk

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 91

vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½

 vFkZ'kkL= %& ;g ekuo dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk  tSls&yksgk&bLikr m|ksx] oL= m|ksx] okgu rFkk
v/;;u djrk gSA ftuesa mldh vkfFkZd ykHk rFkk bysDVªkWfuDl vkfnA
vkfFkZd gkfu 'kkfey jgrs gSA  r`rh;d {ks=%& bl {ks= esa fofHkUu çdkj dh lsokvksa
 vFkZ'kkL= dk tud ,Me fLeFk dks dgk tkrk gSA dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&chek] cSfdax]
mUgksaus osYFk vkWQ us'ku uked iqLrd fy[khA fpfdRlk] f'k{kk] i;ZVu vkfnA
 tc fdlh ns'k dks mldh leLr vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ds  —f"k esa yxs gq, yksxksa dks jsM dkWyj tkWc ds vUrZxr
lUnHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSA rks mls vFkZO;oLFkk j[kk tkrk gSA
dgrs gSaA  f}rh;d {ks= esa yxs yksxksa dks OgkbV dkWyj tkWc ds
 bldk oxhZdj.k rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa fd;k tk ldrk vUrxZr j[kk tkrk gSA
gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds çeq[k y{k.k
 i¡wthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk%& bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa D;k
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ,d vYifodflr vkSj fodkl'khy
mRiknu djuk gS] fdruk djuk gS rFkk mls fdl vFkZO;oLFkk gSA fodflr ns'kksa ds lkis{k esa Hkkjrh;
dher ij cspuk gS ;g lc cktkj r; djrk gS blesa vFkZO;oLFkk fiNMh gqbZ gS] blfy, ;g vYifodflr o
ljdkj dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugh gksrhA fodkl'khy gS vkSj fodkl ds iFk ij fujarj vxzlj
 jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk ¼lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk½%& ;g gSA
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fojks/k esa gSA blesa mRiknu]
 —f"k ij vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gS%&
vkiwfrZ rFkk dherks dk QSlyk ljdkj }kjk fy;k tkrk
gSA  Hkkjr esa dqy jkstxkj dk yxHkx 55% —f"k {ks= ls
çkIr gksrk gSA
 ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk dks dsUæh—r fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk
Hkh dgrs gSaA  ns'k dh dqy tula[;k dk 68-8% ls vf/kd xk¡oksa esa
fuokl djrh gSA
uksV%& igyh ckj ¼jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk½ dk fl)kUr
teZuh ds nk'kZfud dky ekDlZ us fn;k FkkA budh  dbZ m|ksxksa dks dPps eky ds fy, —f"k {ks= ij

iqLrd dk uke nkl dSfiVy gSA fuHkZj jguk iMrk gSA

 fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk%& iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk  —f"k {ks= dk fons'kh eqæk vtZu djus esa Hkh

lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds la;qDr :i dks fefJr vge ;ksxnku gSA

vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSaA  Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk gS%&
 Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dk loZJs"B  fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh ,oa lkoZtfud {ks= ;k
mnkgj.k gSA eysf'k;k rFkk baMksusf'k;k dh Hkh fefJr cktkj rFkk jkT; dh Hkwfedk ?kfu"B :i ls
vFkZO;oFkk gSA lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA
 vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks=%& vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd  Hkkjr ds vk;kstu esa vkjEHk ls gh nksuksa {ks=ksa ds
xfrfof/k;ksa dks rhu Js.kh;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ftUgs egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
vFkZO;oLFkk dk {ks= dgk tkrk gSA  'kq:vkrh ;kstukvksa esa lkoZtfud {ks= dh eq[;
 çkFkfed {ks=%& ;g {ks= çR;{k :i ls i;kZoj.k ij Hkwfedk Fkh] fdUrq 1991 ls mnkjhdj.k ds çHkko ls
fuHkZj gksrk gS blds vUrZxr —f"k] i'kqikyu rFkk eRl; futh {ks= ds ;ksxnku esa o`f) gqbZ gSA
ikyu vkfn vkrs gSA blesa layXu Je dh ç—fr dks  vYifodflr vFkZO;oLFkk gS%&
jsM dkWyj tkWc okyk dgk tkrk gSA  fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
 f}rh;d {ks=%& ;g {ks= çkFkfed {ks= ds mRiknks dks fiNMh gqbZ gS] ftldk vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gS&
viuh xfrfof/k;ksa esa dPps eky dh rjg mi;ksx djrk
gSA  —f"k {ks= dk vf/kd ;ksxnkuA

92 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 çfr O;fDr vk; dk Lrj de gksukA  orZeku esa jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdMs dsUæh; lkaf[;dh
 tula[;k dh vf/kd o`f) njA laxBu ¼CSO½ yxkrk gSA
 csjkstxkj Je 'kfDr dk vf/kd vuqikrA  bldh LFkkiuk ebZ 1951 esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk bldk eq[;ky;

 fu/kZurk dk vf/kd vuqikrA ubZ fnYyh esa gSA

 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk gS%&  dsUæh; lkaf[;dh laxBu ¼CSO½ }kjk o"kZ 1996&97 ls

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ftu lwpdksa ds vk/kkj ij fodflr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds =Sekfld vk¡dMs çdkf'kr fd,
ns'kksa ls fiNMh gqbZ gS] mu lwpdksa esa fujarj lq/kkj gks tkrs gSA
jgk gS] vFkkZr~ og fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gSA  Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdMs dk foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vçSy

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ¼HDI½ ls 31 ekpZ rd gksrk gSA

 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh oSKkfud x.kuk MkWñ
 fodkl ds vU; igyqvksa ij fo'o ds jk"Vªksa dk /;ku V.K.R.V jko us 1951 esa dh FkhA
vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;Z—r
¼UNDP½ }kjk o"kZ 1990 ls yxkrkj okf"kZd vk/kkj ij  jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk dh rhu fof/k gSA

ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ dk çdk'ku fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa 1- mRikn x.kuk fof/k
fofHkUu jk"Vªksa }kjk fodkl ds fofHkUu ekudks ds lkis{k 2- vk; x.kuk fof/k
fd;s x;s ç;klksa dk ,d oSf'od fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;k 3- miHkksx&cpr fof/k
tkrk gSA
1- mRikn x.kuk fof/k%& blds vUrxZr fdlh ns'k
 UNDP }kjk ekuo fodkl ds vk/kkjHkwr igyqvksa
esa ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr vfUre lsokvksa rFkk oLrqvksa
tSls&LokLF;] f'k{kk] vk; vkfn ds lwpdkadks ds vkSlr dk 'kq) ewY; Kkr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mlds ;ksx
ds }kjk fofHkUu ns'kksa dk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad çkIr dks vafre mit ;ksx dgk tkrk gSA ;g okLro esa
fd;k tkrk gS( ftls ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 'kh"kZd ds GDP dks n'kkZrk gSA
rgr çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vk; x.kuk fof/k%& blds varxZr fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa
 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa rFkk O;olkf;d miØeksa dh 'kq)
ikfdLrkuh vFkZ'kkL=h egcwc&mYk&gd rFkk ukscsy vk; dk ;ksx çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
iqjLdkj fotsrk Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=h veR;Z lsu us fd;k
FkkA 3- miHkksx&cpr fof/k%& blds vuqlkj dqy vk; ;k
rks miHkksx ij O;; dh tkrh gS ;k cpr ijA vr%
 ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ ds igys laLdj.k dk çdk'ku o"kZ jk"Vªh; vk;] dqy cprksa dk ;ksx gksrh gSA
1990 esa bUgha nksuksa vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dh en~n ls fd;k x;k
FkkA jk"Vªh; vk; dh vo/kkj.kk,¡
 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad iSekus dk mPpre eku 1-0 1- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GDP½%& fdlh
rd gks ldrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa mRikfnr lHkh
 Hkkjr ekuo fodkl iSekus ij e/;e Js.kh esa vkrk gSA oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk vafre ekSfæd ewY; mldk
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn gksrk gSA
uksV%& jkT; Lrj ij ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ tkjh djus
okyk çFke jkT; e/; çns'k gSA 2- 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn ¼NDP½%& 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn
¼NDP½ fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk og GDP gS] ftlesa ls
 [kq'kgkyh%& ;g euq"; ek= dh vkdka{kk gS] tks fd 1 o"kZ esa gq, ewY; âkl dks ?kVkdj çkIr gksrk gSA
lkekftd çxfr cu ldrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us
çFke ckj 2012 bZñ esa fo'o [kq'kgkyh fjiksVZ tkjh dh NDP=GDP-ewY; âkl ¼Depreciation½
FkhA 3- ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½%& fdlh ns'k ds
jk"Vªh; vk; ukxfjdksa }kjk ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa ds vafre ekSfæd ewY; esa tc ml o"kZ ds]
 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dk çFke vuqeku nknkHkkbZ mlds fons'kksa ls çkIr vk; dks tksMrs gSa rks mls
ukSjkSth }kjk o"kZ 1868 ds fy, yxk;k x;k] ftls ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g
mudh iqLrd ikoVhZ ,.M vu&fczfV'k :y bu GDP esa fons'kksa ls çkIr vk; dks tksMus ds ckn
bf.M;k esa çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA çkIr gksrk gSA blh rjg ns'k ds vUnj
 o"kZ 1949 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; vk; lehfr dk fonsf'k;ksa }kjk mRikfnr vk; dks GDP esa ls ?kVk
v/;{k P.C. egkyuksfcl dks fu;qDr fd;k FkkA fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 93
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
GNP = GDP + X - M ¼X = ns'k ds ukxfjdksa }kjk Lrjksa dh o`f) djus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k x;kA
fons'kksa esa vftZr vk; rFkk M = fonsf'k;ksa }kjk ns'k  Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa esa nks çdkj dh ;qfDr;k¡ 'kkfey
esa vftZr vk;½ gS&
4- 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn ¼NNP½%& fdlh  lef"V vFkZ'kkL=h; fLFkjhdj.k ;qfDr;k¡%&
vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk mRikfnr ,d o"kZ esa lHkh oLrqvksa buds }kjk yksxksa dh Ø; 'kfDr esa o`f) djds
vkSj lsokvksa ds vafre ekSfæd ewY; esa fons'kksa ls vk; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ldy ek¡x dks c<kuk FkkA
dks tksMdj vkSj ewY; âkl dks ?kVkdj tks vk;  lajpukRed lq/kkj%& buesa mRiknu çfØ;k dks
cprh gS] mls 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn dgrs gSaA mUeqDr djds vFkZO;oLFkk esa ldy vkiwfrZ dks c<kuk
NNP = GDP $ fons'kksa ls vk; & ewY; âkl = FkkA Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds fy, rhu çfØ;k,¡
GNP & ewY; âkl viukbZ x;h gSa&mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kA
 NNP dks ns'k dh tula[;k ls Hkkx nsdj] Hkkx&  mnkjhdj.k%& mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ O;kikj ,oa m|ksx
Qy }kjk çfr O;fDr vk; dks n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA dks vokafNr ljdkjh fu;a=.kksa ,oa ikcafn;ksa ls eqDr
 NNP fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dks n'kkZus dh lcls djuk gSA bl uhfr dh nks çeq[k ckrsa gSa&
csgrj vo/kkj.kk gS] D;ksafd ;g mldh ek=k]  lkoZtfud {ks= dh vkjf{kr m|ksxksa dks futh {ks= dks
xq.koÙkk] ewY; âkl vkSj cká 'kfDr dks Li"V pykus dh vuqefrA
djrk gSA  futh {ks= ds fy, cuk, x, fu;eksa esa <hyA
 NNP dks gh jk"Vªh; vk; dgk tkrk gSA
 mnkjhdj.k ds fy, fd, x, mik;
 jk"Vªh; vk;%& Hkkjr esa lk/ku@dkjd ykxr ij 'kq)
1- vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa lq/kkj 2- foÙkh; {ks= esa lq/kkj
jk"Vªh; mRikn ¼NNP½ dks jk"Vªh; vk; dgrs gSaA bldh
x.kuk ds fy, cktkj ewY; ij çkIr 'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn 3- dj lq/kkj 4- fons'kh O;kikj esa lq/kkj
esa ls vçR;{k dj ?kVk;k tkrk gS vkSj lfClMh dks  futhdj.k%& futhdj.k og çfØ;k gS] ftlesa futh
tksMk tkrk gSA {ks= dks lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØeksa ds LokfeRo ,oa
 Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk pkyw ewY; ds vk/kkj
fu;a=.k esa Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA
ij rFkk fLFkj ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh gSA  futhdj.k ds fy, fd, x, mik;
 fdlh ns'k dk vkfFkZd fodkl dk lgh lwpd fLFkj 1- futh fons'kh fofu;ksx 2- fofuos'k
dher ij jk"Vªh; vk; gSA 3- fons'kh çR;{k fofu;ksx
 jk"Vªh; vk; esa lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku r`rh; {ks= dk  oS'ohdj.k%& oS'ohdj.k og çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk
rFkk lcls de çkFkfed {ks= dk gSA iwjk fo'o ,dy cktkj cu tkrk gSA bls cgqjk"Vªh;
 Hkkjr esa fons'kks ls çkIr 'kq) vk; dk vk¡dMk daifu;ksa }kjk fons'kh fuos'k rFkk fons'kh O;kikj ds
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad yxkrk gSA ek/;e ls dbZ ns'kksa ds chp rhoz ,dhdj.k ;k ijLij
 Hkkjr esa iwath fuekZ.k lEcfU/kr vk¡dMs dsUæh;
lEcU/k ds :i esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA bl çfØ;k
lkaf[;dh laxBu }kjk yxk, tkrs gSA esa ge varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vkfFkZd :i ls ,d&nwljs ij
fuHkZj gks tkrs gSA
 oS;fDrd vk;%& fdlh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks çkIr gksus
okyh vk;] O;fDrxr vk; dgykrh gSA  oS'ohdj.k ds fy, fd, x, mik;
 Hkkjr esa çfr O;fDr vk; lcls vf/kd xksok esa rFkk
1- #i;s dk voewY;u
lcls de fcgkj esa gSA 2- #i;s dh ifjorZu'khyrk
 Mªsu dk fl)kUr nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth us fn;k FkkA 3- rVdj ,oa 'kqYd esa deh
 fgUnq o`f) nj jk"Vªh; vk; ls lEcfU/kr gSA 4- fons'kh fofu;ksx
 Hkkjr esa fons'kksa ls çkIr 'kq) vk; ds vk¡dMs Hkkjrh;  Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ,oa iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡%&
fjtoZ cSad yxkrk gS uk dh dsUæh; lkaf[;dh laxBuA vkfFkZd fu;kstu dk vFkZ gS&jkT; ds vfHkdj.kksa }kjk
is'k dh xbZ vkfFkZd lEink vkSj lsokvksa dh ,d
Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkj fuf'pr vof/k gsrq vko';drkvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkukA
 Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dk eryc mu uhfr;ksa ls gS]  Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns';
ftudk çkjEHk 1991 ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa dq'kyrk] gSa%&
mRikndrk] ykHknk;drk ,oa çfr;ksfxrk dh 'kfDr ds
94 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
1- xjhch dk fuokj.k rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1961&66½
2- jkstxkj ds voljks esa o`f)  bl iapo"khZ; ;sktuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; vkRe iksf"kr
3- vkfFkZd o lkekftd vlekurk dks nqj djuk fodkl FkkA
4- vkfFkZd leo`f)  Hkkjr&phu ;q) ¼1962½] Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) ¼1965½
5- {ks=h; fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djuk rFkk Hkh"k.k lw[kk ds dkj.k ;g ;kstuk vius y{;ksa dks
 Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu lEcfU/kr igyk çLrko çkIr ugha dj ldhaA
1934 bZñ esa fo'os'ojS;k dh iqLrd IykaM bdksukseh  bl ;kstuk esa cksdkjks bLikr la;a= dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
QkWj bf.M;k esa fn;k x;k gSA  ;wfuV VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k ¼1964½] baMLVªh;y MsoyiesaV
 bl iqLrd esa Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy, 10 o"khZ; cSad vkWQ bf.M;k ¼IDBI½ ¼1964½] Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe]
dk;ZØe çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA FCI ¼1965½] —f"k dher vk;ksx ¼APC½ dh LFkkiuk
 1945 esa Jh M.N jk; us tu;kstuk cuk;hA gqbZA
 1950 esa t; çdk'k ukjk;.k us loksZn; ;kstuk  bl ;kstuk esa —f"k o m|ksx nksuksa dks çkFkfedrk nhA
çdkf'kr dhA ;kstuk vodk'k ¼1966&69½
 Lora=rk ds i'pkr 1947 bZñ esa iañ tokgj yky usg:  bl nkSjku rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk pykbZ x;hA D;ksafd phu
dh v/;{krk esa vkfFkZd fu;sktu lfefr xfBr gqbZ bl o ikfdLrku ds lkFk ;q) gksus ds dkj.k pkSFkh
lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij 15 ekpZ 1950 esa ;kstuk iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 'kq: u djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA
vk;ksx dk xBu gqvkA  blh nkSjku gfjr Økafr dh 'kq:vkr ¼1966&67½ esa gqbZA
 ;kstuk vk;ksx dk çFke mik/;{k xqytkjh yky uUnk pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1969&74½
FkkA
 bl ;kstuk dks xkMZxhy ;kstuk ds uke ls Hkh tkurs
igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&56½ gSA bl ;kstuk esa lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk ij
 Hkkjr dh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vçSy 1951 dks fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA
çkjEHk gqbZA  ;g ;kstuk Hkh vlQy jgh FkhA D;ksafd 1971 esa
 igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk gSjkWM&Mksej ekWMy ij Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds ;q) ls vkfFkZd ladV mRiUu gks
vk/kkfjr FkhA x;k FkkA
 bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; vFkZO;oLFkk dk larqfyr  1969 esa 14 okf.kfT;d cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k rFkk 1974
fodkl FkkA esa iks[kj.k esa ukfHkdh; ijh{k.k ¼Lekbfyax cq)k½
 bl ;kstuk esa —f"k dks çkFkfedrk nh xbZA bl ;kstuk dh çeq[k miyfC/k;k¡ FkhA
 bl ;kstuk ds nkSjku dbZ cMh flpkbZ ifj;kstuk 'kq: ik¡poh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1974&78½
dh x;hA tSls&Hkk[kMk ukxay] nkeksnj ?kkVh] O;kl unh  bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; xjhch mUewyu rFkk
ifj;kstuk vkfnA vkRefuHkZjrk dh çkIrh FkhA
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1956&61½  blesa loksZPp çkFkfedrk —f"k dks nh x;h rRi'pkr~
 ;g ;kstuk P.C. egkyuksfcl ekWMy ij vk/kkfjr m|ksx o [kuht dks c<kok fn;k x;kA
FkhA bldk mn~ns'; ifCyd lSDVj o vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk  bl ;kstuk esa chl lw=h; dk;ZØe 1975 bZñ esa
fodkl FkkA çkjEHk fd;k x;kA
 fHkykbZ bLikr dkj[kkuk tks :l ds lg;ksx ls  xjhch gVkvks dk ukjk bafnjk xka/kh us bl ;kstuk esa
NÙkhlx< esa cuk;k x;k] bldh LFkkiuk blh ;kstuk esa fn;k FkkA
dh x;hA  turk ikVhZ }kjk bl ;kstuk dks 1978 bZñ esa r; o"kZ
 nqxkZiqj bLikr dkj[kkuk iañ caxky esa fczVsu ds lg;ksx ¼le;½ ls ,d o"kZ igys gh lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
ls cuk;k x;kA  U;wure vko';drk dk;ZØe dk çkjEHk Hkh
 jkmjdsyk bLikr dkj[kkuk vksfM'kk esa teZuh ds blh ;kstuk esa gqvkA
lg;ksx ls blh ;kstuk esa cuk;k x;kA  {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadks dh LFkkiuk ¼2 vDVwcj] 1975½ rFkk
 [kk¡nh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk nqljh [kk| ds cnys vukt dk;ZØe ¼1977&78½ dh 'kq:vkr
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dhA gqbZA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 95
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
vuojr ;kstuk ¼Rolling Plan½ ¼1978&80½ ij Hkh iMkA gkykafd bl le; rd vFkZO;oLFkk 1990
ds foÙkh; ladV ls ckgj fudy pqdh FkhA
 ik¡poha ;kstuk lekIr dj 1 vçSy] 1978 esa
vuojr ;kstuk 'kq: gqbZA  bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; lkekftd U;k; vkSj
lekurk ds lkFk vkfFkZd lao`f) FkkA blds fy,
 NBh ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr nks ckj gqbZ] igyh ckj turk
thouLrj] jkstxkj l`tu] vkRe&fuHkZjrk vkSj {ks=h;
ljdkj }kjk ¼1978&83½] tks dsoy nks o"kZ rd gh py
larqyu tSls {ks=ksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA
ldh vkSj nwljh ckj dk¡xzsl ljdkj }kjk 1980&85 dh
vof/k ds fy,A nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2002&2007½
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1980&85½  nloha ;kstuk ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr egRoiw.kZ dne
mBk, x;s&
 bl ;kstuk dks çkjEHk D.T. yDMokyk us fd;kA
jksfyax Iyku ¼1978&80 bZñ½ tks turk ikVhZ }kjk cuk;h  çfr O;fDr vk; dks nl o"kZ esa nksxquk djukA
xbZ Fkh dks lekIr djds fd;k x;kA  lk{kjrk nj dks 2007 rd 75% rd igq¡pkukA
 ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 1982 esa NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds  okfudhdj.k dks 2007 rd 25% ,oa 2012 rd
nkSjku dh xbZA 33% ds Lrj ij ykukA
 bl iapo"kÊ; ;kstuk esa fo|qr mRiknu ij fo'ks"k cy X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2007&2012½
fn;k x;kA  bl ;kstuk ds varxZr vkSlru 9% dh okf"kZd o`f) nj
 6 cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1980 esa fd;k x;kA çkIr djus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1985&90½ vesfjdh vFkZO;oLFkk esa foÙkh; ladV dk çHkko bu
y{;ksa ij iMkA
 lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa rhoz [kk|kUu mRiknu]
jkstxkj] lkekU; mRiknu esa o`f) ij cy fn;k x;kA ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2012&2017½
 bl ;kstuk esa vkjaHk gq, çeq[k dk;ZØe gSa&LihM iksLV  Hkkjr dh 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dks fnlacj] 2012 esa
O;oLFkk ¼1986½] dikVZ dh LFkkiuk ¼1986½] lsch dh jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ }kjk Loh—fr çnku dh x;hA
LFkkiuk ¼1988½] tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk ¼1989½] usg:  bl ;kstuk dk dsUæ fcUnq gS&rhoz] liks"k.kh; vkSj
jkstxkj ;kstuk ¼1989½A vf/kd lekos'kh fodklA
okf"kZd ;kstuk,¡ ¼1990&92½ dsUæ ljdkj dh uohu ;kstuk,¡
 dsUæ esa vk jgs jktuhfrd cnyko vkSj Hkqxrku larqyu
;kstuk,¡ 'kq:vkr
ds ladV ds dkj.k 1990&92 ds nkSjku
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ ykxw ugha dh tk ldhaA bl vof/k esa uekfe xaxs vfHk;ku 10 tqykbZ] 2014
y?kq m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy, 1990 esa flMch eSd bu bafM;k 25 flrEcj] 2014
¼SIDBI½ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj 1991 esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd
lq/kkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA jk"Vªh; xksdqy fe'ku 16 fnlEcj] 2014
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1992&97½ ç/kkuea=h Qly chek ;kstuk 11 vDVwcj] 2014
 bldh 'kq:vkr u, vkfFkZd ifjçs{; esa gqbZA vkfFkZd ç/kkuea=h tu/ku ;kstuk 24 vxLr] 2014
lq/kkj dh çfØ;k 'kq: gks x;h FkhA bl ;kstuk dk eq[;
mn~ns'; Fkk ekuo lalk/ku dk fodklA csVh cpkvks&csVh i<kvksa ;kstuk 22 tuojh] 2015
 Hkkjr 1 tuojh] 1995 dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu ¼WTO½ ç/kkuea=h lqdU;k le`f) ;kstuk 22 tuojh] 2015
dk lnL; cuk rFkk 1993 esa ç/kkuea=h jkstxkj ;kstuk laln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk 11 vDVwcj] 2014
dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
 bl ;kstuk dk çk:i pkj ljdkjksa us vius&vius fe'ku bUæ/kuq"k 25 fnlEcj] 2014
rjhds ls rS;kj fd;k FkkA Dyhu ekbZ dksp 11 ekpZ] 2016
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1997&2002½ fMftVy bafM;k 1 tqykbZ] 2015
 bl ;kstuk ds le; nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa foÙkh; ç/kkuea=h thou T;ksfr chek ;kstuk 9 ebZ] 2015
ladV py jgk Fkk] ftldk çHkko Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
96 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
;kstuk,¡ 'kq:vkr  ns'k ds dqy fu;kZr dk 38 çfr'kr fgLlk —f"k ,oa
mlls lacaf/kr gSA
ç/kkuea=h mTtoy ;kstuk 1 ebZ] 2016
 çeq[k Qlysa%&
LVkVZi bafM;k] LVSaMi bafM;k 16 tuojh] 2016 1- [kjhQ dh Qlysa%& ;s tqykbZ esa cksbZ tkrh gS
lkxjekyk çkstsDV 31 tqykbZ] 2015 vkSj vDVwcj esa dkVh tkrh gSA
ç/kkuea=h vkokl ;kstuk ¼vcZu½ 25 twu] 2015 2- jch dh Qlysa%& ;s vDVwcj esa cksbZ tkrh gS vkSj
vçSy esa dkVh tkrh gSA
ou jSad ou isa'ku Ldhe 5 flrEcj] 2015 3- tk;n dh Qlysa%& dqN LFkkuksa ij ekpZ ls twu
mMku ¼Udey Desh ka Aam Nagrik½ 21 vDVwcj] 2016 ds chp tk;n dh Qly dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA
LekVZ xaxk flVh 13 vxLr] 2016  gfjr Økafr%&
 gfjr Økafr ykus dk Js; esfDldks ds —f"k oSKkfud
lksyj pj[kk ;kstuk 27 twu] 2018 MkW- ukWjeu cksjykx dks gSA
laikMk ;kstuk 3 ebZ] 2017  bUgsa gfjr Økafr dk firk dgk tkrk gSA

vk;q"eku Hkkjr ;kstuk 1 Qjojh] 2018  gfjr Økafr dk ukedj.k fofy;e xkWM }kjk fd;k
x;k gSA
ç/kkuea=h o; oanuk ;kstuk 21 tqykbZ] 2017
 Hkkjr esa gfjr Økafr dks ykus dk Js; MkW-
lkSj lqtkyk ;kstuk 1 uoEcj] 2016 LokehukFku dks gSA
 bUgsa Hkkjrh; gfjr Økafr dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk
Hkkjrh; —f"k gSA
 Hkkjr ,d —f"k ç/kku ns'k gS ftldh yxHkx 70%  Hkkjr esa çFke gfjr Økafr 1966&67 bZñ ls çkjEHk
tula[;k xkao esa fuokl djrh gS vkSj eq[; :i ls gqbZ vkSj nwljh gfjr Økafr 1983&84 bZñ ls çkjEHk
Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA ekuh tkrh gSA
 Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa —f"k dk vge~ ;ksxnku jgrk
 çFke gfjr Økafr dk {ks=%& iatkc] gfj;k.kk ,oa
gSA
if'peh mÙkj çns'k Fkk] tcfd f}rh; gfjr Økafr
 Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa —f"k vkSj Hkwfe lq/kkj ij dk {ks= if'pe caxky] fcgkj] vksfM'kk] e/;
fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA çns'k vkSj iwohZ mÙkj çns'k FkkA
 gfjr Økafr us Hkkjr dh —f"k dks vyx eqdke ij  gfjr Økafr dk lokZf/kd çHkko xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy ds
igq¡pk;kA mRiknu ij iMkA
 {ks=Qy ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k%&  gfjr Økafr dks ubZ —f"k ;qfDr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 dqy {ks=Qy dk 51% —f"k ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k
 f}rh; gfjr Økafr dk eq[; mn~ns'; 2015 rd
tkrk gSA Ñf"k mRiknksa dks nksxquk djus dk FkkA
 dqy Hkwfe dk 46-6% 'kq) cqokbZ {ks= esa vkrk gSA
 vkWijs'ku ¶yM%& MkW- oxhZt dqfj;u blds çeq[k
 oukPNkfnr Hkwfe dk dqy Hkkx 23-8% gSA lq=/kkj gSa ftUgksaus fo'o ds bl lcls cMs lefUor
 catj Hkwfe dk dqy Hkkx 5% gSA Ms;jh fodkl dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr dhA
 ijrh Hkwfe dk dqy Hkkx 7-5% gSA  bl 'osr Økafr dks xfr çnku djus ds fy, 1970 esa
 4 çfr'kr Hkkx ij ckx o pkjkxkg gSA jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl cksMZ us vkWijs'ku ¶yM ¼'osr
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa —f"k dk egRo Økafr½ çkjaHk dhA
 —f"k dk Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa lcls  vkjaHk esa vkWijs'ku ¶yM 10 jkT;ksa ls 'kq: fd;k
cMk ;ksxnku gSA x;kA
 lEiw.kZ tula[;k ds 65&70% Hkkx dks vkthfodk  vHkh rd vkWijs'ku ¶yM ds rhu pj.k iwjs gks pqds
çnku djrh gSA gSA
 —f"k }kjk dqy fu;kZr vk; dk 14% Hkkx çnku  us'kuy Ms;jh fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV] djuky ¼gfj;k.kk½
fd;k tkrk gSA 1955 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 97

vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 QVhZxs'ku%& ;g ,slh i)fr gS ftlesa iks"kd rRo —f"k {ks= esa gqbZ fofHkUu ØkfUr;k¡
flapkbZ ds ek/;e ls Qlyksa dks çkIr gksrs gSA
 U;wure leFkZu ewY;%& ;g og U;wure ewY; gS] ftl gfjr ØkfUr [kk|kUu mRiknu
ij ljdkj fdlku ls Qlyksa dks [kjhnrh gS] pkgs 'osr Økafr nqX/k mRiknu
cktkj esa Qly dk dksbZ Hkh ewY; gksA ihyh Økafr frygu
 ;g 1966&67 esa igyh ckj xsgw¡ ds fy, ykxw gqvkA
uhyh Økafr eNyh mRiknu
 —f"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx o"kZ esa nks ckj
¼[kjhQ&jch½ U;wure leFkZu ewY; ykxw djrh gSA yky Økafr ek¡l ,oa VekVj mRiknu
 ljdkj 24 eq[; Qlyksa ds fy, U;wure leFkZu ewY; lqugjh Økafr Qyksa ds mRiknu
dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gSA xqykch Økafr >haxk eNyh mRiknu
 —f"k ykxr ,oa ewY; vk;ksx%& 1965 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj us —f"k vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA Hkwjh Økafr moZjd mRiknu
 ;g vk;ksx fofHkUu —f"k mRiknksa ds fy, mudh czkmu Økafr xSj ijEijkxr ÅtkZ fodkl]
cksvkbZ ds le; U;wure leFkZu dher] olwyh dher v.Mk ,oa eqxhZ ikyu
vkSj tkjh dherksa dh ?kks"k.kk djrh FkhA [kk|kUu Ük`a[kyk [kk|kUu] lCth ,oa Qy
 fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ;kstuk ¼KCC½%& fdlku
ØsfMr dkMZ ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 1998 esa dh x;hA CySd Økafr [kfut rsy esa vkRefuHkZjrk
bldk çeq[k mn~ns'; fdlkuksa dks laxfBr cSafdx eqæk ds ewY; esa ifjorZu
ç.kkyh ls yphys ,oa de [kphZys rjhds ls i;kZIr vkSj
le;kuqlkj _.k miyC/k djkuk gSA  eqæk ds ewY; esa ifjorZu pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSa%&
uksV%& fdlku dky lsaVj ¼KCC½ dh LFkkiuk 21 1- eqækLQhfr ¼Inflation½
tuojh] 2004 dks dh x;hA 2- voLQhfr vFkok eqæk&ladqpu ¼Deflation½
 —f"k foi.ku%& 3- eqæk&laLQhfr ¼Reflation½
 VªkbQsM%& Hkkjr ljdkj us 1987 esa Hkkjrh; 4- eqæk&viLQhfr ¼Disinflation½
tutkrh; lgdkjh foi.ku fodkl la?k ¼VªkbQsM½  eqækLQhfr ¼Inflation½%& ;g og fLFkfr gksrh gS
dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bldk eq[; mn~ns'; tutkrh; ftlesa eqæk dk ewY; fxj tkrk gS rFkk dhers c<+ tkrh
yksxksa dks LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ds 'kks"k.k ls cpkuk gS gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g og voLFkk gksrh gS tc oLrqvksa
rFkk muds y?kq ou mRiknksa ds fy, mi;qDr dh miyC/k ek=k dh rqyuk esa eqæk rFkk lk[k dh ek=k
esgurkuk çnku djuk gSA esa vf/kd o`f) gksrh gSA
 uSQsM%& jk"Vªh; —f"k lgdkjh foi.ku la?k ¼uSQsM½
 eqækLQhfr dk çHkko
dh LFkkiuk 2 vDVwcj 1958 dks gqbZA
 mRiknd oxZ ¼—"kd] O;kikjh] m|ksxifr½ dks ykHk
 lgdkjh cSad%& gksrk gSA
 ukckMZ ¼jk"Vªh; —f"k rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl
 _.kh dks ykHk rFkk _.knkrk dks gkfu gksrh gSA
cSad½%& bldh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ 1982 dks
 fuf'pr vk; okys oxZ dks gkfu gksrh gS tcfd
f'kojeu flag lfefr dh vuq'kalk ij dh xbZA ;g
—f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq _.k miyC/k djkus ifjofrZr vk; okys oxZ dks ykHk gksrk gSA
okyk 'kh"kZLFk laLFkk gSA  lekt esa vkfFkZd fo"kerk,¡ c<+ tkrh gSA /kuh oxZ

 {ks=h; xzkeh.k fodkl cSad%& bldh LFkkiuk 1975 vkSj T;knk /kuh gks tkrs gS rFkk fu/kZu oxZ vkSj
esa ,e- ujflEgu lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij dh x;h T;knk fu/kZu gks tkrs gSA
FkhA  O;kikj lUrqyu foi{k esa gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd vk;kr
 jk"Vªh; —"kd vk;ksx%& bl vk;ksx dk xBu esa o`f) rFkk fu;kZr esa deh gks tkrh gSA
2004 esa MkW- ,e- ,l- LokehukFku dh v/;{krk esa  eqækLQhfr dks fu;fU=r djus ds mik;
fd;k x;k FkkA bldk çeq[k dk;Z Fkk&—f"k {ks= ds  larqfyr ctV cukuk
fodkl] —f"k {ks= dh leL;kvksa vkfn ds mik;ksa dk  mRiknu esa o`f) djuk
irk yxkukA
98 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 lkoZtfud [kpZ ij fu;=.k j[kuk ;k
 çxfr'khy djkjksi.k  eqækLQhfr dh mPp nj rFkk csjkstxkjh dh mPp
 lkoZtfud _.k esa o`f) djuk nj ,d lkFk gks rks ml voLFkk dks LVSx¶ys'ku
 cpr dks çksRlkfgr djuk
dgrs gSaA
uksV%& Hkkjr esa eqækLQhfr Fkksd eqY; lwpdkad  gokyk%& fons'kh eqæk dk voS/k dkjksckj gokyk
ds }kjk ekih tkrh gSA dgykrk gSA
 eqæk voLQhfr vFkok eqæk ladqpu ¼Deflation½  dkyh eqæk%& og eqæk ftl ij VSDl ugh fn;k tkrk
gSA og dkyh eqæk dgykrh gSA
 ;g eqækLQhfr dh foijhr voLFkk gS bles eqæk dk
eqY; c<rk vkSj oLrqvks vkSj lsokvksa dk ewY; ?kVrk  lLrh eqæk%& ns'k dh eqæk dk varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj es
gSA vklkuh ls miyC/k gksukA
 eqæk&ladqpu dks jksdus dk mik;  dBksj eqæk ¼gkMZ djsalh½%& og eqæk ftldh vkiwfrZ
ek¡x dh viss{kk de gksA ;g eqæk çk; fodflr ns'kksa ds
1- lkoZtfud O;; esa c<ksrjh djuk ikl ik;h tkrh gSA
2- djksjksi.k es deh  lkW¶V djsalh%& og eqæk ftldh vkiwfrZ ekax dh
3- _.kks dk Hkqxrku vis{kk vf/kd gksA
4- fu;kZr es o`f) rFkk vk;kr es deh  xeZ eqæk%& ,slh eqæk ftlesa 'kh?kz iyk;u dj tkus dh
5- iwfrZ ij fu;a=.k ço`fr gksA
 eqæk laLQhfr ¼Reflation½%& ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa  fof/kxzkg~; eqæk%& ftl eqæk es Hkqxrku djus ij
tku&cw>dj eqæk vkSj lk[k dh ek=k esa o`f) djds ysunsu dkuquh rkSj ij Lohdkj djus ls euk ugh dj
oLrq ds eqY; esa o`f) dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk çk; ldrkA Hkkjr dh fof/kxkzg~; eqæzk :i;k gSA
eanh ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA  foeqæhdj.k%& ljdkj }kjk iqjkuh eqæk dks lekIr dj
 eqæk viLQhfr ¼Disinflation½%& blds vUrxZr os u;h eqæk pykuk foeqæhdj.k dgykrk gSA ;g çk;
lc fØ;k,¡ o mik; vkrs gS] tks eqækLQhfr ds osx dks dkys/ku dh jksdFkke ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
jksdus ds fy, fd;s tkrs gSA  Hkkjr es lcls igys i= eqæk dk çpyu 1806 bZñes
uksV%& eqæk viLQhfr ¼Disinflation½ ns'k dh vkfFkZd gqvk FkkA
fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy, gksrh gSA eqæk&ladqpu ls ns'k  eqæk ds çpyu dk fu;e xzs'ke us fn;k FkkA
dks gkfu gksrh gSA  eqæk Lo;a eqæk dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA ;g Øksej us
 voewY;u%& dgk FkkA
 vU; eqæk dh rqyuk es Lons'kh eqæk ds eqY;  cktkj ds fu;e ds çLrqrdrkZ ts-ch- ls FksA
dks ?kVkuk voewY;u dgykrk gSA eqæk dk voewY;u
fu;kZr dks c<kok nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ek¡x
 vc rd Hkkjrh; eqæk dk rhu ckj voewY;u fd;k
 fdlh oLrq ds fy, ek¡x ls vfHkçk; oLrq dks [kjhnus
tk pqdk gSA dh ml bPNk ls gS ftlds fy, i;kZIr Ø;'kfDr gS
vkSj [kpZ djus dh rRijrk gSA
 lcls igys Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1949 esa gqvk
Fkk  ewY; dk ek¡x ds lkFk lEcU/k vFkZ'kkL= esa ek¡x dk
fu;e dgykrk gSA
 nwljh ckj Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1966 esa gqvk
FkkA  ;g fu;e crykrk gS fd ;fn vU; ckrsa leku jgsa rks
fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dh dher esa o`f) gksus ij mldh
 rhljh ckj Hkkjrh; eqæk dk voewY;u 1991 esa gqvk
ek¡x ?kVrh gS rFkk dher esa deh gksus ij mldh ek¡x
FkkA c<rh gSA
 1991 esas Hkkjrh; : dk voewY;u nks pj.kksa es gqvk
 bl fu;e dk çfriknu vYÝsM ek'kZy us fd;k FkkA
FkkA
 ek¡x ds fu;e ds dqN viokn Hkh gSA
 LVSx¶ys'ku%&
 bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dqN oLrqvksa dh dher vf/kd
 tc dHkh eqækLQhfr ds lkFk&lkFk eanh Hkh vk tkrh
gksus ij mudh ek¡x c< tkrh gS rFkk dher de gksus
gSA ml voLFkk dks LVSx¶ys'ku dgrs gSaA ij mudh ek¡x de gks tkrh gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 99
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
çfr"Bk lwpd oLrq miHkksDrk larqyu
 dqN ,slh oLrq,¡ gksrh gSa ftlls lkekftd çfr"Bk  miHkksDrk larqyu ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d
feyrh gSA miHkksDrk viuh lhfer vk; dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa ij O;;
 bu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x vf/kd gksrh gS D;ksafd budh djds vf/kdre larqf"V çkIr djrk gSA
dhersa csgn vf/kd gksrh gSA mRiknu
 ;fn budh dher de gks tkrh gSa rks bUgs çfr"Bk  ftl fØ;k ds }kjk fdlh oLrq ;k lsok esa mi;ksfxrk
lwpd oLrq,¡ ugha ekuk tkrk gSA dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gS mls mRiknu dgrs gSaA
 ;g ek¡x ds fu;e dh vogsyuk djrh gSA  ;g :i ifjorZu] LFkku ifjorZu ;k le; ifjorZu
ds }kjk gks ldrk gS] /kku ¼pkoy½ [ksr esa iSnk djuk]
 ewY;oku ghjs] iqjkuh dkjsa vkfn blds mnkjg.k gks pkoy dks xk¡o ds fdlku ls Ø; djds 'kgj dh e.Mh
ldrs gSA esa ys tkuk vFkok pkoy dks nks o"kZ rd j[kdj mls
fxQsu oLrq,¡ iqjkus pkoy ¼tks vPNk ekuk tkrk gS½ ds :i esa cspuk
 dqN ,slh fuEu oLrq,¡ ftu ij miHkksDrk viuh vk; lHkh fØ;k,¡ vyx&vyx <ax ls mi;ksfxrk dk l`tu
dk cMk Hkkx O;; djrk gSA djrh gSaA blfy, ;g mRiknu dgykrk gSA
 ,slh oLrqvksa dh dher de gksus ij budh ek¡x Hkh de miHkksx
gks tkrh gSA  fdlh oLrq esa fufgr mi;ksfxrk dks lekIr djuk ;k
mlesa deh ykuk miHkksx dgykrk gSA miHkksx ds fy,
 bu oLrqvksa ij ek¡x ds fu;e dk dksbZ çHkko ugha mRiknu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
iMrkA
 buds ewY; esa o`f) ls budh ek¡x esa Hkh o`f) gks tkrh
mRiknu Qyu
 fdlh mRiknu fØ;k esa tks mRiknu çkIr gksrk gS og
gS rFkk ewY; esa deh ls ek¡x esa Hkh deh gks tkrh gSA
mRiknu fØ;k esa ç;qDr ykxrksa ;k lk/kuksa ds ç;ksx dk
 ,slh oLrqvksa dks fxQsu oLrq dgrs gSaA bldk çfriknu ifj.kke gksrk gSA mRiknu vkSj lk/kuksa dh ek=k ds chp
jkWcVZ fxQsu us fd;k FkkA tks rduhdh QyukRed ¼vkfJrrk½ laca/k gksrk gS
ek¡x dh yksp mls mRiknu Qyu dgrs gSaA
 ewY; esa ifjorZu dh vuqfØ;k esa fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esa C;kt
gksus okys ifjorZu dks tSls ewY; esa 5 % dh deh ds  C;kt og ekSfæd Hkqxrku gS] tks iw¡thifr dks iw¡th ds
miHkksx ds cnys esa çkIr gksrk gSA
dkj.k ek¡x esa 15 % dh o`f) ge ek¡x dh yksp
dgrs gSaA etnwjh
 etnwjh ,d çdkj dk iqjLdkj gS] tks euq"; ds ifjJe
 ek'kZy] tkWu] jkWfcUlu vkfn fo}ku blls lacaf/kr gSA
ds cnys esa fn;k tkrk gS pkgs og çfr ?kaVk]
 tc ewY; esa deh ek¡x esa vis{kk—r vf/kd vuqikr esa çfrfnu ;k le;kuqlkj fn;k tk, vkSj pkgs mldk
o`f) ykrh gS rks ,slh oLrqvksa dks ge ykspnkj oLrq Hkqxrku eqæk ;k oLrqvksa ;k nksuksa ds :i esa gksA etnwjh
dgrs gSaA nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&1- udn etnwjh 2- okLrfod
 ,slh oLrq,¡ lkekU;r;k foykflrk dh oLrq,¡ gksrh gSA etnwjh
mi;ksfxrk ykHk
 fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqpk: :i ls pyk;eku
 çR;sd oLrq esa O;fDr dh fdlh u fdlh vko';drk j[kus ds fy, mldh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa esa ykHk
dh larqf"V dh {kerk gksrh gSA bl larqf"V dh {kerk dk miktZu gksuk vfr vko';d gSA
dks gh ge oLrq dh mi;ksfxrk dgrs gSaA
cktkj
 fdlh oLrq ls feyus okyh mi;ksfxrk O;fDr dh  cktj dk vk'k; fdlh m|ksx fo'ks"k esa O;kIr
vko';drk dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA çfr;ksfxrk dh ç—fr] fLFkfr vFkok :i ls gksrk gSA
 blfy, tSls&tSls O;fDr fdlh oLrq dh vf/kd blds vUrxZr u dsoy orZeku esa fdlh oLrq ds
bdkbZ;ksa dk miHkksx djrs gSa] vko';drk dh rhozrk Ø;&foØ; esa yxh QeksZ vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr
de gksrh tkrh gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
100 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
cktkjksa dk oxhZdj.k dj ¼Tax½
 iw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk%& iw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk cktkj ds ml :i  dj ,d çdkj dk vfuok;Z Hkqxrku gS] tks ml O;fDr
dks dgrs gSa tgk¡ fdlh oLrq ds Øsrk rFkk foØsrk cMh dks vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj dks nsuk iMrk gS] tks dj
la[;k esa gksrs gSA vk/kkj ls lEcfU/kr gksrk gS rFkk blds cnys djnkrk
 ,dkf/kdkj%& ,dkf/kdkj cktkj dk ,slk :i gS ftlesa dks dksbZ ykHk ugh feyrkA
oLrq dk dsoy ,d mRiknd ;k foØsrk gksrk gSA  ;s nks çdkj ds gksrs gSA
 vYikf/kdkj%& ;g viw.kZ çfr;ksfxrk dk og :i gS 1- çR;{k dj 2- vçR;{k dj ¼ijks{k dj½
ftlesa cktkj esa ijLij fuHkZj FkksMs ls foØsrk gksrs gSa 1- çR;{k dj%& ftu djks dk Hkkj lh/ks O;fDr ds
vkSj çR;sd dqy iwfrZ ds og cMs Hkkx ij fu;a=.k Åij iMrk gS mls çR;{k dj dgrs gSaA
j[krk gS rFkk og cktkj esa oLrq ds ewY; dks çHkkfor
2- vçR;{k dj%& ftu djks ds okLrfod cks> dks
dj ldrk gSA foofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS mUgs vçR;{k dj dgrs
yksd foÙk gSaA
 yksd foÙk esa os lHkh ekeys vkrs gSa] tks eqæk ls tqMs gq,  dsUæ ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys çR;{k dj%&
gS&tSls ljdkj dk vk; vkSj O;; ¼ljdkj }kjk çkIr 1- vk;dj 2- fuxedj
fd;k x;k] [kpZ fd;k x;k] m/kkj fy;k x;k ;k Nkih 3- lEifÙk dj 4- migkj dj
xbZ eqæk½A
5- C;kt dj 6- çfr&Hkwfr O;ogkj dj
 yksd foÙk esa lkoZtfud _.k] foÙkh; ç'kklu ,oa
jktdks"kh; uhfr dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA 7- iwath ykHk dj 8- ykHkka'k dj
9- O;; dj 10- vkfLr dj
ctV
 jkT; ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys çR;{k dj%&
 ljdkj ds vkxkeh o"kZ ds vk;&O;; ds C;kSjs dks ctV
dgrs gSaA ctV esa vxys foÙk o"kZ ¼1 vçSy ls 31 1- Hkw&jktLo dj 2- iFk dj
ekpZ½ dh vof/k dh foÙkh; ;kstuk gskrk gSA 3- —f"k vk; ij dj 4- gksVy çkfIr;ksa ij dj
 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 112 ds varxZr ctV dk çko/kku 5- O;olk; dj 6- xSj 'kgjh lEifÙk ij dj
gSA 7- jkstxkjksa ij dj
 ctV 'kCn Ýsap Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSA  dsUæ ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys vçR;{k dj%&
 ctV çLrqr djus ds 75 fnu ds vanj bls ikfjr 1- lhek 'kqYd 2- lsok dj
djkuk vko';d gSA 3- dsUæh; fcØh dj 4- dsUæh; mRikn 'kqYd
 ctV ds vk¡dMs%& ctV esa rhu çdkj ds vk¡dMs gksrs  jkT; ljdkj }kjk yxk;s tkus okys vçR;{k dj
gSA
1- f'k{kk midj 2- fcØh dj
1- fiNys foÙk o"kZ ds vfUre vk¡dMsA
3- okguksa ij dj 4- foKkiu dj
2- pkyw foÙk o"kZ ds la'kksf/kr vk¡dMsA
5- LVkEi o iath;u 'kqYd 6- ços'k dj
3- vxys foÙk o"kZ ds çLrkfor vuqekuA
7- Mhty isVªksy ij fcØh dj 8- lV~Vsckth ij dj
 Hkkjr dk la?kh; ctV nks Lrj ij gksrk gS&
uksV%& VAT lcls igys gfj;k.kk esa yxk Fkk rFkk
1- lkekU; ctV%& foÙk ea=h }kjk çLrqr gksrk gSA lcls ckn esa mRrj çns'k esa yxk FkkA
2- jsy ctV%& jsy ea=h }kjk çLrqr gksrk gSA lj  dj <k¡ps esa lq/kkj gsrq jktk psyS;k lfefr dk xBu
fofy;e vkdoFkZ desVh dh fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij 1991 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa 1924 ls jsy ctV dks lkekU; ctV ls
vyx fd;k x;k FkkA  psyS;k lfefr xSj —"kdksa ds fy, 25 gtkj : ls
vf/kd okf"kZd —f"k vk; ij vk;dj yxkus dh
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk flQkfj'k dh FkhA
 tc ljdkj dh dqy çkfIr ¼jktLo ,oa iw¡th çkfIr½  dsUæh; fcØh dj ,d ,slk dj gS ftls dsUæ ljdkj
rFkk dqy O;; ¼jktLo ,oa iw¡th O;;½ dk larqyu yxkrh gS rFkk bls jkT; ljdkj olwyrh gSA
udkjkRed gks] rks og jktdks"kh; ?kkVk gksrk gSA  dsUæ dks lokZf/kd fuoy jktLo ¼Net Tax½ dh çkfIr
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 101
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
lhek 'kqYd ls gksrh gSA ;g jkT; ljdkj dks ugha eækl ¼1843½
fn;k tkrkA  1921 esa bu rhuksa cSadks dks feykdj bEihfj;y cSad
 lqçfl) vFkZ'kkL=h ,Me fLeFk us viuh iqLrd osYFk vkWQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks
vkWQ us'ku esa djkjksi.k ds pkj fl)kUrksa ds ckjs esa bldk jk"Vªh;dj.k gqvk vkSj bldk uke LVsV cSad
crk;k gSA vkWQ bf.M;k j[kk x;kA
 Vksfcu dj ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk tsEl Vksfcu }kjk  Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk çcaf/kr igyk Hkkjrh; cSad vo/k
çLrkfor ,d oSf'od dj gS ftls lHkh fons'kh fofue; def'kZ;y cSad Fkk] tks 1881 esa LFkkfir gqvk FkkA
lkSns ij yxkus dh ckr dh x;h FkhA  blds ckn 1894 esa iatkc us'kuy cSad dh LFkkiuk gqbZ
 fdlh O;fDr ;k laxBu }kjk çnw"k.k QSyk;s tkus ds FkhA
dkj.k mu ij ,d fo'ks"k dj dk vkjksi.k fd;k tkrk  1959 esa LVsV cSad ds lkr lg;ksxh cSadksa dk xBu
gS] tks gfjr dj ;k fixksfo;u dj dgykrk gSA fd;k x;k] ftUgsa LVsV cSad lewg dgk tkrk gSA
oLrq ,oa lsok dj fo/ks;d  orZeku esa LVsV cSad lewg esa lHkh cSadksa dk foy; gks
¼Good and Services Tax½ pqdk gSA
 th,lVh dh uhao Hkkjr ds iwoZ ç/kkuea=h vVy fcgkjh  19 tqykbZ 1969 dks 14 O;olkf;d cSadksa dk
oktis;h dh ljdkj esa j[kh x;h FkhA jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
 bl dj dks oLrq ,oa lsok dj ¼th,lVh½ dgk x;k  15 vçSy 1980 dks iqu% 6 cSadks dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k
gSA x;k FkkA
 ;g ,d vçR;{k dj gS] tks iwjs ns'k esa fufeZr mRiknksa O;kolkf;d cSad
vkSj lsokvksa ds foØ; ,oa miHkksx ij ykxw gqvk gSA  lkoZtfud cSad%& ;s os cSad gksrs gS ftuesa ljdkj dh
 ;g fo/ks;d yksdlHkk esa 6 ebZ 2015 dks rFkk /kfjrk 51% ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
jkT;lHkk esa 8 vxLr 2016 dks ikfjr gqvkA jk"Vªifr  lkoZtfud {ks= dk lcls cMk cSad LVsV cSad vkWQ
dk vuqeksnu 8 flrEcj 2016 dks bls çkIr gqvkA bf.M;k gS rFkk mlds ckn iatkc us'kuy cSad dk
 1 tqykbZ 2017 ls vc rd ds lcls cMs dj lq/kkj ds uEcj vkrk gSA
rgr th,lVh ykxw gks x;kA  fons'kksa esa lcls vf/kd 'kk[kk,¡ LVsV cSad vkWQ
 ;g laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij yxk;k tkus bf.M;k dh gSA
okyk ,dy jk"Vªh; ,dleku dj gSA  thou chek a{ks= esa ços'k djus okyk igyk cSad LVsV
 th,lVh ykxw gksus ds ckn oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij cSad vkWQ bf.M;k gSA
dsoy rhu rjg ds VSDl olwys tk,¡xsA 1- dsUæh; th-  phu esa 'kk[kk [kksyus okyk igyk cSad LVsV cSad vkWQ
,l-Vh- 2- jkT; th- ,l- Vh- 3- baVhxzsVsM th- ,l- Vh- bf.M;k gSA
 f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ls tqMh lsok,a th,lVh ls iwjh rjg  bEihj;y cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dk uke 1 tqykbZ 1955
ckgj gSA dks uke cnydj LVsV cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dj fn;k
 ;g ekuoh; miHkksx gsrq 'kjkc rFkk ik¡p isVªksfy;e FkkA
çksMDV isVªksfy;e ØwM] isVªksy] gkbZLihM Mhty] uspqjy  Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd 'kk[kk LVs.MMZ pkVMZ cSad dh gSA
xSl rFkk ,-Vh-,Q- dks NksMdj lHkh oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ LVs.MMZ pkVMZ cSad fczVsu dk cSad gSA
ij vkjksfir gksxkA  çFke cSad ØsfMV dkMZ 1959 bZñ esa cSad vkWQ
 dksbZ Hkh vijk/kh tks VSDl dk Hkqxrku ugha dj jgk vesfjdk }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA
gS ;k de Hkqxrku djrk gS] mls ns; dj jkf'k dk  ns'k esa igyk eksckby cSad e/; çns'k jkT; esa gSA
10% tqekZuk nsuk gksxkA
 y{eh okguh cSad ykHk ds pyrs&fQjrs cSad dh
cSafdax LFkkiuk 1 djksM : dh ykxr ls ,d eksckbZy oSu esa
 Hkkjr esa cSafdax dk fodkl%& Hkkjr dk igyk dh x;h gSA
O;kikfjd cSad tujy cSad vkWQ bf.M;k Fkk ftls 1786  Hkkjr esa igyk rSjrk gqvk ATM dsjy ds dksfPp esa
esa [kksyk x;k FkkA Lora=rk ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa rhu LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
çslhMsUlh cSadks dh LFkkiuk dh x;h Fkh&cSad vkWQ  dksVd efgUæk cSad igys Qkbusl a dEiuh gksrk FkkA
caxky ¼1806½] cSad vkWQ ckEcs ¼1840½ vkSj cSad vkWQ
102 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ¼RBI½ ysrk gSA
 fjtoZ cSad dh LFkkiuk 1 vçSy 1935 dks vkj-ch-  udn vkjf{kr vuqikr%& lHkh O;kikfjd cSadks dks
vkbZ- ,DV] 1934 ds rgr 5 djksM dh vf/k—r iwath tek jkf'k dk ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr fjtoZ cSad ds ikl
ls gqbZ FkhA dks"k ds :i esa j[kuk iMrk gSA bl vuqikr ds udn
 fjtoZ cSad dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 1 tuojh 1949 dks gqvkA vkjf{kr vuqikr dgrs gSaA
 fjtoZ cSad Hkkjr dk dsUæh; cSad gSA  oS/kkfud rjyrk vuqikr%& O;kikfjd cSadks dks viuh
dqy lEifÙk dk ,d fuf'pr çfr'kr rjy :i esa vius
 bldk ç/kku eq[;ky; eqEcbZ gS rFkk LFkkuh; ç/kku ikl j[kuk iMrk gSA bls oS/kkfud rjyrk vuqikr dgk
dk;kZy; ubZ fnYyh] dksydkrk] eqEcbZ rFkk psUubZ esa tkrk gSA
gSA
 Hkkjr esa ekSfæd ,oa lk[k uhfr fjtoZ cSad }kjk gh {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSad
cuk;h tkrh gSA  {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadks dh LFkkiuk 2 vDVwcj 1975 dks
 lj vkLcksuZ fLeFk RBI ds çFke xouZj FksA gqbZ FkhA {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadks esa dsUæ ljdkj jkT;
ljdkj rFkk çorZd cSad dh iwath 50%15%35 ds vuqikr
 çFke Hkkjrh; ,oa Lora= Hkkjr ds xouZj C.D. ns'keq[k yxh gksrh gSA
Fks blh le; esa RBI dk jk"Vªhdj.k gqvkA
 LokfHkeku ;kstuk dk lEcU/k xzkeh.k cSafdax ls gSA dsUæ
 fgYVu ;ax vk;ksx igyk vk;ksx Fkk ftlus dsUæh; ljdkj us dsydj lfefr dh flQkfj'k dks ekurs gq,
cSad ds :i esa RBI ds uke dh flQkfj'k dh FkhA 1987 ds ckn ls {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadks dh LFkkiuk cUn
 RBI dk ys[kk o"kZ 1 tqykbZ ls 30 twu gksrk gSA dj nh gSA
 Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ikl gj le; 85 djksM : dh ukckMZ ¼jk"Vªh; —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k cSad½
fons'kh eqæk gksuh pkfg, rFkk 115 djksM dk lksuk
gksuk pkfg,A  bldh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ 1982 dks NBh
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku dh x;h FkhA
 RBI jSiks nj rFkk fjolZ jSiks nj esa deh rFkk o`f) dj
ldrk gSA  ;g ns'k esa —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq for miyC/k
djus okyh 'kh"kZ laLFkk gSA
 dksbZ Hkh cSad RBI dh vuqerh ds cxSj 'kk[kk ugh [kksy
ldrk gSA  ukckMZ dh pqdrk iwath 2 gtkj djksM : gSA
 RBI dks cSadks dk cSad Hkh dgrs gSaA  ftlesa 72-5% fgLlk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dk gSA
 Hkkjr ds fons'kh O;kikj lEcU/kh vkdMs+ RBI tkjh  bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA
djrk gSA  ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk f'kojeu desVh dh flQkfj'k ij
 eqæk dh n'keyo ç.kkyh 1 vçSy 1957 ls vkjaHk gqbZA gqbZ FkhA
 1 tqykbZ 2011 ls 25 iSls rFkk mls de ewY; ds uksV%& fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ ¼KCC½ ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr
flDds cUn dj fn;sA vxLr 1998 esa rRdkyhu for ea=h ;'koar flUgk }kjk
dh x;h FkhA
 1 : ds uksV o flDdks dks foÙk ea=ky; tkjh djrk
rFkk for lfpo ml ij gLrk{kj djrk gSA 1 : ls  ,LVsV M;wVh%& fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q ds i'pkr
vf/kd ds uksVks dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad tkjh djrk gS mldh lEifÙk ds gLrkUrj.k ds le; tks dj lEifÙk
rFkk RBI ds xouZj ds gLrk{kj gksrs gSA ij yxk;k tkrk gSA mls ,LVsV M;wVh dgrs gSaA
 dksbZ vke O;fDr Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad esa viuk [kkrk  xzs ekdsZV%& ;g vukf/k—r cktkj gksrk gSA bl lkSns
ugha [kksy ldrk gSA dks 'ks;j cktkj dk laj{k.k ugha gksrk gSA
 cSad nj%& cSad nj] og nj gS] ftl ij fjtoZ cSad vU; Hkkjr esa eqæ.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu
cSadksa dks _.k nsrk gSA  bf.M;u flD;ksfjVh çsl] ukfld%& ;gk¡¡ Mkd[kkuksa
 jSiks nj%& bl nj ij fjtoZ cSad] cSadks dks dh LVs'kujh] Mkd fVdV] vnkyrh o xSj&vnkyrh
vYidkfyd _.k nsdj vFkZO;oLFkk esa rjyrk dh LVkEi] fjtoZ cSad o Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad ds psd] ckW.M]
vfrfjDr ek=k tkjh djrk gSA jk"Vªh; cpr i=] iksLVy vkMZj] ikliksVZ vkfn ds
 fjolZ jSiks nj%& bl nj ij fjtoZ cSad] cSadks ls vykok dsUæ ljdkj] jkT; ljdkjksa] ljdkjh {ks= ds
vYidkfyd _.k ysdj vFkZO;oLFkk ls rjyrk okil miØeksa] foÙkh; fuxeksa vkfn ds çfrHkwfr i=ksa dh NikbZ
gksrh gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 103
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 flD;ksfjVh fçafVax çsl] gSnjkckn%& ;gk¡¡ nf{k.kh  Hkkjrh; çfrLi/kkZ vk;ksx%& bldh LFkkiuk 2003
jkT;ksa ds fy, Mkd ys[ku lkexzh] iwjs ns'k dh dsUæh; esa gqbZA v'kksd pkoyk blds çFke v/;{k FksA bl
mRikn 'kqYd LVkEi dh NikbZ gksrh gSA vk;ksx dk mn~ns'; gS fd çfrLi/kkZ esa ck/kd
 djsalh çsl uksV] ukfld%& ;gk¡¡ 10] 50] 100] 500 xfrfof/k;ksa dks lekIr fd;k tk,] cktkj çfrLi/kkZ
vkSj 1000 :i;s ds uksVksa dh NikbZ vkSj iwfrZ gksrh gSA dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk, rFkk miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa
 cSad uksV çsl] nsokl ¼e-ç-½%& ;gk¡¡ 20] 50] 100 vkSj dh j{kk dh tk,A
500 :i;s ds mPp ewY; oxZ ds uksV Nirs gSA  Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks%& 1947 esa Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa es
 eSlwj ¼dukZVd½ ,oa 'kkguch ¼ia- caxky½ ds Hkkjrh; mRiknksa ds fy, ekud rS;kj djus gsrq LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA ;g ,d v}Z&ljdkjh laLFkk gSA ;g fofHkUu
fjtoZ cSad uksV eqæk fy-%& ;gk¡¡ RBI ds fu;a=.k esa
mRiknksa ij xq.koÙkk fpUg vFkkZr~ vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- fpUg
djsalh uksV Nkis tkrs gSA
vkcafVr djrh gSA
 flD;ksfjVh isij fey] gks'kaxkckn%& ;gk¡ cSad o
 ØsfMV jsfVax%& ØsfMV jsfVax fdlh Hkh ns'k]
djsalh uksV isij] xSj vnkyrh LVkEi isij dh NikbZ esa
laLFkk ;k O;fDr dh lk[k ;k mlds Hkqxrku djus
yxus okys dkxt dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
dh {kerk dk ewY;kadu gksrh gSA ,-,-, lcls
m|ksx etcwr lcls csgrj ØsfMV jsfVax ekuh tkrh gSA
 vktknh ds ckn ns'k dh çFke vkS|ksfxd uhfr
dh ?kks"k.kk 6 vçSy 1948 dks rRdkyhu dsUæh; m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks= ds bLikr dkj[kkus
ea=h Mk- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ }kjk dh x;h FkhA
LFkku rF;
 bl uhfr esa lkoZtfud {ks= vkSj futh {ks= nksuksa ds
egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k vkSj ns'k esa fefJr ,oa jkmjdsyk f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr teZuh dh
fu;af=r vFkZO;oLFkk dh uhao j[kh x;hA ¼vksfM'kk½ lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1959 bZ-
 nwljh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 30 vçSy 1956 esa esa mRiknu 'kq: gqvkA
dh x;hA fHkykbZ f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr :l dh
 m|ksxksa dk lkoZtfud] futh ,oa mi;qDr {ks=ksa esa ¼NÙkhlx<+½ lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1959 bZ-
foHkkftr fd;k x;kA esa mRiknu 'kq: gqvkA
 bl uhfr dk mn~ns'; lektoknh <ax ds lekt dh
LFkkiuk djuk FkkA nqxkZiqj f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds varxZr fczVsu dh
¼ia- caxky½ lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1962 bZ-
 ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk 24 tqykbZ 1991 esa dh esa mRiknu 'kq: gqvkA
x;hA
 ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa cgqr ls mnkjoknh dne mBk, cksdkjks ,f'k;k dk lcls cMk la;U=A bls r`rh;
x, gSA ¼>kj[kaM½ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr :l dh
 /kheh xfr ls vkS|ksfxd fodkl] csjkstxkjh] lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1973 bZ-
vkS|ksfxd :X.krk] mPp eg¡xkbZ nj rFkk Hkqxrku esa mRiknu vkjEHk gqvkA
vlarqyu vkfn ladV ds lanHkZ esa ;g uhfr vf}rh; cuZiqj futh {ks= la;U= ds jk"Vªh;dj.k }kjk
FkhA ¼ia- caxky½ vf/kx`ghr ;g la;U= :l dh lgk;rk ls
 bl uhfr dh eq[; ckrsa fuEufyf[kr gSa%& LFkkfir gqvkA
 vkS|ksfxd ykblsaflax ls eqfDr%& orZeku esa
lyse pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr LFkkfir
dsoy 5 m|ksxksa ds fy, ykblsaflax vfuok;Z ¼rfeyukMq½ fd;k x;kA
gS&rEckdw mRikn] 'kjkc] [krjukd jlk;u]
vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd rFkk j{kk mRikn ,oa Hkækorh pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr jk"Vªh;—r
bysDVªkWfud ,;jksLislA ¼dukZVd½ fd;k x;kA
 m|ksxksa dks vukjf{kr djuk%& vc dsoy rhu
fot;uxj pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr LFkkfir
m|ksx lkoZtfud {ks= ds fy, vkjf{kr jg x;s ¼dukZVd½ fd;k x;kA
gS&ijek.kw ÅtkZ] jsy ifjogu rFkk 1995 dh lwph esa
ntZ [kfutA
104 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
egkjRu dEifu;k¡ Ø- dEifu;k¡ LFkkiuk eq[;ky;
Ø- dEifu;k¡ LFkkiuk eq[;ky; dkWiksZjs'ku fy-
1- Hkkjrh; bLikr çkf/kdj.k 1973 fnYyh 11- jk"Vªh; bLikr fuxe fy- 1971 fo'kk[kkiêue
2- rsy ,oa çk—frd xSl fy- 1956 nsgjknwu 12- f'kfiax dkWiksZjs'ku vkWQ 1961 eqEcbZ
bf.M;k fy-
3- jk"Vªh; FkeZy ikoj dkWiksZjs'ku 1925 fnYyh
fyfeVsM 13- usosyh fyXukbV dkWiksZjs'ku 1956 psUubZ
4- dksy bf.M;k fy- 1975 dksydkrk 14- Hkkjrh; daVsuj fuxe fy- 1988 fnYyh
5- vkW;y bafM;k dkWiksZjs'ku fy- 1959 fnYyh 15- bathfu;j bf.M;k fy- 1965 fnYyh
6- Hkkjrh; xSl çkf/kdj.k fy- 1984 fnYyh 16- jk"Vªh; fc[kYMx fuekZ.k 1960 fnYyh
dkWiksZjs'ku fy-
7- Hkkjr gSoh bysfDVªdYl fy- 1962 fnYyh
8- Hkkjr isVªksfy;e dkWiksZjs'ku 1976 eqEcbZ uojRu ds ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,¡
fyfeVsM  uojRu dk ntkZ çkIr dEifu;ksa : 1000 djksM rd ds
fuos'k çLrkoksa ij dsUæ ljdkj dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk
egkjRu ds ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,¡ gh fu.kZ; ys ldrh gSA
 dEiuh 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc) gksA  fiNys rhu o"kks± esa daiuh yxkrkj ykHk esa jgh gksA
 fiNys rhu o"kks± esa dEiuh dk vkSlr dkjksckj :  uojRu dk ntkZ çkIr gksus ds fy, 100 Ldksj esa ls 60
25]000 djksM jgk gksA Ldksj gksuk pkfg,A
 bl nkSjku dEiuh us : 5000 djksM dk vkSlr 'kq) uksV%& dsUæ ljdkj us flrEcj 2017 esa isVªksfy;e {ks=
ykHk vftZr fd;k gksA dh dEiuh Hkkjr isVªksfy;e dkWikssZjs'ku fyfeVsM dks
 dEiuh ds ikl uojRu dk ntkZ gksA egkjRu dEiuh dk ntkZ ns fn;k gSA
uojRu dEifu;k¡ feuh jRu
Ø- dEifu;k¡ LFkkiuk eq[;ky;  bl ;kstuk dk çkjEHk 1997 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
1- Hkkjr bysDVªkWfuDl fy- 1954 caxy:  orZeku esa feuh jRu dEiuh;ksa dh la[;k 74 gSA
 Hkkjrh; foekuiÙku çkf/kdj.k] dksphu f'ki;kMZ fy-]
2- fgUnqLrku ,jksukWfVDl fy- 1940 caxyq: fgUnqLrku dkWij fy-] feJ /kkrq fuxe fy- vkfn feuh
3- egkuxj VsfyQksu fuxe fy- 1986 fnYyh jRu dEifu;k¡ gSA
4- us'kuy ,Y;wfefu;e 1981 vksfM'kk Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd foÙk
dEiuh fy- çnku djus okyh laLFkk,¡
5- fgUnqLrku isVªksfy;e 1976 eqEcbZ  Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad ¼IDBI½%& vkbZ-Mh-
dkWiksZjs'ku fy- ch-vkbZ- dh LFkkiuk Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds iw.kZr%
6- ikoj fxzM dkWiksZjs'ku vkWQ 1989 fnYyh Lokf/k—r lgk;d laLFkk ds :i esa 1964 bZ- esa dh
bf.M;k fy- x;hA 2004 esa bldk :ikarj.k ,d cSad ds :i esa gks
x;kA
7- ikoj Qkbusal dkWiksZjs'ku fy- 1986 fnYyh
 Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd foÙk fuxe ¼IFCI½%& ;g vkbZ-
8- vkW;y bf.M;k fy- 1959 nqfy;ktu] ,Q-lh-vkbZ- vf/kfu;e ds rgr~ o"kZ 1948 esa LFkkfir dh
vle xbZ igyh fodkl foÙk laLFkk gSA
9- jk"Vªh; [kfut fodkl 1958 gSnjkckn  Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad ¼SIDBI½%&
fuxe fy- ljdkj }kjk 1988&89 ds ctV esa bldh LFkkiuk
10- xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k 1969 fnYyh dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ rFkk bl cSad us 1990 esa viuk dk;Z
çkjaHk dj fn;kA bldk eq[;ky; y[kuÅ esa gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 105

vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV ¼UTI½%& Hkkjrh; laln us 1963  xjhch ij jaxjktu lfefr dh fjiksVZ%& fiNyh
esa Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VªLV vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k vkSj ljdkj esa ç/kkuea=h dh vkfFkZd lykgdkj ifj"kn~ ds
vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj bldh LFkkiuk 1964 bZ- esa ,d çeq[k lh- jaxjktu us xjhch ds vkdyu ij rsanqydj
oS/kkfud bdkbZ ds :i esa dh x;hA lfefr dh dk;Zi)fr dh leh{kk fjiksVZ ljdkj dks 07
 fofuos'k%& ;g og çfØ;k gS ftlesa lkoZtfud {ks= ds tqykbZ 2014 dks lkSai nhA
m|eksa dk ljdkjh fgLlk ¼bfDoVh½ cspk tkrk gSA csjkstxkjh
ljdkj us jaxjktu lfefr 1991 dh flQkfj'k ij  csjkstxkjh dk vk'k; mRiknu dk;Z esa u yxk gksuk gSA
fofuos'k dh çfØ;k 1991 esa vkjEHk dh FkhA  csjkstxkjh ds çdkj%& ;g nks çdkj dh gksrh gS&
 diM+k m|ksx Hkkjr dk —f"k m|ksx ds ckn nwljk 1- ,sfPNd csjkstxkjh%& tc dksbZ O;fDr dksbZ Hkh
lcls cMk jkstxkj çnku djus okyk m|ksx gSA mRikn dk;Z djuk gh ugha pkgrk gS ;k jkstxkj
 Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd js'ke dk mRiknu dukZVd esa çkIr djuss dh dksbZ bPNk gh u gks] rks mlss ,sfPNd
gskrk gSA csjkstxkj dgk tkrk gSA
 y?kq o dqVhj m|ksx ij fo'ks"k /;ku 1977 dh 2- vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh%& tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa
vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa fn;k x;kA çpfyr pkyw etnwjh nj ij dksbZ O;fDr dke
 y?kq m|ksxksa dks foÙk çnku djus ds mn~ns'; ls 1990 djus dks rS;kj gS] ijUrq mls ml etnwjh nj ij
ls Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad ¼SIDBI½ dh dke u feys] rks bls vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh dgrs gSaA
LFkkiuk dh x;hA bls [kqyh csjkstxkjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
 vkfcn gqlSu lfefr y?kq m|ksxksa esa lq/kkj ls 3- lajpukRed csjkstxkjh%& ;g ,d nh?kZdkyhu
lEcfU/kr gSA csjkstxkjh gS] tks vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa gksus okyh
 y?kq m|ksx os m|ksx gS ftlesa vf/kd ls vf/kd lajpukRed ifjorZu ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
1 djksM+ : dk fuos'k gqvk gSA Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k csjkstxkjh blh çdkj dh gSA
 dqVhj m|ksx dh vf/kdre fuos'k lhek 25 yk[k : 4- vYijkstxkj%& {kerk vuqlkj ;k iwjk dke ugha
gSA feyus ls bl çdkj dh csjkstxkjh mRiUu gksrh gSA
5- vn`';@fNih gqbZ@çPNUu csjkstxkjh%& blds
 Make in India dk;ZØe ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh
varxZr Jfed ckgj ls rks dke ij yxs gq, çrhr
xfr rst djus ds fy, ujsUæ eksnh us bldh 'kq:vkr
gksrs gSa] fdUrq ml dk;Z esa mudh vko';drk ugha
25 flrEcj 2014 esa dhA
gksrh gSA blesa Jfedksa dk lhekUr mRiknu 'kwU;
 Make in India dk çrhd fpUg dksXl ls cuk 'ksj gSA gksrk gSA
xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh 6- ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh%& cktkj dh n'kkvksa esa
 xjhch%& xjhch dh eki djus ds fy, lkisf{kd ,oa ifjorZu ¼ek¡x ,oa iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;ksa esa ifjorZu½
fujis{k çfrekuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gksus ls mRiUu csjkstxkjh dks ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh
dgrs gSaA
 lkis{k xjhch%& lkis{k xjhch varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd
vlekurk vFkok {ks=h; vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dk cks/k Hkkjr ds çeq[k 'ks;j cktkj
djkrh gSA bls ekius ds fy, fxuhxq.kkad rFkk ykjsat  cacbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat ¼BSE½%& bldh LFkkiuk 1875
oØ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA esa gqbZ FkhA 2005 ls ;g ifCyd fyfeVsM dEiuh
 fujis{k xjhch%& bldk vfHkçk; ekuo dh vk/kkjHkwr ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA ;g fo'o dk ik¡pok¡ lcls
vko';drkvksa tSls&Hkkstu] diMk] LokLF; lqfo/kk vkfn cMk 'ks;j cktkj gSA
dh iwfrZ gsrq i;kZIr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks tqVk ikus esa  jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj ¼NSE½%& bldh LFkkiuk dh
vleFkZrk ls gSA flQkfj'k 1991 esa Qsjokuh lfefr us dh Fkh rFkk
 xjhch js[kk%& xjhch dh js[kk dh vo/kkj.kk] ewy bldh LFkkiuk 1992 esa eqEcbZ esa gqbZA IDBI bldk eq[;
ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj ikus esa vleFkZrk ls çorZd gSA
tqMh gSA  Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad ¼IDBI½ 'ks;j cktkj dk
 1973&74 dh dherksa ij xzkeh.k {ks= esa 2400 dSyksjh çeq[k çorZd gSaA
çfrO;fDr çfrfnu vkSj 'kgjh {ks= esa 2100 dSyksjh  jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj dh çkjafHkd vf/k—r iwath 25
çfrO;fDr çfrfnu çkIr gksuk pkfg,A djksM gSA
106 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 jk"Vªh; 'ks;j cktkj ¼NSE½ dk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ gSA Hkkjr dh çeq[k lfefr vkSj vk;ksx
uksV%& fo'o dk lcls igyk 'ks;j cktkj o"kZ 1602 bZñ
LokehukFku lfefr tula[;k uhfr
esa uhnjyS.M ds ,ElVMZe esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA
 LVkWd ,Dlpsat esa 49% rd fons'kh fuos'k dh vuqerh jktk pSys;k lfefr dj lq/kkj ¼1991½
gSA ljdkfj;k lfefr dsUæ jkT; lEcU/k
 Hkkjr esa lsch }kjk ekU;rk çkIr 23 LVkd ,Dlpsat gSA tkudh jeu lfefr çfrHkwfr ?kksVkys
buesa ls 5 jk"Vªh; ç—fr ds gSa vkSj 18 çknsf'kd ç—fr
ds gSA nkarokyk lfefr csjkstxkjh dk vuqeku
eanfM;k ,oa rstfM;k ¼Bear and Bull½ js[kh lfefr vçR;{k dj
 eanfM;k og O;fDr gS] tks vkus okys le; esa ewY; esa egkyuksfcl lfefr jk"Vªh; vk;
fxjkoV dh lkspdj vius 'ks;j cspdj ykHk vftZr eYgks=k lfefr chek {ks= esa lq/kkj
djrk gSA
Hk.Mkjh lfefr {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSadks
 eanfM;k ds lfØ; gksus ls 'ks;j lwpdkad uhps fxjrk dh iw.kZ lajpuk
gSA
 rstfM;k og O;fDr gS] tks Hkfo"; esa 'ks;j ewY;ksa esa gksus lqjs'k rsUnqydj xjhch ls lEcfU/kr ¼BPL½
okyh o`f) dh lksp ds lkFk mUgsa orZeku esa lLrs ewY; ehjk lsB lfefr gFkdj?kk ds fodkl
ij [kjhn ysrk gSA lPpj lfefr eqfLyeksa dh lkekftd]
 rstfM;k ds lfØ; gksus ls 'ks;j cktkj rsth ls Åij vkfFkZd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr
p<us yxrk gSA dk v/;;u
 Hkkjrh; çfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ ¼SEBI½ dh LFkkiuk jaxjktu lfefr Hkqxrku larqyu
1988 esa gqbZ Fkh rFkk bldks 30 tuojh 1992 dks
SEBI ,DV ds rgr eq[; ikoj esa yk;k x;kA vkfcn gqlSu lfefr y?kq m|ksx
 Security and Exchange Board of India bldk iwjk uke Hkxorh lfefr csjkstxkjh
gSA oS|ukFk lfefr flapkbZ ds ikuh
 bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA
T;ksfr clq lfefr vkWDVªkbZ lekfIr ij fjiksVZ
 ;g 'ks;j cktkjksa dk çeq[k fu;kaed laLFkk gSA
 fxYM ,.M cktkj ljdkjh çfrHkwfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA lsu xqIrk lfefr f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh
 cnyk%& tc fdlh LVkWd dkjksckj esa foyacu dh ekax] MkW- fot; çk—frd xSl ewY;
LVkWd ds [kjhnnkj }kjk dh tkrh gS] rks mls cnyk dsydj lfefr
dgrs gSaA dsydj lfefr&2 çR;{k rFkk ijks{k djkjksi.k
 Hkkjrh; chek fu;ked ,oa fodkl çkf/kdj.k e.My deh'ku fiNMh tkfr;ksa ds fy,
¼IRDAI½%& bldh LFkkiuk 19 vçSy 2000 dks dh lhVksa dk vkj{k.k
x;hA bldk eq[;ky; gSnjkckn esa gSA
dksBkjh deh'ku 'kSf{kd lq/kkj
 Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe ¼LIC½%& bldh LFkkiuk
1 flrEcj 1956 esa gqbZ FkhA bldk dsUæh; dk;kZy; ujflage lfefr cSafdax lq/kkj
eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSA gtkjh lfefr vkS|ksfxd uhfr
fo'o ds çfl) 'ks;j cktkj lwpdkad frokjh lfefr vkS|ksfxd :X.krk
fuDdh & Vksfd;ks
Mks tksUl & U;w;kWdZ ekysxk¡o lfefr çkFkfed iw¡th cktkj
flEcsDl & flaxkiqj ,u- ,l- oekZ lfefr okf.kfT;d cSadks dh iquZlajpuk
uklnkd & USA feL=h lfefr foÙkh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds
lsV & FkkbZySaM lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko
feM MsDl & ÝSadQVZ
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 107
vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
'kqaxyw lfefr lnkj ljksoj ck¡/k ifj;kstuk  Hkkjrh; cSadks dh fons'kksa esa lcls vf/kd 'kk[kk,¡ U.K
ds foLFkkfirksa ds iquokZl dh esa gSA
fLFkfr dh leh{kk gsrq  lqij 301 vesfjdh O;kikj dkuwu dh /kkjk gS] tks mUgs
ikBd vk;ksx UNO ds rsy ds cnys vukt
vius vk;kr ij mPp lhek 'kqYd yxkus dh 'kfDr
dk;ZØe dh tk¡p gsrq nsrh gSA
 jkt lfefr us —f"k tksrks ij dj yxkus dh flQkfj'k
,e- lh- tks'kh lfefr dkys /ku ls lEcfU/kr dh FkhA
ckloku lfefr flfoy lsok ijh{kk esa cnyko  Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd lajpukRed csjkstxkjh ik;h tkrh
djus dk lq>ko gSA
dqN vU; çeq[k ;kstuk,¡  fo'o esa lcls vf/kd lgdkjh laLFkk,¡ Hkkjr esa gSA
 vUukiw.kkZ ;kstuk%& bldk çkjEHk 2 vDVwcj 2000  dsUæh; ,xekdZ ç;ksx'kkyk ukxiqj esa gSA
dks xkft;kckn ds fl[kksMk xk¡o ls gqvk FkkA  —f"k dks m|ksx dk ntkZ nsus okyk çFke jkT; egkjk"Vª
bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; vR;Ur fu/kZu o`)ks ds fy, ¼1997½ FkkA
jksVh dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA  Hkkjr dh igyh Lo.kZ fjQk;ujh f'kjiqj ¼egkjk"Vª½ esa
 loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku%& bl ;kstuk dh 'kq:vkr 2001 LFkkfir gqbZ FkhA
esa gqbZ Fkh bldk çeq[k mn~ns'; xjhc cPpksa dks f'k{kk  fo'o dh lcls cMh Lo.kZ fjQkbZujh jsM fjQkbZujh
miyC/k djkuk gSA fyfeVsM n0 vÝhdk esa gSA
bl ;kstuk esa dsUæ ljdkj o jkT; ljdkj dk 50% &  fo'o esa nqX/k mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk igyk o USA dk
50% /ku yxk gksrk gSA nwljk LFkku gSA
 jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe'ku%& ;g ;kstuk 2005 esa  nky ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku gSA
'kq: dh x;hA  Hkkjr esa lsok dj yxkus ds fy, 88ok¡ lafo/kku
bldk mn~ns'; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa LokLF; lsok miyC/k la'kks/ku 2003 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
djkuk gSA  Hkkjr ds dukZVd jkT; esa tux.kuk dh rtZ ij ekSrks
 fe'ku bUæ/kuq"k%& bldh 'kq:vkr 2014 dks gqbZA dh x.kuk dk dk;Z Hkh çkjEHk fd;k x;kA
bldk mn~ns'; mu lHkh cPpksa dks Vhdk yxkuk gS  —".k ØkfUr dk lEcU/k [kfut rsy esa vkRefuHkZrk ls
ftudk vkaf'kd :i ls 7 chekfj;ksa dk Vhdk ugh gSA
yxk;k x;kA  jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku gSnjkckn esa fLFkr gSA
 jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjUVh vf/kfu;e  [kknh ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksx vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk nwljh
¼ujsxk½%& iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dh x;h FkhA
 bldh 'kq:vkr 2 Qjojh 2006 esa vkU/kz çns'k ds  1944 bZñ esa eqEcbZ ds 8 m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk
vuUriqj xk¡o ls gqbZ FkhA çLrqr ;kstuk dks cksEcs ;kstuk dgrs gSaA
 2 vDVwcj 2009 dks bldk uke cnydj egkRek  1950 esa t;çdk'k ukjk;.k }kjk loksZn; ;kstuk
xka/kh jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk ¼eujsxk½ dj fn;k çLrqr dh x;hA
x;kA  Hkkjr esa igyk ty fo|qr 'kfDr xzg 1897 bZñ esa
 bl ;kstuk esa gj ifjokj dks 100 fnu dk jkstxkj nkftZfyax ¼vle½ esa çkjEHk gqvk FkkA
miyC/k djkuk gSA  Hkkjr ds dqy frygu mRiknu esa ew¡xQyh dk fgLlk
 bl ;kstuk esa dsUæ ljdkj o jkT; ljdkj ds e/; lcls vf/kd gSA
90% o 10% lg;ksx fn;k tkrk gSA  Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd uxjhdj.k xksok jkT; esa gqvk gSA
vFkZ'kkL= ds dqN egRoiw.kZ rF;  ,slh foÙk O;oLFkk ftlesa ljdkjh O;; vk; ls vf/kd
 Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd nq/k mRiknd jkT; mRrj çns'k gSA gks rFkk 'ks"k ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy, lkekU;rk eqæk
 Hkkjr esa Mhty batu cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk lrkjk Nkih tkrh gks rks mls ?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk dgrs gSaA
¼egkjk"Vª½ esa 1932 esa [kksyk x;k FkkA  Hkkjr esa eksVj ogkuks dk lokZf/kd fu;kZr tokgj yky
usg: cUnjxkg ls fd;k tkrk gSA
108 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 Hkkjr esa xjhch gVkvks dk ukjk ik¡poh  'ks;j gksYMjksa ds LVkWd ij gqbZ dekbZ dks YkkHkka'k dgrs
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fn;k x;kA gSaA
 miHkksDrk dh cpr dk fl)kar vYÝsM ek'kyZ us fn;k  ikuh iapk;r ;kstuk vksfM'kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA
gSA  ldy FDI esa egkjk"Vª jkT; çFke LFkku j[krk gSA
 fdlh ns'k dk vk;kr o fu;kZr ls lEcfU/kr Hkqxrku  cgqjk"Vªh; QeZ vusd ns'kksa esa çpfyr ,d daiuh gksrh
O;kikj 'ks"k dgykrk gSA gSA
 jkstxkj xkjUVh ;kstuk loZçFke 1972&73 esa egkjk"Vª  gky ds o"kks± esa dsaæh; ljdkj ds O;; dh lcls cMh
us 'kq: dhA en C;kt dk Hkqxrku jgh gSA
 uhyh ØkfUr eRl; mRiknu ls lEcfU/kr gSA  vFkZ'kkL= 'kCn ;wukuh Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gSA
 Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk 1 vDVwcj  lw{e vFkZ'kkL= dk laca/k O;fDrxr ;wfuVksa ls gSA
1966 dks gqbZ FkhA  O;f"V vFkZ'kkL= vkSj lef"V vFkZ'kkL= 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k
 dsjy jkT; ds ckgj igyk iw.kZ lk{kj ftyk o)Zeku jsxuj fÝ'p us fd;k FkkA
¼if'pe caxky½ gSA  eqæk vkiwfrZ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;af=r dh tkrh
 Hkkjr esa deZpkjh jkT; chek ;kstuk 1952 esa çkjEHk gqbZ gSA
FkhA  miHkksDrk }kjk viuh vk; dks viuh bPNkuqlkj O;;
 ckM+esj ¼jktLFkku½ esa rsy ds fo'kky Hk.Mkj ik;s djus dh Lora=rk miHkksDrk çHkqRo dgykrk gSA
tkrs gSA  fjdkWMksZ ds yxku fl)kar esa iw.kkZf/kdkj cktkj dh
 okbV xqaMl ls rkRi;Z vfHktkR; oxZ }kjk nSfud vo/kkj.kk nh x;h gSA
bLrseky esa ç;ksx fd tkus okyh oLrqvks ls gksrk gS  ykHk dk vfHkuo fl)kar 'kwEihVj us fodflr fd;k
tSls&Vh-oh-] fÝt] okf'kax e'khu] dkj vkfnA
FkkA
 okbV xqaMl dh fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd çn'kZu çHkko  ykHk ds xfr'khy fl)kar dk çLrkod DykdZ FkkA
ls bu oLrqvksa ds miHkksx dks çksRlkgu feyrk gSA
 tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk xzke iapk;rksa }kjk fØ;kfUor
 Hkkjr dk lcls vf/kd fons'kh O;kikj U.S.A ls gksrk
dh tkrh gSA
gSA
 ewY;of/kZr dj ¼VAT½ lcls igys Ýkal esa ykxw gqvk
 gjk lksuk pk; dks dgk tkrk gSA FkkA
 lQsn lksuk dikl dks dgk tkrk gSA  Hkkjr esa U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e 1948 esa igyh ckj
 dkyk lksuk dks;yk gSA Loh—r gqvk FkkA
 æo Lo.kZ isVªksy dks dgrs gSaA  vuqlwfpr cSadks dks iath;u Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ikl
 Hkkjr esa u;s futh cSadksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, U;wure djkuk gksrk gSA
pqdrk iwath 500 djksM+ gksuh pkfg,A  Hkkjrh; jsy ds jktLo esa eky ;krk;kr vk; dk
 cSadks esa xzkgd lsok lq/kkjus ds fy, lq>ko nsus okyh çeq[k ;ksxnku jgrk gSA
lfefr xksb iksfj;k FkhA  i'kqikyu ds lkFk [ksrh djus dks fefJr [ksrh dgrs
 'ks;j ?kksVkys ds fy, tkudh jeu lfefr cuh FkhA gSaA
 Hkkjr dh lcls cMh E;wpqvy Q.M laLFkk UTI gSA  xkao ls NksVs dLcs vkSj ckn esa 'kgj rd yksxksa ds tkus
 Hkkjr esa euh vkMZj ç.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr 1980 esa gqbZA dks pj.kokj çokl dgk tkrk gSA
 nyky LVªhV eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSA  fu{ksi lsok,a çfrHkwfr;ksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds
 Hkkjr dh fons'kh eqæk dk lokZf/kd Hkkx isVªksfy;e ds fy, ,d ,tsalh gSA
vk;kr ij [kpZ gksrk gSA  yksd foÙk esa vf/kdre lkekftd ykHk dk fl)kar
MsYVu us fn;k FkkA
 vFkZ'kkL= esa fuos'k dk eryc 'ks;jksa dh [kjhnnkjh ls
gSA  O;kikj pØ esa pkj pj.k gksrs gSA
 Hkkjrh; ;wfu;u VªLV ¼UTI½ dk 30 July 2007 ls uke  xksYMu gSaM'ksd Ldhe LoSfPNd lsokfuo`fÙk ls
cnydj Axis Bank Limited dj fn;k x;kA lEcfU/kr gSA

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 109

vFkZ'kkL= ¼ECONOMICS½
 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa f'kfFky dky tuojh&twu dks 'kCn vjLrw dh nsu gSA
ekuk tkrk gSA  Hkkjr esa bfDoVh cktkj dk lsch dk fu;a=.k gSA
 ekYFkl dk tula[;k fl)kar fujk'koknh gS vkSj vkn'kZ  Hkkjr ds futh {ks= ds cSad HDFC dk iath—r dk;kZy;
tula[;k fl)kar vk'kkoknh gSA eqEcbZ esa gSA
 2011 dh tux.kuk Hkkjr dh 15oha tux.kuk FkhA  fjtoZ cSad dh lgk;d laLFkk ds :i esa jk"Vªh; vkokl
 psd ,d oSdfYid /ku dk mnkgj.k gSA cSad dh LFkkiuk tqykbZ 1988 esa dh x;hA
 Hkkjrh; —f"k {ks= esa vf/kd mit okyh fdLeksa dk  ,p&1 ch ohlk dk lEcU/k vesfjdk ls gSA
dk;ZØe 1966 ls vkjEHk fd;k x;kA  orZeku esa vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy, miHkksDrk dher
 frygu mRiknu dk;ZØe 1990 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA lwpdkad dk vk/kkj o"kZ 1982 gSA
 vksbdksuksfe;k 'kCn dk vFkZ ?kjsyw çcU/k gksrk gSA ;g  dsjy esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj lcls de gSA

110 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½

fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laln egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; o vUrjkZ"Vªh; fnol

ns'k laln çoklh Hkkjrh; fnol 9 tuojh
Hkkjr laln fo'o gkL; fnol 10 tuojh
:l M;wek jk"Vªh; ;qok fnol 12 tuojh
Fky lsuk fnol 15 tuojh
Lisu dksVsZl
Hkkjr i;ZVu fnol 25 tuojh
bZjku etfyl
vUrjkZ"Vªh; lhek 'kqYd o mRikn fnol 26 tuojh
eky}hi etfyl
'kghn fnol 30 tuojh
tkiku Mk;V dq"B fuokj.k fnol 30 tuojh
U.S.A dkaxzsl loksZn; fnol 30 tuojh
usiky jk"Vªh; iapk;r fo'o dSalj fnol 4 Qjojh
ckaXykns'k tkrh; laln xqykc fnol 12 Qjojh
vQxkfuLrku 'kksjk osysaVkbu fnol 14 Qjojh
eysf'k;k fnoku fuxkjk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekr`Hkk"kk fnol 21 Qjojh
vk;jyS.M MSy vk;ju dsUæh; mRikn 'kqYd fnol 24 Qjojh
eaxksfy;k [kqjy jk"Vªh; foKku fnol 28 Qjojh
LohMsu fjDlMkx fo'o ekSle foKku fnol 23 ekpZ
fczVsu ikfyZ;kesUV fo'o Vh- ch- fnol 24 ekpZ
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk fnol 4 ekpZ
vkLVªsfy;k ikfyZ;kesUV
fo'o miHkksDrk fnol 15 ekpZ
dukMk ikfyZ;kesUV
fo'o ty laj{k.k fnol 22 ekpZ
teZuh cq.MlVsx vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol 8 ekpZ
btjkby uslsV fo'o LokLF; fnol 7 vçSy
HkwVku RlksXaMq fo'o fgeksfQfy;k fnol 17 vçSy
iksyS.M lksfte fo'o fojklr fnol 18 vçSy
ikfdLrku us'kuy vlsEcyh fo'o i`Foh fnol 22 vçSy
Ýkal us'kuy vlsEcyh fo'o Jfed fnol 1 ebZ
MsuekdZ QksYdsfVax fo'o çsl Lora=rk fnol 3 ebZ
phu us'kuy ihiqYl dkaxzsl fo'o jsM Økl fnol 8 ebZ
LohV~tjyS.M QSMjy vlsEcyh fo'o laxzkgy; fnol 18 ebZ
rqdhZ xzS.M us'kuy vlsEcyh fo'o nqjlapkj fnol 17 ebZ
fo'o /kweziku ,oa rEckdw fu"ksn fnol 31 ebZ
rkbZoku ;wvku
vkradokn fojks/kh fnol 21 ebZ

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 111

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5 twu la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ¼UNO½
fo'o jDrnku fnol 14 twu  la;qDr jk"Vª vFkok ;wukbVsM us'ku dk uke vesfjdk ds
fo'o 'kj.kkFkhZ fnol 20 twu rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr ÝSadfyu Mh0 :tosYV }kjk çnku
vUrjkZ"Vªh; ;ksx fnol 21 twu fd;k x;kA
jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh fnol 29 twu  bldh LFkkiuk 24 vDVwcj 1945 esa gqbZ FkhA
fo'o tula[;k fnol 11 tqykbZ  çkjEHk esa blesa 51 lnL; ns'k FksA 51ok¡ lnL; iksyS.M
cuk FkkA
dkjfxy Le`fr fnol 26 tqykbZ
 orZeku esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa 193 ns'k lnL; gSA
fo'o Lruiku fnol 1 vxLr 193ok¡ lnL; nf{k.kh lwMku gSA
fo'o vkfnoklh fnol 9 vxLr  la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk eq[;ky; U;q;kdZ 'kgj esa fLFkr gS]
jk"Vªh; [ksy fnol 29 vxLr tks eSugVu }hi esa cuk gSA
f'k{kd fnol 5 flrEcj  la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk /ot%& la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk
vUrjkZ"Vªh; lk{kjrk fnol 8 flrEcj /ot gYdk uhys jax dk gS vkSj ml ij lQsn jax ls
fgUnh fnol 14 flrEcj jk"Vª la?k dk çrhd cuk gS] nks tSrqu dh 'kk[kk;sa tks
Åij [kqyh gS vkSj muds chp fo'o dk ekufp= cuk
vkstksu ijr laj{k.k fnol 16 flrEcj gSA
fo'o 'kkfUr fnol 21 flrEcj  la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh Hkk"kk,%& vaxzsth o Ýsap la;qDr
fo'o i;ZVu fnol 27 flrEcj jk"Vª la?k dh nks eq[; Hkk"kk, gS blds vfrfjDr phuh]
RPF LFkkiuk fnol 20 flrEcj jfl;u] vjch rFkk Lisfu'k dks Hkh ekU;rk çkIr gSA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; vfgalk fnol 2 vDVqcj  la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk ctV%& vuqPNsn 17 ds
vuqlkj ctV ij fopkj djus ,oa mls vuqeksfnr djus
fo'o i'kq dY;k.k fnol 4 vDVqcj dh ftEesnkjh egklHkk dh gSA
fo'o f'k{kd fnol 5 vDVqcj  bldk ctV gj nwljs o"kZ vuqeksfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
ok;q lsuk fnol 8 vDVqcj  ctV egklfpo }kjk is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
fo'o [kk| fnol 16 vDVqcj  bl ctV esa lcls vf/kd va'knku vesfjdk dk gksrk
la;qDr jk"Vª fnol 24 vDVqcj gSA
cky fnol 14 uoEcj  la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds vax%& blds fuEufyf[kr N%
fo'o e/kqesg fnol 14 uoEcj vax gSA
fo'o fo|kFkhZ fnol 17 uoEcj 1- egklHkk
2- lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ¼15 lnL;½
fo'o i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fnol 26 uoEcj
3- vkfFkZd o lkekftd ifj"kn~ ¼54 lnL;½
fo'o ukxfjd fnol 19 uoEcj 4- çU;kl ifj"kn~
jk"Vªh; fof/k fnol 26 uoEcj 5- vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ¼15 lnL;½
fo'o ,M~l fnol 1 fnlEcj 6- lfpoky;
ukSlsuk fnol 4 fnlEcj uksV%& uhnjyS.M esa gsx fLFkr vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds
ukxfjd lqj{kk fnol 6 fnlEcj vfrfjDr lHkh vax la;qDr jk"Vª ds U;q;kdZ fLFkr
eq[;ky; eas gSA
>.Mk fnol 7 fnlEcj
 egklHkk%& blesa lHkh ns'kksa ds çfrfuf/k 'kkfey gksrs
vUrjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mM~M;u fnol 7 fnlEcj gS blfy, bls fo'o dh y?kq laln Hkh dgk tkrk
vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuo vf/kdkj fnol 10 fnlEcj gS çR;sd ns'k blesa dsoy 5 lnL; Hkst ldrk gS
jk"Vªh; ÅtkZ laj{k.k fnol 14 fnlEcj ijUrq mldk oksV ,d gh gksrk gS egRoiw.kZ ç'uksa
fdlku fnol 23 fnlEcj tSls 'kkfUr o lqj{kk ls tqMs eqn~ns o u;s lnL;ksa ds
ços'k o ctV fu.kZ; ds fy, 2@3 lnL; dh cgqer
jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk fnol 24 fnlEcj dh t:jr gksrh gSA
112 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
 egklHkk dk fu;fer l= flrEcj ekg ds rhljs  lfpoky;%& lfpoky; la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds fnu
eaxyokj dks 'kq: gksdj fnlEcj ds e/; rd çfrfnu ds dk;ksZ dks fuiVkrk gS bldk çeq[k
pyrk gSA egklfpo gksrk gS] ftls egklHkk }kjk lqj{kk ifj"kn~
dh flQkfj'k }kjk 5 o"kZ dh vof/k ij fu;qDr fd;k
 l= dh 'kq:okr esa egklHkk u;k v/;{k] 21
tkrk gSA egklfpo dks nwljs dk;Zdky ds fy, Hkh
mik/;{k dk pquko djrh gSA
fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 fu;fer l= ds vykok egklHkk lqj{kk ifj"kn~  ?kks"k.kk i= ds vuqlkj egklfpo laxBu dk
dh flQkfj'k ij fo'ks"k l= Hkh vk;ksftr dj eq[; ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA
ldrh gSA
 la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk çFke egklfpo f=Xosyh
 lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh flQkfj'k ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; ¼ukosZ½ FkkA
U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfDr] u;s ns'kksa dh
lnL;rk] egklfpo dh fu;qfDr rFkk la;qDr  Msx gSejlksYM ,slk egklfpo Fkk] tks gokbZ
jk"Vª la?k dk ctV ikfjr djuk vkfn egklHkk nq?kZVuk esa ekjk x;kA
ds dk;Z gSA  dqrZ okynhghe ¼vkWLVªsfy;k½ ,sls egklfpo Fks]
 lqj{kk ifj"kn~%& ;g la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk eq[; vax tks nks dk;Zdky ds fy, pqus x;s çFke FksA
gS vkSj dk;Zikfydk Hkh gSA lqj{kk dks cuk;s j[kuk  orZeku esa UNO dk egklfpo ,afVfu;ks xqrjsl
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh eq[; ftEesnkjh gS blfy, bls gSA
nqfu;k dk iqfyl eSu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds vU; laxBu
 blesa 15 lnL; gksrs gS ftlesa 5 LFkkbZ o 10
vLFkkbZ lnL; gksrs gSA vLFkkbZ lnL;ksa dk pquko laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky;
egklHkk vius 2@3 cgqer ls nks o"kks± ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu 11 vçSy tsusok
djrh gSA ¼ILO½ 1919 ¼LohV~tjyS.M½
 lksfo;r la?k us foVks dk mi;ksx lcls vf/kd fo'o cSad 1945 okf'kaxVu DC
ckj fd;k gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k 1945 okf'kaxVu DC
 vesfjdk us lcls igys foVks dk ç;ksx 1971 esa ¼IMF½
fd;k FkkA
fo'o LokLF; laxBu 7 vçSy tsusok
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky;%& bldh LFkkiuk 3 vçSy ¼WHO½ 1948
1946 dks gSx ¼uhnjyS.M½ esa dh xbZ FkhA vUrjkZ"Vªh;
U;k;ky; dh dkuwuh iqfLrdk esa 5 v/;k; rFkk 70 fo'o i;ZVu laxBu 1925 esfMªM ¼Lisu½
vuqPNsn gSA ¼WTO½
 blesa 15 U;k;k/kh'k gksrs gSA ftudh fu;qfDr la;qDr jk"Vª [kk| o 16 vçSy jkse ¼bVyh½
9 o"kZ ds fy, gksrh gSA blesa ,d ns'k ds nks —f"k laxBu ¼FAO½ 1945
U;k;k/kh'k ugh gks ldrs gSA fo'o ekSle foKku 1951 tsusok
 U;k;ky; dk dksje la[;k 9 gSA laxBu ¼WMO½
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; esa çFke Hkkjrh; U;k;k/kh'k fo'o ckSf)d lEink 1967 tsusok
csusxy jkekjko FkkA laxBu
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds çFke Hkkjrh; v/;{k vUrjkZ"Vªh; ijek.kq ÅtkZ 1957 fo;kuk
ukxsUæ flag FksA vfHkdj.k ¼IAEA½ ¼vkfLVª;k½
 vkfFkZd o lekftd ifj"kn~%& orZeku esa blesa 54 vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkeqfæd 1948 yanu
lnL; gSA O;kikj laxBu
 budk dk;Zdky 3 o"kZ gksrk gS ;g ,d LFkkbZ ;qusLdks 1946 isfjl ¼Ýkal½
laLFkk gSA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k 1865 tsusok
 bldh cSBd o"kZ esa nks ckj gksrh gSA ¼ITU½

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 113

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky;  iSVªksfy;e fu;kZrd ns'kks dk laxBu ¼OPEC½%&
bldh LFkkiuk 1960 esa cxnkn esa gqbZA bldk eq[;ky;
lkoZHkkSe Mkd la?k ¼UPU½ cuZ fo;uk ¼vkfLVª;k½ esa gS orZeku esa blesa 15 lnL; ns'k
¼LohV~tjyS.M½ gSA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd 1944 ekafVª;y  xqV fujis{k vkUnksyu ¼NAM½%& bldk igyk
mM~M;u laxBu ¼dukMk½ f'k[kj lEesyu 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA orZeku esa
la;qDr jk"Vª vkS|ksfxd 1966 fo;kuk blesa 125 lnL; ns'k gSA bldk eq[;ky; tdkZrk esa
fodkl laxBu ¼vkWfLVª;k½ gS] ftl ns'k esa bldk lEesyu gksrk gS ogh ns'k bldh
v/;{krk djrk gSA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; —f"k fodkl 1976 jkse ¼bVyh½
dks"k  ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad%& bldh LFkkiuk 1966 esa dh
xbZA bldk eq[;ky; euhyk ¼fQyhfiUl½ esa gSA
O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k 1996 fo;kuk  vjc yhax%& bldh LFkkiuk 22 ekpZ 1945 dks dkfgjk
çfrcU/k laf/k laxBu ¼felz½ esa gqbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; dkfgjk esa gSA
¼CTBT½
 vkfl;ku%& bldh LFkkiuk 1967 esa gqbZ FkhA bldk
jlk;fud gfFk;kj fu"ks/k 1997 gsx eq[;ky; tdkZrk ¼b.Mksusf'k;k½ esa gSA blds lnL;
laxBu ¼uhnjyS.M½ ns'kksa dh la[;k 10 gSA
G-8:- bldh LFkkiuk 1975 esa Ýkal }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
fo'o ds dqN vU; çeq[k laxBu 
dukMk] vesfjdk] fczVsu] Ýkal] teZuh] tkiku] bVyh]
 fo'o O;kikj laxBu ¼WTO½%& vkSj :l blds lnL; gSA
 bldh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh 1995 bZñ dks dh xbZ Fkh
 fczDl%&
bldk eq[;ky; tsusok esa gS orZeku esa blesa 164
 o"kZ 2009 esa czkthy] :l] Hkkjr rFkk phu us ,d
lnL; ns'k gSA vQxkfuLrku 29 tqykbZ 2016 dks
164ok¡ lnL; cukA u;s vkfFkZd laxBu dh LFkkiuk dhA bldk igyk
f'k[kj lEesyu :l ds ;sdsVfjucxZ 'kgj esa gqvkA
 GATT dk uke cnydj gh ckn esa fo'o O;kikj
blds nwljs lEesyu esa 2010 esa nf{k.k vÝhdk dks
laxBu fd;k FkkA GATT dh LFkkiuk 1955 esa gqbZ Hkh bldk lnL; cuk;k x;kA
FkhA
 bl laxBu dk uke vc fczDl gks x;k gSaA 2014 esa
 jsM Økl%& bldh LFkkiuk 8 ebZ 1863 bZñ esa gsujh fczDl fodkl cSad LFkkfir djus dh lgerh cuh]
M;qjsUV us tsusok esa dh FkhA bldk eq[;ky; tsusok esa bl cSad dk eq[;ky; phu ds 'k?kkbZ 'kgj esa gSA
gS rFkk bl laxBu dks rhu ckj 'kkfUr ds ukscsy
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA  ;wjksih; la?k%& bldh LFkkiuk 1958 esa gqbZA bldk
eq[;ky; cqzlsYl ¼csfYt;e½ esa gSA blds 28 lnL; ns'k
 jk"Vªe.My%& gSA 1 tuojh 2002 dks ;qjks uked eqæk dk pyu
 mu ns'kksa dk laxBu gS] tks dHkh fczfV'k lezkT; ds gqvkA bl eqæk dks bl laxBu ds 19 ns'kksa }kjk ç;ksx
xqyke FksA bldh LFkkiuk 1926 esa gqbZA bldk esa yk;k tk jgk gSA bu ns'kksa dks ;qjkstksu dgrs gSaA
eq[;ky; yanu esa gSA
 orZeku esa jk"Vªe.My ds 53 ns'k lnL; gSA
fo'o ds çeq[k laxBu o eq[;ky;
 Hkkjr 1949 esa jk"Vªe.My dk lnL; cuk FkkA laxBu eq[;ky;
 ukVks%& bldh LFkkiuk 4 vçSy 1949 dks gqbZA bldk GATT tsusok
eq[;ky; czqlsYl ¼csfYt;e½ esa gSA bl laxBu esa
,eusLVh baVjus'kuy yanu
29 lnL; ns'k gSA
 nf{k.k ,f'k;k {ks=h; lg;ksx la?k ¼lkdZ½%& vÝhdh ,drk laxBu vknhl&vckck
 bldh LFkkiuk 1985 esa dh xbZ Fkh bldk eq[;ky; vUrjkZ"Vªh; vksyfEid yqlkus
dkBek.Mq esa gSA desVh ¼IOC½
 bldk igyk f'k[kj lEesyu 1985 esa <kdk esa gqvkA la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe usjksch ¼dsU;k½
 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky] HkqVku] Jhyadk]
bUVjiksy isfjl ¼fyvksal½
eky}hi] vQxkfuLrku blds lnL; ns'k gSA
114 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
laxBu eq[;ky; miuke okLrfod uke
fo'o oU; tho laj{k.k XykM ¼fLoV~tjyS.M½ o;kso`) iq:"k nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth
dks"k ¼WWF½ iatkc dsljh ykyk yktir jk;
pksxe ¼jk"Vªe.My ds v/;{kksa LVkalcxZ fcgkj dsljh MkWñ Jh —".k flag
dk lEesyu½
'ksj&,&d'ehj 'ks[k vCnqyk
;qfulsQ U;q;kdZ
nhu cU/kq C.F. ,.Mwt
çeq[k ns'kksa ds ljdkjh nLrkost yksdekU; cky xaxk/kj fryd
xzhu cqd bVyh rFkk bZjku dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ tu uk;d diwZjh Bkdqj
vksjast cqd uhnjyS.M ljdkj dh fjiksVZ xq:nso johUæ ukFk VSxksj
;syks cqd Ýkal ljdkj dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ jktk th pØorhZ jktxksiky pkjh
Cyw cqd fczfV'k ljdkj dh fjiksVZ LiSjks estj tujy jktsUæ flag
OgkbV isij fczVsu o Hkkjr ljdkj dh fdlh fo'ks"k Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u leqæxqIr
fo"k; ij fjiksVZ
rksrk&,&fgUn vehj [kqljks
OgkbV cqd iqrZxky] phu rFkk teZuh dh ljdkjh
fjiksVZ dfo xq: johUæ ukFk Bkdqj
xzs&cqd csfYt;e rFkk tkiku dh ljdkjh fjiksVZ fueZy ân; enj Vsjslk
TokabV isij nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ljdkjksa dh la;qDr Hkkjr dksfdyk ljkstuh uk;Mw
fjiksVZ jk"Vªfirk egkRek xka/kh
çeq[k O;fDr;ksa ds yksdfç; miuke 'kkfUr iq:"k yky cgknqj 'kkL=h
miuke okLrfod uke caxky dsljh vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ
fdax esadj vyZ vkWQ okfoZd vkU/kz dsljh Vh- çdk'ke~
Qknj vkWQ bafXy'k iks,Vªh T;kSÝh pkSlj ns'kcU/kq fprjatu nkl
ysMh fon n ySai ¶ykjsal ukbfVaxsy caxcU/kq 'ks[k eqftcqjZ jgeku
eSu vkQ CyM ,aM vk;ju fcLekdZ yksduk;d t;çdk'k ukjk;.k
duZy fnyhi osaxjdj jkt Jh iq:"kksÙke nkl V.Mu
egkRek xka/kh ds ik¡posa iq= teuk yky ctkt xq: th ,e- ,l- xksyoydj
jktLFkku ds xka/kh xksdqy HkkbZ HkV~V egkeuk enu eksgu ekyoh;
fnyhi dqekj ;qlqQ [kku ckcqth txthou jke
xjhc uokt [oktk eqbuqn~nhu fp'rh ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy
iatkc dk VSxksj iwju flag fo'o dfo johUæ ukFk Bkdqj
vk/kqfud ehjk egknsoh oekZ mMu ijh ih0 Vh- Å"kk
Ýkal dk xka/kh fi;js isjksMh Loj dksfdyk yrk eaxs'dj
bVyh dk xka/kh Msfuyks Mkylh rkÅ pkSñ nsoh yky
lhekar xka/kh [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj [kku ekrk calr ,suh cslsUV

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 115

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
miuke okLrfod uke iqLrd ys[kd
'kghn&,&vkte ljnkj Hkxr flag vFkZ'kkL= pk.kD;
vtkr'k=q MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn eqækjk{kl fo'kk[knÙk
Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k jktkjke eksgu jk; voUrh lqUnjh n.Mh
ds çHkkr u{k= çse okfVdk jl[kku
Hkkjrh; eSfd;kosyh pk.kD; 'kkgukek fQjnkSlh
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lS¸;n cU/kq xhr xksfoUn t;nso
ds u`i fuekZrk in~ekor efyd ekS0 tk;lh
fyfVy dkikSjy usiksfy;u cksukikVZ xksnku] xcu] deZHkwfe] jaxHkwfe çsepUæ
Hkkjrh; fQYeksa dk firkeg ?kq.Mhjkt xksfoUn QkYds g"kZpfj=] dknEcjh ck.kHkV~V
vk/kqfud pk.kD; ih0 oh- ujflek jko Hkkjr&Hkkjrh eSFkyh'kj.k xqIr
fyfVy ekLVj lquhy xkoLdj cq)pfj=e~ v'o?kks"k
xqtjkr dk tud jfo'kadj egkjkt n'kdqekj pfj= n.Mh
ns'k fç; ;rhUæ eksgu lsu xqIrk fp=kxank] xhrkatyh] foltZu jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj
fcgkj foHkwrh vuqxzg ukjk;.k flag ferk{kjk foKkus'oj
CySd xka/kh ekfVZu yqFkj fdax jktrjafx.kh dYg.k
;qok rqdZ Jh pUæ'ks[kj iYYo] fpnEcjk lqfe=k uUnu iar
usrk th lqHkk"k pUæ cksl uspj D;ksj eksjkjth nslkbZ
ns'kjRu MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn vejdks"k vej flag
d'ehj dk vdcj tSuqy vkcnhu egkHkkjr] Hkxor xhrk osn O;kl
Hkkjr dk 'ksDlih;j egkdfo dkyhnkl lqjlkxj] lkfgR;d ygjh lwjnkl
xzS.M eSu vkWQ fczVsu XysMLVksu uspqjy fgLVªh fIyuh
foæksgh dfo dkth ut:y bLyke dkelq= okRL;k;u
fdrkcqy fgUn vyc:uh
lqij dSV Dykbo yk;M
pUædkark nsodh uUnu [k=h
gfj;k.kk gfjdsu dfiy nso
xkMZuj] xksjk] gqaxzh LVksUl] jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj
gkWdh ds tknqxj /;kupUn pk.Mkfydk
¶;wgjj ,MksYQ fgVyj dq:{ks=] moZ'kh jke/kkjh flag fnudj
esM vkWQ vkWfy,l tkWu vkdZ nknk dkWejsM ;'kiky
okMZ vkWQ ,ou fofy;e 'ksDlih;j nsonkl] pfj=ghu 'kjr pUæ
pêksik/;k;
çeq[k ys[kd o mudh iqLrdsa
n MkdZ:e] ekyxqMh Mst] vkj- ds- ukjk;.k
iqLrd ys[kd xkbM] ekbMst
iapra= fo".kq 'kekZ xksYMu FkszlgksYM] czksfdu foXl ljkstuh uk;Mq
gqek;w¡ukek xqycnu csxe fdruh uko esa fdruh ckj vKs;
;kek egknsoh oekZ e`PNdfVde~ 'kwæd
116 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
iqLrd ys[kd iqLrd ys[kd
nk;Hkkx theqrokgu The world as I see it vYcVZ vkbaLVhu
vfXuoh.kk dkth ut:y fMokbu dkesMh nk¡rs
bLyke iSjkMkbt ykLV tku feYVu
uhfr'krd] Jaxkj&'krd] HkrZgfj Prince of Power lSX;qvy g"kZ
oSj.;'krd
vksfMlh] bfy;M gksej
fgUnqbTe] , iSlst Vw baXyS.M uhjn pUæ pkS/kjh
fçalhfi;k U;qVu
, iSlst Vw baf.M;k bZñ,e- QksLVj
fjifCyd IysVks
dkxt rs dSuokl] 49 Mst] ve`rk çhre
MsFk vkWQ , flVh Qs;jcsy Vw bf.M;k ,MoMZ Fkkelu
A train to Pakistan, A company [kq'koar flag ,f'k;u Mªkek] Against the xqUukj feMZy
of woman stream
l[kkjke ckb.Mj fot; rsUnqydj History of the second world foLVu pfpZy
war
b.Vjuy bf.M;k bafnjk xka/kh
, Vsy vkWQ Vq flfVt] fidfud pkYlZ fMfdal
ykbQ fMokbu] ,s'kst vku xhrk vjfoUn ?kks"k iSilZ
fMokbu ykbQ f'kokuUn vksfyoj fVoLV] MsfoM dkij pkYlZ fMfdal
Indra Gandhi Returns, Delhi [kq'koar flag QhYM
vukfedk] ijfey lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh Decent of man pkYlZ MkfoZu
fujkyk enj bf.M;k dSFkjhu eS;ks
,fj;k vkWQ MkdZ usl oh- ,l- uk;iky n fçUl eSfd;koSyh
A voice of freedom u;urkjk lgxy n lks'ky dUVªsDV :lks
mÙkjjkepfj= HkoHkqfr fgUnq flfoykbts'ku ts- ,e- cSjh
ttesaV] Beyond the lines, dqynhi uS¸;j okj vkSj ihl fy;ks VkYlVk;
India after Nehru, In Jail
ikfyfVDl vjLrq
dqyh] dkalQS'ka'k vkWQ , yoj] eqYdjkt vkuUn
The Death of a Hero ehu dsEQ ¼esjk la?k"kZ½ ,MkWYQ fgVyj
Untold Story, dUQsMjs'ku fon ch- ,l- dkSy enj eSfdle xksdhZ
ikfdLrku xzkej vkWQ ikfyfVDl ts- yk'dh
chtd] jeSuh] 'kCn dchjnkl xzsV VªstMh ,- HkqVVks
ekyrh ek|o HkoHkwrh QkeZ gkml] ,fuey ikdZ tktZ vkj fcy
vkbus vdcjh] vdcj ukek vcqy Qty As you like it, gSeysV] vksFksyks] foy;e 'ksDlih;j
dqekjlEHkoe~] j?kqoa'ke~] vfHkKku dkfynkl comedy of errors
'kkdqUrye Man and superman, Arms and tktZ cukZM 'kkW
bf.M;u fQykWLQh MkWñ ,l- jk/kk—".k the man

,;jiksVZ vkFkZj gsys n bulkbMj ih-oh- ujflag jko

v"Vk/;k;h ikf.kuh yTtk] Qksjs'kh çsfed rLyhe uljhu
osYFk vkWQ us'kal ,Me fLeFk , fjoj lq=k xhrk esgrk
ekbZ Ýkstsu VcqZysal bu d'ehj txeksgu

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 117

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
iqLrd ys[kd iqLrd ys[kd
A mid sumer nights Dream foy;e 'ksDlih;j Re-discovery of India es|ukFk ns'kkbZ
jktho lksfu;k xka/kh laln ds rhu n'kd] jktuhfr vVy fcgkjh
laln mifu"kn~ ,e- ,Q0 gqlSu dh jiVhyh jkgs oktis;h
¶;qjh] lSVsfud olSt] feM ukbV lyeku j'knh usrk th vkSj xka/kh 'k'kh vgyqokfy;k
fpYMªu laLdkj ;w0 vkj- vUur eqrhZ
ÝhMe ÝkWe n gkVZ dfiy nso Living History fgysjh fdayVu
The last race VkWe vkYVj n uselsd >qEik ykgMh
LihdlZ Mk;jh eqjyh euksgj tks'kh n OgkbV VkbZxj vjfoUn vfMxk
How I play golf Vkbxj oqMl First Person cyknehj iqfru
MkVj vkWQ n bZLV csuthj HkqV~Vks lysDlu Ms vjfoUn vfMxk
bXukbVsM ekbMl] 20&20] n ,- ih0 ts- vCnqy Untouchable eqYdjkt vkuUn
foXl vkWQ Qk;j dyke dkO;çdk'k eEeV
n ikFk Vw ikoj ekj xzsV FkSzpj lkfgR;kniZ.k fo'oukFk
Vw , gaxj Ýh oYMZ ,e- ,l- Lokeh euqLe`fr euq
ukFku
fgrksins'k ukjk;.k iafMr
,EIyk;esaV] baVªsLV euh ts- ,e- dsUl
flUnwj dh gksyh y{ehukjk;.k feJ
n ftx tSx os vuhrk nslkbZ
>wBk lp ;'kiky
what went wrong fdj.k csnh
gYnh?kkVh ';keukjk;.k ik.Ms;
The future of India foey tkyu
lrlbZ fcgkjh
n ,UpSVªsal vkWQ ¶ykjsal lyeku j'knh
;'kks/kjk] lkdsr eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
The Road ahead fcy xsV~l
dkek;uh] vk¡lw] vtkr'k=q t;'kadj çlkn
No full stop in India ekdZ Vqyh
vkx dk nfj;k dqjrqZy ,u gSnj
Question and Answer fodkl Lo:i
foesu] yo ,.V yLV [kq'koar flag
n xkM vkWQ LekWy fFkaXl v:/karh jk;
fc;ksaM d'ehj lyeku [kq'khZn
The city of joy Mksehfud ysfi;j
bZLV&osLV lyeku :'nh
lqVscy ck;] xksYMu xsV foØe lsB
ukxeaMyk fxjh'k dukZM
vulqVscy ck; dj.k tkSgj
vk;MYl lquhy xkoLdj
enj Vsjslk uohu pkoyk
ekbZ VwFk bafnjk xka/kh
dkjfxy ih0 oh- efyd
jksekaflax fon ykbQ nso vkuan
ykax okd Vw ÝhMe usYlu eaMsyk
Iysbax bV ekbZ os lfpu rsanqydj ,oa
ysV~l fdy xka/kh rq"kkj xka/kh cksfj;k etwenkj
The brief History of time LVhQu gkfdaXl vkoj Vkbe 'kf'k Fk:j
gkWQ , ykbQ oh- ,l- uk;iky , lwVscy xyZ foØe lsB
Discovery of India tokgj yky usg: ou bafM;u xyZ psru Hkxr
cqfj;y ,V lh [kq'koar flag
118 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
iqLrd ys[kd dkyk >aMk fojks/k dk çrhd
n fefuLVªh vkWQ vVeksLV v:/kafr jk; mYVk >aMk ladV dk çrhd
gSIihuSl
>qdk >aMk jk"Vªh; 'kksd dk çrhd
flDl e'khu fØl xsy
lQsn >aMk laf/k ;k leiZ.k dk çrhd
ÝkWe n fgYl jfLdu ckWUM
ihyk >aMk laØked jksxxzLr okys yksxks
gsjh ikWVj ,aM MsFkyh gkyksOt ts- ds- jkmfyax ds ys tkus okys okguks ij
fo'o dh vUrZjk"Vªh; foeku lsok;sa dcwrj ia{kh 'kkfUr dk çrhd
vksyfEid ,;jost xzhl ¼;quku½ yky f=dks.k ifjokj fu;kstu dk çrhd
x:M ,;jost b.Mksusf'k;k ck¡g ij dkyh iV~Vh 'kksd] fojks/k] nq%[k dk çrhd
dksik iukek pØ çxfr dk çrhd
yq¶rgkalk teZuh
vksfyo dh 'kk[kk 'kkfUr dk çrhd
iSu vesfjdu ,;jost vesfjdk
bchfj;k Lisu çeq[k ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; i'kq
,;jks¶yksV :l daxk: & vkWLVªsfy;k
dSFkh iSaflfQd ,;jost gkaxdkx ck?k & Hkkjr
fo'o ds çeq[k lekpkj i= dhoh & U;qthyS.M
o çdk'ku LFky vkbchl & tkiku
n VkbEl] Msyh fejj] yanu ¼fczVsu½ xatk bZxy & dukMk
xkfMZ;u] Msyh esy jk¡fcu jsMczsLV & ;wukbZVsM fdaxMke
Msyh U;qt U;w;kdZ çeq[k ns'kksa dk jk"Vªh; fpUg
MkWu djk¡ph Hkkjr & v'kksd LrEHk
THE HINDU psUubZ MsuekdZ & leqæh rV
vy vgje dkfgjk ¼felz½ Ýkal & fyyh
bVyh & lQsn fyyh
LVkj tksgkalcxZ ¼n0 vÝhdk½
ukosZ & 'ksj
çkonk ekLdks ¼:l½
;w-ds- & xqykc dk Qwy
bfMisaMsV yanu vkWLVªsfy;k & oSVy
ihiqYl Msyh chftax ¼phu½ dukMk & eSiy yhQ
n vkbySaM dksyEcks :l & Mcy gSMsM bZxy
yk ekan] yh fQxkjks isfjl Lisu & bZxy
rqdhZ & pk¡n rkjk
ckXykns'k & okVj fyyh
çeq[k fpUg ,o çrhd ;w0,l-,- & xksYMsu jkWM
dey laLd`fr o lH;rk dk çrhd uhnjyS.M & 'ksj
jsM ØkWl MkDVjh lgk;rk o vLirky bZjku & xqykc dk Qwy
yky >aMk [krjs o ØkfUr dk lwpd tkiku & xqynkÅnh
U;wthyS.M & fdoh] lnZu ØkWl
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 119
fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
çeq[k iqjLdkj o lEeku pUæ'ks[kj lhek ds {ks= esa HkkSfrdh ds fy, ukscy
iqjLdkj feykA
 ukscsy iqjLdkj%& bldh LFkkiuk LohMsu ds egku
oSKkfud vYÝsM ukscsy us 1901 es dh FkhA vYÝsM  veR;Z lSu%& bUgs 1998 es dY;k.kdkjh vFkZ'kkL=
ukscsy us 1867 bZñ es Mk;ukekbV dh [kkst dh FkhA ds fy, vFkZ'kkL= ds fy, iqjLdkj feykA
 LohMu ds yksxks dks 1896 es mudh e`R;q ds ckn gh  oh-,l- uk;iky%& bUgs 2001 es lkfgR; dk ukscy
iqjLdkjksa ds ckjs es irk pyk mudh olh;r es fy[kk iqjLdkj feykA
gqvk FkkA muds /ku ls feyus okys okf"kZd C;kt ls  osadVje.k jkeÑ".k%& budks 2009 es jlk;u dk
ukscsy iqjLdkj çnku fd, tk;sxsA ;g iqjLdkj igys 5 ukscy iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
{ks=ksa es fn;k tkrk Fkk 'kkfUr] lkfgR;] HkkSfrd foKku]  dSyk'k lR;kFkhZ%& budks 2014 esa 'kkfUr dk ukscy
jlk;u foKku] fpfdRlk foKku ijUrq LohMh'k cSad us iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
300oha o"kZxkaB ds volj ij vFkZ'kkL= ds {ks= es Hkh uksV&xka/kh dks 5 ckj ukscsy iqjLdkj ds fy;s ukfer
ukscsy iqjLdkj çnku djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh lcls igys fd;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq mudks ,d ckj Hkh iqjLdkj
vFkZ'kkL= ds {ks= es 1969 es fn;k x;kA ugha feykA
 ;s iqjLdkj çR;sd o"kZ 10 fnlEcj dks fn;s tkrs gS  vkWLdj iqjLdkj%&
D;ksfd ml fnu vYÝsM ukscsy dk nsgkar gqvk FkkA
 bldh 'kq:vkr 1929 es gqbZ FkhA ;g iqjLdkj fQYe
 vc rd dsoy nks e`r O;fDr;ksa dks ;g iqjLdkj fn;k txr ds loZJs"B iqjLdkj gSA ;g iqjLdkj us'kuy
x;k gSA lcls igys 1931 es ,fj ,Dlsy dks rFkk 1961 vdkneh vkWQ eks'ku fiDpj vkVlZ ,.M lkbalst
es MSx&gSej lksYM dks] 1974 es fu;e cuk;k x;k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g
fdlh dks Hkh ej.kksaijkar ukscsy iqjLdkj ugh fn;k iqjLdkj çfr o"kZ Qjojh ekg es gkWyhoqM ds dksMsd
tk;sxkA fFk;sVj es fn;k tkrk gsA
 'kkfUr dk ukscsy iqjLdkj ukosZ dh jkt/kkuh vksLyks es  tkWtZ cukWMZ 'kkW ,dek= ,sls O;fDr gS] ftudks
fn;k tkrk gS ckfd lHkh iqjLdkj LohMu dh jkt/kkuh vkLdj iqjLdkj ds lkFk&lkFk ukscsy iqjLdj ftrus
LVkWd gkse es fn;s tkrs gSA es lQyrk çkIr gqbZ gSA
 lcls de mez es ukscsy iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys O;fDr  Hkkuq&vFkS¸;k Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk gS ftudks xka/kh
ykWjsal czSx ¼25 mez½ rFkk efgyk eykyk ;qlqQ tbZ ¼17 fQYe es fjpMZ ,Vucsjks dh dksLV;we fMtkbu ds
o"kZ½ fy, vkLdj feyk Fkk
 lcls vf/kd mez es ukscsy iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys  lR;thr js ftUgs flusek mudh miyfC/k;ksa ds fy,
O;fDr tkWu xqMbuQ ¼97 o"kZ½ 1992 esa vkLdj dk ykbQ Vkbe vkokMZ fn;k x;kA
 f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds le; 1940&42 rd ukscsy  enj bf.M;k Hkkjr dh çFke fQYe Fkh tks 1957 es
iqjLdkj ugh fn;s x;sA vkLdj ds fy, ukfer gqbZA
 vc rd pkj O;fDr;ksa dks nks ckj ukscsy iqjLdkj fey  jseu eSXlsls iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj fQyhfiUl dh
pqdk gSA ljdkj }kjk ns'k ds rhljs jk"Vªifr jseu eSXlsls dh
 bues lcls igys nks ckj eSMe D;wjh dks feyk FkkA Le`fr esa 1958 ls çnku fd, tkrs gSA ;g ,f'k;k dk
 ukscsy iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys Hkkjrh;%& lcls çfrf"Br iqjLdkj gS rFkk bls ,f'k;k dk ukscsy
 johUæ ukFk Bkdqj%& budks iqLrd xhrkatyh ds dgk tkrk gSA bl iqjLdkj ds fotsrk dks Lo.kZ ind
fy, 1913 es feykA rFkk 50 gtkj Mkyj fn;s tkrs gSA ;g iqjLdkj 5 {ks=ksa
esa fn;s tkrs gS ijUrq 2001 ls ;g iqjLdkj 6 {ks=ksa esa
 lh-oh- jeu%& budks 1930 es jeu çHkko ds fy,
fn;s tk jgs gSA ;g iqjLdkj Hkkjr esa lcls igys
HkkSfrdh dk iqjLdkj feykA
fouksck Hkkos dks rFkk efgykvksa esa enj VSjslk dks feyk
 MkWñ gjxksfoUn [kqjkuk%& budks 1968 es d`f=e FkkA
thu ds la'ys"k.k ds fy, fpfdRlk dk ukscy
 xzSeh iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj laxhr ds {ks= es fn;s
iqjLdkj fn;k x;kA
tkrs gS bUgs çfro"kZ us'kuy vdkneh vkQ fjdkfMZax
 enj VSjslk%& budks 1979 es lkekftd dk;Z es vkVZ ,.M lkblst }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g iqjLdkj
'kkfUr dk iqjLdkj feykA dqy 108 Jsf.k;ksa es fn;s tkrs gSA lcls igys 1973 esa
 lqczã.;e pUæ'ks[kj%& bUgs 1983 es budh [kkst Hkkjr ds fy, çfl) flrkj oknd iañ jfo 'kadj dks
120 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
xzSeh iqjLdkj feyk Fkk vkSj fQj 1994 esa muds f'k"; v:a/krh jkW; 1997 The God Of Small Things
fo'o eksgu HkVV dks feykA fdj.k nslkbZ 2006 The Inheritance of Loss
 iqfyRtj iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj i=dkfjrk ds {ks= es vjfoUn vfMaxk 2008 The White Tiger
fn;k tkrkA bl iqjLdkj dk çkjEHk 1917 es gqvkA ;g
iqjLdkj U.S.A ds dksyfEc;k fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fn;k
jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj
tkrk gSA  Hkkjr jRu%&
 xka/kh 'kkfUr%& ;g iqjLdkj 1995 ls Hkkjr ljdkj  ;g dyk] lkfgR; rFkk foKku ;k cMs iSekus ij
}kjk fo'o 'kkfUr es egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys O;fDr tulsok esa mR—"B dk;Z esa ns'kksa dk lcls cMk
dks fn;k tkrk gSA bl iqjLdkj dh bukeh jk'kh 1 jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj gSA bldh 'kq:vkr 1954 esa fd
djksM+ : gSA xbZA ;g 26 tuojh dks Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr }kjk
 HkVukxj iqjLdkj%& foKku ,o çkS|ksfxdh es fn;k fn;k tkrk gSA ;g iqjLdkj ihiy ds iRrs ds vkdkj
tkrk gSA dk gksrk gS ftl ij lw;Z dk fp= gksrk gSA turk
ikVhZ }kjk 1977 esa bls cUn dj fn;k x;k Fkk fdUrq
 tokgj yky usg: iqjLdkj&fo'o 'kkfUr o 1980 esa dkaxzsl ljdkj us bls fQj ls vkjEHk fd;kA
varZjk"Vªh; lnHkko dks c<kok nsus ds fy, ;g iqjLdkj 1980 esa nksckjk 'kq: gksus ij] ;g lcls igys enj
1965 es 'kq: fd;k x;k bl iq:Ldkj dh ?kks"k.kk Hkkjr Vsjslk dks fn;k x;kA ej.kksijkar lcls igys yky
ljdkj dk fons'k ea=ky; djrk gSA cgknqj 'kkL=h dks Hkkjr jRu fn;k x;k FkkA Jh
 dafyx iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj 1952 esa çkjEHk gqvk lR;iky vkuUn us jktho xka/kh dks ej.kksijkar Hkkjr
bl iqjLdkj dks çkjEHk djus es lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jRu nsus dh çfØ;k dks e/; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; esa
dkfyax QkmaMs'ku ds laLFkkid chtw iVuk;d us dh pqukSrh nh FkhA Hkkjr jRu çkIr djus okyk çFke
Fkh ;g iqjLdkj ;qusLdks }kjk foKku ds {ks= es fn;s fons'kh [kku vCnqy x¶Qj [kku FkkA çFke Hkkjrh;
tkrs gSA iq:"k loZiYyh jk/kk—".k rFkk çFke efgyk bafnjk
 jkbV fyoyh gqM iqjLdkj%& bl iqjLdkj dks xka/kh FkhA
oSdfYid ukscy dgk tkrk gS ;g iqjLdkj lkekftd  Hkkjr jRu ,dek= ,slk iqjLdkj gS ftls ojh;rk
U;k; vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds {ks= esa fczVsu }kjk çnku lwph esa LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
fd;k tkrk gSA  ine iqjLdkj%& ;g Hkkjr jRu ds ckn nwljk lcls
 vksjsat iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa cMk iqjLdkj gSA bls Hkh 1977 esa Hkkjr jRu ds lkFk
dsoy efgykvksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA cUn dj fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk 1980 esa fQj 'kq: fd;k
 ,scy iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj xf.kr ds {ks= esa ukosZ x;kA ;s rhu çdkj ds gSA
dh ljdkj }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA bldks xf.kr dk 1- ine foHkw"k.k 2- ine Hkw"k.k 3- ine Jh
ukscsy Hkh dgrs gSaA  ohjrk iqjLdkj%& Hkkjrh; Fky lsuk] ok;q lsuk] ty
 eku cqdj iqjLdkj%& lsuk ds ohj vkSj lkglh lSfudksa dks fofHkUu indks ls
 ;g iqjLdkj lcls igys 1969 es fn;k x;k ;g lEekfur fd;k tkrk gS ;s fuEu gSA
iqjLdkj lkfgR; ds {ks= es fn;k tkrk gSA ;g  ijeohj pØ%& ;g ohjrk ds fy, fn;k tkus okyk
iqjLdkj cqdj dEiuh o fczfV'k çdk'ku la?k }kjk loksZPp iqjLdkj gSA
fn;k tkrk gSA  egkohj pØ%& ;g ohjrk ds fy, fn;k tkus okyk
 ;g dsoy jk"VªeaMy ns'kks ds ys[kdksa dks gh fn;k nwljk cMk iqjLdkj gSA
tkrk gSA  ohj pØ%& ;g ohjrk ds fy, fn;k tkus okyk
 ;g gj 2 o"kZ es fn;k tkrk gSA r`rh; Js.kh dk iqjLdkj gSA
eku cqdj iqjLdkj çkIr djus okys  v'kksd pØ%& ;g ohjrk ds fy, fn;k tkus okyk

Hkkjrh; loZJs"B vlSfud iqjLdkj gSA

 B.C jk; iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa
ys[kd o"kZ iqLrd
fn;k tkrk gSA
V.S. uk;ikWy 1971 In A Free State
 nknk lkgc QkYds iqjLdkj%& ;g iqjLdkj flusek
lyeku :'nh 1981 Midnights's Children {ks= esa mR—"V dk;Z djus ds {ks= esa fn;s tkrs gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 121
fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
1969 esa ;g iqjLdkj lcls igys nsfodk jkuh dks fn;k LdkmafVx dh LFkkiuk osMu ikosy
x;k Fkk 2017 esa fouksn [kUuk dks fn;k x;kA bl
iqjLdkj dh bukeh jkf'k 10 yk[k :i;s gSA lektokn ds çorZd vkpk;Z ujsUæ nso
 KkuihB iqjLdkj%& ;g lkfgR; ds {ks= esa fn;k tkrk Lo.kZ efUnj dk fuekZ.k xq: vtZqu nso
gSA ;g lcls igys 1965 esa th 'kadj dq:i dks fn;k
x;k Fkk rFkk efgykvksa esa lcls igys vk'kk iq.kkZ nsoh lekf/k LFky
dks 1976 esa fn;k x;k FkkA bl iqjLdkj dh bukeh jkt ?kkV egkRek xka/kh
jk'kh 11 yk[k gSA fot; ?kkV yky cgknqj 'kkL=h
çeq[k iqjLdkj rFkk muls lEcfU/kr {ks= vHk; ?kkV eksjkjth nslkbZ
iqjLdkj {ks= ohj Hkwfe jktho xka/kh
vtqZu iqjLdkj ¼1961½ [ksy ds {ks= esa ,drk LFky Kkuh tSy flag
jktho xka/kh [ksy jRu [ksy pS=k Hkwfe Hkhe jko vEcsMdj
iqjLdkj ¼1991&92½
egkç;k.k ?kkV MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
æks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj ¼1985½ [ksy ¼dkspks dks½
la?k"kZ LFky nsohyky
Hkêukxj iqjLdkj foKku
'kkfUr ou tokgj yky usg:
/kuoUrjh iqjLdkj fpfdRlk
'kfDr LFky bafnjk xka/kh
cksjykWx iqjLdkj —f"k ds {ks= esa mYys[kuh;
;ksxnku fdlku ?kkV pkSñ pj.k flag
dchj iqjLdkj lkekftd lnHkko lerk LFky txthou jke
O;kl lEeku lkfgR; ds {ks= esa deZ Hkwfe 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ
ljLorh lEeku lkfgR; ukjk;.k ?kkV xqytkjh yky uUnk
okpLifr iqjLdkj laL—r lkfgR; mn; Hkwfe K.R. ukjk;.k

'kadj iqjLdkj Hkkjrh; n'kZu] laL—fr] dyk Le`fr LFky bUæ dqekj xqtjky

egku dk;ksZ ls lEcfU/kr O;fDr Hkkjr dh çeq[k yksddyk

jsM Økl dh LFkkiuk gsujh M;wjsUV jaxksyh egkjk"Vª
laL—r O;kdj.k ds tud ikf.kfu xksnuk fcgkj
'kkfUr fudsru dh LFkkiuk johUæukFk Bkdqj pkSd iwjuk mÙkj çns'k
ioukj vkJe dh LFkkiuk fouksck Hkkos ¼1940 egkjk"Vª½ ekaM.kka jktLFkku
[kkylk iaFk ds laLFkkid xq: xksfoUn flag ¼1699½ lkfFk;k xqtjkr
fueZy ân; ds laLFkkid enj Vsjslk esg¡nh jktLFkku
vkuUn ou ds laLFkkid ckck vkEVs vgiu fcgkj
yhx vkWQ us'kUl oqMjks foYlu e/kqcuh fcgkj
ds laLFkkid
vksjfoys vkJe ¼iqnqpsjh½ vjfoUn ?kks"k
ekufp= dh js[kk;s
 leyo.k js[kk;sa ¼Ishohaline½%& ;s js[kk;sa ekufp=
fo'o Hkkjrh dh LFkkiuk johUæukFk Bkdqj ij leku yo.krk okys LFkkuksa dks n'kkZrh gSA
Hkqnku vkUnksyu dk çorZd fouksck Hkkos  lenkc js[kk;sa ¼Isobars½%& ;s ekufp= ij leku
jsM xkMZl dh LFkkiuk xSjh okYMh ok;qnkc okys {ks= dks n'kkZrh gSA

122 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
 lexgjh js[kk;sa ¼Isobaths½%& ;s leku xgjkbZ ds i;ZVu&LFky LFkku fuekZ.kdrkZ
leqæ LFkyksa dks tksMus okyh js[kk;sa gSA
,syksjk dh xqQk,¡ vkSjaxkckn ckS)ks }kjk
 lerki js[kk ¼Isotherm½%& ekufp= ij leku ¼egkjk"Vª½
rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks feykus okyh js[kk;sa gSA
 le/kwi js[kk ¼Isohel½%& ;g js[kk /kwi ds leku vof/k danfj;k egknso [ktqjkvks ¼e0ç0½ pUnsy jktkvksa us
okys LFkkuksa dks feykrs gq;s [khph tkrh gSA efUnj
 leo"kkZ n'kZd js[kk ¼Isohyetes½%& leku o"kkZ okys e`xu;uh dk Xokfy;j ¼e0ç0½ jktk ekuflag
LFkkuksa dks tksMus okyh js[kkvksa dks leo"kkZ n'kZd js[kk egy rksej
dgrs gSaA xksydq.Mk dk gSnjkckn dqrqc'kkgh
 leksPp; js[kk;sa ¼Isohypes lines½%& leku Å¡pkbZ fdyk
okys fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk,¡a leksPp; js[kk,¡a fot; LrEHk fprkSMx< egkjk.kk dqEHkk
dgykrh gSA ¼jktLFkku½
 leeku js[kk ¼Isopleth line½%& ;g js[kk fuf'pr rRo
ds eku okyh js[kk dks feykrh gSA dqrqcehukj fnYyh dqrcqn~nhu ,scd
fo'o dh çeq[k xqIrpj laLFkk;sa v<kbZ fnu dk vtesj dqrcqn~nhu ,scd
>ksiMk ¼jktLFkku½
ekslkn & btjkby
gkSt [kkl fnYyh vykmnhu
RAW, CBI, IB & Hkkjr f[kyth
ISI & ikfdLrku
rqxydkckn fnYyh X;klqn~nhu
ukbZpks & tkiku rqxyd
lkokd & bZjku
v:.k tsVyh fnYyh fQjkst rqxyd
eq[kcjkr & felz LVsfM;e
vyeq[kcjkr & bjkd
cw¡Unh dk fdyk cw¡Unh ¼jktLFkku½ jktkuxj flag
CIA] FBI & USA
fiNksyk >hy mn;iqj
fo'o dh çeq[k lhek,¡ ¼jktLFkku½
eSdeksgu js[kk & Hkkjr o phu dkdjh;k >hy vgenkckn
jsMfDyQ js[kk & Hkkjr o ikfdLrku ¼xqtjkr½
Mwj.M js[kk & ikfdLrku o vQxkfuLrku njxkg vtesj vtesj lqYrku
49oha lekUrj js[kk & USA o dukMk 'kjhQ ¼jktLFkku½ X;klqn~nhu
38oha lekUrj js[kk & m0 dksfj;k o n0 dksfj;k t;laen lkxj mn;iqj jktk t;flag
fg.MucxZ js[kk & teZuh o ikSys.M ¼jktLFkku½
esujghe js[kk & :l o fQuyS.M twukx< dk chdkusj jktk t;flag
eSxhukV js[kk & teZuh o Ýkal fdyk ¼jktLFkku½
Hkkjr ds çeq[k i;VZu LFky tarj&earj t;iqj] fnYyh] jktk t;flag
mTtSu]
i;ZVu&LFky LFkku fuekZ.kdrkZ okjk.klh] eFkqjk
dUgSjh dh xqQk,¡ eqEcbZ ¼egkjk"Vª½ ckS)ks }kjk gok egy t;iqj egkjk.kk çrki
,syhQSUVk dh eqEcbZ ¼egkjk"Vª½ jk"VdwVksas }kjk flag
xqQk,¡ Hkjriqj dk Hkjriqj jktk lwjtey
vtUrk dh vkSjaxkckn xqIr 'kkldksa fdyk ¼jktLFkku½
xqQk,¡ ¼egkjk"Vª½ }kjk yky fdyk fnYyh 'kkgtgk¡

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 123

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
i;ZVu&LFky LFkku fuekZ.kdrkZ i;ZVu&LFky LFkku fuekZ.kdrkZ
vkjke ckx vkxjk ckcj fçal vkWQ osYl eqEcbZ tktZ iape
gqek;w¡ dk fnYyh gkth csxe E;wft;e
edcjk xsVos vkQ eqEcbZ tktZ foBy
'kkyhekj ckx Jhuxj tgk¡xhj bf.M;k DykdZ
vkxjk QksVZ vkxjk vdcj bf.M;k xsV] ubZ fnYyh yqfV;Ul
jk"Vªifr Hkou ¼fMtkbu½
Qrsgiqj lhdjh vkxjk vdcj
pkj ehukj gSnjkckn dqyh dqrqc'kkg
'ksj'kkg lwjh dk lklkjke ¼fcgkj½ 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds
edcjk iq= dk¡phiqje dk psUubZ iYyo jktkvksa us
efUnj ¼rfeyukMq½
lsUV tkWtZ fdyk pSUubZ bZLV bf.M;k
dEiuh dks.kkdZ efUnj iqjh ¼vksfM'kk½ ujflag nso çFke
vdcj dk fldUnjk tgk¡xhj txUukFk efUnj iqjh ¼mfMlk½ xaxknso
edcjk y{e.k efUnj Nrjiqj ¼M.P½ pUnsy jktkvksa
,rekmnkSyk dk vkxjk uwjtgk¡ fnyokMk dk ekm.V vkcw foey 'kkg
edcjk tSu efUnj ¼jktLFkku½ ¼pkyqD;½
rktegy vkxjk 'kkgtgk¡ 64 ;ksxuh efUnj [ktqjkgks ¼M.P½ pUnsy jktkvksa
'kh'kegy] fnokus vkxjk 'kkgtgk¡ f[kMdh efLtn fnYyh X;klqnhu
[kkl rqxyd
cMk bekeckMk y[kuÅ uokc vklQ tkek efLtn vkxjk 'kkgtgk¡
nkSyk tkek efLtn fnYyh 'kkgtgk¡
NksVk bekeckMk y[kuÅ ekS0 vyh 'kkg eksrh efLtn vkxjk 'kkgtgk¡
Vhiw lqYrku dk caxyq: gSnj vyh eksrh efLtn fnYyh vkSjaxtsc
egy
foDVksfj;k dksydÙkk W. belZu
yky&ckx caxyq: gSnj vyh eseksfj;y ¼fMtkbu½
xksy ?kj iVuk fczfV'k ljdkj dsUæh; ubZ fnYyh gcZV csdj
fofy;e QksVZ dydÙkk ykWMZ Dykbo lfpoky; ¼fMtkbu½
chch dk edcjk vkSjaxkckn vkSjaxtsc Hkkjr ds lkaL—frd laLFkku
¼egkjk"Vª½
o LFkkiuk o"kZ
lQnjtax dk fnYyh 'kqtkmnkSyk
edcjk ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh 1784 ¼fofy;e tksUl½
foosdkuUn jkd rfeyukMq foosdkuan jkWd Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k 1861
eSeksfj;y Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj 1881
osywj eB dydÙkk Lokeh foosdkuan dsUæh; lfpoky;] iqLrdky; 1891
vkuUn Hkou bykgkckn eksrh yky usg: Hkkjrh; ekuo foKku losZ{k.k 1945
'kkfUr fudsru iañ caxky jfoUæukFk Bkdqj jk"Vªh; iqLrdky; ¼dksydkrk½ 1948
lkcjerh vkJe vgenkckn egkRek xka/kh laxhr ukVd vdkneh 1953
¼xqtjkr½
yfyr dyk vdkneh 1954
124 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
lkfgR; vdkneh 1954 if'peh dek.M ubZ fnYyh
bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; dyk dsUæ 1987 nf{k.kh dek.M fr:ouariqje
Vªsfuax dek.M caxyq:
jk"Vªh; ukV; fo|ky; 1959
esUVsusUl dek.M ukxiqj
Hkkjr dh çfrj{kk vkWfQljksa dh in Js.kh;k
 Hkkjr dh j{kk ds fy, lsuk dk xBu fd;k tkrk gS] Fky lsuk ok;q lsuk ty lsuk
ftldk loksZPp lsukifr jk"Vªifr gksrk gSA fdUrq j{kk
lEcU/kh lkjk dk;Z dsUæh; eaf=e.My }kjk fd;k tkrk tujy ,;j phQ ek'kZy ,Mfejy
gSA ysf¶VusaV tujy ,;j ek'kZy okbl ,Mfejy
 Hkkjrh; 'kL= lsukvksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA
estj tujy ,;j okbl ek'kZy fj;j ,Mfejy
j{kkea=h 'kL= lsukvksa ds ç'kklu dk dk;Z djrk gSA
 Fky lsuk%& bldk ç/kku phQ vkWQ n vkehZ
fczxsMh;j ,;j deksMksj deksMksj
LVkQ gksrk gSA bldk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa gSA duZy xzqi dSIVu dSIVu
 bls 7 dek.M esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftldk fooj.k fuEu ysf¶VusaV duZy fox dekaMj dekaMj
çdkj gS%&
estj LdokWMªu yhMj ysf¶VusaV dekaMj
dek.M eq[;ky;
if'peh dek.M p.M+heafnj dSIVu ¶ykbV ysf¶VusaV ysf¶VusaV
mÙkjh dek.M m|eiqj ysf¶VusaV ¶ykabx vkWfQlj lc ysf¶VusaV
e/; dek.M y[kuÅ Hkkjr ds lSfud çf'k{k.k laLFkku
iwohZ dek.M dksydkrk
 Fky lsuk%&
nf{k.kh dek.M iq.ks
us'kuy fMQsal ,dsMeh ¼NDA½ & [kMxoklyk
n0&i0 dek.M t;iqj ¼egkjk"Vª½
Vªsfuax dek.M f'keyk bf.M;u fefyVªh ,dsMeh ¼IMA½ & nsgjknwu
 ty lsuk ¼Navy½%& bldk ç/kku ,Mfejy jSd dk us'kuy fMQsal dkWfyt & ubZ fnYyh
phQ vkWQ nk usoy LVkQ gksrk gSA bldk
fMQsal lfoZl LVkQ dkWyst & osfyXaVu
eq[;ky; fnYyh esa gSA leLr ty lsuk dks rhu
dek.M esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA çR;sd dek.M dk vf/kdkjh  ok;q lsuk%&
okbl ,Mfejy gksrk gSA ,;j QkslZ ,dsMeh & gSnjkckn
dek.M eq[;ky; ,;j QkslZ VsfDudy dkWyst & tykgyh ¼caxyq:½
iwohZ dek.M fo'kk[kkiêue ,;jQkslZ ,MfefuLVªsfVo dkWyst & dks;EcVwj
if'peh dek.M eqEcbZ  ukS lsuk%&
nf{k.kh dek.M dksfPp bf.M;u usoy ,dsMeh & dksPph
 ok;q lsuk%& bldk ç/kku ,;j phQ ek'kZy jSad vkbZñ,l- ,l- fpYdk & Hkqous'oj
dk gskrk gS ftls phQ vkWQ n ,;j LVkQ dgk vkbZñ,u- ,l f'kokth & yksukokyk
tkrk gS bldk eq[;ky; ubZ fnYyh esa gSA ok;qlsuk
dks 7 dek.M esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ftldk fooj.k fuEu Hkkjr dh vkUrfjd lqj{kk O;oLFkk
çdkj gS& laxBu LFkkiuk eq[;ky;
dek.M eq[;ky; us'kuy dSMsV dksj ¼NCC) 1948 bZñ ubZ fnYyh
iwohZ dek.M f'kykax
vle jkb¶yl ¼AR½ 1835 bZñ f'kyk¡x ¼es?kky;½
dsUæh; dek.M bykgkckn
dsUæh; fjtoZ iqfyl 1939 bZñ ubZ fnYyh
n0&i0 dek.M xka/khuxj cy ¼CRPF½

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 125

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
laxBu LFkkiuk eq[;ky; çeq[k 'kkL=h; u`R; o muds dykdkj
gkse xkMZl ¼HG½ 1946 bZñ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa  HkkjrukV;e%& rfeyukMq&;kfeuh —".kewrhZ] lksuy
ekuflag] :fDe.kh nsoh] yhyk lSelu] e`.kkfyuh
çknsf'kd lsuk ¼TA½ 1949 bZñ fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa lkjkHkkbZ] ost;arhekyk
Hkkjr&frCcr 1962 bZñ ubZ fnYyh  dqfpiqMh%& vkU/kz çns'k&;kfeuh —".kewrhZ] jk/kk jsM~Mh]
lhek iqfyl ¼ITBP½ jktk jsM~Mh] Loiu lqUnjh
lhek lqj{kk cy ¼BSF½ 1965 bZñ ubZ fnYyh  dFkdyh%& dsjy&e`.kkfyuh lkjkHkkbZ] mn; 'kadj]
dsUæh; vkS|ksfxd 1969 bZñ ubZ fnYyh vkuUn f'kojkeu
lqj{kk cy ¼CISF½  dFkd%& m0 Hkkjr&fcjtw egkjkt] yPNq egkjkt]
lq[knso egkjkt] flrkjk nsoh] lksHkuk ukjk;.k
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk xkMZ ¼NSG½ 1984 bZñ ubZ fnYyh
 eksfguhvVVe~%& dsjy&gsekekfyuh] Jhnsoh] dY;k.kh
Rofjr dk;Z cy ¼RAF½ 1992 bZñ vEek] jkfxuh nsoh
rVj{kk cy 1978 bZñ ubZ fnYyh  ef.kiqjh%& ef.kiqj&>kosjh cgus] dykorh nsoh
l'kL= lhek cy ¼SSB½ 1963 ubZ fnYyh  vksfMlh%& vksfM'kk&lksuy ekuflag] fdj.k lgxy]
¼2003½ ek/koh eqnxy

Hkkjr ds çeq[k 'kks/k laLFkku jkT;ksa ls lEcfU/kr yksd u`R;

Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh jkT; yksd u`R;
dsUæh; xUuk vuqla/kku laLFkku dks;EcVwj vle dyh xksiky] [ksy xksiky] fcgw]
¼rfeyukMq½ uViwtk] rcyk
Hkkjrh; ekSle foKku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh xqtjkr xjck] MkafM;k jkl] x.kifr Hktu]
jklyhyk] fVIikuh
Hkkjrh; nygu 'kks/k laLFkku dkuiqj
ukxkyS.M pksax] nksgkbZ
dsUæh; pkoy vuqla/kku laLFkku dVd
ef.kiqj egkjkl] uVjkl
HkkHkk ijek.kq vuqla/kku dsUæ VWªkEcs ¼egkjk"Vª½
fetksje psjksdku
dsUæh; [kuu vuqla/kku dsUæ /kuckn
es?kky; ykgks
jk"Vªh; leqæ foKku laLFkku i.kth
dsUæh; vkyw vuqla/kku laLFkku f'keyk e/; çns'k lwvk] djeks] Mkxyk] Nsfj;k
Hkkjrh; [kxksy laLFkku caxyq: egkjk"Vª ykouh] rek'kk] x.ks'k prqFkhZ] yfyrk]
cksgnk
dsUæh; Hkou fuekZ.k vuqla/kku laLFkku :Mdh
fcgkj tV&tkfVu] tkrjk] lksgjkbZ
Hkkjrh; ekSle os/k'kkyk iq.ks
iañ caxky ckmy] dhrZu] dkBh
dsUæh; peMk vuqla/kku laLFkku psUubZ
vksfM'kk NÅ] x:M+ okgu
Hkkjrh; isVªksfy;e laLFkku nsgjknwu
mÙkj çns'k jkl yhyk] ukSVadh] tkaxj] dtjh]
jk"Vªh; Ms;jh vuqla/kku laLFkku djuky ¼gfj;k.kk½ Fkkyh
diMk m|ksx vuqla/kku laLFkku vgenkckn
mÙkjk[kaM dqek;wa >wyk] >ksjk
dsUæh; ou vuqla/kku laLFkku nsgjknwu
vkaU/kz çns'k ejnky] dqMh;V~Ve
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx nsgjknwu
dukZVd ;{kxku] Hkwrdksyk] dxkZ
dsUæh; ouLifr vuqla/kku laLFkku y[kuÅ
xksok ekaMh
Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx dksydkrk

126 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
jkT; yksd u`R; 'kdqaryk fo;ksx & jktk jfo oekZ
jktLFkku dBiqryh] /kkiky] if.kgkjh] >wej <ksyfd;k & edcwy fQnk gqlSu
eksukfylk & fy;ksuknksZ n foalh
tEew d'ehj jkmQ] fgdkr
ek¡ esMksuk & jkQsy
v:.kkpy çns'k eq[kkSVk] ;q)u`R; dkyk ?kksMk & ;kfeuh jk;
gfj;k.kk HkkaxMk] /keku] lkax uhacw cspus okyk & ve`rk 'ksjfxy
iatkc HkkaxMk] fx)k çrh{kk & f{krhUæ etwenkj
rfeyukMq dqEHkh] dkoMh :Bh ukf;dk & bZ'oj çlkn oekZ
fgekpy çns'k lkaxyk] MaMk uko] Nisyh] /keku vfHklkfjdk & vouhUæ ukFk Bkdqj
>kj[kaM djek] ljgqy] NÅ _rq Ük`axkj & uUnyky cksl
xqelqe yMdh & Hkos'k lkU;ky
çeq[k ok|;a= o muds oknd ?kksMk] vkneh & edcwy fQnk gqlSu
 flrkj%& iañ jfo'kadj] fofy;k;r [kk] fuf[ky cuthZ] uksV%& ck?k dh xqQk,¡a e/; çns'k jkT; esa fLFkr gS
foyk;r [kk¡] mek'kadj] 'kkfgn ijost budh la[;k 9 gSA jktk jfooekZ fp=dyk ds {ks= esa
 rcyk&tkfdj gqlSu] vYykjD[kk] yrhQ [kk¡] —".k çfl) gSA
egkjkt] xqnbZ egkjkt] fd'ku egkjkt
 ck¡lqjh%& gfj çlkn pkSjfl;k] iUuk yky ?kks"k] jktsUæ Hkkjr ds çeq[k R;ksgkj
dqyd.khZ] ,u- uhyk
 'kgukbZ%& fcfLeyk [kk] vyh vgen gqlSu [kk¡] R;ksgkj jkT;
n;k'kadj vks.ke dsjy
 ljksn%& vetn vyh [kk] vyh vdcj [kk¡] fo'othr iksaxy rfeyukMq
jk; pkS/kjh] tjhu nk:okyk
yksgMh iatkc
 ok;yhu%& T.N. —".ku] MkWñ N jktu] L lqcze.;e]
laxhrk jktu iqjh dk jFk R;ksgkj vksfM'kk
 oh.kk%& S ckypUæ.k] cn:n~nhu Mkxj] iq"dj esyk jktLFkku
 larwj%& f'ko dqekj 'kekZ] Hktu lksiksjh Tokykeq[kh esyk fgekpy çns'k
 lkjaxh%& mLrkn fcUnq [kk¡] ek/ko çlkn] othj [kk¡ dal esyk mÙkj çns'k
 e`nax%& T.V. xksiky —".ku] Bkdqj Hkhde flag]
MkWñ txnh'k flag iwje R;ksgkj dsjy
 fxVkj%& fo'o eksgu HkV~V] czHkw"k.k dkcMk NB iwtk fcgkj
 gkjeksfu;e%& vIik tqyxkaodj] Hkwjsyky [kk¡ oS'kk[kh iatkc
 :æoh.kk%& vln vyh [kk¡] mLrkn lkfnd vyh [kk¡ nwxkZ iwtk iañ caxky
fo'o çfl) fp= ,oa muds fp=dkj fcgw vle
fp= fp=dkj x.ks'kksRlo egkjk"Vª
ckt & mLrkn ealwj foBksck R;ksgkj egkjk"Vª
'ks"k Qwy & fo'kunkl
ek?k esyk jktLFkku
ukjh] Hkkjrekrk & jfoUæ ukFk VSxksj
mM+hlk dh ,d nqdku & uanyky clq uksV%& dqEHk esyk ukfld] mTtSu] bykgkckn rFkk
gfj}kj esa yxrk gSA çR;sd 12 o"kZ ds ckn egkdqEHk
n ykLV lij & fy;ksuknksZ n foalh
rFkk çR;sd rhljs o"kZ v)Z egkdqEHk dk vk;kstu fd;k
n ykLV ttesaV & ekby ,aftyks tkrk gSA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 127
fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu ,oa fQYe in@mikf/k uke
 vkdk'kok.kh us vius ewy uke baf.M;u czkWM&dkfLVax mPp U;k;ky; dh çFke efgyk yhyk lsB
dEiuh ls dke djuk 1927 esa çkjEHk fd;k FkkA U;k;/kh'k ¼fgekpy çns'k½
 Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks çlkj.k dk bfrgkl 1927 esa cEcbZ vkSj ns'k ds çFke efgyk l= vUuk pkUMh ¼dsjy½
dydÙkk esa nks xSj ljdkjh VªkalehVjksa dh LFkkiuk ls U;k;/kh'k
'kq: gqvkA
 1936 esa bldk uke cnydj vkWy baf.M;k jsfM;ks dj v'kksd pØ ikus okyh igyh uhjtk HkuksV
fn;k x;kA 1957 esa bls vkdk'kok.kh dgk tkus yxk çFke efgyk
tks orZeku esa bldk uke gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh çFke fot; y{eh if.Mr
 Hkkjr dk çFke nwjn'kZu dsUæ 15 flrEcj 1959 dks ubZ efgyk Hkkjrh; jktnwr
fnYyh esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA bafXy'k pSuy ikj djus okyh vkjrh 'kkg
 1912 bZñ esa jktk gfj'pUæ uked ewd fQYe cukbZ x;h igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk
FkhA 1931 esa vkye vkjk uked fQYe cuk;h x;hA ;g ukscy iqjLdkj çkIr djus okyh enj VSjslk ¼1979½
çFke Hkkjrh; cksyrh fQYe FkhA blds fuekZrk vUæsf'kj çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
bZjkuh FksA
ekm.V ,ojsLV ij p<us okyh cPNsUæzh iky
 Hkkjr esa lcls igys fufeZr jaxhu pyfp= eqxy&,&
çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
vkte gSA
 fQYe xka/kh us egkRek xka/kh dh Hkwfedk csu fdaXtys us ekm.V ,ojsLV ij yxkrkj nks larks"k ;kno
fuHkkbZ FkhA ckj p<us okyh çFke Hkkjrh;
efgyk
Hkkjr esa çFke efgyk
fel oYMZ cuus okyh çFke jhrk Qkfj;k ¼1966½
in@mikf/k uke Hkkjrh; efgyk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk jk"Vªifr çfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy fel ;wfuolZ cuus okyh çFke lqf"erk lSu ¼1994½
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk ç/kkuea=h bafnjk xka/kh Hkkjrh; efgyk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk yksdlHkk ehjk dqekj Hkkjr jRu ls lEekfur çFke bafnjk xka/kh
v/;{k Hkkjrh; efgyk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk lkaln jk/kkckbZ lqckjk;u KkuihB iqjLdkj çkIr djus vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh
okyh Hkkjrh; efgyk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk jkT;iky ljkstuh uk;Mq ¼U.P½
vtqZu iqjLdkj çkIr djus okyh ,u yElMsau
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk eq[;ea=h lqpsrk d`iykuh ¼U.P½ Hkkjrh; efgyk
la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh çFke jkst fey;u cSF;q vksyfEid es ind ftrus okyh d.kZe eYYsk'ojh
efgyk v/;{k çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk 'kkfldk jft;k lqYrku ok;q lsuk es çFke Hkkjrh; gfjrk dkSj n;ky
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk IAS vUuk tktZ ik;ysV efgyk
vf/kdkjh çFke efgyk ysf¶VusV tujy iquhr vjksMk
Hkkjr dh çFke efgyk IPS fdj.k csnh varfj{k es tkus okyh çFke dYiuk pkoyk
vf/kdkjh Hkkjrh; efgyk
çFke efgyk dsUæzh; ea=h jktdqekjh ve`rk dkSj vkLdj iqjLdkj thrus okyh Hkkuq vFkS¸;k
çFke efgyk dkaxzsl v/;{k ,suh cslsUV ¼1917½ çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
lqçhe dksVZ dh çFke efgyk Qkfrek chch nf{k.kh /kzqo ij igqpus okyh jhuk dkS'ky
U;k;/kh'k çFke efgyk

128 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
in@mikf/k uke in@mikf/k uke
lkr leqæ rSjdj ikj djus cqyk pkS/kjh O;kl lEeku ls lEekfur çFke jkefoykl 'kekZ ¼1991½
okyh çFke efgyk lkfgR;dkj
jkT; lHkk ds fy, ukekafdr ujfxl nRr Hkkjr dk çFke xoZuj tujy ykWMZ fofy;e csfVad
gksus okyh çFke vfHkus=h
Hkkjr dk vfUre xoZuj tujy ykMZ dSfuax
Hkkjrh; flusek dh çFke Hkkjrh; nsfodk jkuh o çFke ok;ljk;
vfHkus=h
Hkkjr dk vfUre ok;ljk; ykMZ ekmaVcsVu
çFke efgyk fons'k lfpo pksfdyk v¸;j
Lora= Hkkjr dk çFke xoZuj ykMZ ekmaVcsVu
vksyfEid [ksyks es Hkkx ysus eSjh yhyk jko tujy
okyh çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk
Lora= Hkkjr dk çFke rFkk pØorhZ jktxksikypkjh
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj thrkus ve`rk çhre vafUre Hkkjrh; xouZj tujy
okyh çFke efgyk
Hkkjr dk çFke jk"Vªifr MkWñ jktsUæ çlkn
jkT;lHkk dh çFke efgyk utek gSirqYyk
milHkkifr Hkkjr dk çFke eqfLye jk"Vªifr MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu
vksyfEid dh fteukfLVd nhik dekZdj Hkkjr dk çFke mijk"Vªifr MkWñ loZiYyh
çfr;ksfxrk es DokfyQkbZ djus jk/kkÑ".ku
okyh Hkkjr dk çFke ç/kkuea=h ia- tokgj yky usg:
vaVkdZfVdk ij tkus okyh çFke esgj ewlk Hkkjr dk çFke miç/kkuea=h o ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ
efgyk xzgea=h iVsy
vksyfEid esa eqDdsckth esa dkaL; esjh dkWe Hkkjr dk çFke f'k{kk ea=h vcqy dyke vktkn
ind thrus okyh çFke efgyk
Hkkjr ds dsUæh; ea=he.My ls ';ke çlkn eq[kthZ
vksyfEid esa dq'rh esa dkaL; lk{kh efyd bLrhQk nsus okyk çFke ea=h ¼1950½
ind thrus okyh çFke efgyk
Hkkjr dk çFke ok;qlsuk v/;{k ,;j ek'kZy ,l-
vksyfEid esa cSMfeaVu esa jtr ih- oh- fla/kq
eq[kthZ
ind thrus okyh çFke efgyk
vksyfEid esa cSMfeaVu esa dkaL; lkbuk usgoky Hkkjr dk çFke ukS lsuk v/;{k okbl ,Mfejy R.D
ind thrus okyh çFke efgyk dVkjh
lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj thrus ve`rk çhre Hkkjr dk çFke Fky lsuk v/;{k tujy jktsUæ flag
okyh çFke efgyk Lora= Hkkjr dk çFke tujy dfjvIik
jkT; lHkk dh çFke efgyk oh- ,l- jeknsoh dek.Mj&bu&phQ
egklfpo Hkkjr dk çFke QhYM ek'kZy tujy ekfud 'kkg
,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa esa Lo.kZ ind deythr fla/kq yksd lHkk dk çFke v/;{k x.ks'k oklqnso ekoyadj
thrus okyh çFke efgyk
Hkkjr dk çFke eq[; U;k;/kh'k ghjkyky ts- dkfu;k
Hkkjr esa çFke iq:"k Lora= Hkkjr esa tUes Hkkjr dk ljks'k gkseh dikfM;k
in@mikf/k uke çFke eq[; U;k;/kh'k
uhfr vk;ksx dk çFke v/;{k ujsUæ eksnh vUrjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; esa çFke csusxy jkekjko
U;k;/kh'k
uhfr vk;ksx dk çFke mik/;{k vjfoUn iuxf<+;k
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds çFke W.C cuthZ
ljLorh lEeku ls lEekfur gfjoa'k jk; cPpu v/;{k
çFke lkfgR;dkj ¼1991½

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 129

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
in@mikf/k uke in@mikf/k uke
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds çFke cn:nhu rS¸;cth fçfVax çsl dk çPpyu djus tSEl fgDdh
eqfLye v/;{k okyk çFke O;fDr
jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds lEesyu esa gLkjr eksgkuh fo'o csMfeVu pSfEi;u esa çdk'k iknqdks.k
Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dk çLrko ind thrus okyk
is'k djus okyk vksyfEid esa O;fDrxr Li/kkZ esa vfHkuo fcæk
Hkkjr ds çFke ukscy iqjLdkj C.V. jeu Hkkjr ds fy, Lo.kZ ind thrus
fotsrk oSKkfud okyk
jseu esXlsls vokMZ ikus okys vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos Hkkjr esa çFke vU;
çFke O;fDr
LVkfyu iqjLdkj çkIr djus lSQqnhu fdpyw Hkkjr dk çFke ijek.kq fj,DVj vIljk
okyk çFke Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dk çFke e/;e nqjh okyk vfXu
xksYMu Xyksc vokMZ ftrus okyk A.R. jgeku felkby
çFke Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dk çFke ç{ksikL= i`Foh
Hkkjr jRu iqjLdkj çkIr djus MkWñ loZiYyh Hkkjr dk çFke ijek.kq dsUæ rkjkiqj ¼egkjk"Vª½
okyk çFke Hkkjrh; jk/kkÑ".ku ¼1954½
Hkkjr dk çFke [kqyk vkU/kz çns'k [kqyk
Hkkjr jRu ls lEekfur çFke [kku vCnqy x¶Qkj fo'ofo|ky; fo'ofo|ky;
fons'kh ukxfjd [kku
çFke ,f'k;kbZ [ksyks dk vk;kstu fnYyh ¼1951½
>kuihB iqjLdkj ikus okyk Jh th 'kadj dq:i
çFke Hkkjrh; ¼1965½ Hkkjr dk çFke nqjn'kZu dsUæ ubZ fnYyh
PCS dh ijh{kk esa lQy gksus lrsUæ ukFk VSxksj ns'k esa igyh ckj nqjn'kZu ij 15 Aug 1982
okyk Hkkjrh; jaxhu dk;ZØe dk çlkj.k
English pSuy dks ikj djus fefgj lSu Hkkjr dk çFke fo'ofo|ky; ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;
okyk Hkkjrh; ¼fcgkj½
fcuk vkWDlhtu ds ,ojsLV dh ljsQk vax nkSjth çFke ewd fQYe jktk gfj'kpUæ ¼1912½
pksVh ij igqpus okyk ¼fuekZrk&QkYds½
Hkkjr dk Hkze.k djus okyk Qkb;ku çFke cksyrh fQYe vkye vkjk ¼1931½
çFke phuh ;k=h çFke VsDuhdyj fQYe >k¡lh dh jkuh
Hkkjr vkus okyk çFke vesfjdh MssfoM vkbtu gkoZj
jk"Vªifr Hkkjr dh çFke 3D fQYe ekbZ fM;j dqêh pkru
Hkkjr vkus okyk çFke gsjkyM M.C. feykWu çFke çk;ksftr lhfj;y ge yksx ¼1984½
fczfV'k ç/kkuea=h Hkkjr dk çFke lekpkj i= caxky xtV ¼1780½
Hkkjr vkus okyk çFke fudksykbZ cqYxkfju çFke efgyk jkstxkj dk;kZy; t;iqj
:lh ç/kkuea=h
Hkkjr dk çFke gkbZ LihM xzkeh.k bnqDdh ¼dsjy½
çFke Hkkjrh; ik;yV J.R.D. VkVk czkWM cSaM usVodZ dh 'kq:vkr
fczfV'k laln dk lnL; cuus nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth Hkkjr dh çFke ijek.kq iuMqCch I.N.S. pØ
okyk çFke Hkkjrh;
Hkkjr dh çFke iuMqCch I.N.S. dkosjh
lekpkj i= 'kq: djus okyk tSEl fgDdh
çFke O;fDr Hkkjr dk çFke foekuokgd iksr I.N.S. foØkUr

130 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd cM+k] yEck ,oa Å¡pk lcls yEch ugj bfUæjk xka/kh ugj
¼jktLFkku½
lcls yEck lMd iqy Hkwius gtkjhdk iqy
¼yksfgr unh½ lcls yEck jsyos IysVQkeZ xksj[kiqj
lcls yEck nwljk lM+d iqy ckUæk&oyhZ lh fyad lcls fo'kky LVsfM;e ;qok Hkkjrh ¼dksydkrk½
¼eqEcbZ½
lcls vf/kd vkcknh okyk eqEcbZ ¼egkjk"Vª½
lcls yEck rhljk lM+d iqy egkRek xka/kh lsrq ¼iVuk½ 'kgj
lcls cMk i'kqvksa dk esyk lksuiqj ¼fcgkj½ lokZf/kd 'kgjh {ks= okyk egkjk"Vª
lcls Å¡ph feukj dqrqcehukj ¼fnYyh½ jkT;
lcls cMh >hy owyj >hy ¼tEew d'ehj½ lcls yEck jsy ekxZ fMczqx< ls dU;kdqekjh
lcls Å¡pk ck¡/k Hkka[kMk ukxy ck¡/k lcls cMk çk—frd canjxkg eqEcbZ
¼iatkc½ lcls yEck jk"Vªh; jktekxZ NH-44 ¼Jhuxj ls
lcls yEck ck¡/k ghjkdqM ck¡/k ¼vksfM'kk½ dU;kdqekjh½
lcls cMk jsfxLrku Fkkj ¼jktLFkku½ lcls yEch rVjs[kk okyk xqtjkr
lcls cMk xqQk efUnj dSyk'k efUnj ¼,yksjk½ jkT;
lcls cMk fpfM;k?kj tqyksftdy xkMZu lclh yEch rVjs[kk okyk vkU/kz çns'k
¼dksydkrk½ nf{k.k Hkkjr dk jkT;
lcls cMh efLtn tkek efLtn ¼fnYyh½ lcls NksVh rVjs[kk okyk xksok
jkT;
lcls Å¡ph pksfV K-2] xksMfou vkfLVu
[kkjs ikuh dh lcls cMh fpYdk >hy ¼vksfM'kk½
lcls yEch lMd lqjax psukuh ukljh rVh; >hy
lcls yEch jsyos lqjax ihjiatky ¼J&K½ ehBs ikuh dh lcls cMh owyj >hy
lcls cMk MsYVk lqUnj ou MsYVk >hy
¼iañ caxky½ Hkkjr dh lcls yEch ;equk unh
lokZf/kd ouks okyk jkT; e/; çns'k lgk;d unh
lcls cMk dksfjMksj jkes'oje~ eafUnj nf{k.k Hkkjr dh lcls yEch xksnkojh unh
¼rfeyukMq½ unh
lcls Å¡pk >juk tksx] xjlksIik ¼dukZVd½ Hkkjr dk loksZPp 'kkS;Z lEeku ijeohj pØ
lcls yEch lMd xzkaM Vªd jksM Hkkjr dk loksZPp iqjLdkj Hkkjr jRu
lcls Å¡pk njoktk cqyUn njoktk lcls cMk xq:}kjk Lo.kZ efUnj ¼ve`rlj½
lcls yEch unh xaxk unh lcls cMk fxjtk?kj lsUV dSFksMjy ¼xksok½
lcls cMk vtk;c?kj dksydkrk vtk;c?kj lcls Å¡pk T.V. Vkoj ihreiqjk ¼ubZ fnYyh½
lcls cMk xqEct xksy xqEct ¼chtkiqj] lcls vf/kd ekxZ cnyus dkslh unh
dukZVd½ okyh unh
lcls Å¡ph ewÆr LVspw vkWQ ;wfuVh
lcls cMh —f=e >hy xksfoUn cYyHk iar lkxj
¼xqtjkr½
lokZf/kd o"kkZ okyk LFkku ekflujke ¼es?kky;½ lcls xgjh unh ?kkVh HkkxhjFkh o vyduUnk
lcls cMk yhoj iqy gkoMk fczt ¼dksydkrk½ MsYVk u cukus okyh unh ueZnk o rkIrh

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 131

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
lcls vf/kd Å0 ij fLFkr fl;kphu Xysf'k;j çFke QqVckWy fo'o di thrus m:Xos ¼1930½
;q) LFky okyk ns'k
lcls cMk unh }hi ektqyh ¼vle½ lafo/kku fuekZ.k djus okyk U.S.A
çFke ns'k
lcls cMk rkjk e.My fcMyk IysusVksfj;e
¼dksydkrk½ ikfdLrku dk çFke xoZuj ekS0 vyh ftUuk
tujy
lcls Å¡pk gokbZ iru ysg ¼ynk[k½
xqVfujis{k vkUnksyu dk çFke csyxzsM ¼1961½
{ks= esa lcls cMk ftyk dN ¼xqtjkr½ lEesyu dk vk;kstu
¼{ks=Qy½
phu igqpus okyk çFke ekdksZiksyks
lcls rst pyus okyh Vªsu oans Hkkjr ¼Vªsu&18½ ;qjksfi;u
ok;q;ku ls igyh mMku Hkjus jkbZV cU/kq
fo'o esa çFke okyk O;fDr
çFke vUrfj{k i;ZVd Msful VhVks fo'o ds pkjksa vkSj leqæh ;k=k QMhZusM eSxyu
ekm.V ,ojsLV ij p<us okyk VkWe fgVdj djus okyk çFke O;fDr
çFke fodykax O;fDr pUæek ij ekuo Hkstus okyk U.S.A
,sojsLV f'k[kj ij igqpus okyk 'ksjik rsftax ¼Hkkjr½ çFke ns'k
igyk O;fDr rFkk lj ,MeaM fgysjh —f=e mixzg dks varfj{k esa :l
¼U;wthyS.M½ Hkstus okyk çFke ns'k
mRrjh /kqoz ij igqpus okyk jkcVZ ih;js ¼USA½ vksyfEid [ksyks dk vk;kstu ;wuku
igyk O;fDr 1909 djus okyk ns'k
nf{k.kh /kqoz ij igqpus okyk ,e.Mlu ¼ukosZ½ phuh x.kjkT; ds çFke MkWñ lu;kr lSu
igyk O;fDr jk"Vªifr
fo'o dk igyk /keZ lukru /keZ çFke uxj ftl ij ijek.kq fgjksf'kek ¼tkiku½
mRrjh /kqoz ij igqpus okyh dsjksfyu fedsy lSu ce fxjk;k x;k 6 vxLr 1945
çFke efgyk lokZf/kd i'kqvksa okyk ns'k Hkkjr
nf{k.kh /kqoz ij igqpus okyh Ýsu fQi fo'o dk çFke fo'ofo|ky; r{kf'kyk ¼800 B.C½
çFke efgyk pUæek ij mrjus okyk çFke uhy vkeZLVkax ¼USA½]
iqLrd eqfær djus okyk phu O;fDr ,Mohu ,YMjhu
igyk ns'k varfj{k esa igqpus okyk çFke estj ;wjh xkxfju
dkxth eqæk tkjh djus okyk phu O;fDr ¼:l½
igyk ns'k varfj{k esa igqpus okyk çFke osysufVuk Vsjsldksok
flfoy lsok çfr;ksfxrk 'kq: phu efgyk
djus okyk igyk ns'k varfj{k esa rSjus okyk çFke ,ysDlhfyukso ¼:Lk½
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk tktZ okf'kxaVu O;fDr
çFke jk"Vªifr varfj{k esa Hkstk tkus okyk dksfYc;k
fczVsu dk çFke ç/kkuea=h jkcVZ okyiksy varfj{k 'kVy
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk çFke f=Xosyh ¼ukosZ½ baXyS.M dh çFke efgyk ç/kku ekjxsV FkSzpj
egklfpo ea=h
fo'o dh çFke efgyk ç/kku ,l- Hk.Mkjuk;ds
f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z djus okyk ç'kk
ea=h ¼Jhyadk½
çFke ns'k
132 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
fdlh eqfLye ns'k dh çFke csuthj HkqVVks lokZf/kd fuokZpd Hkkjr
efgyk ç/kkuea=h ¼ikfdLrku½ la[;k dk ns'k
uksV%& lcls de mez lokZf/kd tula[;k flaxkiqj
dh ç/kkuea=h Hkh ;gh ?kuRo okyk ns'k
gSA
U;wure tula[;k vVkadZfVdk
,sojsLV ij p<us okyh çFke tqadks rscbZ ¼tkiku½ ?kuRo
efgyk
lokZf/kd vkcknh okyk Vksfd;ks ¼tkiku½
fczVsu dh igyh jkuh tSu uxj
la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk dh çFke fot; y{eh if.Mr lcls de vkcknh okyk osfVdu flVh
efgyk v/;{k uxj
Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus okyk fldUnj egku lcls yEch lhek okyk dukMk
çFke ;wjksi oklh ns'k
fo'o ds fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ekfj;k ,slVsyk jtkcsy lcls NksVh lhek okyk ftczkYVj
çFke efgyk jk"Vªifr ns'k
i`Foh dk ekufp= cukus okyk vusXthesaMj lokZf/kd lhekvksa okyk phu ¼13 ns'kksa ds lkFk½
çFke O;fDr ns'k
lokZf/kd mez esa ,sojsLV ij fjpMZ okl lcls cMk }hi xzhuyS.M
p<us okyk çFke O;fDr lcls cMk çk;}hi vjc çk;}hi
foEcyaMu VªkWQh thrus okyk vkFkZj ,s'k lcls cMk }hi lewg b.Mksusf'k;k
çFke ,f'k;u O;fDr
lcls cMk unh&}hi ektqyh ¼czãiq= unh] vle½
fo'o dk igyk ns'k tgk uhnjyS.M
O;fDr ,fPNd e`R;q dk lcls cMk MsYVk lqUnjou MsYVk ¼iañ caxky½
vf/kdkj feyk lcls yEch unh uhy unh ¼felz½
cSd uksV tkjh djus okyk LohMu lcls cMh {ks=Qy esa vestu ¼n0 vesfjdk½
çFke ns'k unh
lcls NksVh unh Mh unh ¼U.S.A½
fo'o esa lokZf/kd cM+k] NksVk o Å¡pk
lcls cMk lkxj nf{k.kh phu lkxj
lcls cMk egk}hi ,f'k;k
lcls fo'kky milkxj gMlu milkxj
lcls NksVk egk}hi vkLVªsfy;k
lcls NksVk i{kh gkfeZax cMZ ¼xqatu i{kh½
lcls cMk egklkxj ç'kkUr egklkxj lcls yEch lgk;d esfMjk ¼ vestu dh½
lcls xgjk egklkxj ç'kkUr egklkxj unh
{ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls :l lcls O;Lr O;kikfjd jkbZu unh ¼teZuh½
lcls cMk ns'k unh
{ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls osfVdu lhVh vur% lkxjh; unh Økseosy /kkjk
lcls NksVk ns'k lcls yEck eqgkuk vksc unh dk eqgkuk ¼:l½
{ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls yanu lcls O;Lr ugj dhy ugj
lcls cMk uxj
lcls cMh >hy dSfLi;u lkxj
lokZf/kd tula[;k phu
okyk ns'k lcls cMh rkts ikuh lqihfj;j >hy ¼vesfjdk½
dk >hy

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 133

fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
lcls xgjh >hy cSdky >hy ¼:l½ lcls fo'kky nyny fçisV nyny
>hy ds vUnj >hy esuhVw ¼dukMk½ lcls cMk jsfxLrku lgkjk ¼vÝhdk½
lokZf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij fVVhdkdk ¼n0 vesfjdk½ ,f'k;k dk lcls cMk xksch ¼eaxksfy;k½
fLFkr >hy jsfxLrku
lcls Å¡pk ty çikr ,afty ¼dSjksuk unh] osustq,yk½ lcls B.Mk çns'k cksLVky ¼vUVkdZfVdk½
¼>juk½ lcls cMh efLtn vy&gjke ¼eDdk] lkmnh
lcls pkSMk ty çikr [kksu tyçikr ¼ykvksl½ vjc½
¼>juk½ lcls Å¡ph efLtn lqYrku glu efLtn ¼fe'kz½
lcls cMk Msfol ty Me:e/; ¼xzhu lcls Å¡ph ehukj dqrqcehukj
tyMe:e/; yS.M o cSfQu }hi½
lcls cMk fxjtk?kj lsV ihVj osfVdu ¼bVyh½
lcls cMh [kkMh eSfDldks dh [kkMh
¼xYQ½ lcls cMk egy osfVdu flVh iSysl ¼bVyh½
lcls Å¡pk ioZr f'k[kj ekm.V ,ojsLV ¼usiky½ lcls Å¡ph bekjr cqtZ [kyhQk
lcls Å¡ph ioZr ekyk fgeky; ¼,f'k;k½ lcls yEch fnokj phu dh nhokj
lcls yEch ioZr ekyk ,.Mht ¼n0 vesfjdk½ lcls cMk LVsfM;e LVkj gkso LVsfM;e ¼psd
x.kjkT;½
lcls Å¡pk iBkj ikehj dk iBkj ¼frCcr dk
iBkj½ lcls cMk bUMksj lqij Mkse Y;qfl;kuk ¼U.S.A½
LVsfM;e
lcls uhph igkMh cqfdV Vkelu
lcls cMk ?k.Vk?kj nk xzsV csy vkWQ ekLdks ¼:l½
lcls Å¡pk Tokykeq[kh dksVksiSDlh ¼bDokMksj½
lcls cMk cUnjxkg U;q;kdZ ¼U.S.A½
lcls fo'kky ekSuk&yksok ¼gokbZ }hi½
Tokykeq[kh lcls cMk gokbZ vM~Mk fdax [kkyhn gokbZ vM~Mk
¼lÅnh vjc½
lcls Å¡pk ck¡/k jksaxqLdh ¼mtscsfdLrku½
lokZf/kd cqf)eku i'kq fpEikath
lcls cMk ck¡/k xzkM dqyh ck¡/k ¼dksyfEc;k½
lcls fo'kky efUnj vadksjokV dk efUnj
lcls yEck jsyos xksj[kiqj ¼Hkkjr½ ¼dEcksfM;k½
IysVQkeZ
lcls cMh ewfrZ LVsP;w vkWQ ;wfuVh ¼Hkkjr½
lcls cMk jsyos LVs'ku xzkM lsUVªy Vªfeuy ¼U;q;kdZ½
lcls cMk laxzkgky; fczfV'k laxzkgy;
lcls yEck jsyekxZ Vªkl lkbZcsfj;u jsyekxZ
lcls cMk fpfM;k?kj Øqxj us'kuy ikdZ ¼n0
lokZf/kd Å¡pkbZ ij lkSnksj ¼cksfyfo;k½ vÝhdk½
fLFkr jsyos LVs'ku
lcls cMk iqLrdky; dkaxzsl dk iqLrdky; ¼U.S.A½
lcls yEch jsy lqjax lhdsu ¼tkiku½
lcls cMk egkdkO; egkHkkjr
lcls cMh lMd lqjax lsUV xksFkkMZ ¼fLoV~tjyS.M½
lcls cMk ikdZ oqM oQsyks us'kuy ikdZ
lcls Å¡ph lMd ysgeukyh ekxZ ¼Hkkjr½ ¼dukMk½
lcls cMk lMd iqy tqgkbZ&edkvks ¼phu½ lcls cMk iySusVksfj;e fe;k >kdh ¼tkiku½
lcls cMk jktekxZ Vªkal dsusfM;u jktekxZ lcls cMk jktçlkn baihfj;y iSysl ¼Vksfd;ks½
lcls Å¡pk uxj osupqvku ¼frCcr½ lcls yEck o`{k f'kdksa;k dk o`{k ¼dSfyQksfu;k½
lcls Å¡ph jkt/kkuh ykikt ¼cksfyfo;k½ lcls cMk i{kh 'kqrqjeqxZ

134 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 fofo/k ¼MISCELLANEOUS½
lcls Å¡pk i'kq ftjkQ esuk felz
lcls fo'kkydk; i'kq Cyw Ogsy P.T.I Hkkjr
lcls cMh dk;Zy; isUVkxu ¼U.S.A½ jkbVZl fczVsu
bekjr cjukek eysf'k;k
çeq[k ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; Lekjd bZjuk bZjku
ihlk dh >qdh gqbZ ehukj ihlk ¼bVyh½ lekpkj Hkkjrh Hkkjr
,fQy Vkoj isfjl ¼Ýkal½ valk bVyh
fijkfeM xhtk ¼felz½ uksoksLrh :l
vksisjk gkml flMuh ¼vkWLVªsfy;k½ U.P.P ikfdLrku
iou pDdh MsuekdZ fofHkUu ns'kksa ds jktuhfrd ny
LVSP;w vkWQ fycVhZ U;w;kWdZ ¼U.S.A½
phuh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ phu
bfEifj;y iSysl Vksfd;ks ¼tkiku½
yscj ikVhZ fczVsu] vkLVªsfy;k] btjk;y
Øsefyu ekLdks ¼:l½
vkokeh yhx ckaXykns'k
ikFkZuku ,Fksal ¼;wuku½
eqfLye yhx ikfdLrku
çeq[k ns'kksa dh lekpkj ,tsfl;k¡
fycjy MseksØsfVo ikVhZ :l] fczVsu
rkl :l
lks'kfyLV ikVhZ Ýkal
,lksfl,VM çsl U.S.A
flUgqvk phu ckFk ikVhZ bZjkd
D;ksMks tkiku fjifCyd ikVhZ U.S.A

brhe btjkby MseksØsfVd ikVhZ U.S.A

lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 135

[ksy ¼SPORTS½

çeq[k [ksyksa ls lEcfU/kr f[kykMh tho feY[kk flag xksYQ

VkbZxj oqMl xksYQ ¼U.S.A½ fØLV;kuks jksukYMks QqVckWy
fy;ksu eSlh QqVckWy ¼vtSZUVhuk½ lquhy {ks=h QqVckWy
ckbfpx HkqfV;k QqVckWy ¼Hkkjr½ isys QqVckWy ¼czkthy½
usekj QqVckWy ¼czkthy½ dkdk QqVckWy ¼czkthy½
fM;sxks esjksMksuk QqVckWy ¼vtZUVhuk½ osu:uh QqVckWy ¼fczVsu½
MsfoM cSdge~ QqVckWy ¼baXyS.M½ fy;s.Mj isl Vsful
ftusfMu thMku QqVckWy ¼Ýkal½ egs'k Hkqifr Vsful
jkstj QsMjj Vsful ¼LohV~tjyS.M½ jkQsy uMky Vsful ¼Lisu½
lkfu;k fetkZ Vsful uksokd tkdksfop Vsful ¼lfcZ;k½
,.Mh ejs Vsful ¼fczVsu½ lsjsuk fofy;El Vsful ¼U.S.A½
vkUæs vxklh Vsful ¼U.S.A½ lkfu;k usgoky cSMfeUVu
LVsQh xzkQ Vsful ¼teZuh½ iqysyk xksih pUn cSMfeUVu
P.V. flU/kq cSMfeUVu Tokyk xV~Vk cSMfeUVu
çdk'k iknqdks.k cSMfeUVu mlSu cksYV ,FkysfVDl
ekbdy 'kqekdj dkj jsflax iadt vkMokuh fcy;MZ~ ¼Luwdj½
fo'oukFk vkuUn 'krjat ekfj;k 'kkjiksok Vsful ¼:l½
xhr lSBh fcy;~MZl fous'k QksXkkV dq'rh
xhrk QksxkV dq'rh fgek nkl ,FkysfVDl
ctjax iqfu;k dq'rh cchrk QksxkV dq'rh
fctsUæ flag eqDdsckth jfoUæ tMstk fØdsV
iwue ;kno fØdsV xqjçhr flag la/kq QqVckWy
rsftanj iky flag ,FkysfVDl lqanj flag xqtZj iSjk&,FkyhV
vt; Bkdqj dcM~Mh lq'khy dqekj dq'rh
Qokn fetkZ ?kqMlokjh f'ko Fkkik eqDdsckth
nhik efyd iSjk&,FkyhV nhid iqfu;k dq'rh
;ksxs'oj nÙk dq'rh vfer ia?kky eqDdsckth
nhik deZdkj fteukfLVd fodkl —".k eqDdsckth
xkSjo fc/kqMh eqDdsckth çnhi ujoky dcM~Mh
jkgqy pkS/kjh dcM~Mh jkts'k ujoky dcM~Mh
tlohj flag dcM~Mh

136 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½

 [ksy ¼SPORTS½
çeq[k [ksy eSnku o muls lEcfU/kr [ksy çeq[k [ksyksa esa f[kykfM;ksa dh la[;k
oku[ksMs LVsfM;e & fØdsV eqEcbZ
cslckWy 9 jXch 15
bMuZ xkMZu & fØdsV dksydÙkk
v#.k tsVyh LVsfM;e & fØdsV fnYyh iksyks 4 okVj iksyks 7
psid LVsfM;e & fØdsV pSUubZ [kks&[kks 9 dCcMh 7
xzhu ikdZ & fØdsV dkuiqj gkWdh] QqVckWy] 11 usVckWy 7
fduu LVsfM;e & fØdsV te'ksniqj fØdsV
ykMZl] vksoy] yhMl & fØdsV fczVsu okyhckWy 6 ckLdsVckWy 5
iFkZ] czhlcsu] esycuZ & fØdsV vkLVªsfy;k ftEukfLVd 8 Vsful 1 ;k 2
oSEcys LVsfM;e & QqVckWy yanu @Vscy Vsful
bafnjk xka/kh LVsfM;e & bUMksj fnYyh fofHkUu [ksy o muls lEcfU/kr di
f'kokth LVsfM;e & gkWdh fnYyh o VªkWfQ;k¡
çeq[k ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; [ksy  gkWdh&csVu di] jaxkLokeh di] vkxk [k¡k di] ysMh
USA cslckWy jru VkVk VªkWQh] osfyXVu di] usg: VªkWQh] /;ku
Hkkjr gkWdh pUæ VªkWQh] flaf/k;k xksYM di] lks<h di
 QqVckWy&Mqj.M di] jksolZ di] larks"k VªkWQh] eMªSdk
Ýkal QqVckWy di] DCM VªkWQh] lqczrks eq[kthZ di] vk'kqrks"k
HkqVku rhjankth eq[kthZ di] futke xksYM di
:l QqVckWy] 'krjat  fØdsV&j.kth VªkWQh] bZjkuh VªkWQh] fnyhi VªkWQh] lh- ds-
tkiku tqMks uk;Mq VªkWQh] nso/kj VªkWQh] jksfgUVu ckfj;k VªkWQh] ,'kst]
dwp fcgkj VªkWQh] 'kkjtkg di] fot; gtkjs VªkWQh
ikfdLrku gkWdh
 Vscy Vsful&t; y{eh di] jkekuqt VªkWQh
ckaXykns'k dCcMh
 cSMfeUVu&ukjax di] pM~Mk di] vksyfEi;u pSysatj
bUMksusf'k;k cSMfeUVu di] dksfudk di] mcsj di
n0 vÝhdk jXch  ckLdsVckWy&usg: di] QsMjs'ku di
D;wck cslckWy  iksyks&jk/kk eksgu di
nñ dksfj;k rkbDokaMks  xksYQ&jkbMj di] okdj di] Mufgy di] eQhZ di]
Lisu lkaMks dh yMkbZ ukseqjk VªkWQh
dukMk vkbl gkWdh  Vsful&Msfol di] focEy.Mu] Ýsp vksiu] gkQeSu di]
oksYoks Vsful di
phu Vscy Vsful
LdkVyS.M jXch f[kykfM;ksa ds miuke
baXyS.M fØdsV gkWdh dk tknqxj estj /;kupUn
vkWLVªsfy;k fØdsV mM+uijh P.T. Å"kk
eysf'k;k cSMfeUVu ¶ykbax fl[k feY[kk flag
Jhyadk okyhckWy jkoyfi.Mh Exp. 'kks,c v[rj
czkthy QqVckWy Qykbx faQ'k ekbZdy QsYil
usiky n.Mh&ch;ks+ lqij ekse eSjh dkse
LohMsu QqVckWy caxky VkbZxj lkSjo xkxqyh
U;wthySaM jXch
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 137
[ksy ¼SPORTS½
The Wall jkgqy æfoM cSMfeUVu Mcy QkYV] M;ql] eSap ikbUV] LeS'k]
VcZusVj gjHktu flag lfoZl pSt] ,Mokal] dksVZ] 'kVy] usV] yo]
¶ykbV
rkj fiMks b;ku FkksiZ
Vsful okyh] LeS'k] M;wl] ysV] xzSM LySe]
bf.M;u Express fy;sUMj isl] Hkqifr Vªkbczsdj] QkYV] Mcy QkYV] fxzi] gkQ
CySd iyZ isys okyh] Dys dksVZ] gkMZ dksVZ] jSdsV] eSp
IokbaV
ykbVfuax fdM fo'oukFk vkuUn
iksyks cadj] pdj] caMj
fyfVy ekLVj lquhy xkoLdj
dq'rh gksYM] gsMykWd] MkxQy] dk'ku] eSV] Qky]
ekLVj CykLVj fofo;u fjpMlZ eklZ] fczt] ckWMh çsl
360 fMxzh A.B fMfoy;lZ 'krjat psdesV] xzSaMekLVj] iksu] xSfEcV] LVsyesV
fofHkUu [ksyksa ds ifjlj xksYQ iqVhax] vk;ju] cadj] cksxh] dsaMh
Mk;e.M cslckWy dkslZ xksYQ cslckWy Mk;e.M] fipj] gkseju] Qkmy ykbu]
lsd.M csl
cksMZ Vscy Vsful esaV tqMks djkVs
jkbQy lqfVax VkjxsV] cqYl vkbZ
VªSd ,FkysfVDl jsat fu'kkusckth
o rhjankth eqDdsckth iap] jkmaM] ukWd vkmV] fjax] csYV]
vijdV] tSc
fip fØdsV] jXch fjax eqDdsckth]
LdsVhax vksyafid [ksy
fQYM iksyks] QqVckWy] iwy rSjkdh  çkphu vksyafid [ksy ;quku ds vksyafi;k 'kgj esa 776
gkWdh bZñiq0 esa [ksys x;sA igyh ck++j ;g [ksy xzhd nsork
,jhuk ?kqMlokjh dksVZ Vsful] csVfeUVu] T;wl ds lEeku esa [ksys x;sA mlds ckn jkse ds jktk
[kks&[kks] usVckWy fFk;ksMksfl;l ds vkns'k ds dkj.k 394 bZñ esa [ksyksa
dk vk;kstu cUn dj fn;kA
çeq[k [ksy rFkk muls lEcfU/kr  vk/kqfud vksyafid [ksy çfr;ksfxrk dk çkjEHk 1896 bZñ
egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh esa Ýkal ds fi;js fM dksckfMZu ds ç;klksa ls ;wuku ds
,Fksal 'kgj esa gqvkA bldk vk;kstu çR;sd 4 o"kZ ds
fØdsV pkbuk eSu] xyh] gqd] iEihax Øht] vUrjky ij gksrk gSA
L.B.W, fgV fodsV] feM vku] FkMZeSu]
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1894 bZñ esa
chej] vksoj Fkzks] lhe] gsYesV] lqij vksoj]
l[kksu uked LFkku ij gqbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky;
xqxyh] doj
ykslkus ¼LohV~tjyS.M½ esa gSA blesa ,d v/;{k
gkWdh fLVd] isuYVh LVkWd] Ldqi] isuYVh] VªkbZ 3 mik/;{k o lkr vU; lnL; gksrs gSA
czsdj] cqyh] jksy vku] xksyh] jkbV cSd]  vUrjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr dh igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk
fjolZ] ,aik;j] iq'k bu] f¶yd] dkWuZj] lnL; uhrk vEckuh gSA
ykbaleSu
 orZeku vUrjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lferh dk v/;{k Fkkel
okyhckWy jksVs'ku] Mhxikl] yo] usV QkYV] ¶yksVj] ck¡p ¼teZuh½ gSA
Mcy fgV] okyh] cwLVj  vksyafid /ot%& /ot dk loZçFke ç;ksx 1920 ds
QqVckWy lsUVj] LVkbdj] isuYVh fdd] Free fdd] ,.VoiZ vksyafid [ksyksa es fd;k x;kA /ot ds e/; es
gkQ csad] jsQjh] feM QhYM lsaVj] ikl] ik¡p pØ ,d&nwljs ls feys gq, n'kkZ;s x;s gS] tks
cSd ikl] xksyh] xksy] ykbaleSu] lhtlZ fo'o ds 5 egk}hiksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
fdd uhyk & ;wjksi gjk & vkLVªsfy;k
Vscy Vsful lfoZl] lkbM fLiu] Vki fLiu ihyk & ,f'k;k yky & m0 o n0 vesfjdk
dkyk & vÝhdk
138 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½
 [ksy ¼SPORTS½
 e'kky dk lcls igys ç;ksx 1928 ds ,ElVjMe jk"Vªe.My [ksy
¼uhnjyS.M½ vksyafid esa fd;k x;kA  vksyafid ds ckn esa fo'o dh lcls cMh [ksy Li/kkZ gSA
 vksyafid [ksyksa dk mn~ns'; gS lcls rst] lcls Å¡pk bu [ksyksa dk vk;kstu çk;% nks vksyafid [ksyksa ds e/;
vkSj lcls cyoku dk p;u gksrk gSA fd;k tkrk gS] ftls vksyafid o"kZ dgk tkrk gSA
 vksyafid [ksyksa esa 'kiFk xzg.k djus dh 'kq:vkr  jk"Vªe.My [ksyksa dh 'kq:vkr 1930 ls gsfeYVu
,.VoiZ vksyafid [ksy ls 1920 esa çkjEHk gqbZA ¼dukMk½ esa gqbZA
 vksyafid [ksyksa esa 'kqHkadj dh 'kq:vkr 1968 ds  Hkkjr us lcls igys 1934 ds yanu [ksyksa esa Hkkx fy;k
eSfDldks flVh vksyafid ls çkjEHk gqbZA FkkA
 vksyafid ds mn~?kkVu lejksg.k esa ekpZ ikLV esa ;wuku  2022 esa vkxkeh jk"Vªe.My [ksy baXyS.M ds cfeZa?ke esa
dh Vhe lcls igys o estcku ns'k dh Vhe lcls ihNs gksaxsA
gksrh gS ckdh Vhe chp esa gksrh gSA  ,f'k;kbZ [ksy%&
 vksyafid [ksyksa ij 1972 eas E;qfud esa vkrdokfn;ksa us  budk çkjEHk 4 ekpZ 1951 dks ubZ fnYyh esa gqvkA
geyk dj fn;k FkkA pedrk gqvk lqjt ,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa dk çrhd fpUg
 ,d gh vksyafid esa lokZf/kd Lo.kZ ind thrus okys gSA 2018 ds ,f'k;kbZ [ksy b.Mksusf'k;k ds tdkrkZ esa
iq:"k f[kykMh U.S.A ds ekbdy QsYil gSA xksYMu gq;s FksA
lkdZ ds uke ls fo[;kr QsYil us 2008 ds chftax  2022 esa ,f'k;kbZ [ksy phu ds gaxtw esa gksaxsA
vksyfEid esa 8 Lo.kZ ind ftrs FksA vc rd oks 23  fØdsV%&
Lo.kZ] 3 jtr o 2 dkL; lfgr dqy 28 ind thr
 bldk tUenkrk baXyS.M dks ekuk tkrk gSA igyk
pqds gSA
VsLV eSp 1877 bZñ esa vkLVªsfy;k o baXyS.M ds e/;
 TV ij vksyafid [ksyksa dk igyk çlkj.k 1960 ds jkse esycuZ ¼vkLVªsfy;k½ esa [ksyk x;kA
vksyafid [ksyksa dk gqvk FkkA
 igyk One day eSp vkLVªsfy;k o baXyS.M ds e/;
 Hkkjr dh vksj ls vksyafid esa Hkkx ysus okyk çFke esycuZ esa 1971 esa [ksyk x;kA
f[kykMh ,d ,Xyks&bf.M;u ukeZu çhtkMZ Fkk] ftlus
 fØdsV dh loksZPp laLFkk ICC gS] ftldh LFkkiuk
¼1900 bZñ½ ds vksyafid esa Hkkx fy;kA
1909 esa gqbZ FkhA igys bldk uke bEihfj;y fØdsV
 Hkkjr us 1920 esa vksyafid [ksyksa esa vius f[kykfM;ksa dk dkWUÝsal FkkA bldk uke 1956 esa cnyk x;kA
ny HkstkA
 ICC dk eq[;ky; nqcbZ esa gS] igys ykM~lZ esa FkkA
 efgykvksa dh vksyafid [ksyksa esa Hkkxhnkjh 1900 bZñ ls  fØdsV dk çFke oYMZ di 1975 esa baXyS.M esa gqvk
çkjEHk gqbZA rFkk osLVuMht us thrkA
 vksyafid [ksyksa lokZf/kd Lo.kZ ind thrus okyh efgyk  igyk 20&20 fo'o di 2007 esa nñ vÝhdk esa gqvk
yjhuk ykO; uhuk gSA bldks Hkkjr us Qkbuy esa ikfdLrku gjkdj thrkA
 vksyafid esa Hkkx ysus okyh çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk  Hkkjr us viuk igyk eSp 1932 esa baXyS.M ds fo:)
f[kykMh esjh yhyk jko gSA [ksyk FkkA
 vc rd lcls vf/kd ckj yanu esa rhu vksyafid [ksyksa  2019 dk fo'o di baXyS.M esa [ksyk x;k rFkk 2023
dk vk;kstu gqvk gSA dk vkxkeh fo'o di Hkkjr esa [ksyk tk;sxkA
 Hkkjrh; vksyafid ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk 1924 esa dh x;h uksV%& igyk fnu&jkr dk VsLV eSp xqykch xsan ls
Fkh vkSj lj J. J. Tata blds çFke v/;{k FksA vkLVªsfy;k o U;qthyS.M ds chp 2015 esa ,sMhysV esa
 1916 esa vksyafid [ksy teZuh ds cfyZu esa gksus Fks [ksyk x;kA
ijUrq çFke fo'o ;q) ds dkj.k ;g LFkfxr dj fn;s  gkWdh%& gkWdh dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA gkWdh eSp dh
x;sA vof/k&70 feuV gksrh gSA vksyfEid esa lokZf/kd 8 ckj
 1940 ds vksyafid [ksy Vksfd;ks ¼tkiku½ o 1944 esa gkWdh dk Lo.kZ ind thrus dk fjdkMZ Hkkjr ds uke gS
yanu ¼fczVsu½ esa gksus FksA ijUrq nqljs fo'o ;q) ds igyk ind Hkkjr us 1928 esa thrk FkkA Hkkjr us vafre
dkj.k LFkfxr dj fn;s x;sA ckj vksyafid [ksyksa esa Lo.kZ ind 1980 esa thrk FkkA
 32 osa vksyafid [ksy esa 2020 esa Vksfd;ksa ¼tkiku½ esa  okyhckWy%& bldk tUenkrk U.S.A gSA okyhckWy esa
gksaxsA çR;sd Vhe esa 6 f[kykM+h gksrs gSaA
lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½ @ 139
[ksy ¼SPORTS½
 QqVckWy%& gSA
 bldk tUe baXyS.M esa gqvkA 1857 bZñ esa baXyS.M esa  Ýasp vksiu%& ;g yky ctjh ij [ksyk tkrk gSA
fo'o dk igyk QqVckWy Dyc lsQhYM QqVckWy Dyc  fcEcy.Mu%& ;g gjh ?kkl ij [ksyk tkrk gSA
dk xBu gqvk Hkkjr esa QqVckWy vaxzstks }kjk yk;k  iksyks%& vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd iksyks dk
x;kA
tUe Qkjl ¼bZjku½ esa gqvk FkkA ijUrq dqN yksxksa dk
 igyk Hkkjrh; Dyc MygkSth Dyc FkkA bl [ksy ekuuk gS fd iksyks dk tUe Hkkjr ds ef.kiqj esa gqvk
dh vof/k 90 feuV gksrh gSA FkkA
 QqVckWy dh loksZPp laLFkk QhQk gS] ftldk  'krjat%& ;g [ksy Hkkjr dh nsu gSA bl [ksy dh
eq[;ky; T;fjd ¼LohV~tjyS.M½ esa gSA loksZPp laLFkk FIDA gSA 'krjat esa 64 oxZ cus gksrs gSA
 QqVckWy dk igyk fo'o di m:Xos esa 1930 esa gqvk  xksYQ%& vk/kqfud xksYQ dk [ksy lcls igys
rFkk bldks m:Xos us thrkA LdkVyS.M esa 'kq: gqvkA
 lcls vf/kd ckj QqVckWy fo'o di czkthy us  cslckWy%& bl [ksy dk tUenkrk vesfjdk gSA
ftrus esa lQyrk çkIr dh gSA
 eSjkFku nkSM%& bldh nqjh 26 ehy 385 xt ;k 42-
 2018 dk QqVckWy fo'o di :l esa gqvk rFkk 2022 195 fdeh0 gksrh gSA
dk drj esa gksxkA
 Vscy Vsful%& bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA
[ksyksa ls lEcfU/kr iqjLdkj
y0&2-74 eh0 rFkk pkSñ&1-52 eh0  jktho xka/kh [ksy jRu iqjLdkj%& bls 1991&92 esa
vkjEHk fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk -lcls igys fo'oukFku
 ckLdsVckWy%& bl [ksy dk tUenkrk vesfjdk gS rFkk
vkuan dks feykA bldh bukeh jkf'k 7-5 yk[k #i, gSA
bl [ksy esa çR;sd Vhe esa 5 f[kykMh gksrs gsA
 vtZqu iqjLdkj%& bls 1961 esa vkjEHk fd;k x;k FkkA
 cSMfeUVu%& bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA
blesa 5 yk[k :0 dk uxn iqjLdkj fn;k tkrk gS ;g
y0&44 QhV rFkk pkSñ&20 QhV
f[kykfM;ksa ds fiNys 3 o"kks± ds çn'kZu ds vk/kkj ij
 Vsful%& fn;k tkrk gSA
 bl [ksy dk tUenkrk baXyS.M gSA Vsful dh loksZPp  æks.kkpk;Z iqjLdkj%& bls 1985 esa vkjEHk fd;k x;k
laLFkk bUVj us'kuy Vsful QSMjs'ku ¼ITF½ dh bldh bukeh jkf'k 5 yk[k :0 rFkk æks.kkpk;Z dh
LFkkiuk 1913 esa isfjl esa gqbZA çfrek nh tkrh gSA
 vkLVªsfy;k vksiu] focy.Mu] Ýsp vksiu] rFkk  ;g dsoy [ksy çf'k{kdksa ¼dkspksa½ dks gh fn;k tkrk gSA
vesfjdu vksiu o"kZ dh pkj xzSM LySe çfr;ksfxr

140 @ lkekU; Kku ¼GENERAL KNOWLEDGE½