01 Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Okhg

lDIsl¾udka;fha odhl;ajh
fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsrSfuka Tng"
² mqrdKfha isg YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h mej;s njg idlaIs
bÈßm;a lsÍug;a"
² mqrdK rc iufha isg fï olajd lDIsl¾udka;h úldYh ùfï §
úfoaY wdl%uK yd yß; úma,jh Bg n,mE whqre úia;r lsÍug;a"
² o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg lDIsl¾udka;fha odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s
lsÍug;a"
² YS% ,xldfõ ixj¾Okhg lDIsl¾udka;fha jeo.;alu úia;r
lsÍug;a
ksmqK;dj ,nd .; yels h'
lDIsl¾uh hkq ñksidf.a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd úoHd;aul isoaOdka;
Ndú; lrñka" iïm;a ld¾hËuj iy ;sridr f,i fhdodf.k fnda. j.d lsÍu"
f.dúfmd< i;=ka md,kh yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok ieliSfï úoHdjhs' fï wkqj
lDIsl¾u fËa;%fha m%Odk wxY folls' tkï" fnda. j.dj iy i;a;aj md,khhs'

wE; w;S;fha f.dú;ek hk ir, kñka y`ÿkajk ,o lDIsl¾u lafIa;%h

nyqld¾h l%shdj,shla f,i l%ufhka ÈhqKq jQ fyhska lDIsl¾udka;h hk kñka o
y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

w;S;fha isg fï olajd YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;fha úldYh wOHhkh

lsÍfï § tys ft;sydisl miqìu fj; o" úfoaY wdl%uKj,ska iy yß; úma,jfhka
isÿ jQ n,mEï fj; o wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

1'1' Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;fha úldYh

1'1'1 ft;sydisl miqìu

ñksid ovhï hq.h iy tf`âr hq.h miq lrñka f.dú hq.hg meñKs nj
udkj b;sydifhys i|yka fõ' ovhï hq.fha § ñksid i;=ka miqmi yUd f.dia
tu i;=ka ovhï lr ;u wdydrh ilid .;af;a h' miqj i;=ka miqmi yUd hEu
fjkqjg Tjqka yS,E lrñka i;=ka we;s lrk tf`ârl= njg m;a úh' bka miqj
ld,h;a iuÕu c,dY fyda .x.d winv iaÓr jdiia:dk ilid f.k tu ia:dkj,
i;=ka we;s lrñka yd fnda. j.d lrñka Ôj;a jQy' t;eka isg f.dú hq.h wdrïN
úh'
1
 Y%S ,xldfõ YsIagdpdrh ;=< l=Uqre" f.j;= iy fyaka j.d iys; jQ id¾:l
lDIsl¾udka;hla mej;sKs' toji rg" iy,ska iy wfkl=;a wdydrj,ska o
iajhxfmdaIs; j mej;=Ks' ñksidf.a meje;au i|yd wjYH wdydr" we÷ï" T!IO jeks
oE lDIsl¾uh wdYs%;j ;ud úiska u imhd .;a w;r" fuh hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h
f,i y÷kajk ,§' ta yd ne¢ .%dóh kdhl;aj iy jdß l<ukdlrK ixialD;shla
rg ;=< mej;sKs' .ï wdYs%;j l=vd mrsudKfhka NdKav yqjudre l%uhg fj<|du
isÿ úh¡ fuu iajhxfmdaIs; nj <Õd lr .ekSug my; oelafjk wxYj, odhl;ajh
bjy,a ù we;'
² rdcH wkq.%yh
² jdß ;dlaIKh
² f.dú;ek yd ne÷kq ixialD;sh
rdcH wkq.%yh

w;S;fha f.dú;ek k.d isgqùu rfÜ md,lhdf.a isg ish¨ fokdf.a u

j.lSu úh' my; ±lafjk lreKq ta i`oyd idlaIs orhs'

² zzwyiska jefgk tl Èh ì÷jla fyda ñksidf.a m%fhdackhg fkdf.k uy

uqyqog .,d hdug bv fkd;eìh hq;= h'ZZ hk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a lshukska t;=ud
lDIsl¾uhg oelajQ rdcH wkq.%yh uekúka fmkakqï flf¾'

² lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd rcjre jeõ /ila bÈ l< neúka rcrg jeõ ne`È rdcHh
f,i ye¢kafõ'

² uyfika rcq zzñkafkaß foúhkaZZ f,i foaj;ajfhka mqokq ,enqfõ Tyq

lDIsl¾udka;hg wjYH c, iïmdokhg by< wkq.%yhla oelajQ neúks'

jdß ;dlaIKh

² l%s'mQ 06 jk ishjig wE; hq.fha oS lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= j¾Id c,fhka muKla isÿ
flßKs' wk;=rej c,h /iajk fmdl=Kq yd <sx wdY%s;j;a miqj .%dóh jeõ" wuqKq iy
c, yerjqï ud¾. wdY%s;j;a jHdma; úh' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha bÈ flreKq m%:u jej jQ
wNh jefjka ^nijlal=,u& werUqKq jdß ;dËKh jiN" Od;=fiak" uyfika" uyd
mrdl%undyq wd§ rc orejka úiska ks¾ñ; uy jeõ ìys lsÍu olajd ixj¾Okh úh'
² rcrg jeõ moaO;sh iajNdúl fmdaIs; m%foaY wdYs%;j tlsfklg iïnkaOj we;s
c,dY iuQyhla jYfhka úoHd;aulj ks¾udKh lr ;snQ w;r" tl jejlska fmdaIKh
jk m%foaYh B<Õ jefõ c, fmdaIl m%foaYh f,i mj;ajdf.k hk ,§¡ fuh
t,a,x.d moaO;sh (cascade system) f,i ye¢kafõ¡
2
² jiN" uyfika iy w.afnda hk rcjrekaf.a ld,j, § wUka .Õ yriafldg
we<yer kï ia:dkfha § wuqKla bÈlr we<yer we< Tiafia ñkafkaßh jejg iy
lka;f,a jejg c,h ,nd §u w;S;fha mej;s ÈhqKq jdß ;dlaIKh i|yd ksoiqkls'

² l,d jefõ isg ;sid jejg c,h f.k hk ch .Õ fyj;a fhdaO we< jdß
l¾udka; b;sydifha w;sYhska jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jk w;r fuh Od;=fiak rcq
úiska lrk ,o ks¾udKhls' fuh wä 40la m<, ie;mqï 54 la §¾> jQjls' fuys
m<uq ie;mqï 17 ;=< Èh neiau ie;mqug wÕ,a 06la muK jQ nj ;yjqre ù we;s
fyhska N+ñh uekSu ms<sn`o fl;rï iQËu l%ufõohla wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka úiska
fhdod.kq ,enqfõoehs meyeÈ,s fõ'

² jeõ neïu" fidfrdõj iy ìfida fldgqj uy jeõ bÈlsÍfï ;dlaIKfha jeo.;a

wx. úh' w;S;fha oS ìfida fldgqj jeõ neïug c,h u.ska we;s jk mSvkh wju
lrñka jeõ neïu wdrlaId lsrSug bÈlrk ,o iqúfYaIS ks¾udKhls'

jeõ biau;a; jeõjeõneïu

neïu

jdrs ud¾. we,

jdß ud¾. we<

fidfrdõj
jej

ìfida fldgqj

.`.

1'1 rEmh - jejl m%Odk wx.

f.dú;ek yd ne÷Kq ixialD;sh

mqrdK .ïj, f.dú;ek yd ne`ÿKq ixialD;shla mej;s nj my; ±lafjk lreKq

u.ska ;yjqre fõ'

3
 ² “jejhs-od.enhs" .uhs-mkai,hsZZ hk
ixl,amh u.ska jej" .ul w;HjYH
wx.hla f,i i,lk ,o nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

² w¿;a iy,a ux.,Hh wdÈ mqo mQcd weoys,s

j,ska fmkS hkafka f.dú;ek;a wd.u
oyu;a tlsfklg ne`§ we;s njhs'

² w;a;ï l%uhg lrk ,o f.dú;eka 1'2 rEmh - merKs .ul m%Odk wx.

lghq;= ksid ckhdf.a tluq;=lu yd

iyfhda.h ;yjqre úh'

w;S;fha Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h mej;s njg idËs

wfma rfÜ lDIsl¾uhg we;af;a jir oyia .Kkl b;sydihls' ta yd iïnkaO

idËss lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
² uydjxYh wkqj úch l=ure iuÕ meñKs 700 la msßig .nvdj,ska iy,a
/f.k laIKhlska rij;a wdydr fõ,la ilia lr l=i.sks ksjd .ekSu i`oyd
WmldÍ ùug l=fõKs keue;s m%dfoaYSh md,sldjg yels jQfha tl, rfÜ ù
f.dú;ek ;snQ ksidfjks'
² úch l=ure meñK jir lsysmhlg miq mKavqldNh l=ure rclu ,nd .ekSu
i|yd ududjrekaa iuÕ igka lrñka hk wjia:djl § wkd.; ìfida ;k;=rg
Wreulï lshQ md,s kï l=ußh ^miqj iaj¾Kmd,s& uqK.eiqfka fl;l jev
lrñka isá m%dfoaYSh md,lfhl= jQ wef.a mshd fj; weUq, f.k hk w;r;=f¾
§ h'
^uydjxYh - x-32&
²

² Y%S ,xldfõ W!j m<d; ;=< fj,a ^l=Uqre& ,laIhla ;snqKq ksid zfj,a,iaiZ f,i
ckm%jdofha mej;f.k ths'
² merl=ïnd rcq iufha Y%S ,xldj ‘‘fmrÈ. OdkHd.drh’’ hk úreodj,sh ,eîu
u.ska w;S;fhaa iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól rgdjla ;snQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

4
 1'1'2 úfoaY wdl%uK u.ska foaYSh lDIsl¾udka;hg isÿ jQ n,mEu

² mD;=.Sis iy ,kafoais md,k ld,h ;=< foaYSh fnda. jk l=re÷" .ïñßia iy

mqjla wdÈh uyd mrsudKfhka wmkhkh lrk ,o w;r jkdka;rfha mj;sk
l=re÷ .iaj,ska wiajkq fk<d .ekSug iSud fkdù l=re÷ j.dj o wdrïN lrk
,§¡ Ma wkqj ,xldfõ jeú,s l¾udka;hg moku ouñka Tjqka úiska fld<U"
l=re÷j;a;" lÈrdk" wejrsj;a; hk ia:dkj, l=re÷ j;= wdrïN lrk ,§'

² mD;=.Siska iy ,kafoaiSka Tjqka úiska mßfNdackhg .;a úúO fnda. j¾. ,xldjg
y÷kajd fok ,§'
WodyrK (- wkakdis" mefmd,a" rUqgka" ¥ßhka" uex.=iaáka" fo,a"
u[af[dlald" ;lald,s" lcq" ñßia

² ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,k iufha mej;s lDIs mdßißl moaO;shg iy foaYSh
lDIs wd¾Ól rgdjg fnfyúka ydks isÿ úh'
WodyrK (- .%dóh ck;dj i;= .jhska" ù j.d N+ñ" wfkl=;a fnda. j.d N+ñ"
foaYSh jdß moaO;s o úkdY lsßug ì%;dkHhka lghq;= l<y'

² ì%;dkHhka úiska mkjkq ,enQ rcfha bvï wd{d mk; u.ska iy uqvqìï mk;
u.ska ish¨ u le,E" uqvq bvï" mßyrKh fkdl< fyda j.d fkdl< bvï rchg
whs;s foam, fia i,lk ,o w;r fï ksid .%dóh f.dú ck;dj i;=j ;snQ bvï
Tjqkg wysñ úh' fuu bvï b;d wvq ñ,lg jeú,ss fnda. j.dj i|yd úl=Kk
,o w;r ta i|yd nÿ iyk o ,nd § we;'

² ì%;dkHhka úiska jeú,ss fnda. y÷kajd §fuka ,xldfõ fldams" f;a" rn¾"
fldfldajd" fmd,a yd iskafldakd j.d wdrïN úh'

² Wvrg m%foaYj, fldams yd f;a j.dj jHdma; lrk ,§'

² my;rg f;;a l,dmh i|yd rn¾ j.dj o jhU m<d; iy .ïmy Èia;s%lalh
wdY%s;j fmd,a j.dj o y÷kajd fok ,§' fuys § jhU m<df;a wdrïN lrk ,o
jeú,s l¾udka;h i|yd uyd ud¾. bÈ lrk ,oafoa jdß moaO;s úkdY lrñks'

² kqjrt<sh uQ,sl lrf.k w¾;dm,a" f.dajd" lerÜ" îÜ" rdnq iy ,Slaia wd§ fnda.
y÷kajd fok ,§'

² jeú,s fnda. j.dj i|yd Y%ñlhka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka furgg f.kaùug ì%;dkH
cd;slhska úiska lghq;= lrk ,§'

5
 ² ù we;=¿ foaYSh wdydr ksIamdokh flfrys wjOdkh wvq lr rgg wjYH iy,a
iy wfkl=;a lDIs ksIamdok wdkhkh lrk ,§'

² 1822 § Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu i|yd

fmardfoKsh rdclSh WoaNso WoHdkh msysgqjk ,§'

² hg;a úð; iuh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ rcrg rdcOdksh ksrs; È.g ixl%uKh ùu ksid
rcrg jdß moaO;sfha ì`o jeàula isÿ úh'

² úfoaY wdl%uKj,ska miq we;s jQ jdKsc

lDIs wd¾Ólh ksid ÿn, jQ foaYSh wdydr
ksIamdokh h<s kexùu i|yd 1912 §
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqjk ,§'

úfoaY wdl%uK ksid lDIs wd¾Ólfha

isÿ jQ by; fjkialï wdÈh fya;=fldg f.k
w;S; Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s iajhxfmdaIs; .%dóh
lDIs wd¾Ólh ì`o jeà f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a wd§ 1'3 rEmh - f;a j.d N+ñhla
jeú,s fnda. u; mokï jQ wd¾Ólhla ìys úh'

Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîfuka miq f.dú ckmo iy nyq ld¾h fhdackd l%u ìys úh'
Wod­ (-
² .,aTh fhdackd l%uh ² uyje,s fhdackd l%uh
² Wvj,j fhdackd l%uh ² bÕsksñáh fhdackd l%uh
² ks,aj,d fhdackd l%uh ² uq;=lKaäh jHdmdrh
² ¨Kq.ïfjfyr jHdmdrh ² uõwdr jHdmdrh

fuu ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uj, fmdÿ wruqKq lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² lDIs ksIamdokh by< oeóu

² bvï ke;s whg bvï ,nd oSu
² úh<s l,dmfha ck Y=kH m%foaYj, ckdjdi we;s lr f;;a l,dmSh wêl
ck.ykh md,kh lsÍu
² c, úÿ,sh ksmoùu
² /lshd iemhSu
² my< ksïkj, c, .e,Sï md,kh lsÍu
² jk j.dj jHdma; lsrSu yd mrsirh wdrlaId lsÍu

6
 1'1'3 yß; úma,jh
yß; úma,jh hkq lD;s%u fmdfydr" lDIs ridhksl øjH" kj lDIs hkaf;%damlrK
iy jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o fnda. m%fNao Ndú;h ksid b;d úYd, f,i lDIsld¾ñl
M,odhs;djh jeä ùuhs' lDIs fnda.j, fuu wiajkq jeä ùu Y%S ,xldfõ wdrïN
jQfha 1960 oYlfha w. Nd.fha § h'

yß; úma,jh iuÕ lDIsl¾udka;fha isÿ jQ fjkialï

² flá ld,hla ;=< jeä wiajkq ,nd fok îc

j¾. y÷kajd §u
² lDIs ridhk øjH y`ÿkajd §u iy tajdfha Ndú;h
jeä ùu
² f.dúfmd< hdka;%SlrKh jeä ùu
² fuf;la j.d l< tla lkakh fjkqjg lkak
folla j.d lsÍu
² f,dal OdkH ksIamdokh wdikak jYfhka 1'4 rEmh - f.dúfmd<
fo.=Khlska muK jeä ùu hdka;%SlrKh
² w;srsla; ksIamdok wf<ú lsÍug m%uqL;dj ,nd §u

mejreu (-
yß; úma,jfha hym;a iy whym;a ,ËK hk uefhka újdohla mj;ajkak'

1'2 YS% ,xldfõ j¾;udk lDIsl¾udka;h

f.j;= j.d fuka u foaYSh yd úfoaYSh

fj<|fmd< b,lal lr .;a jdKsc lDIsl¾uh f,i
mj;akd kj ksIamdok rgdjla fï jk úg wm
rfgys mj;shs' wmkhk fj<|fmd< b,lal lr .;a
iïm%odhsl jeú,s fnda. wxYh iy iïm%odhsl fkdjk
lDIs jHjidh /ila rg ;=< jHdma;j mj;shs' jdKsc 1'5 rEmh - f.j;= j.djla
jYfhka lrkq ,nk úis;=re u,a me< j.dj" biaika
j.dj" úis;=re u;aiH j.dj" me< ;jdka" ìïu,a
j.dj" jdKsc ó ueis md,kh" wdydr mßrËKh yd
lDIsld¾ñl wuqøjH i|yd w.h tl;= lsÍu fï w;r
m%Odk ;ekla .kshs' ;j o by< .=Kd;aufhka hq;a
lDIs ksIamdok wjYH m%udKhg wLKavj ksIamdokh 1'6 rEmh - wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< isÿ
lr fj<|fmd< lrd imhkq ,efí' lrkq ,nk jdKsc j.d

7
 1'3 YS% ,xldfõ ixj¾Okh flfrys lDIsl¾udka;fha Þhl;ajh

1' fmdaIK wjYH;d iemhSu

lDIsl¾udka;h u.ska m%Odk jYfhka ù we;=¿ Ydluh yd i;a;ajuh
wdydr j¾. ksIamdokh flf¾' tajd iqÿiq wdldrhg ilia lr wdydrhg .ekSu
u.ska YS% ,dxlslhkaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd .efka'
2' /lshd kshqla;sh
ksIamdolhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd lDIs ksIamdok iemfhk l%shdoduh
i`oyd úúO mqoa.,hska wjYH fõ' fuu.ska úYd, jYfhka /lshd wjia:d ìys ù
we;'
Wod ( ² j.dlrejka ² f.dúfmd< hka;% l%shdlrejka
² weiqreïlrejka ² w;rueÈhka
² f;d. iy is,a,r fj<÷ka

3' úfoaY úksuh bmhSu

úfoaY fj<|fmd< b,lal lr.;a lDIs ksIamdok wmkhkh lsÍu u.ska
úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .kshs'
Wod (- ² jeú,s fnda. iy l=¿nvq fnda. ² t<j¿
² úis;=re m;%sl Ydl iy lemqï u,a ² m,;=re
4' ld¾ñl wxYhg wuqøjH iemhSu
l¾udka; wxYfha ksñ øjH ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd wjYH wuqøjH
lDIsl¾udka;fhka imhkq ,efí'
Wod (- ² iSks ksIamdokhg wjYH jk Wla o`vq iemhSu
² rn¾ wdY%s; ksIamdok i|yd wjYH rn¾ lsß iemhSu
5' ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYh i|yd fj<|fmd< mq¿,a lsÍu
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd wjYH wuqøjH" WmlrK wdÈ øjH iy fiajdjka
ld¾ñl yd fiajd wxYfhka ,nd.; hq;= neúka tu wxY i|yd we;s fj<|fmd<
mq¿,a ùu isÿ fõ'
6' ixialD;sh fmdaIKh ùu
wkdosu;a ld,hla ;siafia wmg Wreu ù we;af;a lDIsl¾uh u.ska fmdaIKh
jQ YslaIKhlska yd úkhlska hq;= ixialD;shls'

Wod (- ² lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= wdY%s;j fk¨ï lú" f.dhï lú" lu;a lú wd§
cklú ìysùu
² w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hh iy ff;fmdx.,a W;aijh meje;aùfï pdß;%h

8
 1'4 wdydr iqrËs;;dj

wjYH wjia:djl § wjYH m%udKj,ska kshñ; .=Kd;aufhka hqla;j wjYH

wdydr j¾.hla ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj wdydr iqrËs;;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
wdydr iqrËs;;dj flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl ;=kls'

1' wdydr iq,N;dj (Food availability)

ish¨ u fmdaIKSh wjYH;d imqrd,sh yels jk mßÈ úúOdx.SlrKh jQ wdydr
wjYH m%udKj,ska ysÕhlska f;drj ;sîu

2' m%fõY ùfï yelshdj (Accessability)

iEu mqoa.,hl=gu ;udg wjYH wdydr imhd .ekSug yelshdjla ;sîu

3' m%fhdackhg .ekSu (Utilization)

rifhka .=Kfhka hq;a fmdaIKSh wdydr mßfNdackhg .; yelsùu

by; idOl ;=k tl fia Yla;su;a ùu wdydr iqrËs;;djg b;d jeo.;a fõ'
tla idOlhla fyda ÿ¾j, ùu wdydr iqrËs;;dj wvqùu flfrys iDcqj n,mdhs'

mejreu (-
rfÜ wdydr iqrËs;;dj ;yjqre lsÍug wkq.ukh l< yels l%shdud¾.
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

1'5 o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg lDIsl¾udka;fha odhl;ajh

o< foaYSh ksIamdokh hkq rgla ;=< lsishï j¾Ihl § ksIamdokh

lrkq ,nk ish¨ u NdKav yd fiajdj, jákdlu fõ' wm rfgys o< foaYSh
ksIamdokhg m%Odk wxY ;=kla odhl fõ'

1' lDIsld¾ñl wxYh

2' ld¾ñl wxYh
3' fiajd wxYh

lDIsld¾ñl wxYh i|yd fnda. j.dj" mY= iïm;a" j;= ixj¾Okh" oej iy
jk iïm;a" fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok iy ëjr l¾udka;h hk fËa;% odhl
fõ' ^j.=j 1'1 iy m%ia;drh 1'1& rfgys o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg lDIsld¾ñl wxYfhys
odhl;ajh idfmaËj wvq w.hhka fmkakqï l< o fuu wxYh rg ;=< b;d jeo.;a
ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lrhs'

9
 j.=j 1'1 o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg úúO wxYj, odhl;ajh
wxYh o< foaYSh ksIamdok odhl;ajh ]
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
1' lDIsld¾ñl wxYh 12'1 12'2 12 11'1 11'1
² fnda. j.dj 8'8 8'8 8'7 7'7 7'7
² mY= iïm;a 0'9 0'9 0'8 0'8 0'8
² j;= ixj¾Okh 0'3 0'3 0'3 0'3 0'3
² oej iy jk iïm;a 0'6 0'6 0'6 0'6 0'6
² fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok 0'4 0'4 0'4 0'4 0'4
² ëjr l¾udka;h 1'1 1'2 1'2 1'3 1'3
2' ld¾ñl wxYh 28'4 28'6 28'7 29'3 30'4
3' fiajd wxYh 59'5 59'3 59'3 59'5 58'5
uQ,dY%h ( jd¾Isl jd¾;dj" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j - 2012" 2011" 2010" 2009" 2008

1'1 m%ia;drh - o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg m%Odk wxYj, odhl;ajh ^2008-2012&

1'6 YS% ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd we;s úNjh

² lDIsl¾udka;h i`oyd wjYH iïm;a iq,n ùu

Wod (- N+ñh" c,h" Y%uh
² lDIsl¾udka; i|yd ys;lr jQ úúO mßir ;;a;aj mej;Su
Wod (- N+ úIu;dj" mi" ysre t<sh" WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh
² .=Kd;aul jHdma;s fiajd iy Wmldrl fiajd rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl hk wxY
u.ska rg mqrd l%shd;aul lsÍu

10
² lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok i|yd foaYsh iy úfoaYSh fj<|fmd<la mej;Su
² foaYSh iy úfoaYSh jHjidhlhka f.a odhl;ajh ,nd .; yels ùu
² /lshd úhqla;s ck;djg mQ¾K ld,Skj iy /lshd kshqla; ck;djg w¾O
ld,Skj lDIsl¾udka;fhys ksr; ùug yels ùu
² há;, myiqlï hym;a uÜgul mej;Su
Wod (- uyd ud¾." jrdh" .=jka f;dgqm," c,h" úÿ,sh" ikaksfõokh
² lDIsl¾udka;hg ys;lr jQ rdcH m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul ùu
Wod (- ish¨ u fnda. i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrh iemhSu

fuu mdvu wOHhkh lsÍfuka miq Tng

² lDIsl¾udka;h ks¾jpkh lsÍug;a"
² w;S;fha Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsl¾uh mej;s njg idlaIs bÈßm;a lsÍug;a"
² w;S;fha mej;s iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól rgdj yd ta i|yd n,mE fya;= meyeÈ,s
lsÍug;a"
² úfoaY wdl%uK ksid lDIs wd¾Ólfha isÿjQ fjkialï ,ehsia;= .; lsÍug;a"
² yß; úma,jh iuÕ lDIsl¾udka;fha we;s jQ fjkialï bÈßm;a lsÍug;a"
² lDIsl¾udka;fha jeo.;alu úia;r lsÍug;a"
² wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj yeÈkaùug;a"
² o< foaYsSh ksIamdokhg odhljk wxY y÷kd .ekSug;a"
² lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd we;s úNj y`ÿkd .ekSug;a

yelshdjla we;aoehs is;d n,kak'

wNHdi
1' f.dú;eka hq.fha § ñksid c,dY wdY%s;j jdiia:dk ;kd .ekSug m%Odk
fya;=j l=ulao?
2' fï jk úg Y%S ,xldj iajhxfmdaIs; ù we;s m%Odk fnda. folla kï lrkak'
3' jejl m%Odk wx. kï lr ta tl tllska bgq jk m%Odk ld¾hh ne.ska
i`oyka lrkak'
4' wfkl=;a fnda.j,ska rg iajhxfmdaIs; ;;a;ajh lrd <Õd lrùug Tn
lrk fhdackd fudkjdo@
5' iajhxfmdaIs; merKs .ul wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'

11
 wu;r oekqug
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgùfuka miq lDIsl¾u lafIa;%fhaa úYd,
fjkialïj,g fya;= jQ ixisoaê
jir ixisoaêh
1925 ;,jlef,a f;a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh msysgqùu
1928 ¨Kqú, fmd,a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh msysgqùu
1930 w.,j;a; rn¾ m¾fhaIK wdh;kh msysgqùu
1931 fvdkfuda¾ l%ufõoh wkqj .re ã'tia' fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u
lDIsl¾u" bvï" jdßud¾. yd jk iïm;a weu;s f,i m;aùu
1933 nyqld¾h f.dúckmo jHdmdr weröu
1952 n;,f.dv msysá ù m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkh" uOHu ù wNsckk uOHia:dkh f,i
kï lsrSu
wxl 01 orK l=Uqre mk; bÈßm;a lsÍu u.ska w| f.dú whs;sh iqrËs; lsÍu
1958 tÉ4 (H4) kï jq jeä wiajkq ,nd fok fouqyqï ù m%fNaoh ìys lsÍu ^foaYSh yß;
úma,jfha wdrïNh&
1960 yß; úma,jh weröu
1969 n;,f.dv msysá uOHu ù wNsckk uOHia:dkh u.ska Bg ldKavhg wh;a kj ù
j¾. ìysùu
1970-1977 j.d ix.%duh l%shd;aul lsÍu
1970 mia wjqreÿ j.d ie,eiau bÈßm;a lsÍu yd uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh wdrïN
ùu
1970 mia wjqreÿ j.d ie,eiau bÈßm;a lsÍu yd uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh wdrïN
ùu
1972 iq¿ wmkhk fnda. fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu
1975 lDIs rËK uKav,h weröu
1978 iyk ñ,g wdydr yd mdßfNda.sl øjH ,nd fok i,dl l%uh wfydais lsÍu
1979 îc iy;sl lsÍfï fiajh msysgqùu
1980 ‘mqyqKqj iy yuqùu’ lDIs jHdma;s fiajh y÷kajd §u
1982 hdh wdo¾Yk jevigyka y÷kajd §u
1995 zwudZ ixl,amh y÷kajd §u
2005 ù j.dj i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrh ,nd §u
2007-2010 ‘wms jjuq rg k.uq’ jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu
2011 ‘Èú ke.=u’ cd;sl ixj¾Ok jevigyk weröu
2011 ish¨ u fnda. i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdr ,nd §u
2012 Y%S ,xldj iy,ska iy nv brsÕ=j,ska iajhxfmdaIs; ùu
2014 ‘ osú ke.=u’ fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu

12
mdßNdIsl Yíoud,dj

f.dú;ek - Farming
lDIsl¾uh - Agriculture
hemqï lDIsl¾uh - Subsistence agriculture
iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ólh - Self - sufficient economy
jeú,s fnda. - Commercial crops
jdß ;dËKh - Irrigation technology
jej - Tank
fidfrdõj - Sluice gate
rdclSh WoaNso WoHdkh - Royal botanical garden
yß; úma,jh - Green revolution
nyqld¾h fhdackd l%u - Multipurpose schemes
f.dú ckmoh - Farmer colony
úis;=re m;%sl Ydl - Ornamental plants
lemqï u,a - Cut flowers
wdydr iqrËs;;dj - Food security
o< foaYsSh ksIamdokh - Gross Domestic Production

13