REGULATED POWER SUPPLY USING A FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM : To design a +5V Regulated Power Source using a Full Wave Rectifier.

APPARATUS : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Full-Wave Rectifier(center tapped) Voltage Regulator. Capacitor. Resistor. 2 diodes(IN4001) Voltmeter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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DESCRIPTION :

Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. (See semiconductors,diode). Four diodes arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier.

Graetz bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes.

For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage compared to the bridge rectifier above.

Full-wave rectifier using a center tap transformer and 2 diodes.

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Rectifier output smoothing

While half-wave and full-wave rectification suffice to deliver a form of DC output, neither produces constant-voltage DC. In order to produce steady DC from a rectified AC supply, a smoothing circuit or filter is required.
[2]

In its simplest

form this can be just a reservoir capacitor or smoothing capacitor, placed at the DC output of the rectifier. There will still remain an amount of AC ripple voltage where the voltage is not completely smoothed.

RC-Filter Rectifier: This circuit was designed and simulated using Multisim 8 software.

Sizing of the capacitor represents a tradeoff. For a given load, a larger capacitor will reduce ripple but will cost more and will create higher peak currents in the transformer secondary and in the supply feeding it. In extreme cases where many rectifiers are loaded onto a power distribution circuit, it may prove difficult for the power distribution authority to maintain a correctly shaped sinusoidal voltage curve. For a given tolerable ripple the required capacitor size is proportional to the load current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output peaks of the rectifier per input cycle. The load current and the supply frequency are generally outside the control of the designer of the rectifier system but the number of peaks per input cycle can be affected by the choice of rectifier design. A half-wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle and for this and other reasons is only used in very small power supplies. A full wave rectifier achieves two peaks per cycle and this is the best that can be done with single-phase input. For three-phase inputs a three-phase bridge will give six peaks per cycle and even higher numbers of peaks can be achieved by using transformer networks placed before the rectifier to convert to a higher phase order. To further reduce this ripple, a capacitor-input filter can be used. This complements the reservoir capacitor with a choke(inductor) and a second filter capacitor, so that a steadier DC output can be obtained across the terminals of the filter capacitor. The choke presents a high impedance to the ripple current.
[2]

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A more usual alternative to a filter, and essential if the DC load is very demanding of a smooth supply voltage, is to follow the reservoir capacitor with a voltage regulator. The reservoir capacitor needs to be large enough to prevent the troughs of the ripple getting below the voltage the DC is being regulated to. The regulator serves both to remove the last of the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics. It would be possible to use a smaller reservoir capacitor (these can be large on high-current power supplies) and then apply some filtering as well as the regulator, but this is not a common strategy. The extreme of this approach is to dispense with the reservoir capacitor altogether and put the rectified waveform straight into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother and consequently the rectifier no longer has to deal with the current as a large current pulse, but instead the current delivery is spread over the entire cycle. The downside is that the voltage output is much lower approximately the average of an AC half-cycle rather than the peak

PROCEDURE : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Connect the circuit with the help of Full-Wave Rectifier as shown in the circuit diagram above. Center tap the FullWave Rectifier. Connect a capacitor in parallel to smoothen out the output current. Connect a load resistance R(l) in parallel to the capacitor. Connect a Voltage Regulator(7804) to regulate the output voltage. Calculate the capacitance and resistance value to get a rps of 5V.

CALCULATION OF LOAD RESISTANCE R(L) : We know that output current, I(dc) = 500mA, which flows through Load resistance R(l) and the Voltage across the load resistance, V(dc)=5V. Hence,.. R(l)=V(dc)/I(dc)

R(l) = 5/500mA = 2ohms.

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CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE C : Since Ripple Factor is given as r = 0.001, f = 50Hz, R(l) = 2ohms, We know that, C=1/(4 3 fR(l)r r=1/(4 3 fR(l)C

Substituting the above values,.we get Capaciatance C = 0.288F

OBSERVATIONS :

CONCLUSION : Hence with the calculated values of capacitance and resistancem we get the desired output voltage as 5V. As such Full-Wave Rectifier can be used as a Regulated Power Supply.

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Self-bias Circuit
AIM: To design a self bias circuit to achieve a less stability factor

APPARATUS: 1.)Transistor BC 2.)Resistors(4) 3.)Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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DESCRIPTION: In a self-biasing circuit, a reference current having a positive temperature characteristic and a reference current having a negative temperature characteristic are generated using one NPN transistor. The temperature response of the circuit is corrected by generating a combined reference current that is the sum of the reference currents having positive and negative temperature characteristics with a low driving voltage at a low current in a simple circuit. Self-biasing circuit is used to decrease the effect of changing by negative feed back due to the introduction of .

Qualitatively, if is increased due to increased following happens:

and/or temperature, the

This is a negative feedback loop which tends to stabilize the operating point. To analyze this circuit quantitatively, we first find the base voltage current current as: . Note that only when the base current through ( and base

is much smaller than the by voltage divider

), can we approximate

Applying KVL to the base-emitter loop of the circuit, we get

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and

We see that

is completely determined by

and

and

However, if the condition

is not satisfied, we have to use Thevenin's in series with a

theorem to replace the base circuit by a voltage source resistance

Applying KVL to the base loop we get

where we have used

. Solving this, we get

and also

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If we could assume that even for the minimum possible that as , e.g., , then

, it is still true can be approximated

i.e.,

, and thereby

and the DC operating point is determined only by the

resistors of the circuit, independent of the value which may change for different transistors or at different temperatures. Comparing this with fixed biasing with directly proportional to has a much more stable operating point.. PROCEDURE: The voltage between collector and emitter=VCE =1/2 X VCC =1/2 X 10=5V VCE+VRE=5+4 =9V/1mA The voltage at emitter=VRE=1/10 X VCC=1/10 X 10=1V The voltage between base and collector=VBC=VCC-(VCE+VRE) R1 =9k =10-(1+1) VBC=4V The resistance at collector = VRC/IC=4V/1mA=4k , the self-biasing circuit

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The resistance at load=VBE+VRE =0.7+1=1.7V The current flowing across collector and the current flowing across base are approximately equal, IC~=IB=1mA The resistance at load =RL=VRL/1mA=1.7V/1mA=1.7K The resistance R1=1.6 The voltage V=1.6V The capacitance C=1.59F =2F RB=(Vi-VBE)/IB=Vi-1 =(Vi-0.7)/IB The voltage across the collector and the voltage between collector and emitter are equal. VC=VCE S=(1+)=((1+Rth/RE)/((1+)+Rth/RE))=101((1+1.58)/(101+1.58)) =2.5 Rth=R1||R2 =R1R2/(R1+R2)=(9X10^3X1.7X10^3)/(9.7X10^3)=1.58X10^3=1.58K OBSERVATION:

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DATA SHEET:

Page No. ID# Part No.

Description, Manufacture, Web Site

Datasheet Properties Pages App Notes Circuit Diagrams

Copy

110 Complementary Silicon Power Darlington Transistor 6 TIP110/112 ST Microelectronics www.st.com TIP115/117 115 See TIP110/112 TIP115/117 T1271 MJE243/253 Complementary Silicon Power Plastic Transistor On Semiconductor www.onsemi.com 243 Complementary Silicon Power Plastic Transistor MJE243/253 Motorola www.motorola.com 253 MJE253 521 MJE521 521 MJE521 2222 2N2222 2222 2N2222 2222 2N2222 2222 2N2222 2907 2N2907 2907 2N2907 2907 2N2907 2907 2N2907 2955 TIP2955 3046 CA3046 3055 See MJE243/253 Plastic Medium-Power NPN Silicon Transistor Motorola www.motorola.com NPN Silicon Transistor SGS-Thomson Microelectronics www.st.com High-Speed Switch SGS-Thomson Microelectronics www.st.com NPN Switching Transistor Philips Semiconductors www.semiconductors.philips.com NPN General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com NPN Silicon Amplifier Transistor Motorola www.motorola.com General-Purpose Amplifier and Switch SGS-Thomson Microelectronics www.st.com PNP Switching Transistor Philips Semiconductors www.semiconductors.philips.com PNP General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com PNP Silicon Amplifier Transistor Motorola www.motorola.com Complementary Silicon Power Transistor Motorola www.motorola.com General-Purpose NPN Transistor Array Intersil www.intersil.com See TIP2955 4 8

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TIP3055 3904 2N3904 3904 2N3904 3904 2N3904 3904 2N3904 3904 2N3904 T511 3904 Q2N3904 3906 2N3906 3906 2N3906 3906 2N3906 3906 2N3906 3906 2N3906 T768 3906 Q2N3906 NPN General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com NPN Switching Transistor Philips Semiconductors www.semiconductors.philips.com Small-Signal NPN Transistor SGS-Thomson Microelectronics www.st.com Small-Signal Bipolar Transistor(0.6W) (NPN) ROHM www.rohm.com Switching Transistor (NPN) KEC (Korea Electronics) www.keccorp.com NPN General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com PNP Switching Transistor Philips Semiconductors www.semiconductors.philips.com Small-Signal PNP Transistor SGS-Thomson Microelectronics www.st.com PNP General-Purpose Transistor ROHM www.rohm.com PNP General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com Switching Transistor (PNP) KEC (Korea Electronics) www.keccorp.com PNP General-Purpose Amplifier Fairchild Semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com 7 no no yes

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CONCLUSION: Hence self-bias circuit is achieved with minimal s value with the calculated values of resistances.

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TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
AIM : To design a transistor as a switch.

APPARATUS : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Regulated Power Supply(5V). Transistor. LED(1.6V) 2 Resistors(1Kohm) Bread Board.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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DESCRIPTION :
Because a transistor's collector current is proportionally limited by its base current, it can be used as a sort of current-controlled switch. A relatively small flow of electrons sent through the base of the transistor has the ability to exert control over a much larger flow of electrons through the collector. Suppose we had a lamp that we wanted to turn on and off with a switch. Such a circuit would be extremely simple as in Figure below(a). For the sake of illustration, let's insert a transistor in place of the switch to show how it can control the flow of electrons through the lamp. Remember that the controlled current through a transistor must go between collector and emitter. Since it is the current through the lamp that we want to control, we must position the collector and emitter of our transistor where the two contacts of the switch were. We must also make sure that the lamp's current will moveagainst the direction of the emitter arrow symbol to ensure that the transistor's junction bias will be correct as in Figure below(b).

(a) mechanical switch, (b) NPN transistor switch, (c) PNP transistor switch. A PNP transistor could also have been chosen for the job. Its application is shown in Figure above(c). The choice between NPN and PNP is really arbitrary. All that matters is that the proper current directions are maintained for the sake of correct junction biasing (electron flow going against the transistor symbol's arrow). Going back to the NPN transistor in our example circuit, we are faced with the need to add something more so that we can have base current. Without a connection to the base wire of the transistor, base current will be zero, and the transistor cannot turn on, resulting in a lamp that is always off. Remember that for an NPN transistor, base current must consist of electrons flowing from emitter to base (against the emitter arrow symbol, just like the lamp current). Perhaps the simplest thing to do would be to connect a switch between the base and collector wires of the transistor as in Figure below (a).

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Transistor: (a) cutoff, lamp off; (b) saturated, lamp on. If the switch is open as in (Figure above (a), the base wire of the transistor will be left floating (not connected to anything) and there will be no current through it. In this state, the transistor is said to be cutoff. If the switch is closed as in (Figure above (b), however, electrons will be able to flow from the emitter through to the base of the transistor, through the switch and up to the left side of the lamp, back to the positive side of the battery. This base current will enable a much larger flow of electrons from the emitter through to the collector, thus lighting up the lamp. In this state of maximum circuit current, the transistor is said to be saturated.

PROCEDURE : 1) Take bread board, place the transistor in the bread board. Ground the emitter terminal. 2) On the input side,place a resistor in series with base terminal. And supply the power with help of RPS and connect a the top of the bread board. And the terminal that is vertical point take a wire and make it open. 3) On the output sie,place LED in series with the collector terminal and then resistor in series and the other terminal of the power supply is connected.Again repeat the same procedure and take a wire out and make it open in the vertical series. 4) Hold the Open terminals with both the hands and then the LED glows with the help of flow of electrons in the body.

OBSERVATIONS :

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CONCLUSION :

Transistors may be used as switching elements to control DC power to a load. The switched (controlled) current goes between emitter and collector; the controlling current goes between emitter and base. When a transistor has zero current through it, it is said to be in a state of cutoff (fully nonconducting). When a transistor has maximum current through it, it is said to be in a state of saturation (fully conducting).

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