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    Gaseous Exchange..

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    sunoyebimpe
    The document discusses the respiratory systems of various organisms including aquatic organisms, fish, amphibians, insects, mammals and plants. It describes the key structures and processes involved in gas exchange such as gills, lungs, diffusion, and the opening and closing of stomata in plants.

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    Gaseous Exchange..

    Uploaded by

    sunoyebimpe
    13 views6 pages
    The document discusses the respiratory systems of various organisms including aquatic organisms, fish, amphibians, insects, mammals and plants. It describes the key structures and processes involved in gas exchange such as gills, lungs, diffusion, and the opening and closing of stomata in plants.

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    Gaseous Exchange

    Original Title

    3. GASEOUS EXCHANGE..

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    The document discusses the respiratory systems of various organisms including aquatic organisms, fish, amphibians, insects, mammals and plants. It describes the key structures and processes involved in gas exchange such as gills, lungs, diffusion, and the opening and closing of stomata in plants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    13 views6 pages

    Gaseous Exchange..

    Uploaded by

    sunoyebimpe
    The document discusses the respiratory systems of various organisms including aquatic organisms, fish, amphibians, insects, mammals and plants. It describes the key structures and processes involved in gas exchange such as gills, lungs, diffusion, and the opening and closing of stomata in plants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    GASEOUS EXCHANGE/RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

    Respiration involves the taking of oxygen for production


    of energy. Respiration could be:
     EXTERNAL i.e. gaseous exchange or
     INTERNAL/CELLULAR RESPIRATION i.e. breaking
    down of food to release energy needed by the cells.
    GASEOUS EXCHANGE: This is the taking in of oxygen
    and giving out of carbon-dioxide and water vapour. It
    occurs with the use of special structures
    CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY SURFACES.
    i. They have large surface area for easy diffusion of
    gases
    ii. They are richly supplied with blood capillaries.
    iii. They are moist.
    iv. They are covered with thin membrane.
    v. They are usually in direct contact with capillaries.
    RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
    Respiratory medium of aquatic organism is water.
    Oxygen is more readily dissolved in fresh water than in
    salt water.
    i. Body surface of microscopic aquatic organisms like
    amoeba, paramecium etc. Absorb oxygen dissolved
    in water by diffusion while carbondioxide diffuse
    out through the same body surface. This diffusion is
    aided by the large surface area to volume ratio of
    the unicellular organism and the very short distance
    the gases pass through.
    ii. Gills in fishes e.g. Tilapia, Tadpole, crayfish etc. The
    respiratory system of the fish is composed of the mouth,
    the gills and gill cover (operculum).
    MECHANISM OF BREATHING/GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN FISH
     Operculum is closed, mouth is opened
     Floor of mouth is lowered, causing the volume of the
    mouth to increase and mouth pressure lowered
     Water flows from outside into the mouth
     Mouth is closed; the floor of the mouth is raised, causing
    an increase in the pressure of the mouth.
     Oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries of the
    filaments and carbon-dioxide diffuses out from the blood
    into the water.
     Operculum opens, water with carbon-dioxide rush out.
     Gill rakers sift out particles in water to prevent them
    from reaching the gill filaments.
    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN AMPHIBIANS e.g. toad, frog
    The adult toad/frog carries out gaseous exchange in three
    ways which are
    a.Through moist skin (cutaneous respiration)
    b.Through the mouth (Buccal respiration)
    c. Through the lungs (pulmonary respiration)

    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN INSECTS, CENTIPEDES


    In insects, gaseous exchange occurs through the tracheal
    system. Tracheal system is made of spiracles, trachea and
    tracheoles. Spiracles are openings on each abdominal
    segment; there is a pair of spiracle on each abdominal
    segment. Spiracles lead to tubes called trachea and trachea
    to tracheoles. Tracheoles to body tissues.
    THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN MAMMALS (e.g. humans)
    Respiratory organs in mammals include trachea (wind pipe),
    bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, ribs, sternum, nostrils and
    intercostal muscles, larynx, pharynx and diaphragm. The
    trachea branches into two bronchi (singular-bronchus). Each
    bronchus branches into bronchioles inside the lungs. The
    bronchioles lead into numerous air sacs called alveoli.
    Gaseous exchange mechanism
    Gaseous exchange by inhalation/inspiration/breathing and
    exhalation/expiration/breathing out
    INHALATION /INSPIRATION
     Air rich in oxygen rushes into the lungs.
     Diaphragm contracts, becomes flattened out.
     External intercostal muscles contract.
     Rib cage moves up and stretches outward.
     Volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
     Lungs expand (increases in volume).
     Air pressure in the lungs decreases.
    MECHANISM OF EXHALATION/EXPIRATION
     Air rich in carbon-dioxide rushes out.
     Diaphragm relaxes, forms its normal dome shape
     Internal Intercostal muscles contract
     Ribs move downward and inwards
     Volume of the thoracic cavity reduces
     Lungs contract
     Pressure of air inside the lungs increases
     Air flows out from the lungs through the nostrils into the
    atmosphere
    N.B: During expiration, the air inside the lungs is never
    completely exhaled. The air left in the lungs is called residual
    air while that which is exchanged with each breath is called
    tidal air.
    GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS
    Plants do not have any special respiratory organs. Oxygen
    diffuses in and carbon-dioxide diffuses out through opening
    called stomata in leaves or lenticels on their stems.
    MECHANISM OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA IN
    PLANTS
    Guard cells – the only cell of the epidermis that has
    chloroplast manufactures sugar through photosynthesis. The
    sugar in the guard cell is in solution and causes water to
    move into the guard cells from the neighbouring cells by
    osmosis. The guard cell becomes turgid and the stomata
    open.
    Excessive loss of water/evaporation due to high temperature
    causes guard cells to lose its turgidity. Likewise, loss of turgor
    and darkness cause guard cells flaccidity. The flaccidity
    causes stomata to close. When sugar present in guard cells
    are used up or converted to starch, the surrounding
    epidermal cells become hypertonic to the fluid in the guard
    cells. Guard cells thus lose water by exosmosis, and become
    shrunk. Then the stomata pore is closed.
    When the guard cells are turgid (stomata open) gases e.g.
    oxygen, CO2, etc., diffuse through the stomata into the
    intercellular air spaces inside the leaf from where the gases
    reach the cells of the leaf. During the day, the stomata opens
    and closes at night.
    Gaseous exchange and photosynthesis occur simultaneously
    during the day. Oxygen is taken in and carbon-dioxide is
    released during the respiration. CO2 produced may be used
    for photosynthesis while O2 is released.
    In bright sunlight, with an adequate supply of water, rate of
    photosynthesis exceeds that of respiration, there is therefore
    net production of oxygen. In dim light, the rate of
    photosynthesis is slow. A compensation point is reached
    when the amount of O2 produced by photosynthesis matches
    that used for respiration.
    N.B: Lenticels do not open and close like stomata. They
    remain open all the time.

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