Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Detailed Worksheets.
Detailed worksheets or computer printout sheets shall

contain the following information:
(1) Sheet number
(2) Sprinkler description and discharge constant (K)
(3) Hydraulic reference points
(4) Flow in gpm (L/min)
(5) Pipe size
(6) Pipe lengths, center-to-center of fittings
(7) Equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and devices
(8) Friction loss in psi/ft (bar/m) of pipe
(9) Total friction loss between reference points
(10) In-rack sprinkler demand balanced to ceiling demand
(11) Elevation head in psi (bar) between reference points
(12) Required pressure in psi (bar) at each reference point
(13) Velocity pressure and normal pressure if included in calculations
(14) Notes to indicate starting points or reference to other sheets or to clarify data
shown
(15)* Diagram to accompany gridded system calculations to indicate flow quantities
and directions for lines with sprinklers operating in the remote area
(16) Combined K-factor calculations for sprinklers on drops, armovers, or sprigs
where calculations do not begin at the sprinkler
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
o Graph Sheet. A graphic representation of the complete hydraulic calculation
shall be plotted on semi exponential graph paper (Q^1.85) and shall include
the following:
(1) Water supply curve

(2) Sprinkler system demand
(3) Hose allowance (where applicable)
(4) In-rack sprinkler demand (where applicable)
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
Figure A.22.3.3(15) depicts a gridded system that has been calculated. The dashed
lines outline the calculated area, and the numbers in circles are reference points.
The arrows on the pipe indicate the flow directions, and the numbers alongside
indicate quantity in gpm. The flow directions are of particular importance in a
gridded system, due to the various flow paths that the water can take from the
source to the operating sprinklers.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
 Hydraulic Calculation Procedures
NFPA 13 permits the use of 3/4 in. (19 mm) and 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) pipe for a
maximum length of 4 in. (102 mm) when revamping an existing system and using
3/4 in. (19 mm) or ½ in. (12.7 mm) outlets to feed sprinklers.
The impact of high water velocities tends to be self correcting. When the velocity
of water in a pipe is high, the pressure loss in that pipe is also high. If the pressure
loss is too high, the pipe size will need to be increased to reduce the pressure loss,
and the velocity will correspondingly decrease.
Pipe sizes shall be no less than 1 in. (25 mm) nominal for ferrous piping and 3/4
in. (20 mm) nominal for copper tubing or nonmetallic piping listed for fire
sprinkler service.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

o Velocity Pressure Formula. Velocity pressure shall be determined on the basis
of the following formula:
The velocity pressure always acts in the direction of water flow. The basic formula
for velocity pressure is as follows:
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

o Normal Pressure Formula. Normal pressure (Pn) shall be determined on the
basis of the following formula:
The normal pressure is the pressure acting against, or perpendicular to, the pipe
wall. Therefore, the normal pressure usually acts perpendicular to the velocity
pressure, because the general direction of waterflow is parallel to the pipe wall.
When no flow occurs, the velocity pressure is zero, and the normal pressure is equal
to the total pressure.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
When using the velocity pressure method of calculation, the normal pressure is
used to calculate the flow from the sprinkler, except at the last sprinkler on the
branch line and at the last branch line on a cross main. In these locations, the total
pressure should be used to calculate the discharge, because the velocity pressure
and the normal pressure will be acting in the same direction, adding up to the total
pressure.
 Hydraulic Junction Points.
Pressures at hydraulic junction points shall balance within 0.5 psi (0.03 bar).
Pressure balancing shall be permitted through the use of a K-factor developed for
branch lines or portions of systems using Kp=Q/(p)^0.5.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings.
o Pipe and Fittings.
Table 22.4.3.1.1 shall be used to determine the equivalent length of pipe for
fittings and devices unless manufacturer’s test data indicate that other factors
are appropriate. Values for 1/2 in. (15 mm) and 3/4 in. (20 mm) pipe appear in
Table 22.4.3.1.1, because, when hydraulic and pipe schedule systems are
redesigned or modified, 8.15.19.3 and 8.15.19.4 permit the use of pipe nipples
up to 4 in. (100 mm) in length with a pipe diameter smaller than 1 in. (25 mm)
under certain conditions. This situation is the only one in which pipe as small as
3/4 in. (20 mm) can be used in a new sprinkler system.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

 Equivalent Length Modifier.
For internal pipe diameters different from Schedule 40 steel pipe [Schedule 30 for
pipe diameters 8 in. (200 mm) and larger], the equivalent length shown in Table
22.4.3.1.1shall be multiplied by a factor derived from the following formula:
In this example, the internal diameter of 2 in. (50 mm) Schedule 10 pipe is 2.157 in.
(54.8 mm), while the internal diameter of 2 in. (50 mm) Schedule 40 pipe is 2.067
in. (52.5 mm). Using these diameters, the correction factor can be calculated as
follows:
The correction factor of 1.23 is then multiplied by the 5 ft (1.5 m) value obtained
from Table 22.4.3.1.1 for an equivalent length of 6.15 ft (1.88 m) for a 90 degree
standard-turn elbow attached to a 2 in. (50 mm) piece of Schedule 10 pipe.
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh
Dr. Awni Alkhazaleh

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 Detailed Worksheets.

Detailed worksheets or computer printout sheets shall

(1) Water supply curve