QUANTUM

COMPUTING
A. MANASWINI REDDY
22311A66A8
 THE OUTLOOK OF THE TALK 2

• INTRODUCTION
• ABSTRACT
• QUANTUM COMPUTER
• WORKING
• QUANTUM v/s CLASSICAL
• APPLICATIONS
• CHALLENGES FACED IN QUANTUM
COMPUTING
• FUTURE WORK
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• Abstract Quantum theory is one of the most successful theories that
have influenced the course of scientific progress during the twentieth
century.
• It has presented a new line of scientific thought, predicted entirely
inconceivable situations and influenced several domains of modern
technologies
• Both quantum algorithms are known to outperform the algorithms for
classical computers significantly and also be used for cracking the
encryption systems (e.g., AES, RSA, ECC), which have globally used on
the Internet (e.g., online shopping sites).
• Governments have been increasing the funding for quantum
computing research and development not only for the advancement of
computing technology but also for their national security
• Comparing quantum computers to classical computers, the latter often
handle instructions differently. Quantum computing measures electrons
or photons. These subatomic particles are known as quantum bits, or
“qubits.” While quantum computers employ qubits to transmit
information, traditional computers use binary bits. The fundamental
component of quantum computing is the ability of qubits to exist in
superposition, which exhibits analytical power. Quantum computers
operate by using superposition, interference, and entanglement to
perform complex calculations.
ABSTRACT
Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field comprising
aspects of computer science, physics, and mathematics that
utilizes quantum mechanics to solve complex problems
faster than on classical computers. The field of quantum
computing includes hardware research and application
development. Quantum computers are able to solve certain
types of problems faster than classical computers by taking
advantage of quantum mechanical effects, such as
superposition and quantum interference. Some applications
where quantum computers can provide such a speed boost
include machine learning (ML), optimization, and simulation
of physical systems. Quantum computing is an area of
computer science that uses the principles of quantum
theory. Quantum theory explains the behavior of energy
and material on the atomic and subatomic levels.
Quantum computing uses subatomic particles, such as
electrons or photons. Quantum bits, or qubits, allow these
particles to exist in more than one state (i.e., 1 and 0) at the
same time. Quantum computing has the capability to sift
through huge numbers of possibilities and extract potential
solutions to complex problems and challenges. Where
classical computers store information as bits with either 0s
or 1s, quantum computers use qubits. Qubits carry
information in a quantum state that engages 0 and 1 in a
multidimensional way.
 QUANTUM COMPUTER 5
• Quantum computers are machines that use the properties of quantum physics to store data
and perform computations. This can be extremely advantageous for certain tasks where
they could vastly outperform even our best supercomputers.
• Classical computers, which include smartphones and laptops, encode information in binary
“bits” that can either be 0s or 1s. In a quantum computer, the basic unit of memory is a
quantum bit or qubit.
• Qubits are made using physical systems, such as the spin of an electron or the orientation
of a photon. These systems can be in many different arrangements all at once, a property
known as quantum superposition. Qubits can also be inextricably linked together using a
phenomenon called quantum entanglement. The result is that a series of qubits can
represent different things simultaneously.
• quantum computers are highly sensitive: heat, electromagnetic fields and collisions with
air molecules can cause a qubit to lose its quantum properties. This process, known as
quantum decoherence, causes the system to crash, and it happens more quickly the more
particles that are involved.
• Quantum computers need to protect qubits from external interference, either by physically
isolating them, keeping them cool or zapping them with carefully controlled pulses of
energy. Additional qubits are needed to correct for errors that creep into the system
 WORKING
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How Do Quantum Computers Work?
THEY USE QUBITS AND COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS
Quantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way than classical computers.
Traditional computers operate on binary bits but quantum computers transmit information via qubits. The
qubit’s ability to remain in superposition is the heart of quantum’s potential for exponentially greater
computational power.
Quantum computers use a variety of algorithms to conduct measurements and observations. These
algorithms are input by a user, the computer then creates a multidimensional space where patterns and
individual data points are housed. For example, if a user wants to solve a protein folding problem to
discover the least amount of energy to use, the quantum computer would measure the combinations of
folds; this combination is the answer to the problem

THEY RELY ON QUANTUM-SPECIFIC COMPUTER INFRASTRUCTURE

The physical build of a true quantum computer consists mainly of three parts. The first part is a traditional
computer and infrastructure that runs programming and sends instructions to the qubits. The second part
is a method to transfer signals from the computer to the qubits. Finally, there needs to be a storage unit for
the qubits. This storage unit for qubits must be able to stabilize the qubits and certain needs or
requirements have to be met. These can range from needing to be near zero degrees or the housing of a
vacuum chamber.

THEY REQUIRE PHYSICAL ISOLATION AND COOLING MECHANISMS

Qubits, it turns out, are higher maintenance than even the most meltdown-prone rock star. Any number of
simple actions or variables can send error-prone qubits falling into decoherence, or the loss of a quantum
state. Things that can cause a quantum computer to crash include measuring qubits and running
operations. In other words: using it. Even small vibrations and temperature shifts will cause qubits to
decohere, too.
That’s why quantum computers are kept isolated, and the ones that run on superconducting circuits — the
most prominent method, favored by Google and IBM — have to be kept at near-absolute zero (a cool -460
degrees Fahrenheit).

This Photo
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QUANTUM V/S CLASSICAL 8
• Quantum Computer vs. Classical Computer:-Quantum
computers have a more basic structure than classical
computers. They have no memory or processor. All a
quantum computer uses is a set of superconducting
qubits.
• Quantum computers and classical computers process
information differently. A quantum computer uses qubits
to run multidimensional quantum algorithms. Their
processing power increases exponentially as qubits are
added. A classical processor uses bits to operate various
programs. Their power increases linearly as more bits are
added. Classical computers have much less computing
power.
• Classical computers are best for everyday tasks and have
low error rates. Quantum computers are ideal for a higher
level of task, e.g., running simulations, analyzing data
(such as for chemical or drug trials), creating energy-
efficient batteries. They can also have high error rates.
• Classical computers don't need extra-special care. They
may use a basic internal fan to keep from overheating.
Quantum processors need to be protected from the
slightest vibrations and must be kept extremely cold.
Super-cooled superfluids must be used for that purpose.
• Quantum computers are more expensive and difficult to
build than classical computers.
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APPLICATIONS
• Artificial intelligence
• Better batteries
• Cleaner fertilization
• Cybersecurity
• Drug development
• Electronic materials
discovery
• Financial modeling
• Solar capture
• Traffic optimization
• Weather forecasting and
climate change
WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING?
10

Qubit:-
Quantum bits, or qubits, are represented by quantum particles. The
manipulation of qubits by control devices is at the core of a quantum
computer's processing power. Qubits in quantum computers are analogous
to bits in classical computers. At its core, a classical machine's processor does
all its work by manipulating bits. Similarly, the quantum processor does all its
work by processing qubits.

SUPERPOSITION:-
Superposition states that, much like waves in classical physics, you can add
two or more quantum states and the result will be another valid quantum
state. Conversely, you can also represent every quantum state as a sum of
two or more other distinct states. This superposition of qubits gives quantum
computers their inherent parallelism, allowing them to process millions of
operations simultaneously.
ENTANGLEMENT:-
QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT OCCURS WHEN TWO SYSTEMS LINK SO CLOSELY THAT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ONE GIVES YOU IMMEDIATE
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE OTHER, NO MATTER HOW FAR APART THEY ARE. QUANTUM PROCESSORS CAN DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT
ONE PARTICLE BY MEASURING ANOTHER ONE. FOR EXAMPLE, THEY CAN DETERMINE THAT IF ONE QUBIT SPINS UPWARD, THE OTHER
WILL ALWAYS SPIN DOWNWARD, AND VICE VERSA. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT ALLOWS QUANTUM COMPUTERS TO SOLVE COMPLEX
PROBLEMS FASTER. WHEN A QUANTUM STATE IS MEASURED, THE WAVEFUNCTION COLLAPSES AND YOU MEASURE THE STATE AS
EITHER A ZERO OR A ONE. IN THIS KNOWN OR DETERMINISTIC STATE, THE QUBIT ACTS AS A CLASSICAL BIT. ENTANGLEMENT IS THE
ABILITY OF QUBITS TO CORRELATE THEIR STATE WITH OTHER QUBITS.

DECOHERENCE:-
DECOHERENCE IS THE LOSS OF THE QUANTUM STATE IN A QUBIT. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, LIKE RADIATION, CAN CAUSE THE
QUANTUM STATE OF THE QUBITS TO COLLAPSE. A LARGE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE IN CONSTRUCTING A QUANTUM COMPUTER IS
DESIGNING THE VARIOUS FEATURES THAT ATTEMPT TO DELAY DECOHERENCE OF THE STATE, SUCH AS BUILDING SPECIALTY
STRUCTURES THAT SHIELD THE QUBITS FROM EXTERNAL FIELDS
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
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WHAT CAN QUANTUM COMPUTING SOLVE?
Quantum computing can optimize problem solving by using quantum computers to run quantum-inspired algorithms.
These optimizations can be applied to the science and industry fields because they rely heavily on factors like cost, quality and
production time. With quantum computing, there will be new discoveries in how to manage air traffic control, package
deliveries, energy storage and more

MOLECULAR MODELING AND SIMULATIONS :-

One quantum computing breakthrough came in 2017, when researchers at IBM modeled beryllium hydride,
the largest molecule simulated on a quantum computer to date. Another key step arrived in 2019, when
IonQ researchers used quantum computing to go bigger still, by simulating a water molecule
CLIMATE AND ENERGY OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS:-
Some believe quantum computers can help combat climate change by improving carbon capture. Jeremy
O’Brien, CEO of Palo Alto-based PsiQuantum, wrote that quantum simulation of larger molecules — if
achieved — could help build a catalyst “for ‘scrubbing’ carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere.”
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BREAKTHROUGHS:-
There’s also hope that large-scale quantum computers will help accelerate artificial
intelligence technologies, and vice versa — although experts disagree on this point. “The reason there’s
controversy is, things have to be redesigned in a quantum world,” said Rebecca Krauthamer, CEO of
quantum computing consultancy Quantum Thought. “We can’t just translate [AI] algorithms from regular
computers to quantum computers because the rules are completely different, at the most elemental level.”
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WHY QUANTUM COMPUTING IS PREFERRED TODAY?

1. The quest to solve rising complex problems

2. The commercial potential of quantum computing
3. Supports non-linear problems
4. Handling huge rise in the amount of data
CHALLENGES FACED BY QUANTUM COMPUTING
15
QUANTUM NOISE DISRUPTIONS
Currently, we’re still in what’s known as the NISQ era — Noisy, Intermediate-Scale
Quantum. Quantum noise refers to any disturbances that affect the state of qubits, which
can disrupt superposition, entanglement and the overall accuracy of quantum systems.
QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFICULT TO SCALE AND ACTUALIZE
While quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems, its operational
output and level of qubits required to actually complete these tasks are demanding, and
the technology has yet to scale to be able to support these needs.
With qubits in particular, the challenge is two-fold, according to Jonathan Carter, a
scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. First, individual physical qubits need
to have better fidelity.
LACK OF QUANTUM COMPUTING EXPERTISE
One roadblock for quantum computing, according to Krauthamer, is general lack of
expertise. “There’s just not enough people working at the software level or at the
algorithmic level in the field,” she said. Tech entrepreneur Jack Hidarity’s team set out to
count the number of people working in quantum computing and found only about 800 to
850 people, according to Krauthamer.
FUTURE SCOPE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:- 16
Quantum computers do exist, and they are being used right now. They are not, however,
presently “solving” climate change, turbocharging financial forecasting probabilities or
performing other similarly lofty tasks that get bandied about in reference to quantum
computing’s potential. Quantum computing may have commercial applications related to those
challenges, but that’s well down the road.
“The technology just isn’t quite there yet to provide a computational advantage over what could
be done with other methods of computation at the moment,” said Dohonue. “Most
[commercial] interest is from a long-term perspective. [Companies] are getting used to the
technology so that when it does catch up — and that timeline is a subject of fierce debate —
they’re ready for it.”
Though quantum computing still has a ways to go before a wide-scale commercial debut,
curious minds can still get their hands dirty with the technology today. Users can operate small-
scale quantum processors via the cloud through IBM’s online Q Experience and its open-source
software Quiskit. Microsoft and Amazon both now have similar platforms, dubbed Azure
Quantum and Amazon Braket. There are also over 60 algorithms listed and over 400 papers
cited at Quantum Algorithm Zoo, an online catalog of quantum algorithms compiled by
Microsoft quantum researcher Stephen Jordan. “That’s one of the cool things about quantum
computing today,” said Krauthamer. “We can all get on and play with it.”
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CONCLUSION:-
Recap of the importance of quantum computing and its potential
to revolutionize various industries. In conclusion, quantum
computing is a revolutionary field that combines principles from
quantum mechanics and computer science to create a new
paradigm of computing. It has the potential to revolutionize
various industries, including cryptography, drug discovery,
machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and
cybersecurity. The promise of quantum computing lies in its
ability to solve complex problems at an exponentially faster rate
than classical computers. By harnessing the power of
superposition and entanglement, quantum computers can
perform calculations on a massive scale. This opens up new
possibilities for scientific research and technological
advancements. While there are challenges and limitations that
need to be addressed before quantum computing becomes a
mainstream technology, ongoing research is making significant
progress. With continued investment and innovation, it is
expected that these challenges will be overcome in the near
future.