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History
Higher level and standard level
Paper 1

10 May 2023

Zone A afternoon Zone B morning Zone C afternoon

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y The history higher level and standard level paper 1 source booklet is required for this
examination paper.
y Answer all questions from one prescribed subject using the relevant sources in the source
booklet.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [24 marks].

Prescribed subject Questions

1: M
 ilitary leaders 1–4
2: C
 onquest and its impact 5–8
3: The move to global war 9 – 12
4: R
 ights and protest 13 – 16
5: C
 onflict and intervention 17 – 20

2223 – 5301
4 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2023
 –2– 2223 – 5301

Prescribed subject 1: Military leaders

Read sources A to D in the source booklet and answer questions 1 to 4. The sources and questions
relate to case study 1: Genghis Khan (1200–1227) — Campaigns: Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
(1219–1221).

1. (a) What, according to Source A, were the consequences of the Mongol invasion
of Khwarezmia?[3]

(b) What does Source D suggest about the Mongol invasion of the region?[2]

2. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of
Source C for an historian studying the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia.[4]

3. Compare and contrast what Sources A and B reveal about the Mongol invasion of
Khwarezmia (1219–1221).[6]

4. Using the sources and your own knowledge, discuss the factors that led to the Mongol
invasion of Khwarezmia.[9]

Prescribed subject 2: Conquest and its impact

Read sources E to H in the source booklet and answer questions 5 to 8. The sources and questions
relate to case study 2: The conquest of Mexico and Peru (1519–1551) — Key events and actors:
Key actors: Diego de Almagro, Malinche, Atahualpa, Moctezuma II; Bartolomé de las Casas;
Juan Gines Sepúlveda.

5. (a) What, according to Source E, were the problems that Moctezuma II faced with the
arrival of the Spanish?[3]

(b) What does Source F suggest about the arrival of the Spanish in the region?[2]

6. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of
Source H for an historian studying the conflict between Moctezuma II and the Spanish.[4]

7. Compare and contrast what Sources G and H reveal about the events in Cholula.[6]

8. Using the sources and your own knowledge, discuss the reasons why Moctezuma II was
defeated by the Spanish.[9]
 –3– 2223 – 5301

Prescribed subject 3: The move to global war

Read sources I to L in the source booklet and answer questions 9 to 12. The sources and
questions relate to case study 2: German and Italian expansion (1933–1940) — Causes of
expansion: Appeasement.

9. (a) What, according to Source I, were Churchill’s criticisms of the British government policy
of appeasement?[3]

(b) What does Source J reveal about British defence spending in the 1930s?[2]

10. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of
Source I for an historian studying appeasement.[4]

11. Compare and contrast what Sources K and L reveal about the policy of appeasement.[6]

12. Using the sources and your own knowledge, evaluate the effectiveness of the British
government’s policy of appeasement.[9]

Prescribed subject 4: Rights and protest

Read sources M to P in the source booklet and answer questions 13 to 16. The sources and questions
relate to case study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) — Nature and
characteristics of discrimination: Segregation and education. Little Rock (1957).

13. (a) What, according to Source M, were the signs of hope seen by Martin Luther King after
the events at Little Rock?[3]

(b) What does Source N reveal about the problems facing the Little Rock School Board?[2]

14. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of
Source O for an historian studying the events at Little Rock in 1957.[4]

15. Compare and contrast what Sources O and P reveal about the role played by
President Eisenhower at Little Rock.[6]

16. Using the sources and your own knowledge, discuss the reasons why the crisis in Little Rock
in 1957 was resolved.[9]

Turn over
 –4– 2223 – 5301

Prescribed subject 5: Conflict and intervention

Read sources Q to T in the source booklet and answer questions 17 to 20. The sources and questions
relate to case study 2: Kosovo (1989–2002) — Course and interventions: Response of the international
community; response of the UN; NATO bombing campaign; Kosovo Force (KFOR).

17. (a) Why, according to Source Q, did the US join NATO’s bombing campaign against
Serbian forces?[3]

(b) What does Source R suggest about the effects of NATO’s bombing campaign?[2]

18. With reference to its origin, purpose and content, analyse the value and limitations of
Source T for an historian studying NATO’s bombing campaign against Serbian forces.[4]

19. Compare and contrast what Sources S and T reveal about NATO’s bombing campaign
against Serbian forces.[6]

20. Using the sources and your own knowledge, to what extent do you agree with the view that
NATO’s bombing campaign in Kosovo was successful?[9]