International

Relations
Miss Mehreen Abbasi
2059-01
 India - Pakistan

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 1947
•August 14: Pakistan is created as a separate state.
•October 22: First India-Pakistan War over Kashmir; Ceasefire brokered by the UN.

1948
•Fighting continues through the second half of 1948, with the regular Pakistani army
called upon to protect Pakistan’s borders.
•The war officially ends on January 1, 1949, when the United Nations arranges a ceasefire,
with an established ceasefire line,

1950
•Liaquat Nehru Pact / Minorities Pact

1954
•Signed SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organization), a USA sponsored Pact
 SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organization)
Baghdad Pact or CENTO(CENtral Treaty Organization)
During 1950's Pakistan signed three pacts with the USA which include Mutual Defense Assistance
Agreement South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) & Central Asia Treaty Organization (CENTO).

A conference was held in Manila Philippines in 1954 where final shape was given to SEATO.

The member countries were Philippines, Thailand, France, Australia, New Zealand, UK & USA.

It was an American sponsored defense pact, which was formed to protect the member countries from an
attack was of Communist power.

It was only formed to protect Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos. Sir Zafar Ullal Khan signed this treaty, which
was criticized by other people & govt. officials.

SEATO could not help Pakistan in 1965 & 1971 wars so as a protest Pakistan left it in 1972 during the govt
of Bhutto.

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 SEATO(South East Asian Treaty Organization)
Baghdad Pact or CENTO(CENtral Treaty Organization)
Turkey & Iraq had signed BAGHDAD PACT in 1955 to cope with the Soviet influence in the
Middle East.
After revolution in Iraq in 1958, it left Baghdad Pact in 1959. It was renamed as CENTO in
1959.
Pakistan, Iran, Turkey & UK were the members of this organization but in spite of the fact
that it was an American sponsored pact The USA was not a member of it.
Pakistan was very active in it because of the other Muslim states in it that's why after
leaving SEATO Pakistan did not leave CENTO.
Pakistan tried to establish a unified command for CENTO & a military commander was
also appointed but no troops were given under its control.

This organization died itself in 1979 & then Pakistan joined NAM.

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 NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)
It is an organization consisting of the developing Asian and African countries of the world. After World War I and
II, the whole world had been divided into two main blocks. The European countries of countries of the west
supported U.S.A while other Asian countries supported formal USSR. It was very difficult for the small countries
to survive in that cold war between the two super powers. The heads of Asian and African countries met at
Kendy (Sri Lanka). Bogor (Indonesia) and finally BANDUNG CONFERENCE in 1955 at Indonesia.

This particular
association could be
The countries were proud of their sovereignty and independence and
beneficial for the wanted to maintain it under all circumstances.
member countries
because of the This movement was against colonialism and feudalism. Because of the
following reasons: cold war, they wanted extra protection to save their interest.
The main declarations To respect and territorial integrity of all countries
of the Bandung
conference are as Refrain from using any type of force or aggression against any country.
follows:
The liberty and equality of all the countries was acceptable.
To work towards an equitable economy, eradication of colonialism and racial
discrimination
It was formulized as an organization at Belgrade (Yugoslavia) in 1961.
CONFERENCES:
Havana (Cuba) 1979, Pakistan joined NAM. 8
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 1955
• Signed Baghdad Pact later known as CENTO(CENtral Treaty Organization)
in 1959.

1960
• Signed Indus Water Treaty with the help of UNO.
• Indus, Jhelum, Chenab were given to Pakistan
• Ravi Sutlei, Beas were given to India

1962
• (China)Sino-India War
• Pakistan helped China
• USA sponsored Military Pacts
 Sino-India War
1965

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 1965
• Kashmir dispute triggers tensions.
Background: • Operation Gibraltar aims to incite unrest in
Jammu and Kashmir.

Outbreak of • Rann of Kutch conflict in April 1965.

Hostilities: • Escalation in Kashmir by August 1965.

Military • Major battles at Chawinda and Asal Uttar.

Operations: • Significant tank warfare.

International • Superpowers mediate and pressure for a

Involvement: ceasefire.
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 1965
Ceasefire and •Ceasefire in September 1965.
Tashkent •Tashkent Agreement signed in
Agreement: January 1966.

•Thousands of casualties.
Consequences: •No significant territorial changes.

•Tensions persist.
Legacy: •Arms race and nuclearization in
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Operation Gibraltar was a covert plan devised by Pakistan in 1965
to infiltrate armed infiltrators into Jammu and Kashmir to incite a
Operation
local uprising against Indian rule. Gibraltar
Pakistani military, along with irregular forces and militants,
crossed the Line of Control (LoC) to infiltrate into the Indian-
administered territory.

The primary objective of Operation Gibraltar was to create

unrest and trigger a rebellion among the Kashmiri population
against the Indian government, ultimately leading to the
accession of Kashmir to Pakistan.

The operation significantly escalated tensions between India and

Pakistan and played a crucial role in precipitating the Indo-Pak
War of 1965.

Operation Gibraltar faced challenges, as the local population did

not rise in significant numbers. India responded with a military
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counteroffensive, leading to the outbreak of the full-scale war in 13
August 1965.
Operation Grand Slam was a military offensive launched by
Pakistan in the Akhnoor sector of Jammu and Kashmir in August
Operation
1965 during the Indo-Pak War. Grand Slam
The primary objective was to capture the vital town of Akhnoor,
which would have cut off Indian access to the Kashmir Valley and
potentially altered the course of the war in Pakistan's favor.

Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik, a key military strategist, led

the operation, which involved a significant Pakistani armored
thrust.

The Indian military successfully thwarted Operation Grand Slam

in the Battle of Asal Uttar, one of the largest tank battles since
World War II, halting the Pakistani advance and turning the tide
of the war.
The failure of Operation Grand Slam marked a significant setback
for Pakistan. International pressure, particularly from the United
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States and the Soviet Union, played a role in securing a ceasefire 14
and bringing an end to hostilities in September 1965.
 Tashkent Treaty
Restoration of
No Territorial
Background: Ceasefire Agreement: Economic and
Changes:
Diplomatic Relations:

The treaty did not Both nations pledged

Signed on January 10, Formally ended the result in any to restore economic
1966, in Tashkent hostilities of the 1965 significant changes to and diplomatic
(now in Uzbekistan). Indo-Pak War. the territorial status relations severed
quo. during the war.

Both countries agreed

Mediated by Soviet It maintained the Trade and
to withdraw their
Premier Alexei borders as they were communications were
forces to pre-war
Kosygin. before the conflict. reestablished.
positions.

Agreement between
Indian Prime Minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri
and Pakistani
President Ayub Khan. 15
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 Impact of Tashkent Treaty on Pak-India Relations
Economic and Failure to
Short-Term Domestic Limited Long-
Diplomatic Address Core
Stability: Repercussions: Term Impact:
Normalization: Issues:

The Tashkent Brought a Despite the The treaty The Tashkent

Treaty helped short-term ceasefire, the faced Treaty did not
in normalizing stability to the Tashkent domestic lead to a
economic and region by Treaty failed to criticism in fundamental
diplomatic ties ending the address the both shift in the
between India military root causes of countries. long-term
and Pakistan. hostilities. the conflict, dynamics of
particularly the Indo-Pak
Kashmir issue. In India, there relations.
Both countries were concerns
resumed about the
Created an perceived lack Tensions and
dialogue and The
atmosphere of gains from disputes,
sought to unresolved
for dialogue. the war, especially over
mend bilateral issues
contributing to Kashmir,
relations. continued to
internal persisted and
strain resurfaced in
relations. political
debates. later years.
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 1965:
•April: Rann of Kutch conflict.
•August 5-September 23: Second India-Pakistan War, primarily over Kashmir
•Tashkent Agreement by the Soviet Union ends the conflict.
•Arms Embargo was imposed on India & Pakistan by USA & UK.

1971:
•December 3: India-Pakistan War leading to the creation of Bangladesh; Dhaka falls to
Indian forces.
•Pakistan lost 90000 POW

1972:
•July 2: Simla Agreement signed between Bhutto & Indira Gandhi, delineating the Line of
Control (LoC) in Kashmir and establishing principles for future bilateral relations.
•POW were given back on a condition that Pakistan will not raise Kashmir issue
 1971
•Linguistic and cultural differences between East and
West Pakistan.
Background: •1970 elections and victory of Awami League in East
Pakistan.

Events Leading •Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan, March 1971.

•Declaration of Bangladesh's independence by Sheikh
to War: Mujibur Rahman.

Military •India's direct involvement in December 1971.

•Simultaneous conflicts on the eastern and western
Operations: fronts.

•Battle of Longewala in the west.

Major Battles: •Battles in the east, including Hilli, Boyra, and Garibpur.
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 1971
• Dhaka falls on December 16, 1971.
Surrender and • Lieutenant General Niazi signs the Instrument
Independence of Surrender, leading to the creation of
Bangladesh.

• Significant casualties and displacement of

millions.
Consequences • Diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh as an
independent nation.

• Lasting impact on Indo-Pak relations.

Legacy: • Shaping geopolitical dynamics in South Asia.
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 Why there was a war in East Pakistan in 1971?
Yahya delayed the National Assembly’s meetings after Awami League’s
victory. EP felt that they had been betrayed and so rebelled against
Yayha’s govt to show their opposition to his unjust acts.
Yahya started a military action against EP to suppress their opposition.
1000s were killed. They thus rebelled in order to liberate themselves
from WP’s tyrannical government
Mujeeb, their main leader was arrested by the army. They now believed
that they were being politically oppressed as well. Thus rebelled to
protect their rights.

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1965 war:
Watch Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/shorts/yMh80-kgSpI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyv8aPDOj_U
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UinP2W7qzjM&t=45s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc9IHaY889k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WDasziTxsE&list=PLvK7aTLAn_oaY-ayQWlLAaSlFybrNFKj9
• Operation Grand Slam:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PXIWOXu9kE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b52IoKAboko

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1971 war:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWEP7XbO6H8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E6wB6zmLVw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfBooB3i6qw
• Operation Search Light: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/JbgIvusENGk
• POW: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cv24JnO_N4k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_d7pkxMZELE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T41rykn5I5A
• Submarine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XPaTCmvOr8U
• Operation Searchlight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E6wB6zmLVw

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 Operation Searchlight
It was a military operation launched by the Pakistan Army in 1971 to suppress the Bengali nationalist movement in East
Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The operation began on March 25, 1971, with a coordinated attack on key targets in the
capital city of Dhaka.

The operation's objectives were to take control of the major cities on March 26, and then eliminate all opposition,
political or military, within one month.

The Pakistan army's premeditated attack on unarmed civilians in Dhaka on March 25 spared no one. At the beginning of
Operation Searchlight 10 teachers of Dhaka University were killed.

Bangladeshi authorities claim that as many as 3 million people were killed. The lowest estimate comes from the
controversial Hamoodur Rahman Commission, the official Pakistani government investigation, which claimed the figure
was 26,000 civilian casualties.

Operation Searchlight, also known as the Bangladesh Genocide, was a systematic and targeted military operation
carried out by the Pakistan Army in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) from March 25 to December 16, 1971. The
operation was designed to suppress the Bengali nationalist movement and maintain Pakistan's control over the region.
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 Why we failed in 1971?
East Pakistani’s were determined to resist West Pakistan

Muslim soldiers had little heart for such a fight in which they
have to put up armed resistance against fellow Muslims

There was not any support of allies from USA & China

India was supported by USSR and Bengalis

Weak and indecisive role of UNO

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Mehreen Abbasi
Simla Accord- 2nd July1972 Finally, it was
agreed that the
From January talks between
12, 1972 to April Pakistani
India and 30, 1972 both President
Pakistan were countries Zulfiqar Ali
Therefore, the in direct showed their Bhutto and
new contact with inclination for Indian Prime
The War of 1971 government’s each other dialogue Minister Indra
resulted in the initial through through press Gandhi would
The immediate dismembermen challenges diplomatic statements and open on June
outcome of the t of East were to come channels after talks were 28, 1972.
War of 1971 Pakistan. out the state of the War and opened at
between India Pakistan had emergency and both had initial level.
and Pakistan lost almost 54% resolve the realized the
was the change of its matter of need to enter
of government population and POW’s as soon into the
in Pakistan and 93,000 of its as possible. negotiations.
Zulfiqar Ali soldiers and
Bhutto, the civilians were in
majority party Indian
leader of West possession.
Pakistan
assumed power
on December 26
20, 1971.
 Main clauses of Simla Agreement
are:
Both countries
would put an end to For the
conflict and restoration of Both agreed to
confrontation and
normal relations The withdrawal
would work for respect the line
Both both the of forces of
promotion of of control
friendly relations and Governments governments both countries
between
peace. They agreed agreed to avert agreed to resume would come
Jammu and
to follow United hostile communications into effect
Nations Charter to and promote Kashmir
propaganda within the 30
govern their travel facilities. resulting from
relations and against each days of
Both agreed for the ceasefire of
affirmed to respect other. agreement’s
cooperation in December 17,
each other’s national enforcement.
unity, political economic and 1971.
independence and cultural activities.
territorial integrity.

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 1974
•India tested Nuclear devices in Rajistan
•Bhutto announced Nuclear programme
1984:
•April-June: Siachen conflict begins; India gains control over the glacier.
1985:
•Khalistan and operation Blue star & Indra Gandhi assassination
1987:
•Signing of the SAARC Charter: India and Pakistan, along with other South Asian nations,
form the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
•Zia ul Haq went to India to watch Cricket Match and talk to Rajiv Gandhi-PM
1999:
•May-July: Kargil War erupts in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir;
•India regains control.
 The Siachen conflict
The Siachen conflict, also known as the Siachen Glacier conflict
or the Siachen War, refers to a military standoff between India
and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in the
Kashmir valley. Here's a summary of the key points:

• Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over the entire Siachen Glacier
What is the region, a 70-km long glacier located in the northern Karakoram mountain
dispute range.
• The glacier itself isn't strategically important, but the surrounding ridges
about? and passes offer potential access to strategic areas in the region.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thx5Luj7ric
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQmZeWbsLK8
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 •The conflict began in 1984 when India launched
Operation Meghdoot, successfully occupying the
When did the Siachen Glacier and most of the surrounding heights.
•Pakistan responded with Operation Rajiv in 1987,
conflict start? attempting to gain control of the area, but without
success.

•The Siachen conflict is unique because it takes place

at the highest battlefield on Earth, with extreme
What are the weather conditions and treacherous terrain.
•Soldiers on both sides face challenges like sub-zero
features of temperatures, blizzards, avalanches, and altitude
sickness.
the conflict? •Despite the harsh environment, the conflict has seen
ongoing low-level hostilities, including artillery fire
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 •The Siachen conflict has resulted in thousands of
casualties on both sides, primarily due to harsh
environmental conditions rather than direct combat.
What are the •Maintaining a military presence in the region is
consequences of immensely costly for both nations, draining resources
that could be used for development purposes.
the conflict? •The conflict also poses environmental risks, with
concerns about pollution and the impact of military
activities on the fragile glacial ecosystem.

Are there any •Several proposals have been put forward for
demilitarization of the Siachen region, but no
attempts at concrete agreement has been reached.
resolving the •There have been some positive developments, such
as a ceasefire agreement in 2003 and attempts to
conflict? reduce risks of inadvertent escalation.
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 Siachin Glacier
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thx5Luj7ric
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQmZeWbsLK8

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Operation Blue Star was a military operation carried out by the Indian Armed Forces
from June 1–10, 1984. The operation's goal was to remove Sikh militants and separatists
from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. The militants were led by Jarnail Singh
Bhindranwale, a former leader of the Sikh seminary Damdami Taksal and a key figure in
the separatist Khalistan movement.

The Khalistan movement is a Sikh separatist movement seeking to create an

independent Sikh state called Khalistan in the Punjab region of India. The movement
emerged in the 1970s and 1980s in response to perceived political and economic
marginalization of Sikhs in India, and it has been a source of conflict and violence in the
region.

Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, was assassinated on October 31, 1984. She
was shot by two of her bodyguards, Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, in the garden of
the Prime Minister's residence in New Delhi. The assassination was in retaliation for the
Indian Army's Operation Blue Star, which aimed to remove Sikh militants who had taken
refuge in the Golden Temple in Amritsar. 34
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 Cricket Diplomacy- 1987

Cricket diplomacy is a long-

In 1987, Zia-ul-Haq made a
standing diplomatic tool
Cricket diplomacy is the use surprise visit to India to
between India and Pakistan.
of cricket as a political tool watch a cricket match
The two countries have
to improve or worsen between the two countries.
played each other 206 times,
diplomatic relations At the time, the countries
with Pakistan winning 88
between two countries. The were on the brink of conflict,
matches and India winning
term was first used in 1987 with armies amassed near
74. However, India has won
by Pakistan's President Zia- their borders. Zia-ul-Haq's
eight of the 12 T20
ul-Haq. visit helped defuse the
Internationals between the
situation.
two countries.

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 • https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=oDJ1rDCiqM0

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 The Lahore Declaration - 21st February 1999
The Lahore Declaration was a joint statement issued on February 21, 1999, by the Prime
Ministers of India and Pakistan, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif, respectively.

It was signed in Lahore, Pakistan, during Vajpayee's historic bus journey to the country.
The declaration outlined a number of confidence-building measures (CBMs) aimed at improving
relations between the two countries, including the resumption of bilateral dialogue, the promotion of
trade and economic cooperation, and the resolution of outstanding disputes through peaceful means.

The Lahore Declaration was significant in several ways.

First, it marked the first time that the leaders of India and Pakistan had met in person in over two years, following
the Kargil War in 1999.
Second, it represented a significant shift in the tone of relations between the two countries, which had been
marked by hostility and mistrust for decades.
Third, the declaration laid the foundation for a number of important CBMs that were implemented in the years
that followed, including the opening of new trade routes and the establishment of a bus service between the two
countries.
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The Lahore Declaration
21st February 1999

Despite its initial promise, the Lahore Declaration ultimately failed to achieve its
goals.

Relations between India and Pakistan deteriorated in the years that followed,
culminating in the 2001 terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament, which led to the
suspension of the peace process.

Nevertheless, the Lahore Declaration remains an important milestone in the history

of India-Pakistan relations, and its principles continue to be invoked by both sides as
a basis for future dialogue and cooperation.

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 The Kargil conflict
The Kargil conflict was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between
May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC).

The conflict began when Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants infiltrated Indian territory and
occupied strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC.

India responded by launching a military operation to evict the intruders.

The conflict lasted for two months and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.

The conflict ended with a ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan on July 26, 1999.

The Kargil conflict was a significant event in the history of the Kashmir conflict and raised
tensions between India and Pakistan. 40
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The Kargil Conflict, also known as the Kargil War, took place between India and Pakistan
in 1999. It was a limited conflict fought in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, which
is a region disputed by both countries. The conflict began when Pakistani soldiers and
militants infiltrated into Indian territory, occupying strategic positions in the Kargil sector.

The primary cause of the conflict was a disagreement over the Line of Control (LOC), the
de facto border between India and Pakistan in the region. The Kargil War lasted for about
two months, from May to July 1999, and resulted in a significant loss of life on both sides.
The international community, including the United States, played a role in diplomatic
efforts to de-escalate the situation.
Ultimately, India successfully pushed back the Pakistani forces, and the conflict ended
with both countries returning to their pre-war positions. The Kargil Conflict had lasting
implications for the relationship between India and Pakistan, affecting diplomatic ties and
regional stability.

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 By solving
Kashmir
issue via
talks

Cultural
By arranging
exchange i.e,
exchange of How can games/
sports
Artists,
Singers,
Pakistan between
both
Actors etc India
relations be
improved?

By issuing By increasing
Visa to the import and
people export
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 Questions to be done
Pakistan India

Q1-Describe Tashkent treaty. [4]

Q2-Explain the causes of the Indo-Pakistani War in 1965. [7]
Q3-Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in the 1971 war? [7]
Q4- What has been the importance of the Siachen Glacier to both
India and Pakistan? [4]
Q5- What was Lahore declaration? [4]
Q6- Describe the Kargil war. [4]

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 Miss
Thank Mehreen
you Abbasi