G8 Q4 Universe

Formation of the Universe
Origins of the Universe

Big Bang Theory
Steady State Theory
Oscillating Theory
Creation Theory
Intelligent Design
Big Bang theory
The Big Bang Theory states that the Universe
began 13.6 billion
years ago as a singularity and has been
expanding ever since.
But it wasn’t big, and there was no bang!
• Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
• Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds

proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's
Law.” This observation supports the expansion of the
universe and suggests that the universe was once
compacted.
• Universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests,
we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965,
this was discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree
Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave
Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable
universe.
• The abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and
Helium found in the observable universe are thought to
support the Big Bang model of origins.
A. Universe is expanding
- Edwin Hubble - in 1929 announced his
theory that the universe
is continually
expanding
→ studied light from
distant stars
- Red shift - a shift in the expanding wavelengths of
light toward the red color
→ caused by object
that is producing light
moving away from us,
the observers of that
light (fig. 26-23, pg.
837)
→ suggests that space

itself is expanding
- all galaxies are moving away from center of universe
B. Expansion implies that

at some point the
universe was smaller
- if it is expanding,
the universe must
have been smaller
Creation Theory- The belief that the universe
and the various forms of life were created by
God out of nothing
What is a “nebula”?
A cloud in space
Made of gas and dust
• Can have stars inside
Most of the ones we
see are inside our Milky
Way Galaxy
Different types
Orion image at
The Solar Nebula
Theory
Basis of modern theory
of planet formation.
Planets form at the

same time from the
same cloud as the star.
Planet formation sites

observed today as dust
disks of T Tauri stars.
Sun and our solar system

formed ~ 5 billion years ago.
• a), (b) The solar nebula contracts and
flattens into a spinning disk. The large
blob in the center will become the Sun.
Smaller blobs in the outer regions may
become jovian planets.
• (c) Dust grains act as condensation
nuclei, forming clumps of matter that
collide, stick together, and grow into
moon-sized planetesimals.
• (d) Strong winds from the still-forming
Sun expel the nebular gas.
• (e) Planetesimals continue to collide
and grow.
• (f) Over the course of a hundred million
years or so, planetesimals form a few
large planets that travel in roughly
circular orbits.
So… Big Bang & Solar Nebular?
How are they related?
• The Big Bang Theory considers the creation of all the matter and
energy that exists in the universe.. Anywhere..
• The Solar Nebula theory uses that matter and energy, to create
galaxies and solar systems.
What is a “galaxy”?
Made of billions to trillions of stars

• Also may have gas and dust
Spiral, or elliptical, or irregular shaped
Image at
Spiral galaxy--Andromeda
NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at
Elliptical Galaxies
Irregular Galaxies
NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/galaxy/irregular/2005/09/res
Our Galaxy: the Milky Way
• has about 200 billion stars, and lots of gas and
dust
• is a barred-spiral (we think)
• about 100,000 light-years wide
• our Sun is halfway to the edge, revolving at half
a million miles per hour around the center of the
Galaxy
• takes our Solar System about 200 million years
to revolve once around our galaxy
The Milky Way
Image at
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/194
5371.html
Formation of the Solar System
Nebular hypothesis
According to it, the sun and its planets supposedly
condensed out of swirling eddies of cold, dark,
interstellar clouds of gas and dust
Fission theory
Sun burst one day, and all our planets came from it.
Then the moons shot out from each planet
Capture theory
Planets and moons were wandering around space and
the planets were captured by the gravity of our sun,
and the moons were captured by the planets.
Accretion theory
The accretion, condensation, or dust cloud. It says that
small chunks of material separately formed themselves
into our earth and the moon
Planetary collision theory
Theorizes that our world is said to have collided with a
small planet. The resulting explosion threw rocks which
formed or orbiting moon.
Stellar collision theory
The origin of solar system suggests that our planets,
moons, and sun all spun off from a collision between
stars.
THE
PLANETS
EARTH
EARTH
Earth
Third planet from the
sun
Only planet where life

exist
A View of the Earth
• Earth consists of 4 major spheres:
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere
• Geosphere
• Biosphere
Earth’s Major Spheres
• The hydrosphere includes all liquid
water on Earth—both saltwater and
fresh water.
• The atmosphere consists of the
gaseous envelope surrounding the
Earth.
• Although the atmosphere extends
more than 100km up, 90% is within
16km of the surface.
Earth’s Major Spheres
• The biosphere includes all life on Earth.
• The biosphere is concentrated in a zone that
extends from the ocean floor upward several
kilometers in the atmosphere.
• The geosphere consists of the solid parts of
the planet and is not uniform.
• Based on differences in composition it is
divided into three main regions, the core, the
mantle, and the crust.
W.W #1

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G8 Q4 Universe

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Formation of the Universe

Origins of the Universe

• Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds

→ suggests that space

B. Expansion implies that

Planets form at the

Planet formation sites

Sun and our solar system

Made of billions to trillions of stars

NASA and NOAO/AURA/NSF Images at

Only planet where life

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