QUANTUM COMPUTING

PRESENTED BY: JOMAINA HAFIZ AHMED

SECTION: K22UB
REG. NO.: 12216474
ROLL NO: 46
 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
QUANTUM THEORY
WHAT IS A QUBIT?
ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTING
HISTORY
CLASSICAL COMPUTERS V.S QUANTUM COMPUTERS
WORKING OF A QUANTUM COMPUTER
FEATURES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
APPLICATION AND USES
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
FUTURE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING
• Quantum computing is an area of study focused on the
development of computer based technologies centered
around the principles of quantum theory.

• Quantum computing, a rapidly-emerging technology, is a

type of computation whose operations can harness the
phenomena of quantum mechanics, such
as superposition, interference, and entanglement. Devices
that perform quantum computations are known
as quantum computers.

• Development of quantum computers marks a leap forward

in computing capability, with massive performance gains
for specific use
cases.
 QUANTUM THEORY
• Quantum mechanics or Quantum theory is a fundamental theory in physics that
provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale
of atoms and subatomic particles.

• It is the foundational basis for present-day material science. The theory basically
explains the nature and behaviour of matter and energy on the atomic level. 
WHAT IS A QUBIT?
• Quantum bits, or qubits, are the basic unit of
information in quantum computing. Qubits play
a similar role in quantum computing as bits play
in classical computing. 
• Qubits use superposition to be in multiple states
at one time. Binary bits can only represent 0 or
1. Qubits can be 0 or 1, as well as any part of 0
and 1 in superposition of both states. 
• The making of the qubits depends on the
architecture of quantum systems, as some
require extremely cold temperatures to function
properly. Qubits can be made from trapped ions,
photons, artificial or real atoms or
quasiparticles, while binary bits are often
silicon-based chips.
QUANTUM COMPUTING
• It refers to computation that uses the
principles of quantum physics. Quantum
physics deals with the smallest physical
units that exist within the human realm.
The common principles applied in the
computing system are the superposition,
entanglement, and quantum interference.

• Quantum computing is a process that

uses the laws of quantum mechanics to
solve problems too large or complex for
traditional computers. Quantum
computers rely on qubits to run and solve
multidimensional quantum algorithms.
HISTORY
• 1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating
machines based on the laws of quantum
mechanics instead of the laws of classical
physics.
• 1985 - David Deutsch developed the Quantum
Turing Machine, showing that quantum
circuits are universal.
• 1994 - Peter Shor came up with a quantum
algorithm to factor very large numbers in
polynomial time.
• 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search
algorithm with O(VN)complexity.
• In 2001, a 7 qubit machine was built and
programmed to run Shor’s algorithm to
successfully factor 15.
 CLASSICAL COMPUTERS
V.S
QUANTUM COMPUTERS

• Quantum computers have a more basic structure than classical computers. They have no
memory or processor. All a quantum computer uses is a set of superconducting qubits.

• Quantum computers and classical computers process information differently. A quantum

computer uses qubits to run multidimensional quantum algorithms. Their processing
power increases exponentially as qubits are added. A classical processor uses bits to
operate various programs. Their power increases linearly as more bits are added.
Classical computers have much less computing power.

• Classical computers are best for everyday tasks and have low error rates. Quantum
computers are ideal for a higher level of task, e.g., running simulations, analyzing data
(such as for chemical or drug trials), creating energy-efficient batteries. They can also
have high error rates.
 CLASSICAL COMPUTERS
V.S
QUANTUM COMPUTERS
• Classical computers don't need extra-special care. They may use a basic internal fan to keep from
overheating. Quantum processors need to be protected from the slightest vibrations and must be kept
extremely cold. Super-cooled super fluids must be used for that purpose.

• Quantum computers are more expensive and difficult to build than classical computers.

• Classical computing relies on principles expressed by Boolean algebra; usually Operating with a 3 or
7-mode logic gate principle. Data must be processed in an exclusive binary state at any point in time;
either 0 (off / false) or 1 (on / true). The millions of transistors and capacitors at the heart of
computers can only be in one state at any point.

• The quantum computer operates with a two-mode logic gate: XOR and a mode called QO1 (the
ability to change 0 into a superposition of 0 and 1). In a quantum computer, a number of elemental
particles such as electrons or photons can be used. Each particle is given a charge, or polarization,
acting as a representation of 0 and/or 1. Each particle is called a quantum bit, or qubit.
WORKING OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
A quantum computer has three primary parts:
• An area that houses the qubits
• A method for transferring signals to the qubits
• A classical computer to run a program and send
instructions

For some methods of qubit storage, the unit that

houses the qubits is kept at a temperature just
above absolute zero to maximise their
coherence and reduce interference. Other types
of qubit housing use a vacuum chamber to help
minimise vibrations and stabilise the qubits.
Signals can be sent to the qubits using a variety
of methods, including microwaves, laser and
 WORKING OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

• Quantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way than classical

computers. Traditional computers operate on binary bits but quantum computers
transmit information via qubits. The qubit’s ability to remain in superposition is the
heart of quantum’s potential for exponentially greater computational power.

• Quantum computers utilize a variety of algorithms to conduct measurements and

observations. These algorithms are input by a user, the computer then creates a
multidimensional space where patterns and individual data points are housed. For
example, if a user wants to solve a protein folding problem to discover the least amount
of energy to use, the quantum computer would measure the combinations of folds; this
combination is the answer to the problem.  
 FEATURES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
• SUPERPOSITION:
A qubit places the quantum information that it contains into a state of superposition. This refers to a
combination of all possible configurations of the qubit. Groups of qubits in superposition can create
complex, multidimensional computational spaces. Complex problems can be represented in new ways
in these spaces.
• ENTANGLEMENT:
Entanglement is integral to quantum computing power. Pairs of qubits can be made to become
entangled. This means that the two qubits then exist in a single state. In such a state, changing one
qubit directly affects the other in a manner that's predictable.
• QUANTUM INTERFERENCE:
Quantum interference is the intrinsic behaviour of a qubit, due to superposition, to influence the
probability of it collapsing one way or another. Quantum computers are designed and built to reduce
interference as much as possible and ensure the most accurate results.
APPLICATIONS AND USES
• QUANTUM SIMULATION:
Quantum computers work exceptionally well for
modelling other quantum systems because they use
quantum phenomena in their computation. This means
that they can handle the complexity and ambiguity of
systems that would overload classical computers.
Examples of quantum systems that we can model
include photosynthesis, superconductivity and complex
molecular formations.
• CRYPTOGRAPHY:
Classical cryptography—such as the Rivest–Shamir–
Adleman (RSA) algorithm that is widely used to secure
data transmission—relies on the intractability of
problems such as integer factorisation or discrete
logarithms. Many of these problems can be solved more
efficiently using quantum computers.
 APPLICATION AND USES
• OPTIMISATION:
Optimisation is the process of finding the best solution to a problem given its desired outcome and constraints. In
science and industry, critical decisions are made based on factors such as cost, quality and production time—all of
which can be optimised. By running quantum-inspired optimisation algorithms on classical computers, we can
find solutions that were previously impossible. This helps us find better ways to manage complex systems such as
traffic flows, airplane gate assignments, package deliveries and energy storage.

• SEARCH:
A quantum algorithm developed in 1996 dramatically sped up the solution to unstructured data searches, running
the search in fewer steps than any classical algorithm could.

• QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING:

Machine learning on classical computers is revolutionising the world of science and business. However, training
machine learning models comes with a high computational cost and that has hindered the scope and development
of the field. To speed up progress in this area, we are exploring ways to devise and implement quantum software
that enables faster machine learning.
 LIMITATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
• Decoherence, or decay, can be caused by the slightest disturbance in the qubit
environment. This results in the collapse of computations or errors to them. As noted
above, a quantum computer must be protected from all external interference during the
computing stage.
• Error correction during the computing stage hasn't been perfected. That makes
computations potentially unreliable. Since qubits aren't digital bits of data, they can't
benefit from conventional error correction solutions used by classical computers.
• Retrieving computational results can corrupt the data. Developments such as a
particular database search algorithm that ensures that the act of measurement will
cause the quantum state to decohere into the correct answer hold promise.
• Security and quantum cryptography is not yet fully developed.
• For every type of computation, it needs to write a new algorithm. Quantum computers
cannot work as classical computers, they need special algorithms to perform tasks in
 FUTURE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
• Quantum computing has the potential to radically change the world around us by
revolutionizing industries such as finance, pharmaceuticals, AI, and automotive over the
next several years. 
• Quantum computing is already with us in limited form. But the next five to 10 years
may see it leap into the mainstream in the same way that classical computers moved
from labs and large corporations to businesses of all sizes, as well as homes, in the
1970s and 1980s.
• Quantum computing now has the potential to capture nearly $700 billion in value as
early as 2035, with that market estimated to exceed $90 billion annually by 2040.
• The practical uses of quantum computers are still being researched and tested. In the
future, it is possible that quantum computers will be able to solve problems that have
been impossible to solve before. For example, they have the potential to be used for
modelling molecules or predicting how a molecule will behave under different
conditions.
CONCLUSION
• Quantum computing is a technology that is
quickly gaining traction due to its potential
applications in various industries. 
• Quantum computers can decode problems
much faster than classical computers and can
be used to model large-scale systems and
molecules.
• They can also handle large amounts of data,
which is essential for training artificial
intelligence models. 
• As quantum computing becomes more
accessible, it will play a vital role in
developing artificial intelligence and future
applications.