Year Event

Section 1 - Cultural and Historical Background to the Pakistan Movement

1608 Charter given to EIC

1612 First British post at Surat

1707 Aurangzeb’s Death

1738-39 Persian Invasion under Nadir Shah

1757 Battle of Plassey

1761 Marathan Army destroyed in the 3rd battle of Panipat

1773 Regulating Act passed to make EIC accountable to British parliament

1778-82 British war against Marathas

1778-84 British war against Haider Ali (of Mysore)

1784 Pitts India Act (British authority over EIC and Indian issues)
1839-41 Capture over Afghanistan

1843 Annexation of Sindh

1845 First Sikh War

1848-49 Second Sikh War

1857 War of Independence

1858 EIC taken over by British

1862 Sir Syed sets up Scientific Society at Ghazi pore

1875 University of Aligarh

Section 2 - The Emergence of Pakistan

1885 Indian National Congress set up
1899 Lord Curzon appointed 1st Viceroy of India

1905 Partition of Bengal Swadeshi

Movement
1906 All – India Muslims League set up
Hindus demand self – government
1909 Morley Minto Reforms (Indian Council Act 1909) Jinnah
becomes active member of Muslim League
1911 Partition of Bengal reversed

1913 Muslims demand self – government

1914-18 First World War

1916 Lucknow Pact

1918 Montague – Chelmsford Reforms

1919 Rowlatt Act

Amritsar Massacre

Government of India Act

1919 First & Second Khilafat Conference

1920 Treaty of Sevres announced

Non – cooperation begins Hijrat
to Afghanistan
1921 Third Khilafat Conference

1922 Chauri – Chaura Incident

1923-24 Turkey becomes Republic Ataturk
abolishes Caliphate
1927 Simon Commission set up
1928 Nehru Report

1929 Jinnah produces his 14 points

1930 1st Round Table Conference
Allahabad Address
1931 2nd Round Table Conference
1932 3rd Round Table Conference

1933 Rahmat Ali publishes ‘Now or Never’

1935 Government of India Act passed

1937 Congress wins elections

1939 Congress resigns Day of
Deliverance
1940 Lahore Resolution
1942 Cripps Mission
Quit India Movement
1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talks
1945 Simla Conference

1946 Cabinet Mission Plan Direct

Action Day
1947 3rd June Plan
Pakistan achieves independence
Section 3 - Nationhood
1947 Pakistan achieves Independence
Kashmir Issue
Liaquat Ali Khan becomes Prime Minister
1948 Quaid’s death
Canal Water Dispute with India
1949 Ceasefire on Kashmir Issue

1951 Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated Khawaja

Nazimuddin
1955 One Unit Policy
Parliamentary Govt restored
1956 First Constitution
Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic

1958 Ayub Khan takes power Martial

Law
1959 Basic Democracies
1960 Ayub Khan becomes President
Capital shifts to Islamabad
1962 New Constitution
1965 Ayub Khan wins presidential election against Fatima Jinnah.

1966 Bhutto resigns

6 Point Programme
1967 PPP formed

1969 Martial Law declared again

1970 Elections: Awami League wins in East Pakistan; PPP wins in West Pakistan

1971 Bangladesh separates

1972 Simla Accord signed

1973 Bhutto’s Constitution

1974 Islamic Summit

1977 Zia seizes power

Hudood Ordinances introduced
1979 Bhutto hanged in Rawalpindi
USSR invades over Afghanistan. Zia agrees with US to help Afghanistan
1988 USSR troops withdraw. General Zia die’s in a plane crash.
 Year Event
Pakistan as a Nuclear Power
1972 Nuclear Weapons Programme
1974 Indian Nuclear Test (nuclear testing race with India)
1987 Pakistan Nuclear Test (US concerns)
1998 Pakistan Nuclear Test
Refusals to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with India
1948-49 Kashmir Issue & ceasefire
India stops Pakistan’s supply of water
Agreement over Bengal & Assam Border
1950 Liaquat – Nehru Pact signed (for minorities in both countries)
1955 Troops tried to integrate Kashmir into India

1957 Pakistan filed appeal before Security Council to settle Kashmir Issue
1960 Indus Water Treaty signed

1965 India – Pakistan War

1966 Tashkent Declaration

1971 2nd War

Bengal Separated
1972 Simla Accord

1974 India carried out nuclear tests and Pakistan set up its Kahuta Nuclear
Project  weak relations
1973 Delhi Agreement

1981 Fighting on both sides

1987 Threat of War from India

1987 Cricket Diplomacy

Elections in Kashmir rigged by Indians
1988-89 Good relations due to democracy
3 agreements signed in Islamabad
(A Kashmiri uprising, however, weakened relations.)
1999 Kargil Conflict
Lahore Declaration
 Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with Afghanistan
1947 Border Dispute of Wakhan Strip
Afghanistan opposes Pakistan being a member of UN
1955 Afghan attack on Kabul Embassy  Relations deteriorate
1965-71 Afghanistan was neutral during India – Pakistan Wars

1966 Iskandar Mirza visits Afghanistan

1974 Zia visits Afghanistan

1979-88 Good relations due to Pakistan providing aid against Russian invasion

1988-92 Civil War in Afghanistan

Pakistan helps in building the Mujahedeen Government

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with Iran
1947 Iran was the first country to acknowledge Pakistan’s existence

1949 PM visits Iran

1955 Iran & Iraq join Pakistan in Baghdad Pact

1964 Both countries join RCD

1965-71 Iran supported Pakistan in India – Pakistan Wars

1973 Iran sent help to Pakistani Govt. to put down an uprising in Balochistan

1979 Iranian Revolution was supported by the Pakistani’s

New Islamic Govt. in Iran became suspicious of Pakistan due to their
support for the Shah
The Islamic Govt. was anti – American
Relations began to deteriorate

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with Bangladesh
1971 Bitter Relations
Pakistan stated that they would not support any country that recognised
Bangladesh as an independent country.
1974 Pakistan invited Sheikh Mujib to the Islamic Summit Conference

1974 Bhutto visited Bangladesh (division of assets discussed)

1975 Sheikh Mujib’s death  New Govt. in Bangladesh was keen to improve
relations
Both countries exchanged ambassadors
1976 Air links started

1985 & 1988 Pakistan was the first country to contribute when Bangladesh was hit by
severe storms.

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relation with China
1949 China becomes independent

1952 Pakistan supports China to get UN membership

1962 Pakistan supported China during China – India War

1963 Boundary Agreement

China allowed PIA to use Chinese airports
China granted Pakistan $60 million interest fee loan
1964 China supported Pakistani policy in Kashmir

1965-71 China supported Pakistan during India – Pakistan Wars

1972 PMs of both countries meet each other

1978 Karakoram Highway opened for better trading opportunities.

1986 Nuclear Cooperation Treaty was signed

1993-2000 Pakistan supported the religious movement in China

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with USA
1947 Pakistan joins UNO and becomes Pro American Country
1950 PM Liaquat Ali visits United States
1955 SEATO & CENTO signed
1956 Pakistan supports USA spy Mission U2
issue weakened relations
1962 US helped India in war against China  strained relations
1965 & 1971 Pakistan was not provided aid  Pakistan left SEATO & CENTO
1972-74 Nuclear Issue Weak
Relations
1979-89 Good relations due to Zia’s help against USSR invasion in Afghanistan
1998-99 Bad relations due to nuclear bomb testing in Pakistan

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with Britain & Commonwealth
1956 Pakistan declares itself republic by making its own constitution. Until now
it had been under the British Crown  Relations deteriorated because
Pakistan criticized Britain over the invasion of Suez Canal.
1960 Many Pakistani’s went to Britain due to the construction of Tarbela and
Mangla Dam  Relations improved
1965 Britain played a major role in ending the India – Pakistan War

1971 Britain recognised Bangladesh as a separate country  Relations

deteriorated as Pakistan left the Commonwealth
1980 Britain remained a strong trading partner

1979-88 Britain supported Pakistan and aided in Afghan Crisis.

1989 Pakistan returned to Commonwealth  Good relation

Year Event
Pakistan’s Relations with USSR
1947 Pakistan joined UNO  Russia was not happy

1950 Russia began to support India over Kashmir Issue

 Pakistan lost East Wing

1978-88 Russian invasion over Afghanistan  Strained relations

1989-1999 Good relations due to democratic government Sharif

visited Moscow in 1999
1954 Joining SEATO with USA widened the gulf
Pakistan joined Anti-Communist Pact (this angered Russia)
1956 Aid from Russia rejected  Relations harmed

1960 Pakistan accepted Soviet assistance in search of water and minerals U2

Crises harmed the relations
1961 Soviet Oil Exploration in Pakistan

1963 Pakistan received £11 million loan

1965 Improvement in relations due to Pakistan leaving SEATO & CENTO Ayyub
Khan visited Russia
1968 Soviet Arms supplied to Pakistan

1972 ZAB’s gov. tried to improve relations by signing agreement to build Steel
Mill in Pakistan and visiting USSR.
1971 Russia supplied India with arms

Year Event
Pakistan and the United Nations
1947 Pakistan get UN membership
UNHCR aids in solving refugee problem
1948 UN passes resolution on Kashmir Issue UN
helps resolve Canal Water Dispute
1965 UN plays its role in ceasefire over Kashmir Issue and arranged the
Tashkent Agreement.
1971 Indian invasion and separation of Bengal; UNO failed and relations with
Pakistan disrupted
1978 UNO aided Pakistan to stop Russian invasion in Afghanistan

1988 Russian War ends & Pakistan is appointed to arrange Geneva Agreement
2001 9/11 Incident
American invasion over Afghanistan UNO supported Pakistan