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    2.1 DD2356 MooresLawDennardScaling

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    Daniel Araújo
    The document discusses Moore's law and Dennard scaling. It explains that Moore's law originally referred to the number of transistors per chip doubling every couple years. It also discusses how Dennard scaling allowed clock speeds to increase as transistors shrank but this ended around 2005 due to leakage currents. The document provides historical trends and projections for transistor sizes and clock rates.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2.1 DD2356 MooresLawDennardScaling

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Araújo
    8 views14 pages
    The document discusses Moore's law and Dennard scaling. It explains that Moore's law originally referred to the number of transistors per chip doubling every couple years. It also discusses how Dennard scaling allowed clock speeds to increase as transistors shrank but this ended around 2005 due to leakage currents. The document provides historical trends and projections for transistor sizes and clock rates.

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    2.1-DD2356-MooresLawDennardScaling

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    The document discusses Moore's law and Dennard scaling. It explains that Moore's law originally referred to the number of transistors per chip doubling every couple years. It also discusses how Dennard scaling allowed clock speeds to increase as transistors shrank but this ended around 2005 due to leakage currents. The document provides historical trends and projections for transistor sizes and clock rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views14 pages

    2.1 DD2356 MooresLawDennardScaling

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Araújo
    The document discusses Moore's law and Dennard scaling. It explains that Moore's law originally referred to the number of transistors per chip doubling every couple years. It also discusses how Dennard scaling allowed clock speeds to increase as transistors shrank but this ended around 2005 due to leakage currents. The document provides historical trends and projections for transistor sizes and clock rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    DD2356 – Moore’s Law and Dennard Scaling

    Stefano Markidis
    What Do You Think Moore’s Law Says?

    • Usually cast as X doubles every 18-24 months


    • Is X:
    – Computer performance
    – CPU Clock speed
    – The number of transistors per chip
    – One of the above, at constant cost?

    2
    The Original Moore’s Law

    • The number of transistors per chip at


    constant cost
    – This has not been true for years
    – The improvement has been
    remarkable, but it is getting
    increasingly difficult to maintain this
    exponential improvement Original paper by Moore

    3
    Road Maps

    • The Semiconductor industry has produced a roadmap of future trends and


    requirements
    • Semiconductor Industry Association (~1977, roadmaps from early ’90s)
    • International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (~1998)
    • ITRS Home and Current Summary
    – http://www.itrs.net/
    – http://www.itrs2.net/itrs-reports.html

    4
    ITRS projections for gate lengths (nm) for
    2005, 2008, 2011 and 2013 editions

    Note the rapid 3- and then 5-year shifts in ITRS projections for physical gate lengths
    5
    Why is Moore’s Law Confused with Performance?

    • Its not because of parallelism


    • for most of its life, Moore’s Law and single processor performance correlated well
    • The reason is the size and speed are related
    – the smaller something is, the quicker it can be changed
    – thus, smaller transistors can switch at higher speeds

    6
    7
    Dennard Scaling

    • Why haven’t clock speeds increased, even though


    transistors have continued to shrink?
    • Dennard (1974) observed that voltage and current should
    be proportional to the linear dimensions of a transistor
    • Thus, as transistors shrank, so did necessary voltage
    and current; power is proportional to the area of the
    transistor

    8
    Dennard Scaling II
    • Power = alpha * CFV2
    – alpha = percent time switched
    – C = capacitance
    – F = frequency
    – V = voltage
    • Capacitance is related to area
    – So, as the size of the transistors shrunk, and the
    voltage was reduced, circuits could operate at higher
    frequencies at the same power

    9
    End of Dennard Scaling

    • Dennard scaling ignored the “leakage current” and


    “threshold voltage”, which establish a baseline of
    power per transistor.
    – As transistors get smaller, power density
    increases because these don’t scale with size
    – These created a “Power Wall” that has limited
    practical processor frequency to around 4
    GHz since 2006

    10
    Historical Clock Rates

    End of Dennard Scaling

    l i ng
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    11
    Prediction Trends

    12
    Question
    True or False: Moore's law says that computer performance
    doubles every 18-24 months

    13
    Question

    • If the number of transistors per unit area (i.e., on the same chip size) doubles every
    24 months:
    – By what factor does the length of the side of a transistor, assuming it is
    square, decrease every year?
    • Starting with a length of 18.4nm (2014), what would be the size of a transistor in
    2025?
    • How does this compare to the ITRS value of 6.75um?

    14

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