Iso 6336-2
Iso 6336-2
Iso 6336-2
BS-ISO Helical Gear Fat igue Life Est imat ion and Wear Quant it at ive Feat ure Analysis
Andrew St arr
FLENDER Drives Answers for indust ry. Fundament al Principles of Mechanical Engineering
Pedro Romo Ort iz
BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO
6336-2:2006
Incorporating
corrigendum
June 2008
Calculation of load
capacity of spur and
helical gears —
Part 2 : Calculation of
surface durability (pitting)
ICS 21.200
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BS ISO 6336-2:2006
National foreword
© BSI 2008
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6336-2
Second edition
2006-09-01
Reference number
ISO 6336-2:2006(E)
ii
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms......................................................................... 2
4 Pitting damage and safety factors ...................................................................................................... 2
5 Basic formulæ ....................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2 Safety factor for surface durability (against pitting), SH ................................................................... 3
5.3 Contact stress, σH ................................................................................................................................. 3
5.4 Permissible contact stress, σHP .......................................................................................................... 5
6 Zone factor, ZH, and single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD ................................................... 9
6.1 Zone factor, ZH ...................................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD, for εα u 2 .................................................................. 10
6.3 Single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD, for εα > 2................................................................... 11
iii
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 6336-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 2, Gear capacity
calculation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6336-2:1996), Clause 13 of which has been
technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigenda ISO 6336-2:1996/Cor.1:1998 and
ISO 6336-2:1996/Cor.2:1999.
ISO 6336 consists of the following parts, under the general title Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical
gears:
iv
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Introduction
Hertzian pressure, which serves as a basis for the calculation of contact stress, is the basic principle used in
this part of ISO 6336 for the assessment of the surface durability of cylindrical gears. It is a significant
indicator of the stress generated during tooth flank engagement. However, it is not the sole cause of pitting,
and nor are the corresponding subsurface shear stresses. There are other contributory influences, for
example, coefficient of friction, direction and magnitude of sliding and the influence of lubricant on distribution
of pressure. Development has not yet advanced to the stage of directly including these in calculations of
load-bearing capacity; however, allowance is made for them to some degree in the derating factors and
choice of material property values.
In spite of shortcomings, Hertzian pressure is useful as a working hypothesis. This is attributable to the fact
that, for a given material, limiting values of Hertzian pressure are preferably derived from fatigue tests on gear
specimens; thus, additional relevant influences are included in the values. Therefore, if the reference datum is
located in the application range, Hertzian pressure is acceptable as a design basis for extrapolating from
experimental data to values for gears of different dimensions.
Several methods have been approved for the calculation of the permissible contact stress and the
determination of a number of factors (see ISO 6336-1).
v
blank
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
IMPORTANT — The user of this part of ISO 6336 is cautioned that when the method specified is used
for large helix angles and large pressure angles, the calculated results should be confirmed by
experience as by Method A. In addition, it is important to note that best correlation has been obtained
for helical gears when high accuracy and optimum modifications are employed.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 6336 specifies the fundamental formulæ for use in the determination of the surface load
capacity of cylindrical gears with involute external or internal teeth. It includes formulæ for all influences on
surface durability for which quantitative assessments can be made. It applies primarily to oil-lubricated
transmissions, but can also be used to obtain approximate values for (slow-running) grease-lubricated
transmissions, as long as sufficient lubricant is present in the mesh at all times.
The given formulæ are valid for cylindrical gears with tooth profiles in accordance with the basic rack
standardized in ISO 53. They may also be used for teeth conjugate to other basic racks where the actual
transverse contact ratio is less than εαn = 2,5. The results are in good agreement with other methods for the
range, as indicated in the scope of ISO 6336-1.
These formulæ cannot be directly applied for the assessment of types of gear tooth surface damage such as
plastic yielding, scratching, scuffing or any other than that described in Clause 4.
The load capacity determined by way of the permissible contact stress is called the “surface load capacity” or
“surface durability”.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 53:1998, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering — Standard basic rack tooth profile
ISO 6336-1:2006, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors
ISO 6336-5:2003, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Part 5: Strength and quality of
material
1
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The extent to which such pits can be tolerated (in size and number) varies within wide limits, depending
largely on the field of application. In some fields, extensive pitting can be accepted; in other fields any
appreciable pitting is to be avoided.
The following assessments, relevant to average working conditions, will help in distinguishing between initial
pitting and destructive pitting.
Linear or progressive increase of the total area of pits is unacceptable; however, the effective tooth bearing
area can be enlarged by initial pitting, and the rate of generation of pits could subsequently reduce
(degressive pitting), or cease (arrested pitting). Such pitting is considered tolerable. In the event of dispute,
the following rule is determinant.
Pitting involving the formation of pits that increase linearly or progressively with time under unchanged service
conditions (linear or progressive pitting) is not acceptable. Damage assessment shall include the entire active
area of all the tooth flanks. The number and size of newly developed pits in unhardened tooth flanks shall be
taken into consideration. It is a frequent occurrence that pits are formed on just one or only a few of the
surface hardened gear tooth flanks. In such circumstances, assessment shall be centred on the flanks actually
pitted. Teeth suspected of being especially at risk should be marked for critical examination if a quantitative
evaluation is required.
In special cases, a first rough assessment can be based on considerations of the entire quantity of wear
debris. In critical cases, the condition of the flanks should be examined at least three times. The first
examination should, however, only take place after at least 106 cycles of load. Further examination should
take place after a period of service depending on the results of the previous examination.
If the deterioration by pitting is such that it puts human life in danger, or there is a risk that it could lead to
some grave consequences, then pitting is not tolerable. Due to stress concentration effects, a pit of a diameter
of 1 mm near the fillet of a through-hardened or case-hardened tooth of a gear can become the origin of a
crack which could lead to tooth breakage; for this reason, such a pit shall be considered as intolerable (e.g. in
aerospace transmissions).
Similar considerations are true for turbine gears. In general, during the long life (1010 to 1011 cycles) which is
demanded of these gears, neither pitting nor unduly severe wear is tolerable. Such damage could lead to
unacceptable vibrations and excessive dynamic loads. Appropriately generous safety factors should be
included in the calculation, i.e. only a low probability of failure can be tolerated.
In contrast, pitting over 100 % of the working flanks can be tolerated for some slow-speed industrial gears with
large teeth (e.g. module 25) made from low hardness steel where they will safely transmit the rated power for
10 to 20 years. Individual pits may be up to 20 mm in diameter and 8 mm deep. The apparently “destructive”
pitting which occurs during the first two or three years of service normally slows down. The tooth flanks
become smoothed and work hardened to the extent of increasing the surface Brinell hardness number by
50 % or more.
For such conditions, relatively low safety factors (in some cases less than one) may be chosen, with a
correspondingly higher probability of tooth surface damage. A high factor of safety against tooth breakage is
necessary.
Comments on the choice of safety factor SH can be found in ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.1.7. It is recommended that
the manufacturer and customer agree on the values of the minimum safety factor.
2
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
5 Basic formulæ
5.1 General
The calculation of surface durability is based on the contact stress, σH, at the pitch point or at the inner point
of single pair tooth contact. The higher of the two values obtained is used to determine the load capacity
(determinant). σH and the permissible contact stress, σHP, shall be calculated separately for wheel and pinion.
σH shall be less than σHP. This comparison will be expressed in safety factors SH1 and SH2 which shall be
higher than the agreed minimum safety factor SHmin. Four categories are recognized in the calculation of σH,
as follows.
⎯ for a pinion, σH is usually calculated at the inner point of single pair tooth contact. In special cases,
σH at the pitch point is greater and thus determinant;
⎯ for a spur wheel, in the case of external teeth, σH is usually calculated at the pitch point, however, in
special cases — particularly in the case of small transmission ratios (see 6.2), — σH is greater at the
inner point of single pair tooth contact of the wheel and is thus determinant; whereas, for internal
teeth, σH is always calculated at the pitch point.
b) Helical gears with contact ratio εα W 1 and overlap ratio εβ W 1: σH is always calculated at the pitch point
for pinion and wheel.
c) Helical gears with contact ratio εα W 1 and overlap ratio εβ < 1: σH is determined by linear interpolation
between the two limit values, i.e. σH for spur gears and σH for helical gears with εβ = 1 in which the
determination of σH for each is to be based on the numbers of teeth on the actual gears.
d) ˆHelical gears with ea εα < 1 and with εe.γ > 1:‰ not covered by ISO 6336 — a careful analysis of the
contact stress along the path of contact is necessary.
σ HG1
S H1 = > S H min (1)
σ H1
σ
S H2 = > S H min
HG 2
(2)
σ H2
Take σH1,2 in accordance with Equation (4) for the pinion and in accordance with Equation (5) for the wheel
(see 5.1). Calculate σHG for long life and static stress limits in accordance with Equation (6) and 5.4.2 a) and
b). For limited life, calculate σHG in accordance with Equation (6) and 5.4.3.
NOTE This is the calculated safety factor with regard to contact stress (Hertzian pressure). The corresponding factor
relative to torque capacity is equal to the square of SH.
For notes on minimum safety factor and probability of failure, see Clause 4 and ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.1.7.
The total tangential load in the case of gear trains with multiple transmission paths, planetary gear systems or
split-path gear trains is not quite evenly distributed over the individual meshes (depending on design,
tangential speed and manufacturing accuracy). This is to be taken into consideration by inserting the mesh
3
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
load factor Kγ to follow KA in Equations (4) and (5), and to adjust the average tangential load per mesh as
necessary.
Ft u +1
σ H0 = Z H Z E Z ε Z β (3)
d1 b u
σ H1 = Z B σ H0 K A K v K H β K Hα (4)
σ H2 = Z D σ H0 K A K v K H β K Hα (5)
where
σH0 is the nominal contact stress at the pitch point, which is the stress induced in flawless (error-free)
gearing by application of static nominal torque;
ZB is the pinion single pair tooth contact factor of the pinion (see 6.2 and 6.3), which converts contact
stress at the pitch point to the contact stress at the inner point of single pair tooth contact on the
pinion;
ZD is the single pair tooth contact factor of the wheel (see 6.2), which converts contact stress at the
pitch point to contact stress at the inner point of single pair tooth contact of the wheel;
KA is the application factor (see ISO 6336-6), which takes into account the load increment due to
externally influenced variations of input or output torque;
Kv is the dynamic factor (see ISO 6336-1), which takes into account load increments due to internal
dynamic effects;
KHβ is the face load factor for contact stress (see ISO 6336-1), which takes into account uneven
distribution of load over the facewidth, due to mesh misalignment caused by inaccuracies in
manufacture, elastic deformations, etc.;
KHα is the transverse load factor for contact stress (see ISO 6336-1), which takes into account uneven
load distribution in the transverse direction resulting, for example, from pitch deviation;1)
ZH is the zone factor (see Clause 6), which takes into account the flank curvatures at the pitch point
and transforms tangential load at the reference cylinder to tangential load at the pitch cylinder;
ZE is the elasticity factor (see Clause 7), which takes into account specific properties of the material,
moduli of elasticity E1, E2 and Poisson's ratios ν1, ν2;
Zε is the contact ratio factor (see Clause 8), which takes into account the influence of the effective
length of the lines of contact;
Zβ is the helix angle factor (see Clause 9), which takes into account influences of the helix angle, such
as the variation of the load along the lines of contact;
Ft is the nominal tangential load, the transverse load tangential to the reference cylinder (see related
requirement, below);
b is the facewidth (for a double helix gear b = 2 bB) (see related requirement, below);
1) See ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.1.14, for the sequence in which factors KA, Kv, KHβ, KHα are calculated.
4
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
u is the gear ratio = z2/z1. For external gears u is positive, and for internal gears u is negative.
The total tangential load per mesh shall be introduced for Ft in every case (even with εαn > 2). See
ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.2, for the definition of Ft and comments on particular characteristics of double-helical
gearing. The value b of mating gears is the smaller of the facewidths at the root circles of pinion and wheel
ignoring any intentional transverse chamfers or tooth-end rounding. Neither unhardened portions of
surface-hardened gear tooth flanks nor the transition zones shall be included.
The limit values of contact stresses (see Clause 10) should preferably be derived from material tests using
meshing gears as test pieces (see Introduction). The more closely test gears and test conditions resemble the
service gears and service conditions, the more relevant to the calculations the derived values will be.
5.4.1 Determination of permissible contact stress σHP — Principles, assumptions and application
Several procedures for the determination of permissible contact stresses are acceptable. The method adopted
shall be validated by carrying out careful comparative studies of well-documented service histories of a
number of gears.
5.4.1.1 Method A
In Method A the permissible contact stress σHP (or the pitting stress limit, σHG) for reference stress, long and
limited life and static stresses is calculated using Equation (4) or (5) from the S-N curve or damage curve
derived from tests of actual gear pair duplicates under appropriate service conditions.
The cost required for this method is in general only justifiable for the development of new products, failure of
which would have serious consequences (e.g. for manned space flight).
Similarly, the permissible stress values may be derived from consideration of dimensions, service conditions
and performance of carefully monitored reference gears. The more closely the dimensions and service
conditions of the actual gears resemble those of the reference gears, the more effective will be the application
of such values for purposes of design ratings or calculation checks.
5.4.1.2 Method B
Damage curves, characterized by the allowable stress number values, σH lim, and the limited life factors, ZNT,
have been determined for a number of common gear materials and heat treatments from the results of gear
loading tests with standard reference test gears.
These test gear values are converted to suit the dimensions and service conditions of the actual gear pair
using the (relative) influence factors for lubricant ZL, pitch line velocity Zv, flank surface roughness ZR, work
hardening ZW and size ZX.
Method B is recommended for reasonably accurate calculation whenever pitting resistance values are
available from gear tests, from special tests or, if the material is similar, from ISO 6336-5 (see Introduction).
5.4.1.3 Method BR
Material characteristic values are determined by rolling pairs of disks in loaded contact. The magnitude and
direction of the sliding speed in these tests should be adjusted to represent the in-service slide and roll
conditions of the tooth flanks in the areas at risk from pitting.
Method BR may be used when stress values derived from gear tests are not available. The method is
particularly suitable for the determination of the surface durability of various materials relative to one another.
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BS ISO 6336-2:2006
σ H lim Z NT σ HG
σHP = ZL Z v ZR Z W Z X = (6)
S H min S Hmin
where
σH lim is the allowable stress number (contact) (see Clause 10 and ISO 6336-5), which accounts
for the influence of material, heat treatment and surface roughness of the standard reference
test gears;
ZNT is the life factor for test gears for contact stress (see Clause 11), which accounts for higher
load capacity for a limited number of load cycles;
ZL, ZR, Zv are factors that, together, cover the influence of the oil film on tooth contact stress;
ZL is the lubricant factor (see Clause 12), which accounts for the influence of the lubricant
viscosity;
ZR is the roughness factor (see Clause 12), which accounts for the influence of surface
roughness;
Zv is the velocity factor (see Clause 12), which accounts for the influence of pitch line velocity;
ZW is the work hardening factor (see Clause 13), which accounts for the effect of meshing with a
surface hardened or similarly hard mating gear.
ZX is the size factor for contact stress (see Clause 14), which accounts for the influence of the
tooth dimensions for the permissible contact stress.
a) Permissible contact stress (reference), σHP ref, is derived from Equation (6), with ZNT = 1 and the
influence factors σH lim, ZL, Zv, ZR, ZW , ZR, ZX and SH min calculated using Method B.
b) Permissible contact stress (static), σHP stat, is determined in accordance with Equation (6), with all
influence factors (for static stress) following Method B.
5.4.3 Permissible contact stress for limited and long life: Method B
In Method B, provision is made for determination of σHP by graphical or computed linear interpolation on a
log-log scale between the value obtained for reference in accordance with 5.4.2 a) and the value obtained for
static stress in accordance with 5.4.2 b). Values appropriate to the relevant number of load cycles, NL, are
indicated by the S-N curve. See Clause 11.
Calculate σHP for reference stress and static stress in accordance with 5.4.2 and plot the S-N curve
corresponding to the life factor ZNT. See Figure 1 for principle. σHP for the relevant number of load cycles NL
may be read from this graph.
6
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Key
X number of load cycles, NL (log)
Y permissible contact stress, σHP (log)
1 static
2 limited life
3 long life
a Example: permissible contact stress, σHP for a given number of load cycles.
Figure 1 — Graphic determination of permissible contact stress for limited life — Method B
Calculate σHP ref for reference and σHP stat for static strength in accordance with 5.4.2 and, using these results,
determine σHP, in accordance with Method B for limited life and the number of load cycles NL in the range as
follows (see ISO 6336-1:2006, Table 2, for an explanation of the abbreviations used).
a) St, V, GGG(perl., bain.), GTS(perl.), Eh, IF, if a certain number of pits is permissible:
⎯ For the limited life stress range, 6 × 105 < NL u 107 in accordance with Figure 6:
exp
⎛ 3 × 10 8 ⎞
σHP = σHP ref ZN = σHP ref ⎜ ⎟ (7)
⎜ NL ⎟
⎝ ⎠
7
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
where
σ HP stat
exp = 0,370 5 log (8)
σ HP ref
⎯ For the limited life stress range, 107 < NL u 109 in accordance with Figure 6:
exp
⎛ 10 9 ⎞
σHP = σHP ref ZN = σHP ref ⎜ ⎟ (9)
⎜ NL ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where
σ HP stat
exp = 0,279 1 log (10)
σ HP ref
b) St, V, GGG(perl., bain.), GTS(perl.), Eh, IF, when no pits are permissible:
⎯ For the limited life stress range, 105 < NL u 5 × 107 in accordance with Figure 6:
exp
⎛ 5 × 10 7 ⎞
σHP = σHP ref ZN = σHP ref ⎜ ⎟ (11)
⎜ NL ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where
⎯ For the limited life stress range, 105 < NL u 2 × 106 in accordance with Figure 6:
exp
⎛ 2 × 10 6 ⎞
σHP = σHP ref ZN = σHP ref ⎜ ⎟ (12)
⎜ NL ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where
σ H P stat
exp = 0,768 6 log (13)
σ HP ref
d) NV(nitrocar.)
⎯ For the limited life stress range, 105 < NL u 2 × 106 in accordance with Figure 6:
exp
⎛ 2 × 10 6 ⎞
σ HP = σ HP ref Z N = σ HP ref ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (14)
⎝ NL ⎠
where
σ HP stat
ˆ exp = 0,768 6 log ‰ (15)
σ HP ref
8
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
6 Zone factor, ZH, and single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD
These factors account for the influence of tooth flank curvature on contact stress.
The zone factor, ZH, accounts for the influence on Hertzian pressure of tooth flank curvature at the pitch point
and transforms the tangential load at the reference cylinder to normal load at the pitch cylinder.
ZH can be taken from Figure 2 as a function of (x1 + x2) / (z1 + z2) and β for external and internal gears having
normal pressure angles αn = 20°, 22,5° or 25°.
Key
X zone factor, ZH
Y helix angle at reference circle β
2 cosβ b cosα wt
ZH = (16)
cos 2 α t sinα wt
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BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD, are used to transform the contact stress at the pitch point of
spur gears to the contact stress at the inner point B of single pair tooth contact of the pinion or at the inner
point D of single pair tooth contact of the wheel if ZB > 1 or ZD > 1. See Figure 3 and 5.1.
Key
1 pinion
2 wheel
Figure 3 — Radii of curvature at pitch point C and single pair tooth contact point B of pinion
and D of wheel for determination of pinion single pair tooth contact factor ZB in accordance
with Equation (17) and wheel single pair tooth contact factor ZD in accordance with Equation (18)
(only for external spur gears)
In general, ZD should only be determined for gears when u < 1,5. When u > 1,5, M2 is usually less than 1,0 in
which case ZD is made equal to 1,0 in Equation (17).
Determination by calculation:
ρ C1 ρ C2 tan α wt
M1 = = (17)
ˆ ρ B1 ρ B2 ‰
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ d a1 2π ⎟⎜ d a2 2π ⎟
−1− − 1 − (ε α − 1)
⎜ d2 z1 ⎟⎜ d b2
2 z2 ⎟
⎝ b1 ⎠⎝ ⎠
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BS ISO 6336-2:2006
ρ C1 ρ C2 tan α wt
ˆ M2 = =
ρ D1 ρ D2 ⎛ d2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ (18)
⎜ a2 2π ⎟ ⎜ d a1 2π ⎟ ‰
−1 − − 1 − (ε α − 1)
⎜ d2 z 2 ⎟ ⎜ d b1
2 z1 ⎟
⎝ b2 ⎠⎝ ⎠
Equation (17) and (18) are not valid, if undercut shortens the path of contact. See 8.2.1 for calculation of the
profile contact ratio εα.
if M1 u 1 then ZB = 1; if M2 u 1 then ZD = 1;
ZB = ZD = 1
ZB and ZD are determined by linear interpolation between the values for spur and helical gearing with
εβ W 1:
ZB = M1 − εβ (M1 − 1) and ZB W 1
ZD = M2 − εβ (M2 − 1) and ZD W 1
If ZB or ZD are made equal to 1, the contact stresses calculated using Equation (4) or (5) are the values
for the contact stress at the pitch cylinder.
d) Helical gears with εα u 1 and with εγ > 1: not covered by ISO 6336 — a careful analysis of the decisive
contact stress along the path of contact is necessary.
Methods a), b) and c) apply to the calculation of contact stress when the pitch point lies in the path of contact.
If the pitch point C is determinant and lies outside the path of contact, then ZB and/or ZD are determined for
contact at the adjacent tip circle. For helical gearing when εβ is less than 1,0, ZB and ZD are determined by
linear interpolation between the values (determined at the pitch point or at the adjacent tip circle as
appropriate) for spur gears and those helical gears with εβ W 1.
6.3 Single pair tooth contact factors, ZB and ZD, for εα > 2
In the case of meshing gear pairs of high precision with 2 < εα u 2,5, the entire tangential load in any
transverse plane is supported by two pairs, or three pairs, of teeth in continued succession. For such gears,
the calculation of contact stress is based on the inner point of two pair tooth contact of the pinion.
7 Elasticity factor, ZE
The elasticity factor, ZE, takes into account the influences of the material properties E (modulus of elasticity)
and ν (Poisson's ratio) on the contact stress.
1
ZE = (19)
⎛ 1−ν 2 1 − ν 22 ⎞
π⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎜ E1 E2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
11
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
When E1 = E2 = E and ν1 = ν2 = ν :
E
ZE = (20)
2π(1 − ν 2 )
Z E = 0,175 E (21)
For mating gears in material having different moduli of elasticity E1 and E2, the equivalent modulus
2 E1 E 2
E= (22)
E1 + E 2
may be used.
Wheel 1 Wheel 2
Modulus of Modulus of ZE
Poisson’s Poisson’s
Material a elasticity, E Material elasticity, E
ratio, ν ratio, ν N/mm 2
N/mm2 N/mm2
St, V, Eh, IF, NT,
206 000 189,8
NV
St(cast) 202 000 188,9
St, V, Eh, IF,
206 000 GGG, GTS 173 000 181,4
NT, NV
126 000 165,4
GG to to
118 000 162,0
0,3 St(cast) 202 000 0,3 188,0
St(cast) 202 000 GGG, GTS 173 000 180,5
GG 118 000 161,4
GGG, GTS 173 000 173,9
GGG, GTS 173 000
GG 118 000 156,6
126 000 146,0
GG to GG 118 000 to
118 000 143,7
a See ISO 6336-1:2006, Table 2, for explanation of abbreviations used.
bvir 1
= (23)
b z ε2
The average length of the line of contact calculated on a simplified basis is used as the appropriate value for
helical gearing with εβ > 1.
12
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Zε for known contact and overlap ratio factors may be read from Figure 4.
Key
X transverse contact ratio, εα
Y contact ratio factor, Zε
a) Spur gears:
4 − εα
Zε = (24)
3
The conservative value of Zε = 1,0 may be chosen for spur gears having a contact ratio less than 2,0.
b) Helical gears:
4 − εα εβ
Zε = (1 − ε β ) + for εβ < 1 (25)
3 εα
1
Zε = for εβ W 1 (26)
εα
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BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The calculation is based on the roll angle ξ and the angular pitch τ, both expressed in radians in the following
equations.
ξ fw 1 + ξ aw 1 ξ fw 2 + ξ aw 2
εα = = (27)
τ1 τ2
where
ξfw1,2 are the roll angles from the root form diameters to the working pitch point, taken as the least
value of
d b1
ξ fw 1 = tan α wt − tan arccos (29)
d soi1
d b2
ξ fw 2 = tan α wt − tan arccos (30)
d soi2
⎛ db2 ⎞
ξ fw1 = ⎜ tan arccos − tan α wt ⎟ z 2 (31)
⎝ d a2 ⎠ z1
⎛ d b1 ⎞
ξ fw 2 = ⎜ tan arccos − tan α wt ⎟ z1 (32)
⎝ d a1 ⎠ z2
ξaw1,2 are the roll angles from the working pitch point to the tip diameter
z2 z
ξ aw 1 = ξ fw 2 , ξ aw 2 = ξ fw 1 1 (33)
z1 z2
2π 2π
τ 1= ,τ 2 = (34)
z1 z2
Equations (28) to (34) do not take into account undercut (see Annex A).
This is calculated by
b sin β
εβ = (35)
π mn
14
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Zβ is dependent only on the helix angle, β. For most purposes, the following empirical relationship is in
sufficiently good agreement with experimental and service experience, but that agreement is only achieved
when high accuracy and optimum modifications are employed:
1
ˆ Zβ = ‰ (36)
cos β
‰
Key
X helix angle at reference circle, β (°)
Y helix angle factor, Zβ
15
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Refer to 5.4.1.2 for details relevant to the following. For a demonstration of the use of σH lim, see Equation (6).
The value σH lim for a given material is considered as the highest value of contact stress, calculated in
accordance with this part of ISO 6336, which the material will endure for at least 2 × 106 to 5 × 107 load cycles
(see Figure 6 for start).
ISO 6336-5 provides information on commonly used gear materials, methods of heat treatment, and the
influence of gear quality on values for allowable stress numbers, σH lim, derived from test results of standard
reference test gears.
Also see ISO 6336-5 for requirements concerning material and heat treatment for qualities ML, MQ and ME.
Material quality MQ is generally selected unless otherwise agreed.
See 5.4.1.3 for detailed information. The allowable stress number values may be determined by means of
roller tests or can be taken from the literature.
c) lubrication regime,
d) failure criteria,
f) pitchline velocity,
i) residual stress.
For the purposes of this part of ISO 6336, the number of load cycles, NL, is defined as the number of mesh
contacts, under load, of the gear tooth being analysed.
16
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The S-N curve or damage curve derived from examples of the actual gear pair is determinant for load capacity
at limited service life and is thus also determinant for the materials of both mating gears, the heat treatment,
the relevant diameter, module, surface roughness of tooth flanks, pitch line velocity and the lubricant used.
Since the S-N curve or damage curve is directly valid for the conditions mentioned, the influences represented
by the Factors ZR, Zv, ZL, ZW and ZX are included in the curve and should therefore be assigned the value 1,0
in the calculation formulæ.
The permissible stress at limited service life or the safety factor in the limited life stress range is determined
using life factor ZNT for the standard reference test gear (see 5.4).
ZNT for static and reference stresses may be taken from Figure 6 or Table 2.
Key
X number of load cycles, NL
Y life factor, ZNT
17
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
12.1 General
The lubricant film between the tooth flanks influences surface durability. The following have a significant
influence:
c) loading;
e) relationship between the combined values of the surface roughnesses of the tooth flanks, and the
minimum thickness of the lubricant film.
According to EHD (elasto-hydrodynamic theory concerning the characteristics of lubricant films in zones of
elastic sliding/rolling contact), a) to d) above influence the film dimensions and pressures.
Furthermore, the nature of the lubricant (mineral oil, synthetic oil), its origin, its age, etc. will also have an
effect on surface durability.
NOTE Information and recommendations concerning the choice of lubricant type and viscosity can be found in other
publications.
18
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
By Method A the influence of the lubricant film on surface durability is determined on the basis of reliable
service experience or tests on geared transmissions having comparable dimensions, materials, lubricants and
operating conditions. The provisions of ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.1.12, are relevant.
The information provided is based on tests using standard reference test gears. The shaded fields in
Figures 7 to 9 show the tendency of the three factors which are included in the calculation procedure
according to Method B:
⎯ ZL for the influence of the nominal lubricant viscosity (as a characteristic value of the influence of the
lubricant) on the effect of the lubricant film;
⎯ Zv for the influence of the pitch line velocity on the effect of the lubricant film;
⎯ ZR for the influence of surface roughness of the flanks after running-in (as a manufacturing process) on
the effect of the lubricant film.
The considerable scatter (width of the hatched field) indicates that there are influences other than those
mentioned above, also involved in the lubricant film, which are not included in the calculation procedure.
These omissions were taken into consideration when plotting the curves in Figures 7 to 9. Clearly, they cannot
be considered as representing physical laws. They are, of course, empirical.
The influence factors are presented as independent of one another, but in reality cannot be completely
separated. For this reason, test results which were obtained by varying a single variable, while others were
held constant, were adjusted to take into account field experiences with gears of different sizes and operating
conditions. Thus, some of the recorded values do not correlate directly with test results. In general,
through-hardened gears are more sensitive than case-hardened gears to the influences of viscosity, pitch line
velocity and surface roughness. This is reflected in the empirical curves drawn in the scatter bands in
Figures 7 to 9 inclusive. When a gear pair consists of one which is of hard and one which is of soft material,
the factors ZL, Zv and ZR shall be determined for the softer of the materials. See ISO 6336-5 for σH lim values
of common gear materials.
The influence of the lubricant film is only fully effective at the long life stress level. The influence is low at
higher limited-life stress levels (see Clause 11 and 5.4).
The lubricant factor ZL was derived from tests using mineral oil (with and without EP additives). By comparison,
when testing certain synthetic lubricants in combination with case hardened test gears, values of ZL up to
1,1 times higher and with through-hardened test gears up to 1,4 times higher were observed.
These values should be verified in each individual case (where possible, curves similar to those provided for
mineral oils should be prepared for synthetic oils).
The factor ZL for mineral oils (with or without extreme pressure, EP, additives) can be determined as a
function of nominal viscosity at 40 °C (or 50 °C) and the value σH lim of the softer of the materials of the mating
gear pair, by following the directions in 12.3.1.1.2 a) and b). The values for ν40 apply for the viscosity index
VI = 95 and viscosities up to 500 cSt at 40 °C; for higher viscosities, use the value obtained at 500 cSt at
40 °C or 300 cSt at 50 °C to determine the value of ZL.
19
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
ZL can be read from Figure 7 as a function of the nominal viscosity of the lubricant at 40 °C (or 50 °C) and the
σH lim value.
Key
X1 nominal viscosity at 50 °C, ν50, mm2/s
X2 nominal viscosity at 40 °C, ν40, mm2/s
Y facteur lubrifiant, ZL
a) ZL can be calculated using Equations (37) to (41) which are consistent with the curves in Figure 7:
4(1,0 − C ZL ) 4(1,0 − C ZL )
ZL = CZL + = C ZL + (37)
2 2
⎛ 80 ⎞ ⎛ 134 ⎞
⎜ 1,2 + ⎟ ⎜ 1,2 + ⎟
⎝ ν 50 ⎠ ⎝ ν 40 ⎠
σ H lim
CZL = + 0,635 7 (38)
437 5
20
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The velocity factor, Zv, can, as a function of pitch line velocity and the allowable stress number σH lim of the
softer of the materials of the mating gear pair, be determined in accordance with 12.3.1.2.1 or 12.3.1.2.2.
Zv can be taken from Figure 8 as a function of the pitch line velocity and the σH lim value.
Zv can be calculated using Equations (42) and (43). They reproduce the curves in Figure 8.
2(1,0 − C Zv )
Zv = CZv + (42)
32
0,8 +
v
where
21
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Key
X pitch line velocity, v, m/s
Y velocity factor, Zv
12.3.1.3.1 General
The roughness factor, ZR, can be determined in accordance with the following, as a function of the surface
condition (roughness) of the tooth flanks, the dimensions (radius of relative curvature, ρred) 2), and the σH lim
value for the softer material of the mating gear pair.
ZR can be read from curves or calculated as a function of the “mean relative roughness” (relative to radius of
relative curvature at the pitch point ρred = 10 mm).
Rz1 + Rz 2
Rz = (44)
2
2) ρred is defined here as the radius of relative curvature at the pitch point. This also applies for internal gear pairs. For
pinion − rack contact, ρred = ρ1.
22
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The peak-to-valley roughness determined for the pinion, Rz1, and for the wheel, Rz2, are mean values for the
peak-to-valley roughness Rz measured on several tooth flanks 3).
The mean roughness Rz1 (pinion flank) and Rz2 (wheel flank) shall be determined for their surface condition
after manufacture, including any running-in treatment, planned as a manufacturing, commissioning or
in-service process, when it is safe to assume that it will take place.
10
Rz10 = Rz 3 (45)
ρ red
ρ1 ρ 2
ρred = ρ (46)
ρ1 + ρ 2
where
For external gearing, db has a positive sign; for internal gearing, db has a negative sign.
ZL can be read from Figure 7 as a function of the nominal viscosity of the lubricant at 40 °C (or 50 °C) and the
σH lim value.
ZR can be calculated using the following equations which are consistent with the curves in Figure 9.
C ZR
⎛ 3 ⎞
ZR = ⎜ ⎟ (48)
⎝ Rz10 ⎠
3) If roughness stated is an Ra value (= CLA value) (= AA value), the following approximation may be used for
conversion: Ra = CLA = AA = Rz/6.
23
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Key
X mean relative peak-to-valley roughness, Rz10, µm
Y roughness factor, ZR
The relationships in Equation (52) are valid for the static and upper limited life stress ranges (characterized by
the upper horizontal branches of S-N curves)
ZL = Zv = ZR = 1,0 (52)
The increase in the surface durability of the soft wheel depends not only on any work hardening of this wheel,
but also on other influences such as polishing (lubricant), alloying element and internal stresses in the soft
material, surface roughness of the hard pinion, contact stress and hardening processes.
The increase in load-bearing capacity as a result of the influences listed above is to be determined in
accordance with reliable operating experience or tests on geared transmissions of comparable dimensions,
materials, lubricants and operating conditions. The provisions given in ISO 6336-1:2006, 4.1.12, are relevant.
24
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
The data provided are based on tests of different materials, using standard reference test gears, as well as
production gearing field experience.
Although the curves in Figure 10 were carefully chosen, they cannot be interpreted as a physical law for the
reasons mentioned above. They are, like Equation (53), empirical.
where
Rz1 is the surface roughness of the harder pinion, in micrometres (µm) before running-in;
Rz2 is the surface roughness of the softer wheel, in micrometres (µm) before running-in;
ρred is radius of relative curvature at pitch point, in millimetres (mm), ˆsee Equation (46)‰ ;
ν40 is the nominal viscosity at 40 °C, in square millimetres per second (mm2/s);
The value of ZW is different for static, limited life and reference stress (stress ranges, see Figure 6).
NOTE Especially for rough pinion surfaces, values of ZW < 1 may be evaluated. As in this range effects of wear can
limit the surface durability, ZW is fixed at ZW = 1. An additional analysis concerning wear is recommended to be carried out
in this case. Wear of the surface is not covered by ISO 6336.
ZW for reference and long life stress can be taken from Figure 10 for the conditions listed in 12.2 as a function
of the flank hardness of the softer wheel.
25
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Key
X tooth flank hardness of softer wheel, HB
Y work hardening factor, ZW
For 130 u HB u 470, ZW for reference and long life stress is calculated as
0,15
⎛ HB − 130 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
ZW = ⎜ 1,2 − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (54)
⎝ 1 700 ⎠ ⎝ Rz H ⎠
where
HB is the Brinell hardness of the tooth flanks of the softer gear of the pair;
0,15
⎛ 3 ⎞
Z W = 1,2 ⎜ ⎟ (55)
⎝ Rz H ⎠
26
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
0,15
⎛ 3 ⎞
ZW =⎜ ⎟ (56)
⎝ Rz H ⎠
The calculated values for ZW are consistent with the curves in Figure 10.
HB − 130
Z W = 1,05 − (57)
680
Z W = 1,05 (58)
ZW = 1 (59)
When the pinion is substantially harder than the gear the work hardening effect increases the load capacity of
the gear flanks. ZW applies to the gear only, not to the pinion.
The value of ZW is different for static, limited life and reference stress (stress ranges, see Figure 6).
Values of ZW for long life stress may be taken from Figure 11.
where
Z W = 1,0 (62)
27
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Key
X single reduction gear ratio, u
Y work hardening factor, ZW
The calculated values for ZW are is consistent with the curves in Figure 11.
28
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
14 Size factor, ZX
By means of ZX, account is taken of statistical evidence indicating that the stress levels at which fatigue
damage occurs decrease with an increase of component size (larger number of weak points in structure), as a
consequence of the influence on subsurface defects of the smaller stress gradients which occur (theoretical
stress analysis) and the influence of size on material quality (effect on forging process, variations in structure,
etc.). Important influence parameters are
d) module, in the case of surface hardening, depth of hardened layer relative to the size of the teeth (core
supporting-effect).
29
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Annex A
(informative)
Start of involute
NOTE This method does not account for backlash (although using xE-factor will work) or for shaper cut gears.
Key
1 involute
2 trochoid
For a rack-type generation, the equations of the involute and the trochoid, taking into account the elliptical tip
of the rack and the tool protuberance, are
db
r inv = 1+ ξ 2 (A.1)
2
2 2
⎛d ⎞ ⎛ B cos β ⎞
rtro = ⎜ − B⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ (A.3)
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ tan ϕ ⎠
η tro = θ + ε − α t (A.4)
where
B = h fP − x mn − ρ fP + ρ fP sin φ (A.5)
30
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
2⎛ cos φ cos β ⎞
θ = tan α t + ⎜ ρ fP − A −B ⎟ (A.6)
d⎝ cos β tan φ ⎠
ρ fP − pr
A= + ( h fP − x mn − ρ fP ) tan α t (A.7)
cos α n cos β
B cos β
ε = arc tan (A.8)
(d /2 − B ) tan ϕ
d
sin 2 α t − [ h fP − x mn − ρ fP (1 − sin α n)] < 0 (A.9)
2
2 2
⎡d ⎤ ⎡ ( h fP − x m n − ρ fP + ρ fP sin α n) ⎤
r soi = r tro,(φ = α n) = ⎢ − ( h fP − x mn − ρ fP + ρ fP sin α n)⎥ + ⎢ ⎥ (A.10)
⎣2 ⎦ ⎣ tan α t ⎦
If undercut does exist the point of start of involute is located at the intersection of the involute and the trochoid,
so that two conditions should be verified:
31
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
2 2
⎛ d/ 2 − B(φ ) ⎞ ⎛ B(φ ) cos β ⎞
ξ = ξ (φ ) = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ −1 (A.13)
⎝ d b / 2 ⎠ ⎝ d b / 2 tan φ ⎠
Consequently, the root of f (ν) is the value of ν at the intersection point, which allows to calculate rsoi and ηsoi
according to Equations (A.1) to (A.4).
f (ν) may have two solutions in between the interval 0 < ν < π/2. However, the point of start of involute is
defined by the root giving the higher value of rtro, which is always the smaller root, as derived from Figure A.2.
The correct value of νsoi may be obtained by solving Equation (A.14) with an iteration method, such as by
Newton-Raphson, starting from a small value for ν. A few interation steps are required to find a solution.
32
BS ISO 6336-2:2006
Bibliography
[1] ISO 54:1977, Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering — Modules and
diametral pitches
[2] ISO 701:1998, International gear notation — Symbols for geometrical data
[3] ISO 1328-1:1995, Cylindrical gears — ISO system of accuracy — Part 1: Definitions and allowable
values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth
[4] ISO 4287:1997, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method —
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
[5] ISO 4288:1996, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Rules
and procedures for the assessment of surface texture
[7] ANSI/AGMA 2001-C95, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth
[9] NIEMANN, G. and W INTER, H. Maschinenelemente, Band 2, Getriebe. Springer, Berlin 1983
[10] OSTER, P. Beanspruchung der Zahnflanken unter Bedingungen der Elastohydrodynamik. Doctoral
dissertation, Technische Universität München, 1982
[11] JOACHIM, F.-J. Untersuchungen zur Grübchenbildung an vergüteten und normalisierten Zahnrädern
(Einfluß von Werkstoffpaarung, Oberflächen- und Eigenspannungszustand). Doctoral dissertation,
Technische Universität München, 1984
[12] SIMON, M. Messung von elasto-hydrodynamischen Parametern und ihre Auswirkung auf die
Grübchentragfähigkeit vergüteter Scheiben und Zahnräder. Doctoral dissertation, Technische
Universität München, 1984
33
BS ISO
6336-2:2006
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