Sinhala Translation-New PDF

Y%S ,xldfõ isÿúh yels l%sfidaghs,a ;ykfï iudc-wd¾Óluh n,mEu -
msßjeh we.hSu
wjika jd¾;dj
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Executive Summary......................................................................................................…...3
1. Objective of the socio-economic evaluation ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. Research Methodology....................................................................................................... 7
3. Background .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. The direct costs of a potential ban ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Indirect economic costs .................................................................................................... 25
6. Social cost ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. The impact on the environment .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Overall macro-economic impact ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Annex A - Summary of Environmental Impact Feedback from Experts

Annex B - National Housing Policy
Annex C - Methodology
Annex D - Stakeholder Agencies
Annex E - Literature Review
m¾fhaIK nqoaê wxYh – WWW.RIUNIT.COM 1

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1' iudc-wd¾Ól we.hSfï wruqK
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weianeiafgdaia ^l%sfidaghs,a& Ndú;h yd wdkhkh md,khg leìkÜ uKav, ;SrKhla
uE;l § iïu; úh' tfukau M,odhS wdfoaYl jeä jYfhka Ndú;hg .ksñka 2014 jkúg
weianeiafgdaia wdY%s; ksIm a dok iïmq¾Kfhkau ;ykï lsÍug fufyhqï l%h
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wud;Hjrhd jYfhka ish ;k;=f¾ n,;, wkqj weianeiafgdaia Ndú;h yd wdkhk md,kh
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1uq,dY%h: Daily FT; http://www.ft.lk/article/566651/Asbestos-ban-in-2024--control-use-in-

2018
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3. miqìu
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2015 jif¾ § tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIm a dÈ;h we' fvd 3"924 la úh'
kj foaYmd,k frÔufha ;j;a m%;súmdlhla jkqfha o< foaYSh ksIamdokh .Kkh lrk
wdldrh fjkia lsÍulg ,la lsÍuhs' fuu cd;sl whjeh .Kkfha kj l%uh wkqj" Y%S
,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdokh 2015 § ;snq 4'8% l w.h 2016 § 5'8% f;la m%idrKh jkq
we;s w; 7% l muK by< j¾Ok b,lalhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd uOH ld,Skj Yla;su;a
flfrkq we;' 2015 uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dfjka ,nd.;a l,Sku f;dr;=re my; lreKq
fmkajhs (-
m%Odk wd¾Ól o¾Yl

 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól j¾Okh" 2014 § mej;=k 4'9] l j¾Ok fõ.hlg idfmalaIj
2015 § 4'8] lg ukao.dó jQ wd¾Ólh 2016 § 5'8] lska j¾Okh jk njg idlaIs
orhs'
 lDIsl¾udka;h yd fiajd yd ne÷K l%h s dldrlï ms<sfj<ska 5'5] lska yd 5'3] lska
j¾Okh ù we;s w;r l¾udka; yd ne÷K l%h s dldrlï 3'0] l ukao.dó j¾Okhla
2015 § fmkakï
q lr we;'
 WoaOukh" fld<U mdßfNda.slhkaf.a ñ, o¾Ylh u.ska jißka jir ñkqï lrk
mßÈ" 2014 jif¾ wjidkfha 2'1% l m%;sY;hlg idfmalaIj 2015 § 2'8% l
w.hla .kakd ,È'
 úfoaYslhka meñŒu ixpdrl wêldÍkag wkqj 2016 Tlaf;daïn¾ jkúg 13.7%
lska by< f.dia 150"419 olajd by< f.dia we;' 2015 isg th ishhg 14'6 la jQ
ñ,shk 1'658 l j¾Okhla fmkakï q lrhss' 2016 jif¾ b,lalh ñ,shk 2'5 l
ixpdrlhska f.kajd .ekSu fõ'
 ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka bmhSu" 2014 jif¾ we' fvd ñ,shk 2"431 muK jk bmhSu
2015 jif¾ § 22'6% lska jeäù we'fvd ñ,shk 2"981 lg by< f.dia we;'
2
Source: REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN A GREEN ENVIRONMENT;
http://riunit.lk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/50-51.pdf
m%ia;drh 3'1 Y%S ,xldfõ tl mqoa., o< foaYh
S ksIamdÈ;h
udkj o¾Ylh
a iy.; wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a iu. udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha 0'75% l Okd;aul

fuu úYsIg
j¾Okhlg Y%S ,xldj idlaIs orhs'
3.2 cd;sl wdodhug niakdysr m<df;a odhl;ajh
niakdysr m<d; Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a kufhka tlla jk w;r rfgys m<uq fm< mßmd,k
fldÜGdihls' Èjhsk mqrd m%dfoaYSh jYfhka o< foaYSh ksIm
a dÈ;fha j¾Ok fõ. iy
odhl;ajfha fjkialï mej;sh o" kj;u o;a; wkqj" niakdysr m<d; wd¾Ól N+
o¾Ykfhys bÈßfhkau isák nj meyeÈ,sh'
igyk 3'2 iuia; o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha m<d;a odhl;ajh igyk 3'3 o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg 2015 jir niakdysr m<df;a odhl;ajh
fld<U k.rh 2009 jif¾ wjika jQ hqoaOfhka wk;=rej" ÈhqKqjk ixpdrl l¾udka;h
w;ska" há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh w;ska fukau foaYSh yd wka;¾cd;sl ksYap, foam<
jHdmD;s w;ska fkdkej;S fjkia fjñka mj;S'

3.3 wka;¾cd;sl iei£u
Y%S ,xldfõ is;a weo.kakd iq¿ id¾j wd¾Ól j¾Okhla ;snqK;a" fndfyduhla wjia:djkays
§ l%f s idaghs,a ;ykula ksfõokh fldg we;af;a fmdfydi;a ld¾ñl rgj,aj,ska nj
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug jeo.;a lreKla fjhs' tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdokh jeä rgj,
ksjdi ysñhkag ish fiú,s øjHh jeä ñ, úl,amhlg fjkia lr .ekSug úhoï oeÍug
we;s yelshdj" fuu ldrKh i|yd uQ,sl jQ m%Odk ldrKhla jYfhka oelaúh yels h3.
32010 wf.dai;a =fõ weianeiafgdaia yd weianeiafgdaia wvx.= ksIm

a dok ksIm
a dokh" Ndú;dj"
wdkhkh" wmkhkh yd fj<|du ;ykula wkqu; l< tlu fmdfydi;a ld¾ñl rgla
fkdjk rg fudieïìla fjhs' t;eka isg fjf<| fmd<g ueá W¿" we¨ñkshï ;yvq yd
Palha fyda Caniso kï jQ msÿre j¾.hla jeks úúO wdfoaYl bÈßm;a úh' fudieïìla
rdcHh weianeiafgdaia j,ska udre ùug WmldÍ jQ" we¨ñkshïj, m%Odk wmkhk lrefjla
fjhs' fudieïìla rdcHh wm%sldfõ m%Odk we¨ñkshï iemhqïlrejkaf.ka tlla fjhs'

igyk 3'4 ;ykï l< rgj,a

4. úNjH ;ykul iDcq msßjeh
Y%S ,xld l%f

s idaghs,a l¾udka;fha jákdlu iïnkaO wmf.a weia;fïka;= mdol lr .ekSug
úúO msúiqï fhdod .kakd ,È' fuu wOHhkfhka f.dvkxjk ,o m%Odk l%h s dmámdáj,g
my; tajd we;=<;a fjhs'
• bÈlsÍï øjHha 10]-20] w;r m%;sY;hlg ysñlï lshk ksjdi ^bÈlsÍï&

l¾udka;fha jd¾Isl jákdlu l¾udka;fha jd¾Isl jákdlfuka 10-20% la muK
jQ fiú,s øjH¦
• rch úiska wkqu; kj ksjdij, fldgila jYfhka l%f s idaghs,a fiú,sj, jd¾Isl
jákdlu¦
• Y%S ,xldj ;=< oekg ksjdi" frday,a" mdi,a yd fjk;a ia:dkhkays Ndú;djk
l%fs idaghs,a f;d.fha jákdlu¦
• mj;sk l%f s idaghs,a f;d. bj;a lsÍu yd neyer lsÍu i|yd jehjk msßjeh'
iDcq msßjfhys mq¿,a ;lafiarejl § my; i|yka lreKq we;=<;a mq¿,a mrdihl lreKq o
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h:-
• iEu ksIm a dolhska y;rlska tla wfhl=g oekg mj;sk ksIamdok l¾udka; Yd,d yd
hkaf;%damlrKj, m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha jákdlu¦
• úl,am fiú,s øjH ksIm a dokh i|yd kj wdfhdackh¦
• l¾udka;fha wdodhï yd ,dN¦
• wmkhk jákdlu yd fr.= whNdrh¦
4.1 bÈlsÍï lafIa;f

% ha m%úIag ùu
Èjhsfkys jvd;au fõ.fhka j¾Okh jk yd m%lg jHdmdrhla f,i bÈlsÍï lafIa;%h
oelaúh yels h' kj ksjdi wkqu; lsÍï fkdlvjd j¾Okh ùu fukau fld<U yd ta wjg
wyi Wig f.dvkef.k f.dvke.s,s úYd, m%udKh fuhg idlaIs orhs'
uy nexl= o;a; wkqj" ksYap, foam< lafIa;%h 2015 § 9'6% l m%;sY;hlska j¾Okh ù
we;' bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha w;s úYd, j¾Okhla iu. we;s jQ fuu j¾Okh 22% l j¾Ok
fõ.hla yd 2015 Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIm
a dÈ;hg 9'7%l odhl;ajhla olajd we;'
jd¾Isl jákdlu .Kkh lsÍu
bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha jákdlu (2015) = we' fvd ì,shk 7.985

1
f.dvke.s,s (iuia; l¾udka;fhka 53.2%) = we' fvd ì,shk 4.232
fiú,s øjH1 (f.dvke.s,s j,ska 10% ) m¾fhaI=Kwe'
nqofvd
aê wxYh – WWW.RIUNIT.COM
ñ,shk 423 14
l%f
s idaghs,a øjH (jy,hka j,ska 34.6%) = we' fvd ñ,shk 146 (2015 § jirlg)
ksjdi bÈlsÍï iïnkaO Y%S ,xld uyd nexl= o;a; fhdod.kakd fuu l%ufõohg wkqj " Y%S
,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg we'fvd ñ,shk 146 la jákd l%f s idaghs,a 2015 jif¾ § tla ù we;'
fuu rEmfhys f;dr;=re 2015 jif¾ we'fvd ñ,shk 31'0 la jákd l%f s idaghs,a ;ka;= Y%S
,xldj úiska wdkhkh lr we;s njg mj;sk f¾.= o;a; iu. fyd¢ka .e<fmhs'
uE; jirj, § l%fs idaghs,a ñ, .Kka o we;=,;aj bÈlsÍï fhojqï l%ufhka jeäjQ nj
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKls' tuksid Y%S ,xldfõ jd¾Isl l%f
s idaghs,a w;S; yd wkd.;
w.hka iuia; bÈlsÍï øjHhj, ñ, .Kka iu. fjkia jkq we;'
igyk 4'1 o¾Ylj,ska m%;sìïNs; bÈlsÍï fhojqïj, ñ, WÉpdjpkh
4.2 kj ksjdi wkqu; lsÍfï m%fõYh
uy fld<U miq.sh jir 12 mqrdjg jirlg kj ksjdi tall 8"000 isg 16"000 la olajd
WÉpdjpkh ùfï m%jK;djhla ;sî we;s nj Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska ksl=;al< o;a;
q lrhs' wu;rj ksjdi fkdjk f.dvke.s,s 1"500 l idudkHhla o jd¾Islj
u.ska fmkakï
wkqu; lrhs' fuh jd¾Islj uOHkHh 14"646 la jk jd¾Islj uy fld<U kj iuia;
f.dvke.s,s wkqu; lsÍï j,g odhl fõ'

igyk 4'2 kj ksjdi wkqu; lsÍfï m%fõYh
uynexl= o;a; ;jÿrg;a fmkakqï lrk mßÈ l=vd ksjdi tall iu. ii|k úg jeäjk
kj ksjdi j¾. wä 2"000 lg jvd úYd, fõ' mj;sk o;a; u; mokïj isÿl< .Kkhka
u.ska tla ksjdi tallhl uOHkHh úYd,;ajh j¾. wä 1"904 la jk nj fmkajd fohs'
igyk 4'3 fld<U k.rfha f.dvke.s,s wkqu; lsÍu 2003 - 2013

igyk 4'4 uy fld<U ksjdi wkqu; l< ksjdi ixLHdj ksjdij, úYd,;ajh wkqj
uy nexl= o;a; wkqj" fld<U kd.ßlfha wkqu; lrk iEu ksjdi oyhla ie,l+ úg
tajdfhka tlla fyda —fjk;a f.dvke.s,s wkqu; lsÍï˜ hg;g wh;a fõ' tuksid ksjdi
tallhl uOHkH úYd,;ajfha weia;fïka;= lsÍu bÈßhg ixfYdaOkh l< yels h4. by;
lS —fjk;a f.dvke.s,s˜ hkak ks¾jpkh lr fkd;snqK;a" ta hg;g úYd, jHdmdßl
ixlS¾K ".nvd" rcfha f.dvke.s,s yd wd.ñl isoaOia:dk we;=¿ ksjdi fkdjk
ish¨ f.dvke.s,s wh;aa fõ'
igyk 4'5 uy fld<U ksjdi lvd oeóug wkque;sh 2002 - 2012
4 2010 jif¾ wkqu; l< fjk;a f.dvke.s,s ixLHdj 1"107 ls'

fmr úia;r lr we;s wdldrhg" Y%S ,xldfõ ksjdij,ska 34'6% la ksjdi fiú,s øjHh f,i
l%f
s idaghs,a Ndú;d lrk nj kj;u ix.Kk jd¾;d u.ska fmkajd § we;' th jy,hka
1"800"077 la fjhs' mj;sk f;dr;=re yd m¾fhaIK nqoê a wxYfha o;a; ksrEmKhka mokï
lrf.k" wm úiska my; w.hka l%f s idaghs,a jy,hka i|yd jirla i|yd ilid we;¦5
fld<U k.rh5
- wkqu; l< ksjdi ixLHdfõ tl;=j (2013) =10835
- ksjila i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKh = 1904
- jy,hl weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKh = 952
- wkqu; l< ksfjiaj, jy,hkaf.a weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä .Kk = 10,312,250
- fiú,s øjHhkaf.a l%sfidaghs,a fldgi1 (34.6%) = 3,568,039
- msßjeh ^l%sfidaghs,a jy,hl j¾. wählg& = remsh,a 186.93
- iïmq¾K jákdlu$ jd¾Isl ksjdi wkqu; lsÍfï msßjeh = remsh,a 666,973,437
(we' fvd 4,599,817)
- wkqu; l< fjk;a f.dvke.s,s ixLHdfõ tl;=j (2013) = 1422

- fjk;a f.dvke.s,s tall i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKh = 5000
- fjk;a f.dvke.s,s tallhl jy,h i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKh = 2500
- wkqu; l< fjk;a f.dvke.s,s tallj, jy,hka i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKh
= 3,555,000
- l%sfidaghs,a fiú,s øjHh (34.6%) = 1,230,030
- msßjeh (l%sfidaghs,a jy,hlg j¾. wä) = LKR 186.93
- ksjdi fkdjk f.dvke.s,s i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uq¿ msßjeh = remsh,a 229,929,508
(we' fvd 1,585,721)
- iïmq¾K jd¾Isl msßjeh îsh¨ f.dvke.s,s i|yd& = remsh,a 896,902,945

(we' fvd ñ,shk 6.17)
Èjhsk mqrd
uy fld<U ck.ykh (iïmq¾K ck.ykfhka 20.07 % ) = 4,207,876

Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh = 20,966,000
uq¿ jd¾Isl msßjeh = we' fvd 30,819,818
(we' fvd ñ,shk 30.82)
5
Wml,amkh( ish¨ ksjdi yd f.dvke.s,s fouy,a nj'
4.2 l%sfidaghs,a jy,hkaf.a m%fõYfha iïmq¾K f;d.fha msßjeh$ jákdlfï
m%fõYh
j¾I 1955 isg" Y%S ,xldfõ .Dyia: yd jdKscuh Ndú;djka Wfoid l%sfidaghs,a foaYShj
a dokh lrk ,§' 1994 jir jkúg l%f
ksIm s idaghs,a fõ.fhka ckm%sh jkakg mgka .ekqK
w;r Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú;d l< ish¨ fiú,s øjH j,ska 15% la i|yd l%f s idaghs,a ysñlï lSh
^ckúldY iólaIKh&' rcfha o;a; wkqj" fld<U m%foaYfha l%f s idaghs,a Ndú;dj 43% la
;rï by< w.hla úh' 2012 jkúg" l%f s idaghs,a fjf<| fmd<g we;=<;a ùu fo.=Khlg
jvd jeä jQ w;r ish¨ fiú,s øjHhkaf.ka 34'6% la o" fld<U k.rfha fiú,s j,ska
64'6% l w.hka .kakd ,È' fuh l%fs idaghs,a fiú,s øjHh iu. ksjdi ñ,shk 1'8 la njg
;lafiare lr we;'
igyk 4'6 Y%S ,xldfõ l%sfidaghs,a l¾udka;h

l%f
s idaghs,a wvx.= iïmq¾K ksjdi ixLHdfõ tl;=j : 1,800,077
ksjila i|yd weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkh úYd,;ajh : 925
ksjdi i|yd Ndú; lr we;s iïmq¾K j¾. wä m%udKh : 1,665,071,225
2015 fjf<| fmd< w.hka hgf;a weia;fïka;=.; l< msßjeh
(j¾. wählg remsh,a 186.93)
: remsh,a 311,251,764,089
(we'fvd 2,146,563,890)
l%f
s idaghs,a wvx.= fjk;a ksjdi tall ixLHdfõ tl;=j : 180,008
fjk;a ksjdi tallhl weia;fïka;=.; l< uOHkh úYd,;ajh : 2500
fjk;a ksjdi tall i|yd Ndú; lr we;s iïmq¾K j¾. wä m%udKh : 450,020,000
2015 fjf<|fmd< w.hka ys § weia;fïka;=.; l< msßjeh
(j¾. wählg remsh,a 186.93) : remsh,a 84,122,238,600
(we'fvd 580,153,370)
iïmq¾K f;d.fha weia;fïka;=.; l< iïmq¾K jákdlu: remsh,a 395,374,002,689

(we'fvd 2,726,717,260)
4.3 ksIamdolhska i|yd msßjeh

m%Odk ixúOdk y;rla Y%S ,xldfõ l%f
s idaghs,a wdkhkh yd l%sfidaghs,a fiú,s ;yvq foaYSh
ksIm
a dokfha ksr; jk nj fuu wOHhkh u.ska ;yjqre lrhs' fuu l¾udka;fha iDcq
/lshd 4"000 isg 4"500 la muK jk w;r ;jÿrg;a 17"000-40"000 lg muK
iemhqïlrejka" wf,ú ksfhdað;hka yd m%jdyk iemhqïlrejka jYfhka jl% /lshd
wjia:d /ila cks; lrhs'
l%f
s idaghs,a l¾udka;fha by; lS m%Odk ixúOdk pd;=¾;h f,i" ì,aÜ t,sukaÜ iu.u"
rhsfkda fiú,s mqoa.,sl iu.u" Y%S /ïflda mqoa.,sl iud.u yd iS.sß fiú,s mqoa.,sl
iud.u oelaúh yels h' 1995 jif¾ § ì,aÜ t,sukaÜ iud.u úiska Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok
l¾udka; Yd,dfõ § m<uq l%h s dj,sh werUqK w;r wk;=rej 1962 § rhsfkda iud.u ish
ksIma dokh wrUk ,§' by; iud.ï folu foaYSh ysñldÍ;ajhla we;;a" Y%S /ïflda yd
is.sß fiú,s iud.ï" bkaÈhdkq wdfhdack u.ska l%h
s d;aul fjhs'
4.3.1 mj;sk m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha jákdlu
Y%S ,xldfõ l%f

s idaghs,a ksIm
a dolhskaf.ka ,nd.;a m%d:ñl o;a; mokï lrf.k" m%d.aOk
NdKavj, j;auka wdfhdackh remsh,a ì,shk 8-16 la ^we'fvd ñ,shk 55-110& njg
weia;fïka;=.; lrk ,§'

4.3.2 úl,am fiú,s øjH ksIamdokh i|yd kj wdfhdackh
.e,ajkhsia l< iskl a a yd iskl

a a we¨ñkshï jeks úl,am fiú,s øjH ksIm
a dokh i|yd
l%f
s idaghs,a ksIamdokh i|yd wjYHjk m%d.aOkh yd Wmdx. yd iudk m%udKfhkau
wdfhdackhla wjYHjk nj ;lafiare lr we; ^we' fvd ñ,shk 55-110&'
4.3.3 l¾udka;hg ,dn yd w,dn
úYajdikShNdjhg i|yd" lsis÷ ksIm

a dolfhl= Tjqkaf.a ,dN yd wdodhï ms<sn|j úia;r
,nd§ug leue;a;la fkdoelaùh' flfia kuq;a ,nd.; yels o;a; u; mokïj fuu
l¾udka;fha wdodhu jirlg we'fvd ñ,shk 100 la muK jk nj weia;fïka;=.; lr
we;' m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKh w;r;=r ,nd.;a l¾udka;fha úYajdikSh uq,dY%j,g wkqj" uE;
ld,Sk wf,ú keUqrej wkjr; tlla jk w;r tys jd¾Islj fug%sla fgdka 30000 isg
35000 olajd iq¿ jeäùula we;'
4.4 f¾.= wdodhu wysñ ùu
l%f
s idaghs,a ksIm
a dokhg l%f
s idaghs,a ;ka;= ^wdkhks;& ishhg wgl m%;sY;hla yd c,h yd
isfuka;s muKla wjYH fõ'

igyk 4'7 2000 isg 2016 olajd iuia; ;ka;= wdkhkh
iuia; ;ka;= wdkhkh
j¾Ih ^lsf,da .a?ï& we'fvd
2000 22,574,922 N/A
2001 23,394,941 N/A
2002 24,140,636 N/A
2003 23,284,995 N/A
2004 33,816,710 N/A
2005 35,911,931 N/A
2006 39,444,687 N/A
2007 46,104,990 N/A
2008 58,113,000 31,426,032
2009 39,378,792 13,781,205
2010 47,875,292 29,089,988
2011 60,979,129 40,228,635
2012 64,385,051 44,037,829
2013 40,977,558 25,228,012
2014 51,340,000 38,807,247

2015 44,887,500 31,086,734
2016 44,992,500 27,416,906
f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=fjka ,nd.;a weianeiafgdaia o;a; u; mokïj ^HS fla;h( 25249000&"

nÿ wkqmd;h PAL (7.5 per cent)" NBT ^2 %& yd VAT ^11 %& f,iska fõ' fuu
a dokfhka f¾.=j u.ska 2015 § Wmhd.;a ;Sre nÿ tl;=j remsh,a 858,701,483 ^ we'
ksIm
fvd ñ,shk 5.9 & la jk w;r wêl m%udK j,ska wdkhkh ksid remsh,a 958,687,826^we'
fvd 64,80537& l uqo,la 2016 § Wmhd we;'

4.5 fiajlhska i|yd msßjeh
lKavdhfï m%d:ñl m¾fhaIK W;aidyhg wkqj" l¾udka;fha Y%u n,ldh iïnkaO my;
weia;fïka;= j,g t<fUk ,§¦
Y%ñlhska : 4,500
jl% Y%ñlhska : 50,000
hefmkakka (jl%) : 200,000
fuu l¾udka;fha fiajlfhl=f.a idudkH udisl fõ;kh remsh,a 50"000 la jk nj wmf.a

fidhd.ekSï u; mokïj weia;fïka;=.; lr we;' ta wkqj" fuu l¾udka;fha iDcqj
kshe,S isákakl=f.a jd¾Isl wdodhï wysñùu" remsh,a 225,000,000 jkq we; (we'fvd
1,551,724).
jl% hefmkakka f,i ks¾jpkh lr we;s wh hg;g" fiajd imhkakka" iemhqïlrejka"

fnod yßkakka" oDvdx. fjf<kaoka" m%jdykh lrkakka jekakka wh;a fõ' fuu fuu
weianeiafgdaia ;yku ksid l¾udka; jid oeóug isÿjqjfyd;a" fiajlhskaf.ka
fndfyduhla ú/lshdfjka fm<Sfï wk;=rg uqyqKmdkq we;'
by; jl% f,i l¾udka;fha kshef,kakkag jk n,mEu iDcq kshef,kakkag n,mdk

m%udKfhka wvla muK jkq we;ehs uOHia: Wml,amkhla iu.ska wm bÈßhg .shfyd;a"
tys § tu msßjeh remsh,a ì,shk 1'25 la ^we' fvd 8,620,689& jkq we;'
iDcq fiajlhska : we' fvd 1,551,724

jl% fiajlhska : we' fvd 8,620,689
iïmq¾K msßjeh (uilg) : we' fvd 10,172,413
jd¾Islj mdvqj : we' fvd 122,068,965

4.6 iDcq wd¾Ól msßjefha idrdxYh
iïmq¾K NdKav f;d.fha jákdlu

(2016 § ñ, .Kka wkqj) : we'fvd ì,shk 2.5 - 3.0
kj ksjdi i|yd NdKav f;d.fha jd¾Isl jákdlu: we'fvd ñ,shk 146
j;auka m%d.aOkh (hka;% yd l¾udka;Yd,d): we'fvd ñ,shk 55 - 110
kj ksIma dokhka lsÍu i|yd kj wdfhdack( we'fvd ñ,shk 55 - 110
ksIm
a dolhskaf.a jd¾Isl wdodhu( we'fvd ñ,shk 100
jd¾Isl f¾.= wdodhu( we'fvd ñ,shk 5.9

5. jl% wd¾Ól msßjeh
jl% wd¾Ól msßjehg lsis÷ ksYaÑ;Ndjhlska uq,Huh w.hla Èh fkdyels" nyqúO

iam¾YHuh yd iam¾YHuh fkdjk n,mEï we;=,;a fõ' flfia kuq;a" fuu mßÉfÉofha §"
lsishï úNjh weianeiafgdaia ;ykul m%;sM,hla jYfhka iDcq n,mEula oeksh yels yd
jl%d wd¾Ól msßjhlg fya;= úh yels uQ,sl me;s fndfydauhla wm úiska biau;= fldg
olajd we;' fuu.ska Y%S ,xldfõ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug" úfYaIfhka f;a wmkhkj,g
fuu.ska isÿúh yels n,mEu" uq,Huh myrla t,a, l< yels ksIamdolhska fldgila u;
yd tu l¾udka; u; bÈßfha § mejßh yels kvq lghq;= u.ska isÿúh yels n,mEu o
fuhg we;=<;a fjhs'
5.1 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du yd wuqøjH wdkhkh
l%f
s idaghs,a ksIamdokh foaYShj isÿ l<;a l%f
s idaghs,a ;ka;= wdkhkh reishdj n%iS,h we;=¿
fndfyda tf;r .ukdka; j,ska isÿ lsÍug isÿ fõ' wuqøjH wdkhkhka miq.sh wjqreÿ 15
mqrdjg l%ufhka by< f.dia we;' th 2000 jif¾ lsf,da.%Eï ñ,shk 22'5 isg 2014 jif¾
lsf,da.%Eï ñ,shk 51'3 la olajd jeä ù we;s w;r iïmq¾K wdkhk jákdlu we'fvd
ñ,shk 38'8 la njg .Kka n,d we;'
f¾.= o;a; wkqj" fjf<| fmdf<ka jeä fldgi reishdjg ysñ jk w;r ,xldjg
l%sfidaghs,a wdkhk j,ska 89% la muKu trfgka fjhs' fojekak n%iS,h fõ' th
l%fs idaghs,a wdkhk j,ska 9% la muK fjhs' wk;=rej lilia;dkh" bkaÈhdj yd Ökh
wdkhk j,ska 2% lg ysñlï lshhs' fuu.ska olajd we;s weianeiafgdaia fjf<|dfuys
reishdfjys ld¾hNdrh" reishdj Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| iylrefjl= f,i we;s iqúfYaIS;djh
fmkakï q lrhs'

igyk 5'1 ;ka;= wdkhkh
5.1.1 reishdj iu. .Kqfokq
fidaúhÜ iuqydKavqj yd Y%S ,xldj w;r rdcH;dka;%sl in|;d 1957 fmnrjdß 19 werUqK
kuq;a" reishd-Y%S ,xld in|;d Bg;a fmr w;S;h f;la we§ hhs' Y%S ,xldfõ reishka
;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h 1892 .d,af,a § msysg jQ w;r 1959 jif¾ § fudialõ k.rfha Y%S
,xldj iu. ñ;%;aj ix.uhla msysgqjk ,§'
Y%S ,xldj yd reishdj w;r my; i|yka tlÕ;djka isÿj we;(-
1. wd¾Ól yd ;dlaI‚l iyfhda.S;dj
2. ksjdi bÈlsÍï
3. NdKav yqjudrej
4. .=jka fiajd
5. wOHdmkh

igyk 5'2 Y%S ,xldj yd reishdj w;r fjf<|du
wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,hg wkqj" Y%S ,xldfjka reishdjg m%Odk wmkhk f,i" f;a"
weÕ¨ï" l¾udka; yd Y,Hl¾u w;ajeiqï" úh<k ,o fmd,a" il%Sh l< ldnka" úi¾ck
myka" yß; f;a ^.%Ska à&" ñY%s; fldyq n;a" fldyq fuÜg" fldyq ,Kq" yq<x mqrjk ,o yd
msßieliqï lrk ,o gh¾ yd áhqí i|yka l< yels h'
reishdfjka Y%S ,xldjg wdkhk" uQ,sl f,day ksIm

a dok" lvodis yd lvodis ksIamdok"
wf,day Lksc ksIamdok" ridhk øjH yd ma,diaála ksIamdok" úoHq;a yd bf,lafg%dksla
WmlrK yd fldgia yd hka;%j,ska úhk ,o frÈ u; wdÈh fõ
igyk 5'3 Y%S ,xldfjka reishdjg m%Odk wmkhk 10
Y%S ,xldfjka reishdjg isÿlrk m%Odk wmkhk igyfkka fmkajd we;s mßÈ" f;a hkq
reishka mdßfNda.slhska w;r jeä b,aüla iys; ksIm a dokhls' Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg f;a
idïm%odhslj b;d jeo.;a ldrNdrhla bgq fldg we;s w;r 2013 weußlka fvd,¾ ì,shk
1'5 l wdodhula ñ,shk foll lïlrejka îDcq yd jl%& o iu.ska ,nd § we;' Y%S ,xld
f;a" m%Odkj reishdj iy brdlh ^lsf,da fgdka 31&" isßhdj ^lsf,da fgdka 11&" l=fõÜ ^lsf,da

fgdka 9&" fcda¾odka ^lsf,da fgdka 6&" yd fi!È wrdìh ^lsf,da fgdka 5&" jeks fndfyduhla
ueo fmrÈ. rgj,g wmkhkh lrhs' fjk;a ie,lsh hq;= f;a wdkhk lrejka f,i
;=¾lsh ^lsf,da fgdka 33&" cmdkh^lsf,da fgdka 8&" yd c¾uksh ^lsf,da fgdka 7& oelaúh yels
h6.
fuu § we;s fj<| fmd<j,aj, wia:djrNdjh" fndfyduhla f,dal-.eg¨ iy.; ia:dk

jk ksid" Y%S ,xldj fndfydaúg ñ,.Kka wia:djr ùï j,g uqyqK mdhs' ta wkqj reishdkq
fjf<| fmd< msßkuk ia:djr;ajh f,dal f;a fjf<| fmdf<a uE;l § flkahdj iu. oeä
;rÕhl ksr;jk foaYSh l¾udka;hg w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' foaYSh jYfhka fuu
l¾udka;g foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi j,ska yd ñ, wêl fiajl Y%uh ksid ndOl /ilg uqyqK
mdhs'
fuu jeo.;a fjf<| iyhlfhla jk reishdfjka l%f s idaghs,a wdkhkh ;ykï lsÍug
.kakd hï W;aidyhla" forg w;r ish¨ jeo.;a fjf<| ne÷ïj,g ;¾ckhla t,a,jkq
we;' Y%S ,xldfõ reishdkq ;dkdm;sjrhd úiska fuu fhdað; weianeiafgdaia ;yku ms<sn|
kej; i,ld n,k f,i iy md¾Yjlrejka iu. l%h s dfldg" Wÿuqjd fmkajd we;s fi!LH
.eg¨j,g ms<s.; yels úi÷ula iyfhda.fhka fidhk f,i Y%S ,xld rcfhka b,a¨ï lr
we;'
uE;l § meje;a jQ Y%S ,xld reishd fjf<| ljqkais,fha jd¾Isl uyd iNd /iaùfï §" Y%S
,xld rcfha fuu weianeiafgdaia ;ykug ueÈy;a jk f,i reishka ;dkdm;s
wef,laiekav¾ ta' l¾pdjd úiska ljqki a ,
s hg wNshdpkd lrk ,§' tfukau tjeks
;ykulska forg w;r mj;sk in|;d mSvdjg ,la lrkq we;s nj o Tyq mejiSh'
(Financial Times, 21st October 2016)
fuu m¾fhaIK mejreu w;r;=r m¾fhaIK nqoê a wxYh úiska" reishdfjka l%f
s idaghs,a
wdkhkh ;ykï lsÍu ;=< f;a l¾udka;hg jk n,mEï idlÉPd lsÍug Y%S ,xld f;a
uKav,fha iNdm;s frdydka fm;shdf.dv uy;d yuq úh' tys § m%;spdr f,i"
wmkhklrejkag reishka fjf<| fmdf<ys we;s jeo.;alu yqjd olajñka" fujeks
mshjrla ;=<ska foaYSh f;a l¾udka;h ie,lsh hq;= wjOdkulg uqyqK md we;s nj
iNdm;sjrhd mejiSh' iïmq¾Kfhka is;d fkdn,d .;a ;SrK yd tajdfha mq¾K m%;súmdl
fkdi,ld yer isÿ l< b;d oejeka; m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsÍï yuqfõ" ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj,a isÿ mSvd ú¢k nj Tyq ;jÿrg;a mejiSh' fuh ixj¾ê; f,dalh iu.
ii|d n,kúg m%;sm;a;s fjkia lï we;s lsÍula we;slrk úg tajdfha n,mEu fidhd
ne,Sug úYd, ld,hla .;fõ' úfYaIfhka" fuh rfgys ckm%shu fiú,s øjHh
iïNkaOfhka mk k.sk .eg¨jl § n,mdhs'
f,dal fjf<| ix.uhg wkqj" fjf<|du i|yd ;dlaI‚l ndOl flfrys jQ tlÕ;djh
^TBT& 2'2 j.ka;sh( uOHu rcfha wdh;k j,g idfmalaIj —wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug
wkjYH ndOdjka we;slrk mßÈ ;dlaI‚l kshdukhka ms<sfh< lsÍu" ms<s .ekSu" fyda
fh§u isÿ fkdjk njg idudðlhska j.n,d .; hq;= h' fuu wruqK i|yd ;dlaI‚l
6wdpd¾h ckl r;akisß – The Island

kshdukhka kS;Hdkql+,uh wruqKla bgq lr .ekSug w;HwdjIH tajdg jvd fjf<| fmd<
iSudldÍ fkdúh hq;= h¦ bIaG fkdùula iïnkaOfhka we;sjk wjOdku o ie,ls,a,g .;
hq;= h' tjka kS;Hdkql+, wruqKq f,i" fjk;a lreKq( cd;sl wdrlaIl wjYH;d¦ jxpd
iy.; Wmdhud¾. j,ska je<lSu" udkj fi!LH fyda wdrlaIdj" Ydl fyda i;aj fi!LH
fyda mßirh iq/lSu' fujka Wmøj ;lafiare lsÍfï § i,ld nef,k lreKq f,i" fjk;a
lreKq( ,nd.; yels úoHd;aul yd ;dlaI‚l o;a;" wdY%s; msßieliqï ;dlaIkh fyda
ksIm
a dokj, n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wjika Ndú;˜'
f,dal fjf<| ix.ufha ikSmdrlaIl yd Ydl-ikSmdrlaIdj ñkqï7 lsÍu iïnkaO kS;s Í;s
j,g wkqj" wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug n,mEï we;slrk ´kEu ksIm a dok ;ykula i|yd
mq¾j oekqï §ula fukau ydksh ;yjqre lrk foaYSh ,shlshú,s" fjf<|du yd wdkhkh
k;r lsÍug fmrd;=j ,nd §u w;HjYH fõ'
tfy;a fï jk f;lau úoHd;aul" ;dlaI‚l wOHkhka we;=<;a tjka l%h

s dud¾.hla Y%S
,xldj úiska f.k fkdue; (Chrysotile in Sri Lanka,CIC).
5.2 ixpdrl l¾udka;h

a ia mej;s hqoaOh 2009 jif¾ § ksu ùfuka wk;=rej Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl
oYl ;=kla ;sif
l¾udka;h fõ.fhka j¾Okh jkakg mgka .eksK' ixpdrl l¾udka;fhka bmhSï 2015
jif¾ § fmr jirg idfmalaIj 22'6% lska by< f.dia we;' foieïn¾ jkf;la udi
fod<yl ld,h ;=< ,xldj we' fvd ñ,shk 2"980'7 l wdodhula ixpdrl l¾udka;fhka
Wmhd we;'
Y%S ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñŒu 2016 wf.daia;=fõ 186"288 la jQ w;r th fmr j¾Ihg
jvd 11'8% lska jeä ù we;s nj rdcH ixpdrl m%j¾Ok ld¾hd,h mjihs' tfukau 2016
jif¾ uq¿ ixpdrlhska .Kk 16% lska by< f.dia ixpdrlhska ñ,shk 1'359 la ù we;'
Y%S ,xldjg meñŒï o 2009 jif¾ § 448"000 la jQ w.h 2015 § ñ,shk 1'8 la olajd by<
f.dia we;' j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldj f,dalfha iuia; ixpdrl meñŒïj,ska 0'13% l
fldgila o iuia; ixpdrl bmhSï j,ska 0'2% lg o ysñlï lshhs' f,dal .ukd.uk yd
ixpdrl ljqki a s,h ^WITC& isÿ lrk ,o ;lafiarej,g wkqj" Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh
ksIma dokhg .ukd.uk yd ixpdrl lafIa;%fha iDcq yd jl% odhl;ajh tu lafIa;%fha
/lshd kshqla;sh f,dal yd wdishdkq meis*sla uOHkHh w.hkag jvd hym;a fõ' tfia
kuq;a" .ukd.uk yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h o< foaYSh ksIm a dokhg iDcq yd iïmq¾K
odhl;ajh yd /lshd kshqla;sh" m%dfoaYSh ;rÕlrejka jk ud,Èjhsk" ldïfndach"
;dhs,ka;h yd uef,aishdj hk rgj,g idfmalaIj wvq w.hla .ekSu ksid l¾udka;fha
j¾Okh ùug we;s yelshdj ;ju;a Ndú;d fkdl< ;;ajfha mj;S' Y%S ,xld ixpdrl
m%j¾Ok ld¾hdxYhg wkqj 2016 jif¾ § ñ,shk 2'2 lg wêl ixpdrlhska msßila
7
The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs' tjka ixpdrlhska by< msßilg myiqlï iemhSug kï fydag,a
ldur 40"000 isg 50"000 la muK wjYH jk nj ;lafiare lr we;' tfia kuq;a ixpdrl
fydag,a yd w;sf¾l wdh;k we;=<;aj fydag,a ldur 30"000 la muK 2015 jir wjidk
jkúg ,nd .; yels h' 2016 jir jkúg fydag,a ldur 6400 lg jvd lafIa;%hg tl;=
ùug kshñ; jk w;r fndyuhla kj fydag,a jHdmD;s lafIa;%fha myiqlï by< kexùu
Wfoid weröug kshñ; h'
igyk 5'4 2015 ckjdß isg 2016 olajd ixpdrlhska meñŒu rgj,a jYfhka
Y%S ,xldjg úfoaY úksuh bmehSfï § reishka ixpdrlhska jeo.;a uq,dY%hla jk w;r
2014 jif¾ reishka ixpdrlhska 69"718 la we' fvd ñ,shk 112 la úhoï fldg Y%S
,xldjg meñK we;'
igyk 5'5 reishdfjka ixpdrlhska meñŒu
5.3 kvq u.g fhduq ùu

l%f
s idaghs,a ;ykï l< f,dalfha iEu rglau kS;suh moaO;shla fkd;sîu ksid ñ,shk ish
.Kkla nÿ f.jkakka f.ka yd jHdmdr j,ska úhoï isÿ jQ úYauhckl yd laI‚l y;=

msfmkakdla fuka we;s jQ kvq j,g idlaIs oeÍh' we' tlai;a ckmofha RAND iudch8 u.ska
weianeiafgdaia wdY%s; meñ‚,sj, iuia; jákdlu we' fvd ì,shk 250 blaujd we;s nj
weia;fïka;=.; lr we;' fïjk f;la úhoï fldg we;s we' fvd ì,shk 54 ka 65% lau
t;rï oreKq tajd fkdjQ w;r 50% lg jvd jvd msßjeh fjkafldg we;af;a —.kqfokq
msßjeh˜ i|yd fõ' weußldfjka msg; weußld yd íafg%,shdkq kS;s wdh;k yd úfoaY
rgj, l%h s dldÍ tajdfha ix.ï ueÈy;aj kvq fndfyduhla wrUd we;' weußldfõ we'fvd
ì,shk 17'7 lg jvd kvq úhoï tl;= ùug kshñ; nj weia;fïka;=.; lr we;'
cmdkfha th we'fvd 22'732 la muK kvq úhoï f,i fï jkúg weia;fïka;= fldg we;'
(Chrysotile in Sri Lanka, CIC).
f,dalh mqrd weianeiafgdaia wdY%s; kvq lghq;= jeä jYfhka wefikafka ÈhqKq rgj,sks'
f,dj jgd tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdokh fmkaùug is;shu
Chart 5.6 Annual value of Tourism
8http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/documented_briefings/2005/DB397.pdf

5.4 jl% wd¾Ól msßjefhys idrdxYh

6.iudÔh msßjeh
6.1 l¾udka;fhys Y%ñlhska yd hefmkakkayg msßjeh
l,ska fldgfiys fmkajd we;s m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKh wkqj" fuu l¾udka;fhys iDcqj
kshef,k lïlrejka 4"500 la muK o wu;rj iemhqï odufhys úúO ia:dkj, § jl%j
odhl jkakka 50"000 la muK o isà' ish /lshd j,ska bj;a lsÍu ksid we;sjk iDcq
uq,Huh yd udkisl n,mEug wu;rj" mjq,a 18"000 la wd¾Ól wmyiq;d yd ne?reï
;;a;ajj,g uqyqK mdk njg weia;fïka;= .; fldg we;'
Y%ñlhsk:a 4,500
hefmkakka: 18,000
jl% Y%ñlhska: 50,000
hefmkakka ^jl%&( 200,000
tl;=j: 272,500
iemhqï oduh Èf.a úúO ia:dkj, § jl%j fiajfha kshq;= jqjka flfrys wjOdkhla fhduq
l< hq;= w;r hï 272"500 l ck;djlg iDK uq,Huh n,mEï yd Nhdkl iudÔh msßjeh
.eg¨ we;súh yels h'
6.2 .DydY%s; ;,h ^wjika mdßfNda.slhka&
wmf.a m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKfha fldgila f,i" fld<U" hdmkh" kqjr yd .ïmy hk

s idaghs,a fiú,s øjHh Ndú;djk ksjdi 100 la iólaIKh lrk ,§'
Èia;%slalj, oekg l%f
ie,lsh hq;= ksjdi .Kkla k.rdY%s;j" .%dóhj yd j;= m%cd ksjdi we;<;ajk mßÈ
iólaIK ksheÈ jHqy.; fldg ;sìK9.
9wmf.a ksheÈfha m%udKfhka 30% la j;= m%cdj wdjrKhg fjka lsÍuka uOHkH ksjil
m%udKh" ck ix.Kk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka yd uyd nexl=fjka ,nd.;a
fmr o;a; u; mokïj fmr isÿ l< Wml,amk ^cd;sl uÜgfï& j,g jvd wvq w.hla
^wmf.a ksheÈfha& f.k we;' tfia jqj o fuu iólaIKh kd.ßl" .%dóh yd j;= f,i w¾:
olajd we;s m%cdjka uqyqKfok laIqø uÜfÜï .eg¨ .Kkdjla flfrys jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq lrhs'

igyk 6'1 .DydY%s; iólaIKfha ksheÈ m%udK
iólaIKhg wkqj" k.r wdY%s;j úYd,u ksjdi yuqjk w;r .%dóh ksjdi yd j;= ksjdi
ms<sfj<ska l=vdu m%udKfha ksjdij,g ysñlï lshk nj fy<s úh'
igyk 6'2 ksjil j¾.M,h j¾. wä

igyk 6'3 LdKavh yd ksjdifha m%udKh wkqj ksjdi
igyk 6'4 ksjil uOHkh w¨;ajeähd úhou

w¨;ajeähd yd m%;si:
a dmk úhoï ie<l=úg" iólaIKhg m%;spdr oelajj Q ka ^nyq;rhla
i|yd& úiska j¾. wä 500 ;a 1"000 ;a w;r m%udKfha jk ksjilg remsh,a 200"000 la
muK jehjk nj i|yka lrk ,§' flfia kuq;a l%f s idaghs,a fiú,s ;yvqjl i;H
w¨;ajeähd úhou remsh,a 50 la muK l=vd w.hla fõ'
igyk 6'5 ksjdij,g ndOd isÿùï

Impact Scale
Nil - 1, 2
Marginal - 3, 4
Moderate - 5, 6
Significant - 7, 8
Damaging - 9, 10
7.3
yÈis l%fs idaghs,a ;ykul §" iïmq¾K jy,hu m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug isÿjqjfyd;a Tjqkaf.a
ksfjiaj, isák whg isÿúh yels ndOdjka ms<sn| iólaIKhg m%;spdr oelajQjkaf.ka
úuik ,§' oekg Ndú;fha mj;sk fiú,s l< jy,hka we;=<;a ;ykula rch u.ska
ksl=;a fkdl<;a wkd.; ld,Skj l%f s idaghs,a fiú,s ;yvq fjf<|du ;ykï l< úg" tu
ksjdi ysñhkag ydks jQ ;yvqjla m%;sia:dmkh lsÍu i|yd l%f s idaghs,a ;yvq fkdue;s fõ' ta
wkqj" Tjqkag jy,fha iïmq¾K fiú,s øjHhu udre lsÍug isÿ fõ' fujeks wjia:djl"
fndfyda mqoa.,hska ;u ksjdi j,g isÿjk ndOdj ie,lshhq;= m%udKhl isg W.% ;;ajhla
f,i oelaùh'
Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sluh ikao¾Nh wkqj iólaIKhg ,la l< ksjdi j,ska Nd.hl
muKu jeäysá ck;dj o tlu jy,hla hg Ôj;a jk wjia:d yuqúh' bka ksjdi 36% l
<uhska isá w;r 17% la ksjdij, wdndê; fyda frda.S mqoa.,hska mjq,a ixia:dj ;=<
Ôj;ajkq olakg ,eîu úfYaI lreKls'
m%;sM,hla jYfhka" Tjqkaf.a fiú,s øjHfha m%Odk fjkialï isÿ lsÍug ùu Tjqkaf.a
.DydY%s;j ie,lsh hq;= iDK fi!LHhla yd wOHdmk n,mEï we;súh yels nj nyq;rhla
ck;dj úYajdi lrhs'

igyk 6'6 ksjdij, iólaIKfhka ,nd.;a wjOdkï iys; LdKav m%;sY;
igyk 6'7 Tjqkg we;s wjOdku ;lafiare lsÍu
Disruption
Scale
Nil - 1, 2
Marginal - 3, 4
Moderate - 5, 6
Significant - 7, 8
Damaging - 9, 10
wjidk jYfhka"fuu ;yku l%h s d;aul jqjfyd;a ksjdi ysñhkag isÿúh yels uq,Huh
n,mEu ms<sn|j lafIa;% m¾fhaIK lKavdhu úiska iólaIKhg m%;spdr olajkakkaf.ka
woyia úuik ,§' w;s nyq;rhla mejiQfha tjeks jd;djrKhlska uq,Huh Odß;djh ;u
yelshdj,ska Tíng hk nj h' nyq;rhlg Tjqkaf.a idudkH hymeje;aug wjYH fkdjQ
Kh" nexl=fjka" mjqf,ka fyda .s‚ fmd<S ldrhskf a .ka ,nd .ekSug isÿùu ;j;a
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= jeo.;a lreKls' fujeks wjia;djla ;=< ñksiqka f.a Kh.e;sNdjh
by< hk w;r iDK iudÔh n,mEï j,g fya;= fõ' ;jÿrg;a .;al<" ieug oeßh yels
ksjdi ,nd §u wruqKq lr.;a cd;sl ksjdi m%;sm;a;shg fuh mgyeks jkq we;' weñKqu B
ys fuh §¾> jYfhka idlÉPd fldg we;'
igyk 6'8 by; fjki;a iu. f.a lghq;= lsÍfï § uq,Huh yelshdj flfrys n,mEu
Impact Scale
Nil - 1, 2
Marginal - 3, 4
Moderate - 5, 6
Significant - 7, 8
Damaging - 9, 10
igyk 6'9 fjkig wruqo,a imhd .kafka flfiao@

6.3 iudc há;, jHqyh
6.3.1 frday,a
rdcH wxYfha f.dvke.s,s w;r frday,a yd mdi,a m%uqL ia:dkhla .kS' fïjd l=vd <uqkg a "
jeäysáhkag yd frda.Skag we;súh yels iudÔh n,mEï w;ska o jeo.;a ia:dk fjhs' rcfha
o;a; j,g wkqj Èjhsfka l%h s dldÍ mdi,a 9"662 la frday,a 1"085 la rcfha md,kh hgf;a
mj;S'
igyk 6'10 j¾.h wkqj frday,a uq¿ .Kk
flfia kuq;a" fuu f.dvke.s,sj, fiú,s øjHhka j, lsis÷ o;a;hla fkdue;s ùu ksid"
m¾fhaIK nqoê a wxYh úiska Èia;%slal y;rl mdi,a 100la yd frday,a 100 la wdjrKh jk
mßÈ m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lrk ,§' fuu wOHhkfha m%;sM, wkqj" ish¨ frday,a
jy,hkaf.ka wdikakj 25% la l%f s idaghs,a fiú,sj,ska iukaú; jQ w;r wu;r 24% la
l%f
s idaghs,a yd ueá W¿ ^8% la&" fldkal%Ü S ^8% la& fyda we¨ñkshï ^8% la& ñY%Khlska
iukaú; úh'

frday,a iïnkaO fidhd.ekSï 10
igyk 6'11 frday,a ms<sn|j fidhd.ekSï
by; fidhd.ekSï cd;sl ;,hg m%lafIamKh l<úg" Èjhsk mqrd we|ka 29"042 la
ksfhdackh lrk frday,a 153 la iDcq n,mEug ,la fõ' wu;rj" frday,a 146 l jy,hka
f.a fldgilg l%sfidaghs,a fiú,s Ndú;d lrhs' wm fuu idudkHh" wdjrKfhka 50% la
f,i .;fyd;a" frday,a we|ka 13"940 la wvx.= frday,a 73 la njg by; w.h fjkia fõ'
10 Y%S ,xldfõ frday,a j¾.SlrKh lsÍu i|yd" úúO frday,a j¾. mylska frday,a oyhla
f;dard .kakd ,§' Èia;%sla frday,a 2" uq,sl frday,a j¾.h A 2" uq,sl frday,a j¾.h B 2"
m%dfoaYSh uyd frday,a j¾.h A 2" m%dfoaYSh uyd frday,a j¾.h B 2 la jYfhka iEu
j¾.hlgu Wmßu we|ka ixLHdjla we;=<;a jk f,i f;dard .kakd ,§'
6.3.2 mdi,a
Y%S ,xldfõ frday,a iu. fukau mdi,aj, jy, fiú,s øjHfha ixhq;sh ms,sn| lsis÷ ks,
o;a;hla yuq fkdfõ'
mdi,a iïnkaO fidhd.ekSï 11
igyk 6'12 mdi,a iïnkaO fidhd .ekSï
fuu m¾fhaIKh u.ska" Èia;%slal y;rl mdi,a 48 l ksheÈhla wdjrKh lrk ,§' bka
mdi,a 22% la l%f
s idaghs,a jy,hkaf.ka iukaú; jQ w;r 5% la l%f
s idaghs,a yd ueá W¿
ñY%Khlska iukaú; jQ nj fuu m¾fhaIKfha m%;sM, ;yjqre lrhs'
fuu m%;sM, cd;sl ;,hg m%lafIamKh l< úg iuia; mdi,a 2"126 la iDcq n,mEulg
,la fjhs' fuu w.h Èjhsk mqrd mdi,a <uqka 902"109 la ksfhdackh lrhs' wu;rj mdi,a
483 la ish jy,hkaf.a fldgila f,i l%sfidaghs,a wfkl=;a fiú,s øjHhka iu. ñY%j
Ndú;d fldg we;' fuu wdjß; m%udKfha uOHkHh 50% la kï" fuu w.h <uqka 102"512
la isák mdi,a 242 lg mßj¾;kh fõ'
11fuu wOHhkfha ksheÈ ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõoh u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a j¾.SlrKh lr
we;s mdi,a ksfhdackh jk mßÈ isÿ lrk ,§ ' iEu Èia;%slalhlskau cd;sl mdi,a 2,
kfjdaoHd mdi,a 2, biqre mdi,a 2, yd wfkl=;a mdi,a yhla ^fm!oa.,sl mdi,a&'
6.4 cd;sl ksjdi m%;m
s ;a;h
s flfrys n,mEu
ksjdi iïnkaO rcfha m%;sm;a;shg wkqj" m%Odk m%;sm;a;s wruqK jkqfha" —m%udKj;a"
ia:dhS" .=Kd;aul" oeßh yels" ;sridr" mßir ys;ldó iy ck;djf.a ld,Sk wjYH;d
iu. by< Ôjk ;;ajhla f.kfok fiajd iu.ska iqrlaIs; l< ksjil Ôj;a ùug we;s
whs;sh iqrlaIs; lsÍuhs˜'
flfia kuq;a" fuu wOHhkfha fidhd.ekSï j,g wkqj" by; lS rcfha wruqKq yd
l%f
s idaghs,a ;yku w;r hï mriamr úfrdaë;djla" úfYaIfhka ia:djr" .=Kd;aul yd
oeßh yels yd mßir ys;ldó ksjila ,nd§u jYfhka m%;sm;a;s ,shú,af,ys i|yka
wruqK"q iqÿiq wdfoaYl fyda úl,am øjH fidhd.ekSu i|yd jk wNsfhda.h;a iu. we;súh'
fï w;r;=r" Y%S ,xldfõ oeßh yels ksjdi i|yd jk b,aü" iEu jirlu jeä fjñka
mj;S' uy nexl=jg wkqj" Y%S ,xldfõ kj ksjdi i|yd jd¾Isl b,aü" ksjdi 50"000-
100"000 ;a w;r njg weia;fïka;=.; lr we;s kuq;a" jeäjk b,a¨fuka ;=fkka folla
j;a imqrd fkdue;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" fuu w;miqùï m%udKh jeäùug fya;=jk
w;r jeäjk b,aü" rch u; fukau ck.ykfha wvq wdodhï idudðlhska flfrys
jeäÿr n,mEï t,a, lrkq we;'
kd.ÍlrKh yd ck.ykh jeä ùug keUqre;djh hk mSvk oaú;ajh" kd.ßl ck;dj

flfrys jeä mSvkhla t,a, lrkq we;' f,dal nexl=jg wkqj fld<U" .ïmy" l¿;r yd
kqjr hk k.r j¾. lsf,daógrhlg jeäu ck.ykhla we;s k.r fõ'
ueÈ yd wvq wdodhï ,nk fldgiaj, ck;dj kd.ßl m%foaYj, bvï ,nd .ekSug we;s
yelshdfjka muKla fkdj bÈlsÍï øjHj, by< hk ñ, .Kka j,ska o mSvd ú£ 12.
cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wruqof,ka ^m%d.aOk úhou& 2016 jir i|yd remsh,a ì,shk yhla
^we' fvd 41"758"620 la& § we;s w;r" jy, ixrplfha msßjeh 2016 jir i|yd remsh,a
ñ,shk 605 ;a ì,shk 1'2 ;a w;r jk njg wmg ;lafiare l< yels h' l%sfidaghs,a
;ykul § rch Ndú;d lrk úl,amh u; mokïj by; lS jy,hka i|yd úhou ishhg
y;<sylska muK jeä úh yels h' oreKqu wji:dj hgf;a" rchg tu ksjdi .Kku
iE§ug" ksjdi whjeh remsh,a ñ,shk 484 la olajd jeä lsÍug fyda úl,amhla f,i"
iEÈh hq;= ksjdi .Kk 8% lska wvq lsÍug isÿjkq we;' tfy;a fmr lS úi÷u rdcH Kh
nr wvq lsÍug ie,lshhq;= mSvkhlska isák rdcH whjehu; n,mEï we;slrk w;r
f,dal nexl= jd¾;djla mjik mßÈ" úfYaIfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, bvï ñ,.Kka
12
fõ.fhka by< hdu" bÈlsÍï øjHj, ñ,.Kka by< hdu yd ysÕlu ksid 1990 isg 2010
olajd ksjila i|yd úhou f;.=K ù we;' tu f,dal nexl= jd¾;djg wkqj —ñ, by< .sh
,shdmÈxÑ bÈlsÍï øjHj,g je,s ^1070% m%;sY;hl jeä ùula&"oej ^568% l m%;sY;hl
jeäùula& yd .fvd,a ^678% l m%;sY;hl jeäùula& wh;a fõ' Y%ñl úhoï o 250% lska
muK fuu ld,iSudj ;=< jeäù we;˜'
wfkla úi÷u u.ska oeßhyels ksjdi ysÕlñka oekgu;a mSvd ú¢k ck;djg jHikldÍ
jkq we;13.
6.5 iudÔh msßjefha idrdxYh
igyk 6'14 iudÔh msßjefha idrdxYh
13hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu ^10-11-2016&( .re ksjdi yd bÈlsÍï wud;H ið;a fma%uodi uy;df.a
fhdackdjlg wkqj"2014 wxl 33 ork l¾udka; bÈlsÍï mkf;a úêúOdk hgf;a" bÈlsÍï
cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh wkqu; lsÍug yd bÈlsÍï l%hs djg kexùu i|yd jk cd;sl WmfoaYk
lñgqj u.ska ms<sfh< lrk ,o l%ufõoh l%shdjg kexùu' fuh bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha
ish¨ md¾Yjhkag WmdhYS,S kdhl;ajh ,nd §u" ;sridr ixj¾Ok m%;sixialrK yd jeä
ÈhqKq lsÍï Èßu;a lsÍu" wvq úhoï yd mßir ys;ldó bÈlsÍï øjH m%j¾Okh" iqÿiq
m¾fhaIK m%j¾Ok" m%ñ;s iïmq¾K lsÍu yd m%;sudk iy tf;r bÈlsÍï m%j¾Okh jeks
oelaula iys;j fuu fhdackdj leìkÜ wud;H uKav,h úiska wkqu; lrk ,§'

7. mdßißl n,mEu
7.1 bj;a lsÍu yd neyer lsÍu
l%f
s idaghs,a yÈis ;ykul §" bj;a lsÍu yd neyer lsÍu m<uq wNsfhda.h jkq we;' fï
i|yd wmf.a wdlD;shg idOl lr.; hq;= m%Odk lreKq ;=kla my; whqre y÷kdf.k
we;'
- jy,hkaf.ka fiú,s øjH bj;a lsÍu

- tu øjH ksjdij, isg neyerlrk ia:dkhg m%jdykh
- neyer lsÍug yd neyer lrk ia:dkh kv;a;= lsÍug hk i;H msßjeh
7.1.1 bj;a lsÍu yd m%jdykh
bj;a lsÍfï úhofuka wrUd" Y%S ,xldfõ bÈlsÍï lïlrejkag j;auka fjf<| fmd<
wkqmd; u; wmf.a ;lafiare lsÍï mokï úh' flfia kuq;a" úfYaI wdrlaIl WmlrKj,
ñ, .Kka iïnkaOj lsi÷ s kshdukhla l%h
s djg kxjd ke; ^wdrlaIl WmlrK Ndú;d l<
yels yd l< hq;= h& tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" j¾. wä 1"000 lg remsh,a 30"000 la fyda
j¾. wählg remsh,a ;=kl uOHia; wkqmd;hlg wm úiska <Õd úh'
f.dvke.s,af,a isg neyer lrk ia:dkhg" m%jdykh i|yd úhou i|yd" bkaok úhofï
Y%s;hla jk uOHkH jdyk l=,shg .ekSfï úhou u; mokïj" wm úiska kej;;a iïu;
wkqmd;hla ,nd .kakd ,§' fï jkúg uOHu mßir wêldßh úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk
l%fs idaghs,a neyer lsÍu i|yd neyer lsÍfï ia:dk fkdue;s fyhsk"a rfÜ iEu
Èia;%slalhlgu tl ne.ska tjka neyer lsÍfï ia:dk 25 la we;s lsÍug l%h
s dud¾. .; hq;=
nj wkqudk lrhs' tu Wml,amkh u; msysgd lsf,da.%Eï 10 l uOHkH nr m%udKhla"
ksjdij, isg neyer lsÍfï ia:dkhlg f.k hdug lsf,daógrhlg remsh,a 30 l úhoula
hk nj g wm úiska Wml,amkh fldg we;'
flfia kuq;a ;ykula l%h s d;aul jqjfyd;a" rch úiska ˜wkdrlaIs;˜ øjHhla f,i kï
fldg we;s øjHhla" lsis÷ wdrlaIl WmlrKhla fkdue;sj bj;a lsÍu yd m%jdykh mqÿu
iy.; jkq we;' ld¾ólD; f,dalfha wdrlaIl WmlrK úYd, jYfhka l%f s idaghs,a ;yvq
bj;a lsÍu yd m%jdyk l%h s dj,s i|yd Ndú;d lrhs' Y%S ,xldj" l%f
s idaghs,a ;yvq bj;a
lsÍug wjYH ;ykula n,.ekajqjfyd;a" tu fya;= ldrKdjju mdol lrf.k neyer
lsÍfï yd m%jdykh lsÍfï l%h s dj,sh fufyhùu i|yd wjYH WmlrK o we;=<;a
wdrlaI;
s ñkqï tu kshdukh;a iu.u wjYH fõ' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" i;H msßjeh
ie,lshhq;= m%udKhlska by< hkq we;'

igyk 7'1 bj;a lsÍfï msßjeh
7.1.2 neyer lsÍu
mj;sk wOHhk yd ;lafiare lsÍï j,g wkqj" Y%S ,xldfõ jd¾Islj Wmøj iys; li<
fug%sla fgdka 50"000 la ksmo fõ' ñka fndfyduhla kqiÿ
q iq ia:dkhka ys kqiÿq iqq mßÈ neyer
flf¾' fujeks jerÈ l%h s djka" oreKq mdßißl yd fi!LH .eg¨ we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;'
wka;rdhldÍ wmøjH foaY iSud yryd m%jdykh i|yd jk" fíi,a iïuq;sfha w;aika ;enQ
rgla jYfhka" tu iïuq;sfha tlÕ;d ms<sme§u Wfoid we;eï jeo.;a l%h s dud¾. Y%S
,xldj úiska f.k ;sfí' tu iïuq;sh w;aika ;enqKq ish¨ rgj,a ;u rg ;=<
f.dvkef.k wka;rdhldÍ wmøjH l<ukdlrKh i|yd ffk;sl l%h s dud¾. ieliSu
w;HdjYH fõ'
tkuq;a" l%f
s idaghs,a neyer lsÍu i|yd úfYaI úê úOdk fkdue;s w;r tjka neyer
lsÍula iïnkaO úê úOdk" neyer lsÍfï ia:dk f;aÍu yd fi!LH wjOdkï wvqlr .ekSfï
wjjdo" mßir n,mEï" fmdÿ ck ms<s.ekSu yd msßjeh wvq lr.ekSug wjjdo ksl=;a lsÍu
jeks fndfyda ldrKd wduka;%Kh l< hq;= h'
wka;rdhldÍ wmøjH neyer lsÍu iïnkaO fh§ul § ie,lsh hq;= idudkH lreKq my;
oela fõ' l%sfidaghs,a fi!LHdrlaI;
s neyer lsÍula l<ukdlrKh lrk wjia:djl §
n,.ekafjk úfYaI lreKq i|yd my; tajd o we;=<;a fõ'

fN!;sl ndOl
 u;=msg mia
 WmmDIag N+ úoHdj yd c,dOdr
 N+ ,laIK
 u;=msg c,h yd Èh myrj,a" .xj;=r
mdßißl ndOl
 Ydl yd i;=ka
 ixrlaIK jákdlu
 jdiia:dk jákdlu
udkj jákdlï
 N+ o¾Ykh
 úfkdao l%h
s d
 ft;sydisl$ mqrdúoHd;aul $ ixialD;sl
 ck.yk >k;ajh
 /lshd wjia:d
N=ñ Ndú;h
 lDIsld¾ñl jákdlu
 ksiia drl l¾udka;$ leKSï
 c, iemhqu û;=msg yd Wmu;=msg&
 ixj¾Ok yelshdj
 m%jdyk wd,skaoh fyda Wmfhda.S;d Ndú;h
 N=ñ mßyrK kduh ^fkajdisl$ ld¾ñl yd fjk;a&
li, neyer lsÍfï iqÿiq nj
 Ndú; lrkakkag wdikak nj
 m%jdykh ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj
 Wmfhda.S;d yd fiajd iemhSu i|yd Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSu
 bvï Ndú; l,dmj,g wdikak ùu
 ia:dkSh fjkiaùï
foaYSh neyer lsÍu i|yd jehúh yels msßjeh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ysÕ ùu ksid" wm úiska
íafg%,shdkq neyer lsÍfï msßjeh wdlD;shla fhdodf.k" th foaYSh fjf<| fmd< ;;a;aj
j,g .e<fmk whqre jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,§' w;HdjYHfhkau" neyer lsÍfï úhou Y%uh
^40% la& yd bvï yd WmlrK ^60% la& j,ska iukaú;jk nj wm úiska ksÍlaIKh lrk
,§' WmlrK yd bvï msßjeh Y%S ,xldfõ wdldrhgu ;nd" íafg%,shdkq Y%ñl
wkqmd;j,ska ishhg oyhla muK jk Y%ñl msßjeh" mj;sk foaYSh fjf<| fmd< wkqmd;
ksremKh jk mßÈ ilik ,§'

íafg%,shdkq neyer lsÍfï msßjeh
^j¾. wählg& ( we' fvd 10.5
^íafg%,shdkq Y%ñl msßjeh ixrplh& ( we' fvd 4.22)
Y%S ,xld neyer lsÍfï msßjeh

^j¾. wählg& ( we' fvd 6.76
^Y%S ,xld Y%ñl msßjeh ixrplh ( we' fvd 0.422)
Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú;dfõ we;s mj;sk f;d.h ^ñ,shk 1'8& ie,ls,a,g f.k" iïmq¾K bj;a
lsÍfï msßjeh" uOHkH .DydY%s; úhou we'fvd 6"253 la iu. we' fvd 11'25 l úYd,
mrdihla mqrd mej;sh yels h' wmf.a ;lafiare lsÍï j,g wkqj" mj;sk iïmq¾K
f;d.fha bj;a lsÍu yd wdrlaI;
s j neyer lsÍu i|yd úhou mj;sk f;d.fha jákdlu
fuka y;r .=Khlg jvd jeä úh yels h'
7.2 m%;sia:dmk reÑh
,nd.ekSug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| fkdoekqj;a nj ksid iólaIKhg m%;spdr oelajqjkaf.ka

lsisfjl=;a tajd nyq wjhjl jy,hka f;dard .ekSulg ,la fkdlrk ,§ 14 ' kqÿre
wkd.;fha fjf<| fmd<g we;=,a ùug kshñ; øjHhla f,i fmd,su¾ jy,hka oelaúh
yels h' fmd,su¾ jy,hka ;yvqfõ yevfhka yd m%udKfhka l%f s idaghs,a jy,j,a j,g
úl,am iemhSu i|yd ilid we;' flfia kuq;a fuu øjHh ñ, yd l,a meje;au w;ska
úfYaIfhka WKqiqï ld,.=Khka yuqfõ" l,ameje;au l%f s idaghs,a fuka Nd.hla ;rï
ld,hla jk ksid l%f s idaghs,a iu. fyd| ;rÕhla §ug wiu;a h' fuu øjHhfha ì÷ï
Ndrh l%fs idaghs,a j,g jvd b;d wvq w.hla .kak w;r thska isÿúh yels mßir n,mEu
;ju;a fkdokS'
l%f
s idaghs,a ;jÿrg;a fjf<| fmdf<a fkdue;sjk wjia:djl § ñksik q af.a leue;a;
úuiSula o m¾fhaIK nqoê a wxYfha m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKh u.ska isÿ lrk ,§' fuys §
fndfyduhla ksjdi ysñhka ueá fyda isfuka;s W¿ flfrys jeä leue;a;la o wk;=rej
fldkal%ÜS jy,hkag oelaùh'
14
fmd,su¾ jy,hka Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| fmd<g ;ju;a we;=¿ fkdjQ fiú,s øjHhla ksfhdackh lrhs' *hsn¾-
iú.ekajQ nyq wjhúl w¾: oelaùug wkql+,j" nyqwjhúl yd ñY%K( ixl,am" .=Kdx. yd l%shdj,s¦ Martin
Alberto Masuelli" tajdfha uyd wKqluh jHqyh ksid firñla yd f,day jeks bÈlsÍï øjH j,ska nyqwjhúl
fjkia fjhs'

igyk 7'2 úl,am jy,hka i|yd leue;a;
kuq;a úl,am fiú,s øjH j,g we;s ck;d leue;a; yd tajdg f.ùug tu ck;djg we;s
yelshdj w;r úYd, mr;rhla mj;S' fuu iólaIKh wkqj 40% l ck;djla úl,am
fiú,s øjHj,g wu;r 40% l m%udKhla f.ùug leue;a;la fkdoelajQ w;r ;j;a 46%
la tu wjia:dj jkúg ;ukaf.a uq,Huh yelshdj wkqj f.ùu i,ld n,k nj mjid
we;' ishhg 14% msßila muKla wu;r 40% la f.ùï isÿ lsÍug leue;a;la olajk ,§'
Tjqkaf.a fiú,s øjH i|yd wu;r 40% la f.ùug wjYH fkdjQ msßfika nyq;rhla mj;sk
s idaghs,a úhofuka 10% lg jvd fkdjeä iq¿ wu;r úhoula f.ùug leue;a; m<
l%f
l<y' ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlg ;u fiú,s øjH úhoï by< hdu .ek i,ld ne,Sug
yelshdjla fkdue;'
igyk 7'3 úl,am fiú,s øjHhka i|yd Tn jeämqr 40% la f.ùu isÿ lrkafka o@

7.3 úl,am øjHhkaf.a mdßißl m%;sudk
úoHd{hska yd lafIa;%fha m%ùKhka úiska wuq øjHh" ksIm a dokh" jy,h u; fiajd yd Ôjk
pl%fha wjidkh f,i Ôjk pl%fha m%Odk wjê y;rla ks¾jpkh fldg we;' tys m<uq
wjêfha § øjH ksii a drKh fldg ksIm a dokh i|yd m%jdykh lrhs' wk;=rej wjidk
ksIm
a dokh njg ilid fnodyßkakd fyda wjika mdßfNda.slhd fj;g m%jdykh lrkq
,nhs' jy,h u; §" tu ksIm a dokh tys fiajd ld,h uq¿,af,au mßirh iu. l%h s d
lrhs'tys fiajd ld,h blaujQ miqj th Ôjk pl%fha y;rjk wjêh fyj;a wjidk
wjêhg <Õd fjhs' fndfyduhla yß; ksIm a dok" øjH m%;spl%SlrKh lr fjk;a wjYH;d
i|yd fhoùu fyda th fojk j;djg;a ksIm a dok l%h
s dj,shg odhl lrhs' tuksid" wjika
mshjrg li, øjH bj; fy,Su o we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
wmf.a mÍlaIKfha Ndrhg wkqj" leu;s f;aÍï yd .Dyia; whjeh u; mokï jQ idlaIs
wkqj" l%f
s idaghs,a iemhqug lsis÷ ndOdjla we;sjqjfyd;a ueá W¿ j,g laI‚l b,aüla
we;sùug bv we;' flfia kuq;a ueá W¿ ksIm a dokh i|yd mDÓú lfndf,a ueá leŒug
isÿjk w;r isfuka;s iaj,am m%udKhla wvx.= lrhs' fuu leŒï b;d .eUqrg fyda
fmdf<dfjys l=vd f.dve,s iE§ug yels h' flfia kuq;a" tjka l%h s dud¾.hl mdßißl
n,mEu jYfhka kdh hdï jeks" uE; ld,Skj Y%S ,xldj jeä ixLHd;hlska uqyqK mE
iajdNdúl úm;a jeks Nhdkl mßir ydks we;súh yels h 15 . ueá mi Ydl j¾Okhg
wjYH c,h yd Lksc ,jK yd we;eï f,day r|jd ;nd .kS' by< ueá i;r bj;a lsÍu
ksid tu mßirhkag ydks isÿ ùu o isÿ fõ' mßirfõ§kag wkqj ish¨ mia j¾. W¿
ksIm
a dokh i|yd Ndú;d l< fkdyels w;r W¿ ksIm a dokh i|yd rfgys mj;sk ueá
m%udKh o blaukska wjika úh yels h' ueá W¿ jvd;a leu;s úl,amh ùfï m%;sM,hla
f,i ;sridrNdjh iïnkaOj nrm;, .eg¨ we;súh yels h'
wu;rj" wjidk ksIm a dokfha ydhkh fyda úLdokh fyda ms<sii

a Su yß;d.dr jdhq ksoyia
lsÍug fya;= úh yels w;r th Y%S ,xldj md¾Yjlrejl= jk meßia .súiqu W,a,x>Kh
lrk jdhq f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< kexùug fya;= úh yelsh' fuh m%dla-ld¾óh ;,fha §
f,dal uOHkH WIaK;ajh by<hdu 2°C lg jvd wvq w.hl mj;ajd .ekSfï §¾> ld,Sk
wruqKla fjhs' ^ A weñKqu u.ska fï iïnkaO jeäÿr f;dr;=re imhhs'&
15 Y%S ,xld wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkhg wkqj ûehs 2016&" uehs udih ;=< .xj;=r yd kdh
hEï j,ska 301"602 ck;dj mSvdjg m;aj ;sfí' mqoa.,hska 104 la ñhf.dia we;s w;r mqoa.,hska 99
la w;=reokaj we;' mqoa.,hska 21"484 la ;ju;a wj;eka ù isák w;r Tjqka wdmodfõ m%;sM,hla
jYfhka l|jqrej, yd mdi,a we;=¿ ;djld,sl kjd;ekaj, isà' ksjdi 623 la õkdY ù we;s w;r
ksjdi 4"414 la ydksù we;s njg weia;fïka;=.; fldg we;'

7.4 ñksin
a , iïnkaOh
idudkHfhka" kj ksjdi iE§ug úl,am fiú,s øjH iu. l%sfidaghs,a ii|k úg ñksia
n,h wju jYfhkau wjYH øjH f,i l%f s idaghs,a fiú,s øjHh oelaúh yels h'
WodyrKhla f,i" jy,hka i|yd mrd, fhdod .ekSu úúO fiú,s øjHhka wkqj fjkia
fõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i bÈlsÍï l%hs dj,sh i|yd Y%u wjYH;djh úfYaIfhka W¿ yd
fldkal%Ü
S jy,hka i|yd ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska by< hhs'
igyk 7'4 bÈlsÍï l¾udka;fha /lshd i|yd jd¾Isl b,aü
j;auka jd;djrKh hgf;a" tkï l=i,;d mq¾K bÈlsÍï lïlrejka ysÕlu yd by<
bmhSfï yelshdjla iys; ueofmrÈ. rgj,g lïlrejka ixl%uKh ùu ksid bÈlsÍfï
lïlrejkag b,aü yÈisfha by< hdul § jevla iïmq¾K lsÍug jeä m%udohka isÿúh
yels h' tjka wjia:djl bÈlsÍï lïlrejkaf.a jegqmaj,g Wvql=re f;rmqula ,nd§u
;=<ska bÈlsÍï msßjeh ;jÿrg;a by< h yels h' fmr úia;r lr we;s wdldrhg bÈlsÍï
msßjeh yd bvï ñ,.Kka ck.ykfhka úYd, fldgilg oeßh yels ksjdi ,nd §fï
mrud¾:hg n,j;a ;¾ckhla fõ'
7.5 øjHj, l%shdj yd l,ameje;au
l%f
s idaghs,a jy,j,a iys; ksjeishkaf.ka ,o m%;spdr j,g wkqj" fndfydauhla mqoa.,hska
l%f
s idaghs,a jy,hka ms<sn| hï;dla ÿrlg iEySulg m;a jQ w;r ie,lsh hq;= msßila
tajdfha rYakh yd w¨;ajeähd úhoï ms<sn|j ueisú,s ke.=y' iólaIKfha § m%Yakl<
mqoa.,hskaf.ka fndfydauhla" wvq wdodhï ldKavj, ;ju;a ckm%sh glrka jy,hka j,ska
Wiia ùula f,i l%sfidaghs,a jy,j,a i,lhs' iuia; woyila f,i l%sfidaghs,a hkq i¾j
iïmq¾K øjHhla fkdjk w;r th oeßh yels f,i i,lk øjH w;ßka fyd|u øjHh
fjhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ Built-Environment kï c¾k,fha m< jQ ^mq¿,a m¾fhaIK yd mÍlaId lsÍïj,ska

wk;=rej& wOHhkhlg wkqj" úl,am iu. ieiª úg ;dm l%shdj" iúYla;sh" ,nd.;yels
nj" fi!LH ;¾ck" msßjeh yd fjk;a jeo.;a mrdñ;s w;ska l%f s idaghs,a by<u ia:dkfha
isà' m¾fhaIK úl,am øjHj, l%shdj .=Kd;aulj we.hSula we;=<;a nqoaê wxYfhau m%:ñl
m¾fhaIKfha fidhd .ekSï weñKqu A ys wvx.= fõ'
igyk 7'5 fiú,s øjHj, idrdxYh

7
igyk 7'6 j¾. wählg fiú,s øjHj, msßjeh

igyk 7'7 l%sfidaghs,a Ndú;d lrk ksjdi f,aLkh
SOURCE: RIU (2016)
l%sfidaghs,a jy,hl wdhq ld,h

jir 40 l isg 50 muK jk
nj wkqudk lr m%;sia:dmk
úhoï my;ska oelafõ
igyk 7'8 jir 40 isg 50 l Ôjk pl%h w;r;=r l%sfidaghs,a fiú,s øjH m%;sia:dmk úhoï

by; olajd we;s mßÈ" j¾;udkfha Ndú;d lrk l%f s idaghs,a jy,hka bÈß jirj, § ñ,
wêl úl,amhkaf.ka m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug isÿjk neúka" bÈß jirj, § n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk
jy,hka m%;si: a dmkh lsÍfï ld, igyklg fhduqj" úl,amj,g yqjudre ùfï §¾>
ld,Sk n,mEu i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' WodyrK jYfhka jir 40 l l,amj;aula we;s
Wml,amkh fldg" 1970 jif¾ § iúlrk ,o l%f s idaghs,a f;d. 2010 jif¾ § kej;
m%;sia:dmkh l< hq;= h' fuu Wml,amkh;a iu.u" l%f s idaghs,a jy,hka fldkal%Ü
S j,ska
m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug" kj l%f s idaghs,a ;yvqj,ska m%;si: a dmkh lsÍug hk úhou fuka ;=ka
.=Khlg jvd jehjk nj ksÍlaIKh fldg we;' m%;sM,hla f,i wkd.; ld,Skj ksjdi
ysñhka l%f
s idaghs,a ,nd.; fkdyels ùfuka oeä wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqK mdkq we;
7.6 úl,amj,g yqjudre ùfï § fjk;a n,mEï
iólaIKfha o;a; wkqj" nyq;rhla ck;dj i|yd ie,lsh yels tlu úl,amh jqfha
fldkal%Ü
S fyda W¿ fiú,s fõ' flfia kuq;a W¿ yd fldkal%Ü S M,l w;r ñf,ys fjki ksid
nyq;rh W¿ i|yd leue;a; olajhs' j¾;udkfha l%f s idaghs,a foaYSh ksIm
a dol iud.ï
y;r i|yd Èklg isfuka;s fgdka 1"500 la wjYH jk nj weia;fïka;= fldg we;'
;ukaf.a úYd,u mdßfNda.slhd l%f s idaghs,a l¾udka;h nj isfuka;s ksIm a dolhska mjid
we;' fï f,iska ck;dj l%f s idaghs,a ksIamdokh kj;d W¿j,g urejqjfyd;a isfuka;s
l¾udka;hg jk n,mEu by< h' tjka yÈis b,aü wvq ùula ksid" isfuka;s l¾udka;h
lvd jeàulg ,la úh yels nj l¾udka; úfYaI{fhl= mejiSh'
W¿j,g yqjudre ùu jeo.;a mßir n,mEï j,g o fya;=jkq we;' je,s yd ueá j,g
b,aü by< f.dia Èjhsfka tu iïm;a mj;sk m%udKhg;a jvd tajd leKSï isÿ lsÍu
isÿúh yels h' th miq.sh wjqreÿj, .x.d je,s ysÕlu ksid tys ñ, by<hdu jeks
ldrkd ;=<ska ms<sìUq lrhs'

7.7 mdßißl jehùïj, idrdxYh
wfkl=;a rgj,ska fidhd.;a m%uqL lreKqj,ska fmkajd fokafka" bj;a lsÍï yd neyer lsÍï
j,§ isÿúhyels wdikak mßirhg ;ka;= ksl=;a ùu jeks fi!LH yd wdrlaIdj iïnkaO
wjOdkï wvq lsÍug l%hs dud¾. .; hq;= njhs' tjeks l%shdud¾. rch u; jeä msßjehla
mgjkq we;'
fuys §" ñ, wêl úl,am øjH i|yd we;s leue;a; yd tajd fjkqfjka ñksikq ag jeh l<
yels m%udKh w;r úYd, fkd.e<mSula mj;S' ñksikq ag udreúh hq;= úl,amh yd by;
yqjudrej i|yd Tjqkfa .a uq,Huh yelshdj fkd.e,fmk fyhska fndfyduhla ñksik q a
glrka ;yvq ksjdij,u Ôj;a ùug yels h'

wsvq l%f
s idaghs,a jeä ldnka úfudapkhlg fya;= ùug jeä yelshdjla mj;sk w;r ueá
W¿j,g yqjudre ùu ;=< kdh hdï wjOdku by< ouhs'
;j o bÈlsÍï l¾udka;lrejka flfrys b,aü o bÈlsÍï úhoï flfrys n,mEula we;s

l< yel'

8. iuia: id¾j-wd¾Ól n,mEu
fuu wOHhkfha fidhd.ekSïj,g wkqj" Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%sfidaghs,a ;ykulska isÿúh yels
iDcq n,mEu jeäh' kj fiú,s øjHhkaf.a jd¾Isl jákdlu we'fvd 146'429 la muK jk
nj .Kka n,d we;' wu;rj" we'fvd ñ,shk 55-110 la muK jk uq,sl m%d.aOkhla
ksIaM, f,i fhofjk njg ;lafiare lr we;' fuh fuu l¾udka;fha iDcqj yd jl%j
a .a fõ;kj,ska we'fvd ñ,shk 122'1 l wysñ ùulg fya;=jkq
fiajfha kshq;= fiajlhskf
we;' ;jÿrg;a" ksIamdolhskag we;s ,dNh jk we'fvd ñ,shk 100 la jk jd¾Isl ,dNh
wysñùu yereKq fldg f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=jg we'fvd ñ,shk 2 la muKu jk iDcq
w,dnhla isÿjkq we;'
wvq yd ueÈ wdodhï mjq,a fijKla i|yd m%d:ñl wjYH;dj imqrd .ekSug f,i fhdod
.kakd jvd;a ,dnodhS yd Yla;su;a neúka wvq fiú,s øjHj, isg by< ;;ajhlg
meñŒfï § jvd;a leu;s fiú,s øjHh l%sfidaghs,a nj y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
ksIm
a dokfha .=Kd;aulNdjh yd iúYla;sh hk ldrKd ksid th by< wdodhï ,nk mjq,a
w;r úfYaIfhka niakdysr m<df;a leue;a;la olajk ksIm a dokhla fjhs' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i rfgys ksjdi f,aLkfhys jeä fldgilg l%f s idaghs,a ysñlï lshkq we; ^lsi÷ s
;ykula fkdue;s úg §& oekg Ndú;fha mj;sk l%sfidaghs,a f;d.fha j;auka jákdlu
^2016 fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka& we' fvd ì,shk 2'726 l fyda rfgys o< foaYSh
a dÈ;fhka 3'38% l m%udKhlg ysñlï lshhs'
ksIm
igyk 8'1 lsfidghs,a f;d.fhka .Dyia; Ndú;dj

iDcq msßjehg wu;rj" fuu jd¾;dfjka jl% fyda fma%ß; úhoï fmkakïq lr we;s w;r
wmf.a fidhd.ekSï wkqj" f;a yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h we;=<;a w;HdjYH l¾udka;j,g
úfYaIfhka reishdj iu. jk fj<|du iïnkaO lsihs ï .eg¨jl §" hï wk;=rla we;snj
fmkajd fohs' nÿ f.jkakkag w,dN j,g fya;= úh yels ydkslr kS;suh l%h
s dud¾.j,g
yelshdj ms<sn|j ;ju;a idlÉPd fldg fkdue;'
o< foaYSh ksIm

a dokhg jeäu odhl;ajhla yd wd¾Ól l%h s dj,s w;ska by<u ia:dkhl
isák niakdysr m<df;a jeäu l%f
s idaghs,a idkaøKhla we;snj ie,ls,a,g .ekSu jeo.;a h'
tuksid" o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg jeä odhl;ajhla olajk jeo.;a N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhlg
fuu isÿùï wiu;=,s; f,i n,mE yelsh'
wka;¾cd;sl oDIaÀ fldaKhlska ne¨úg" weianeiafgdaia Ndú;dj" md,kh yd wdkhkh

iïnkaOj kS;s Í;s iEu rglu y÷kajd § fkdue;' Ökh" bkaÈhdj16 yd reishdj hk ÈhqKq
fjñka mj;sk rdcH weianeiafgdaij a ,g ksrdjrKh jk m%udKh wvq lsÍu Wfoid l¾ólD;
f,dalfhka we;sjk mSvkhg hg;a ù ke;s w;r ;ju;a mdi,a" l¾udka;Yd,d yd ksjdi
i|yd mS,s iys; weianeiafgdaia ;yvq jeks ;yvq ksIm a dokh i|yd l%f
s idaghs,a fhdod .kS'
f;jk md¾Yjfha wdh;kj,ska rchka hï l%h s dud¾.hla .ekSug fm<Uùug fndfyda
W;aidyhka .;a; o lsis÷ l%h s dud¾.hla fï jkf;la f.k fkdue;' ta fjkqjg
;dhs,ka;h" úhÜkduh yd bkaÈhdj wdrlaIdldÍ Ndú;dj iïnkaOj m%;sm;a;s Yla;su;a
lsÍug ish wjOdkh fhduq fldg ;sfnk w;r tu.ska ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hskg a isÿjk m%Odk
wd¾Ól ydks yd rgla jYfhka iuia;hla f,i .;al< isÿjk wd¾Ól ydks u.yrjd
.ekSug Tjqka lghq;= lrhs'
16 bkaÈhd a dêlrKfha ft;sydisl ;Skaÿj( ckjdß 21 Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o jeo.;a

fYaIG
ksfhda.hlg wkqj" bkaÈhd fYaIG a dêlrKh weianeiafgdaia ;ykï lsÍug weianeiafgdaia
j,g úreoaO jHdmdrhl rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhla úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o fm;aiula
m%;slafIam lrk ,§' wfkla w;g" weianeiafgdaia Ndú;h kshdukh lsÍug cd;sl yd rdcH
wdKavqj,g wK lrk ,§' wmkhkh i|yd l%sfidaghs,a ksIamdokh lrk ksIm a dolhska jk
lshfq nla m<d; úiska fhdackd lrk ,o Wmdh ud¾.h i|yd fuu ft;sydisl ;Skaÿj
fodrgq újr lrhs'
• ke; hkak weianeiafgdaia ish¨ Ndú;djka ;ykï lsÍfï fm;aiug

• Tjq hkak hym;a kshdukhlg
• fm;aifï i;HNdjh wvq ùu yd tys ysñlu Tmamq lsÍug fkdyels ùu ksid fuu fm;aiu
msgqmi isá weianeiafgdaia m%;sfrdaë rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkh fYaIG
a dêlrKh úiska
úfõpkhg ,la lrk ,§'
(http://www.chrysotile.com/data/inde_janvier2011_en.pdf)

weuqKqu A - mdßißl n,mEfï úfYaI{hskaf.a m%;spdrj, idrdxYh

j.=j 8'2 mdßißl n,mEfï idrdxYh- úfYaI{hskf
a .a m%;spdr
fiú,s øjH j¾.h l,ameje;au j¾. mdßißl n,mEu wdkhks; fyda ksIamdokh" iúYla;sh we;=¿ fjk;a
wählg foaYShj ksIamdokh f;dr;=re
úhou lrkafka o hkj.
fmd,su¾ fiú,s nyqwjhúlh f,dyj,g wvq ydhkh ùfï fohdldrhgu  ma,diaála wêl WIaK;ajhka
;yvq yd idfmalaIj yelshdjla mj;sk jvd;a fyd¢ka md,kh fkdlrhs
ld,.=‚l ñ, w;r ksifs ,i  f,dayj, f,aisfhka m;=re
;;a;aj u; wêlh m%;sl¾u isÿ fkd.e,fjk w;r ma,diaála
jir 5 isg 7 fkdl<fyd;a l,d;=rlska m;=re .e,ùu isÿ
olajd mßirfha tla/ia fjhs
ld,hla úh yels h'
 ksjdi wNHka;rhg iajdNdúl
mej;sh yels
h' wdf,dalhla ,nd fohs
 tajd iúlsÍfï § fyda wys;lr
ld,.=Khka ys § odr leãhdula
fyda msmsÍula isÿjqjfyd;a th
me;sÍ iïmq¾K mek,hu úkdY ù
hd yel
 f,dyj,g jvd fyd|
fi!kao¾hd;aul fmkqula
ma,diaála j,g we;
 ma,diaála mek, j¾K .ekaùug
wjYH jQ úg we;eïúg úfYaI
wdldrhl ;Sk; a wjYH úh yels
h
 f,day ;yvq ;rï ;=kS fkdjk
w;r nr idudkHfhka iqÿiq
jkafka wiSre ld,.=Khkag fõ'
fmdÿfõ f,dayj,g jvd c,
m%;sfrdaë fjhs'

ueá W¿ ueá W¿j,g fldkal%Ü
S iajdNdúl  ueá W¿ wêl iq<x ;;a;aj j,g
wjreÿ 100 W¿ j,g fmdf<dfjka ,nd.;a m%;sfrdaë jk w;r jdhq l=àrhla
la muK jvd 30] øjHhkaf.ka idoñka ;dm mßjrKhg iy ksjfia
ld,hla lg jvd ksmojhs" wg,a, m%foaYhg wkjYH
mej;sh yels ñ, wêl m%;spl%SlrKhg WIaK;ajhla fyda iS;,la yqjudre
h ' flfia fõ j¾. myiqh' flfia ùug bv fkd§ fjka lsÍu'
kuq;a wäh 15 kuq;a ksIma dokh
 ueá W¨j,g 6% l muK c,
fmd,af.ä lg by< kexùu
wjfYdaIl yelshdjla mj;sk w;r
jy,h u; we'fvd 10 ;sridrNdjhg ndOd
jeàu fyda meñKúh yels h' fndfyduhla W¿ leghla rd;a;,a
j÷rka fyda 600-650 la muK nr fjhs' YS;
fjk;a i;=ka foaY.=‚l ;;a;aj hgf;a ñ§ï yd
jy,h u; Èhùï plarj,g ,la ùu ksid ueá
.uka lsÍu W¿ msmsÍ hdug fyda ì£ hdug
jeks l=vd keUqre;djhla olajhs' fuys
Wjÿre ksid m%;sM,hla jYfhka ueá W¿
ksrka;r ì£ fndfydaúg yuq jkafka WKqiqï
hdï yd ld,.=khka hgf;a h' ueá hkq
m%;sia:dmkh iajdNdúlj yuqjk øjHhla ksid tajd
lsÍug ld,.=‚l úm¾hdihkag ,la jqj;a
isÿùu W¿ tajdfha j¾Kh fjkia fkdù È.=
jy,hkaf.a l,la mj;S'
,laIKhls'
iskl
a a we¨ñkshï ñ, f,day mßirhg  wdjrKfha ixhq;sh we¨ñkshï 55%"
;yvq wêlh ;¾ckhla ksid iskala 43'4%" is,sld 1'6% lg" iy
mßir ys;ldó ;yvqfõ øjH úLdol uQ,øjHhkaf.ka
fkdfõ' wdrlaId lsÍug' fmd,sfhiag¾ mokï
lr.;a wjika wdjrKhla ;yvqfõ
fome;af;au

f,day ;yvq f,day ñ, jdia;= úoHd;aul  f,day jy,hkag o oeä iq<x ;;a;aj
jy,hka wêlh jy,hka fyda ghs,a j,g Tfrd;a;= §ug yelshdjla
jir 40 isg Ysk.
a ,aj,g mj;sk w;r th myiqfjka
70 la muK idfmalaIj wêl kefukiq¨ fiú,s øjHhls' f,day
ld,hla jeis fyda ysuleg ;yvq ud¾.fha Tn .uka lrkafka kï
olajd mj;sk j¾Idj, § jvd;a kv;a;= iïnkaOj jo ùug isÿ
nj f>daIdldÍ úh yels fkdfõ' f,day jy, moaO;shka Yla;s
fidhdf.k h'
ld¾hlaIu fiú,s øjH j¾.hls"
we;' kuq;a
ukaoh;a" iq¾h ;dmh mrdj¾;kh lr
tu ;yvqj
;ekSug yßk w;r iq¾h rYañh u.ska
fhdod.;a issis,kh i|yd jk úhoï fndfyda
øjHh u; fihska lmd yeßh yels h' wl=Kq
tu ld,h .eiSul § f,day jy,hka .sks
r|d mj;S' .ekSulg ,la fkdfõ'
 fmdÿfõ jvd;a ,dnodhS yd oeßh yels
fõ
 ma,diaála j,g jvd l,ameje;au w;ska
by<h
 tajdfha ieye,a¨ nj ksid iq<x iys;
ld,.=Khla hgf;a mS,s f,day iys;
;yvqj,ska jy,hla ie§u wmyiq úh
yels h'
 u,lv ne£fuka je,elaùu i|yd
ms<shï l< hq;= h'
 wys;lr ld,.=Khka ys § lvf;d¿
úh yels h'
 mS,s iys; f,day ;yvq iu. jev

lsÍfï § l=vd lKavdhula muKla
wjYH fõ
 jvd;a myiqfjka j¾K .ekaúh
yels h
 fmdÿfõ oDv yd ;=kS fjhs
 ;o jeis yd ysu jreid jeks wys;lr
ld,.=K ;;a;aj hgf;a ma,diaála
j,g jvd f>daIdldÍ fõ
 f,day u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk ;dm
úlsrK ksjdi ;=<g tu wkjYH kï
jHdc isú,sula fh§u isÿl< hq;= h'
fldkal%Ü
S fldkal%ÜS idfmalaIj foaYSh
W¿ Tnf.a ,dnohS h fldkal%SÜ W¿j, u;=msg rgd iys; fyda
jy,h jir iskÿs úh yels w;r odr lvf;d¿ iys;
50 lg jvd fyda taldldÍ úh yels h' tajd " ysu
wdrlaId l< j¾Id" iq<x yd .s‚ j,g m%;sfrdaë fjñka
hq;= h' tajd ksisf,i iúl< úg jvd;a
wdrlaIdldÍ fiú,s øjHhla njg m;a
lrhs' fldkal%SÜ jy,hka i;=j c,
wjfYdaIK yelshdj 13%la muK mj;S'
by< fuu c, wjfYdaIK iS>%;dfjys
m%;sM,hla jYfhka" fldkal%SÜ W¿ u; mqia
fyda me,a,ï yg.ekSu isÿ fõ' ;j o
wjfYdaIKh lrk ,o c,h fldkal%SÜ
W¿j, oekgu;a mj;sk wêl nr ;j;a
jeä lrñka jy, wdlD;shg mSvkhla
we;s lrhs'
´kEu ;eklska .kakd fldkal%SÜ W¿

leghla yevh u; r|d mj;sñka rd;a;,a
820 isg 1'100 olajd nr fjhs' we;eï
wjia:dj,§ jy,fha iels,a, wu;r nr
ord.ekSu i|yd iú.kajd we;akï ñi
fldkal%SÜ W¿ f.dvke.s,s i|yd ks¾foaY
fkdlrhs' ysudhk WIaK;aj j, §
fldkal%SÜ W¿ ydksùï j,g keUqre
fkdjk w;r tuksid iEu ld,.=Khlu
mdfya Ndú;d l< yels h' fldkal%SÜ
W¿j, uq,a §ma;su;a j¾Kh ;nd .ekSug
l,¾-;D ;dlaIkh t;rï M,odhS fkdjk
w;r j¾Kh ld,h;a iu. wvq ù hhs'
isÿre iys; iajNdjh ksid" fldkal%SÜ W¿
ueá W¿j,g jvd fldkal%SÜ W¿j,
me,a,ï iE§fï yelshdj by< h'
fjk;a úl,am ;dr idïm%odhslj
;yvq ;dr ;yvq
jir 10 isg
20 l ;rï
ld,hla
mj;S

mdßißl n,mEu
1. A. wdfoaYl øjHj,g l%fs idaghs,a wvx.= ksIm

a dokj,g idfmalaIj flá wdhq ld,hla
we;s ksid" j;auka ueá W¿ Ndú;hg ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj yd wkd.;
wjYH;d i|yd ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj l=ula o@
flfhd,skhsÜ" fnda, ueá yd .fvd,a ueá f,i wmkhk l¾udka; i|yd Ndú;
lrk ueá f;j¾.hls' Y%S ,xldfõ Wvrg m%foaY j,ska ly" r;= yd ks,a j¾Kj,ska
fnda, ueá yuq fõ' fuu ueá tajdfhys Yla;su;a Ndjh yd wêl m%;Hia:;djh jeks
,dlaI‚l ksid ms<srE iE§ug yd ;dmmßjdrl øjH ksmoùug fhdod .kS' .fvd,a
ueá fndfydaúg .x.d ksïkj, yuqjk w;r tajd fmdÿfõ .fvd,a yd W¿
ksIm
a dokhg Ndú; lrhs' lajdÜia" fnda, ueá" is,sld yd f*,aâiamd" firñla yd
ùÿre l¾udka;j, § we;s id¾:l;ajhlska hq;=j Ndú;d lrk w;r ,xldfõ
fmdaif
s ,aka f,dalfha fyd|u fmdaif
s ,ka w;r mj;S'
fu.ska .uH jkafka ueá" W¿ ksIm a dokh i|yd muKla fkdj firñla" l=U,a
l¾udka;h" .fvd,a jeks úúO ksIm a dok i|yd o wuqøjHhla f,i Ndú;d jk nj
h' tuksid Y%S ,xldj ueá j,ska fmdfydi;a jqj;a" by; ish¨ l¾udka; i|yd ueá
mßfNdackh lrhs' tuksid ck.ykh jeä ùu;a iu." ueáj,g we;s b,aü by<
hdu;a iu. ueá leKSï by< hkq we;' fuh wkd.; ld,Skj ueá ysÕhlg
fya;=jkq we;' tuksid" ueá W¿ i|yd úl,am øjH fiúh hq;= h' flfia kuq;a
fndfyda Y%S ,dxlslhka idïm%odhslj ueá W¿j,g leue;a;la olajkafka tajd
,dnodhS yd ksfji we;=<; r;aùu wju lrk neúKs' fuh o wkd.;fha i,ld
nef,k lreKla ùug yels h'
B. fmdf<dfjka ksidrKh lr .ekSu ksid mdßißl n,mEu yd úl,am ,nd .ekSug

we;s yelshdj l=ula o@
ueá W¿ ksIm a dokh i|yd mDÓú lfndf,ka ueá leŒu we;=<;ajk w;r isfuka;s hï
m%;sY;hlg tla lrhs' leŒï b;d .eUqrg isÿ lsÍu fyda N=ñfha l=vd f.dve,s lemSfuka o
isÿ l< yels h' yÈis b,aü jeä ùul §" ueá W¿ úYd, jYfhka ksIm a dokh lsÍug isÿ
fõ' miqj" th kdh hdï jeks iajdNdúl úm;aj,g fya;= úh yels h' ueá mi Ydl
j¾Okh i|yd wjYH c,h" Lksc hk yd we;eï f,day r|jd ;nd .kS' by< ueá ia;r
bj;a lsÍu fuu mßirhkag o ydksodhl fõ' iEu mia j¾.hlau W¿ ksIm a dokhg
fhdod.; fkdyels fyhska" .fvd,a i|yd b,aü;a iu.u" W¿ ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH
ueá wjika ùug yels h' úl,am øjHhka f,i m%Odkj fldkal%SÜ yd oej jy,hka oelajqj
o tajd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk wêl j¾Id ;;a;aj ksid ks¾foaY fkdlrhs'

2. fjk;a úl,am øjHhkaf.a ldnka md igyk l=ula o@
tu úl,amhka ÔrKh ùfï § ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ksoyia lrhs kï" th mdßißl
.eg¨j,g fya;= fõ' tuksid m%;si: a dmkh ldnka we;=<;aj isÿl< fyd;a" ldnka by<
hdula isÿ úh yels h' wjika ksIma dokfha ydhkh fyda úLdokh" yß;d.dr jdhq jeä
lsÍug yd tu.sk"a f.da,Sh uOHkH WIaK;aj by, hdu 2°C lg jvd wvqfjka mj;ajd
.ekSug §¾>ld,Sk wruqKq we;s Y%S ,xldj fldgialrefjl= jk meßia .súiqu iïnkaO
.eg¨ we;slrñka f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< kexùug fya;= fõ' tfyhska" mQrl øjHhg jeä
l,amej;aula ;sìh hq;= w;r ydhkfha § yß;d.dr jdhq fyda úI jdhq ksl=;a fkdl< hq;=
h'
3. úl,am øjHhka ksIamdokfha § Yla;s mßfNdackh l=ula o@

ish¨ fiú,s W¿ ksIm a dok i|yd Yla;s mßfNdackhla wjYH fõ' úfYaIfhka ksIma dokh
lD;Su kï" ksIma dok l%shdj,sfha § bkaOk jYfhka fukau ;dmh iemhSu yd isi,s khg
jeä Yla;shla wjYH jk úfYaI úoHd.dr ;;a;aj wjYH fõ' tuksid úl,am y÷kajd §u
;=<" Yla;s mßfNdackh mj;sk ;;a;aj j,g jvd by< hd yels h'
4. wjika mßfNdaclhskg a isÿjk n,mEu l=ula o@ iudcfha úúO ia:rj,ska tk

ñksiqkag uqyqK mEug isÿjk idudÔh fjkialï fudkjd o@ ^;ykula l%shd;aul
jqfha kï" ñksikq ag wêl nr mek j,g fya;= úh yels by< ñ, .Kkaj,
ksIamdok ñ, § .ekSug n, flfrkq we;' tfukau ñ, wêl bÈlsÍï øjH o
jeämqr wjYH fõ&
i;H jYfhkau fuys §" ÿmam;a iudc fyda .%dóh jeishka Nhdkl ;¾ckj,g uqyqK mdkq
we;' Tjqkfa .a mä ojia l=,shg ,efnk neúka Tjqka .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdkq we;' tuksid
fuu.ska mka;s ixialD;shla we;sùug fya;=jk w;r fmdai;a mqoa.,hska Tjqkag oeßh yels
ksid" ñ, wêl úl,amhkag fhduqjk kuq;a ÿmam;a mqo.,hskg a jvd;a ,dndodhS úl,am
ksIm
a dok fiúh hq;= fõ' tuksid tjeks iudc .eg¿ u.yeÍug úl,amhka ieug oeßh
yels ñ, .Kka hgf;a úh hq;= h' ksh; jYfhkau" ñ,§ .ekSug fkdyels mqoa.,hska
p¾hduh fjkiï fmkaúh yels h'

weñKqu B - cd;sl ksjdi m%;sm;a;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ksjdi m%;sm;a;sh
cd;sl ksjdi m%;sm;a;sfha wruqKq yd iïnkaOjk m%Odk mrud¾: my; mßÈ fõ"
- cd;sl ksjdi iuQyfha m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh yd cd;sl ksjdi

b,aü imqrd,Sug rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;k fhduq lsÍu'
- ksjil Ôj;a ùug we;s whs;sh iq/lSu'
- ksjdi ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s ;=<ska ñksiqkf

a .a j;alï moku Yla;su;a lsÍu yd È<s÷lu
msgq oelSu'
- ksjdihl whs;sh mqoa.,fhla ;ukaf.au Yla;sfhka Wlyd .; hq;a;la nj iudch

yuqfõ wjOdrKh lsÍu'
- ksjdi ixj¾Ok m%fõYhka i|yd uyck;dj uq,sl lr.;a yjq,a jHdmdr m%pdrKh'
- ksjdi ixj¾Okh i|yd m%cd uq,sl iyNd.S;aj l%shdj,s Wmßufhka fhdod .ekSu'
- ksjdi ixj¾Okh i|yd odhljk wdh;k moaO;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu yd ifudaOdks;

l%h
s dud¾. .ekSu i|yd iïnkaëlrK l%h
s dj,shla ieliSu'
- úm;g m;a jQ m%cdjka fjkqfjka fjkqfjka úl,am kjd;eka ,nd §u i|yd rch
wkqu; kej; mÈxÑ lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sj, wkq.ukh lsÍu'
- ìï uÜgfï wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh jvd;a ld¾hlaIuj ieliSug odhl ùu yd

.%dóh ck;dj i|yd ksjdi i|yd m%udKj;a f,i uq,Huh iemhqï ,nd .ekSfï
wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu'
- rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl uq,H wdh;k u.ska ld¾hlaIu uq,H fuj,ï y÷kajd §u yd

ksjdi i|yd uq,Huh iemhqu m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu'
- ksjdi i|yd foaYSh yd úfoaYSh wdfhdack fmd<Ujk wdl¾YkSh l%h

s dj,s y÷kajd
§u yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl yjq,a jHdmD;s m%j¾Okh'
- ksjdi iemhSfï ish¨ md¾Yjlrejkag iudk yd idOdrK wjia:d iemhSu yd

fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èß.ekaùu'

- foaY.=‚l wdrlaIdldÍ bvï y÷kd .ekSu yd wdmodjkag Tfrd;a;= fok ksjdi
wdlD;s wka;¾.; lsÍu yd bÈlsÍu u.ska foaY.=‚l úm¾hdifha n,mEu wju
lsÍu yd iudcfha Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj jeä lsÍu ;=<ska iajdNdúl úm;aj,g
uqyqK §u'
- m%dfoaYSh bvï Ndú;djka i|yd jk ndOl yd kS;suh ndOl wju lsÍu'
- m%udKj;a fmdÿ myiqlï iu.ska kd.ßl m%foaYj, isria ksjdi ^;Ügq ksjdi&
bÈlsÍu Èß .ekaùu'
- iydêm;H foam< fjf<|du l%udkql+,j mq¿,a lsÍu yd iyNd.S;aj iydêm;H

l<ukdlrK l%ufõo m%j¾Okh'
- ksjdi l=,shg §fï fjf<| fmd< iemhqu by< oeóu'
- ksjdi m%ñ;Ska m%;sfYdaOkh" ie,iqïlrKh yd mj;sk wkd.; ksjdi wjYH;djh"

n,Yla;sh b;sß lsÍu yd wdmod m%;sfrdaë;djhg .e<fmk mßÈ" bÈlsÍï kshdukh'
- mßir ys;ldó" wdmod m%;sfrdaë yd n,Yla;sh b;sß lrk ksjdi ;dlaIKh Ndú;d
lsÍu Èß .ekaùu'
- ksjdi i|yd oeßhyels yd ;sridr há;, myiqlï m%j¾Okh'
- oeßh yels uqo,lg bÈlsÍï øjh iemhqï iïnkaOj kj kS;s yd nÿ l%ufõo

y÷kajd §u yd ydkslr bÈlsÍï øjH yd ;dlaIKhka fhdod .ekSu wffO¾hu;a
lsÍu'
- ksjdi bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha ish¨ l¾udka;lrejkag wLKav oekqu yd l=i,;d

,nd§ug rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl lafIa;%fha tl;=ùu Èßu;a lsÍu'
- ksjdi lafIa;%fha ish¨ m¾fhaIK yd mqyqKq l%h

s dj,s i|yd rcfha odhl;ajh
iemhSu'

mj;sk mq¿,a mrdihla ;=< ksjdi .eg¿ iuia;hla f,i wduka;%Kh lsÍug yd lafIa;%fha
kshe,S we;s úúO fldÜGdi w;r /iaùï ia:dk y÷kd .ekSu Wfoid my; i|yka
úYajdikSh lafIa;% yd WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;s úê úOdk y÷kdf.k ixj¾Okh lrk ,os'
1. ÿmam;a ldKav
2. wúêu;a f,i wdodhï Wmhkakka
3. uOHu mdka;slhska
4. jeä wdodhï ,nkakka
5. l=,S ksjdi
6. kd.ßl bvï ixj¾Okh" fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack yd yd ie,iqïlrKh yd fmdÿ
foam< l<ukdlrKh
7. ifudaOdks; há;, myiqlï yd fiajd iemhSu
8. ksjdi ;dlaIKh" f.dvke.s,s øjH iemhqu yd mqyqKqj m%ñ;s.; lsÍu'
9. ksjdi uq,H
ÿmam;a LdKav
ÿmam;alu" iudÔh mßirh yd iïm;a ysÕlu yd iqÿiq wOHdmksl miqìula fkdue;slu

jeks m%d:ñl fya;=" iudcfha w;HdjYH fldgila jk fuu lKavdhï m%Odk ksjdi
Odrdfjka wE;aj ;nd ;nd ;nd we;' uqvqlal= yd me,am;a jdiSk"a my; l=,j, m%cd"
n,y;aldrfhka mÈxÑ jqjka" .%dóh uÜgfï ÿmam;a mjq,a fukau wdndê;hska iys;"
ldka;djka md,kh lrk ksjdi" j;= m%cd" ëjr .eñhka yd fjk;a wk;=rlg ,la úh
yels fldgia fï ldKavhg wh;a fõ' rch iDcqju ueÈy;a ù Tjqkaf.a ksjdi wjYH;djh
imqrd,sh hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a j;alï by< kexùug lghq;= l< hq;= h' tu fldÜgdY ksjdi
yd uq,H wdh;k flfrys úYajdih we;s lsÍu yd tu fldgiaj, wd¾Ól yd idudÔh
;;ajh by< kexùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs'
Wmdh ud¾.sl m%;sm;a;s ud¾f.damfoaYkh¡
- idudcfha jeä wjOdkï ldKav flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka" iudc ksjdi jHdmD;s
mj;ajdf.k hdu¡
- fuu lKavdhï idudcShj yd wd¾Ólj iú.ekaùu Wfoid cSjfkdamdh wjia:d" fiajd iemhSu iuÕ
yªkajd oSu¡
- boslsÍï YlH;dj f.dvkexùug cd;sl ksjdi wruqo,la we;s lsÍu yd ksjdi ixj¾Okfhys ,d m%cd
iyNd.S;ajh m%j¾Okhg m%cd uQ,sl ixúOdk Yla;su;a lsÍu yd b;d .eUqßka ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSug
ÿmam;a m%cdjka fufyhùu¡
- ;u ksji idod .ekSug yelshdjla we;s mjq,aj,g" bvïj, ksrjq,aNdjh we;slr iDcqju iyh
oelaùu" uQ,sl iem myiqlï ie,iSu yd iykYS,S fmd,S wkqmd; hgf;a w;HdjYH ;dlaIKsl oekqu
iuÕska ksjdi iE§u i|yd iyh ,nd oSu

- ksjdi lafIa;%fha ueos yd os.= l,Sk ;sridrNdjh ;yjqre lrk mq¿,a rduqjla ;=<" rcfha bvï fjka
lsÍu yd ÿmam;a ck;djf.a ksjdi wjYH;djh i|yd oeßh yels úl,am ksjdi ixj¾Ok Wmdh
ud¾. yªkajd oSu¡
- úl,am ksjdi wruqo,a yd iykodhS uQ,H iemhqï moaO;s yªkajd oSu i|yd rdcH wdh;k yd
fm!oa.,sl uq,H wdh;k osßu;a lsÍu¡
- iudc iqnidOk jevms<sfj<la jYfhka fuu fldÜGdij,g ksjdi myiqlï ie,iSug mqKH wdh;k
Èßu;a lsÍu'
- fuu jrm%ido fkd,;a fldÜGdY i|yd ksjdi yd ;djld,sl ckdjdi boslsÍu i|yd" uQ,Huh w;ska
yelshdj we;s mqoa.,sl lafIa;%fha wdh;k osß.ekaùu Wfoid nÿ iyk yªkajd oSu¡
- ksjdi ie,iqï wkqu; lsÍfï l%shdj,sfha oS fm!oa.,sl ksjdila i|yd wkqu; j¾.M,hg jvd
jeäjk m%;sY;hg hï noaola wh lsÍug foaYSh rdcH wdh;k osßu;a lsÍu yd th wdj¾;
wruqo,lg ner lr ÿmam;a ck;dj i|yd ksjdi iEoSug wdfhdackh lsÍu
wvq wdodhï m%cd b,lal lr .ksñka .%dóh ksjdi jHdmD;s we;s lsÍug fukau foaYSh yd
úfoaYSh bÈlsÍïlrejkaf.a Wmldr we;sj uyd mßudK ksjdi jHdmD;s we;s lsÍu wruqKq
lrf.k" cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh 1979 jif¾ § werôK'¡
j¾;udkh jkúg ksjdi lafIa;%fha fndfyduhla .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. mj;S¡ úfYaI wjOdkh
fhduqúh hq;= uQ,sl .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. my; ,hsia;=.; fldg we;¡
- m%;HlaI yd fyd|ska meyeos,s lrk ,o Wmdhud¾.sl msúiqï u; mokï jQ ksjdi m%;sm;a;shla

fkdue;slu
- foaYSh wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd W;afm%arlhla f,i" ksjdi l¾udka;h flfrys wvq wjOdkhla
fhduq ùu¡
- úm;a m%;sfrdaë ksjdi f.dvkexùu yd wdmod wju lsÍug fj<|fmd< mokï WmlrK ms< sn|
wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu¡
- idudcSh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl lreKla jk ksjdi lafIa;%h flfrys fmdÿfõ rdcH yd
mqoa.,sl lafIa;%fha idfmalaIj wvq wdfhdack m%udKh¡
- by< yd ueos wdodhï ,nkakka wruqKq lrf.k uQ,H wdh;k j,ska iSñ; wdOdr" idïm%Odhsl
;e/õlrejka" iq/l=ïm;a yd by< fmd,S wkqmd; fukau uQ,H wdh;k uÕska ksjdi Kh yd uQ,Huh
myiqlï ,nd oSu¡
- ksjdi Kh iemhSu" rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;kj, lafIa;%j, ld¾hlaIu;dj uekSfï Wmudkhla
f,i m%udKj;a f,i fkdie<lSu¡
- foam< fj<| fmdf<a jHqyuh wiu;a nj¡
- bvï Ndú;fha§ yd Tmamq ksYaldIKfha §" bvï ñ, .Kka" iemhqï yd kS;suh" mßmd,kuh yd
ixialD;sluh .eg¨'
ie,iqï u; mokïj bvï Ndú;h yd l<ukdlrKh i|yd ;sridr cd;sl fN!;sl

m%;sm;a;shla ysÕlu yd ;sridr ckdjdihl wjYH;dj" iudcfha u;=lr fkdolajhs'
- iudch yd fN!;sl há;, myiqlï iïnkaO .eg¨¡
- olaI lïlrejkaf.a úfhdaj yd boslÍï øjH lafIa;%fha wvq ÿqvqlï¡
- iqÿiq ;dlaIKh yd Ys,aml%u" mqyqKqj" .=Kd;aul nj md,kh yd m¾fhaIK flfrys wvq wjOdkh¡
- ksjdi ixj¾Okh yd iïnkaO jQ" wdfhdaclhska yd foam< ixj¾Okh lrkakka uqyqKfok uQ,Huh yd
mßmd,k kshdukhka iïnkaO .eg¨
- fmdÿ foam, l,uKdlrK ie,iqï yd kv;a;=j iïnkaO .eg¨¡
- oeßh yels l=,S ksjdi wvq iemhqu¡
- rdcH fiajlhkaf.a yd jevlrk ck;djf.a ksjdi .eg¨ iñnkaOfhka wvq wjOdkhla fhduq ùu¡
- n,y;aldrfhka kej; mosxÑ lsÍï yd iïnkaO .eg¨¡
- ifudaOdksl ie,iqïlrK m%fõYhka yd rdcH wxYfha wdh;k yd fjk;a md¾Yj w;r ksjdi
ixj¾Okh yd wvq wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu¡
- iyNd.S;aj l%shdj,s" YlH;d f.dvkexùu yd wvq wdodhï fldgia j,g ksjdi iEoSu n,.ekaùu
iïnkaO wvq wjOdrKh¡
- m%cd ixúOdk" m%cdj yd fjk;a md¾Yjj, iyNd.S;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍug ksis l%ufõohl
wjYH;dj iïnkaO wvq wjOdkh¡
- m%cd uQ,Sl mosxÑ ùï mokï lr.;a" iaj-Wojq yd ksjdi j,g fj<| fmd< we;slsÍu iïnkaO
wdl,amuh fjkialï iïnkaO wvq wjOdkh¡
wúêu;a wdodhï Wmhkakka

mj;sk ;;ajh Wiia lsÍu" mq¿,a lsÍu fyda mj;sk ksjdi w¨;a lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ ksjdi
wjYH;djfhka ie,lsh hq;= fldgils' .%dóh yd w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYj, isák wúêu;a
wdodhï Wmhkakkaf.ka nyq;rhla" Tjqkaf.a iaÓr wdodhulg ysñlï lSfï fkdyelshdj yd
wemlrejka iemhSfï § Tjqka uqyqKfok wmyiq;d ksid úêu;a ksjdi fjf<| fmdf<ka
udhsug ù we;' cd;sl wdodhfuka jeäu m%;sY;hlg odhljk ixl%u‚l Y%ñlhka fuu
ldKavfha bÈßfhkau isà'
Wmdhud¾.sl m%;sm;a;s ud¾f.damfoaYkh

- rdcH wkq.%yh hgf;a fuu iudc ldKavhg uq,Huh yd ;dlaI‚l iyh cd;sl uÜgfuka ,nd §ug
fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla iïu; lsÍu'
- ksjdij, Odß;djh yd .DydY%;
s y÷kd .ekSu iqrlaIs; lrk uq,Huh moaO;s yd m%cd uq,sl ksjdi
jHdmD;s m%j¾Okh lrk ;dlaI‚l l%ufõo y÷kajd §u yd Yla;su;a lsÍu'
- mj;sk ñksia uq,sl ixúOdk Yla;su;a lsÍu yd kj tajd msysgù
q u u.ska ksjdi i|yd úl,am uq,Huh
úi÷ï j,g we;s yelshdj .fõIKh lsÍu'
- ìï uÜgfï m%cdj uQ,sl lr.;a ;dlaI‚l yd mßmd,kuh oelaula we;s ksjdi iuqmldrj,
Odß;dj Yla;su;a lsÍu'

- ÿmam;a ksjdi uq,H jeälsÍu i|yd" wem l%ufõoh jeks l%ufõo y÷kajd§u yd Yla;su;a lsÍu ;=<ska
úêu;a nexl= lafIa;%h yd wúêu;a m%cd nexl= w;r mr;rh wvq lsÍu'
- kjH uq,H l%ufõo y÷kajd §u yd oeßh yels yd ld¾hlaIu yd msßjeh M,odhS;djhla we;s iqÿiq
;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka ksjdi iE§u yd m%j¾Okh lrk ksjdi ksfhdað; wdh;kj, uq,Huh Yla;sh
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
- kej; f.ùfï yelshdj we;s kuq;a nexl=j,ska Kh ,nd.; fkdyels wjYH mjq,aj,g ksjdi Kh
,nd §ug rdcH nexl=j,ska ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßhg jeks ksjdi wdh;kj,g ,ndfok úYd,
mßudK Kh ,nd §ug uOHu rch ueÈy;a ùu' Wmdhud¾.sl m%;sm;a;s ud¾f.damfoaYk 12 15
- úfYaI ksjdi wjYH;d i|yd rcfha bvï idOdrK yd oeßh yels uqo,lg ,nd §u' m%uqL;dj Èh
hq;af;a úfoia ixl%u‚l Y%ñlhska jeks úfYaI lKavdhï j,g fõ'
- ksis há;, myiqlï iys; i,iqï l< ksjdi we;s lsÍug rcfha bvï ksoyia lsÍu yd tjeks
ia:dkj, Wmdhud¾.sl ksjdi jHdmD;s i|yd wdfhdackh lsÍug fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èß .ekaùu'
- ksjdi iE§ï Èß.ekaùu i|yd nÿ § we;s rcfha bvïj, fm!oa.,sl ysñldÍ;ajh mejÍu i|yd
mj;sk l%shdud¾.hka jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu fyda wjYHkï kj kS;suh rduqjla ieliSu'
ksjdi uq,H
iuia; ksjdi m%;sm;a;shl ld¾hlaIu;djh" ksjdi ixj¾Okh uq,H imhk Wmdhud¾.sl

ie,eiau u; mokï fõ' fï yd iudkj" ksjdi bÈlsÍï lafIa;%h rfÜ idudkH wd¾Ól
l%h
s dldÍ;ajh jeä lsÍfï n,mEula we;s iajdëk me;slvls' tuksid " rfgys iuia; iudc-
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha ks¾Kdhlhla jYfhka ksjdi ixj¾Okhg fjka lr we;s fldgi
ie,lSu jeo.;a h' rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl uq,H wdh;kj, taldnoaO iudc j.lSu bgq lsÍug
yd ta yd iu.u" .=Kd;aulj yd yd m%udKd;aulj ñkqï oKavla f,i o uq,Huh fhoùï
iïnkaO Wmudkhka f,i ie,lsh yels h'
- iuia:hla f,i iEu rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl uQ,H wdh;k yd tjeks Kh i|yd whlrk fmd,S
wkqmd;j, m%;sY;hla f,i ksjdi Kh f,i ksoyia l< wruqo,a m%udKhka ms<sn|j uy nexl=
jd¾;d ;=<ska ñksiqka oekqj;a lsÍu'
- uQ,H wdh;k uÕka ksjdi Kh i|yd fjkal< wruqo,a m%udKh tjeks wdh;kj, idudkH odhl;aj
j.lSu bgq lsÍu iïnkaO Wmudkhla f,i fhdod .ekSu'
- jdKsc Wmudkhla u; l%shd;aul jk rdcH fyda fm!oa.,sl uQ,H wdh;k u.ska olajd we;s fldkafoais
u; ksjdi Kh ,nd .ekSug wjia:djla fyda yelshdjla fkdue;s iudc ldKav j,g ksjdi Kh ,nd
fok ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh jeks ksfhdað; wdh;k cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka y÷kdf.k
ksjdi Kh fj<|fmdf<a ysÕh mshùu'
- jdKsc uQ,H wdh;k uÕska ksjdi Kh wjYH;d imqrd,Sug wiu;a iudc LdKav j,g ksjdi Kh
imhk cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh jeks ksfhdað; wdh;k i|yd jd¾Yslj uy nexl=j yd rdcH
jdKsc nexl= uÕska úYd, Kh hï m%udKhlg ksl=;a lsÍu yd ksjdi Kh fj<|fmdf<a tajd
iykodhs fldkafoAis hgf;a wruqK lr.;a fldÜGdYj,g muKla ,nd oSu'
- uQ,H l<uKdlrK iyh i|yd wjYH uyck Khlr ksl=;= yd iq/l=ïm;a yryd wruqo,a by<
kexùug cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wOldßh jeks ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g n,h ,nd oSu'

- fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla u; mokïj ksjdi m%;s,dNSkaf.a iudÔh yd wd¾Ól miqìu i,ld uQ,Huh iyh
ksl=;a lsÍu'
- fhda.H iudc ldKav i|yd iykodhS fmd,S wkqmd; hgf;a ksjdi Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd cd;sl
whjefhka úfYaI uQ,Huh úê úOdk we;s lsÍu'
- ksjdi Kh i|yd iuQysl fm!oa.,sl wem ms<s.ekSu yd Kh kej; f.ùfï ixialD;sh m%j¾Okh
i|yd m%cd uQ,sl iyNd.S;aj uQ,H l%u y÷kajd oSu i|yd m%cd uQ,sl iyNd.S;aj uQ,H l%u y÷kajd
oSu
- laIqø uQ,H ixúOdk yd iuqmldr ixúOdkhkays ksjdi uQ,H l%ufõo m%pdrKh yd kshdukh'
- ksjdi ixj¾Okh i|yd foaYSh wêldÍka yd rdcH wdh;k i|yd wdj¾; wruqo,a we;s lsÍu'
- rdcH yd jdKsc nexl=j, osß.ekaùï yd nÿ iyk yryd we;sl< “wdfhdack wruqof,ka” ksjdi
ixj¾Okh i|yd wruqo,a ksoyia lsÍu “ksjdi ixj¾Okfha” Wmudkhka f,i we;=<;a lsÍu'
- ÿmam;=kag ksjdi ;ekSu i|yd úfYaI wdOdr rch yryd ,nd oSu'
Source: National Housing Policy Ministry of Construction, Engineering Services, housing and
common amenities
http://www.iuc.or.kr/board/pds/board/64/files/bdc036b89390345b4203c41331cf89ee
weñKqu C - l%ufõoh
uy fld<U ksjdi yd wkqu; f.dvke.s,s
j¾Ih wkqu; l< ksjdi ixLHdj wkqu; l< ksjdi wkqu; f.dvke.s,s
<1000 j¾. 1000-2000 >2000 j¾. ixLHdfõ tl;=j
wä j¾. wä wä
2010 1297 3890 4427 9,614 1,107
2011 1284 4228 5157 10,669 1,515
2012 1358 4296 5616 11,270 1,425
2013 1190 4083 5562 10,835 1,422
uyk.r iNd y;rla ^fld<U" foysj,-.,alsiai" Y%S chj¾Okmqr yd fudrgqj&" k.r iNd yhla
^j;a;," mE,shf.dv" mdkÿr" fydrK" leianEj yd uyr.u& yd m%dfoaYSh iNd kuhla ^fydaud.u"
fldáldj;a;-uq,af,aßhdj" lvqfj," le,‚h" w;a;k.,a," j;a;,-udfnda," fydrK" mdkÿr yd
uyr& we;=<;a fõ'
l%f
s idaghs,a jy,hka Ndú;d lrk w¨f;ka wkqu; lrk ,o ksjdij, msßjeh .Kkh
(2013)
1) by; o;a; wkqj" m<uqj kj wkqu; l< ksjdij, iïmq¾K j¾. wä .Kk .Kkh lrk
,§' th my; mßÈ .Kkh lrhs"
wkqu; ksjdij, iïmq¾K j¾.M,h ^j¾. wä& =
2) wk;=rej" ksjil ;lafiare l< j¾. wä m%udKh my; mßÈ .Kkh lrk ,§"
3) fuys § ksjil uOHkH j¾. wä m%udKfhka 50] la" wdikak jYfhka jy,hl uOHkH
j¾. wä m%udKhg iudk f,i wm úiska f.k we;' l%sfidaghs,a fiú,s øjHh 34'6% ls'
4) l%sfidaghs,a j¾. wähl fjf<| fmd< ñ,.Kka f.k kj wkqu; ksjdi i|yd l%sfidaghs,a
øjHfha iïmq¾K msßjeh my; mßÈ .Kkh lrk ,§"
5) wk;=rej wkqu; f.dvke.s,s i|yd l%sfidaghs,a øjHfha iïmq¾K msßjeh my; mßÈ .Kkh
lrk ,§' bka miq uy fld<U l%sfidaghs,aj, jd¾Isl msßjeh .Kkh lrk ,§'

iïmq¾K jd¾Isl msßjeh ^f.dvke.s,s i|yd& }wkqu; ksjdi i|yd iïmq¾K
msßjeh ¬ wkqu; f.dvke.s,s fldgiaj, iïmq¾K msßjeh
6) uy fld<U ck.ykh i,ld Y%S ,xldfõ iïmq¾K jd¾Isl msßjeh .Kkh lrk ,§'
iïmq¾K l%f
s idaghs,a f;d.fha msßjeh$ jákdlu .Kkh lsÍu (2013)
j¾;udk ix.Kk o;a; fmkajd fokafka Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ jy,hka f.ka 42% la muK l%sfidaghs,a øjHh
Ndú;d lrk w;r tu m%udKh 1"800"077 la fõ' ksjil ;lafiare.; uOHkH úYd,;ajh wm úisk fidhd
.kakd ,§' thg wkqj iïmq¾K f;d.fha jákdlu .Kkh lrk ,§'
l%f
s idaghs,a Ndú;dj
j¾Ih ksjdi ixLHdj l%f
s idaghs,a f;d.h Ndú;d lrk ksjdi m%;sY;h
1955 5,675 0%
1965 1,307 1%
1981 284,913 11%
1994 517,711 15%
2001 1,016,299 26%
2012 1,799,795 35%
- úisreï igyk.
- Fitted plot
- .e,mqï igyk

- fYaIfha idudkH igyk
úp,Hh m%u; jHdma;shla olajkafka o hkak oek.ekSug fYaIfha idudkH igykla

Ndú;d l< yels h' m%;sM,h f,i ,efnk m%i; a drh wdikak jYfhka f¾Çh kï"
fodaI kshu m%u; jHdma;shl we;ehs Wml,amkh lrñka bÈßhg f.k hhs'
- m%;sl%uK iólrKh
1. ksjdi .Kk = - 8.26E+10 + 1.26E+08 j¾Ih - 64477 j¾Ih**2 + 10.97 j¾Ih **3
2. m%;sY;h = - 1203 + 0.6137 j¾Ih

Pearson correlation S R-sq R-sq (adj)
1 ksjdi .Kkg tÈßj j¾Ih 0.948 92503.7 99.3% 98.2%
l%f
s idaghs,a Ndú;d lrk m%udKhg tÈßj
2 0.968 3.89130 93.7% 92.1%
j¾Ih
 msh¾ika ix.=Klh (Pearson correlation coefficient) : fuu msh¾ika ix.=Klh u.ska úp,H w;r
Yla;sh yd in|;dj ukskq ,nhs' fuu ix.=Klh -1.00 yd 1.00 w;r mj;S' ix.=Klh iDK
mrdihl w.hla fokafka kï" tu.ska woyia flfrkafka úp,Hhka iDKd;aulj iyiïnkaO ù we;'
tu w.h Ok mrdihl mj;S kï" úp,Hhka OKd;aulj iyiïnkaO ù we;'
 S: hkq , m%;sl%uK f¾Ldj ms<sn|j weia;fïka;=.; l< iïu; wm.ukfha ksudkhls'
 R-Sq: hkq R2, ks¾Kh lsÍfï ix.=Klh f,iska o ye¢ka fõ' R2 = ix.=Klh ie,ls,a,g .kak (Y, Y )
2
. ;j o, R2 = (SS Regression) / (SS Total). fuu R2 w.h hkq" wkqudk lrkakka u.ska h úp,Hfha
úp,H wkqmd;h fõ' R-j¾. hkq o;a; wm.uk jl%hg fld;rï ÿrg .e<fmkafka o hkj. fõ' R-
j¾.h iEu úgu 0 yd 100% w;r fõ'
 R-Sq(adj): fuh R2 iqp,k wxlhg ieliqúg fõ' úp,Hh iólrKhlg tl;= l< úg" tl;= lrk
,o úp,Hh i;H w.hla fkdjqk;a R2 iEuúgu úYd, w.hla .kS' fuh ydksmqrKh lsÍug"
.ykfha R2 iïnkaOj wmlaImd;S ;lafiarejla jk MINITAB yd R-Sq (adj): " my; iólrKfhka
.Kkh lrhs"

weñKqu D - yjq,aldr wdh;k
j.=j 8'2 mßir n,mEfï idrdxYh -úfYaI{hska f.a m%;spdr
1. kd.ßl ixj¾Ok kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh 1948 wxl 41 orK md¾,sfïka;=

wêldßh mk;ska msysgqjk ,os' kd.ßl ixj¾Ok lghq;= Ndr
wud;Hjrhd úiska m%ldY lr we;s mßos ifudaOdksl
iïnkaO lr.;a ie,iqïlrKh yd wd¾Ól " idudÔh yd fN!;sl lafIa;%j,
mqoa.,hd - Okxch ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍfï wruqfKka th msysgùh' ta wkqj
isßj¾Ok uy;d, B fï,a kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh k.r ie,iqïlrKh yd tu
,smks h:dsiriwardena@g ie,iqï l%h
s djg kxjk rfgys uQ,sl wdh;kh fjhs'
mail.com
2. cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok Tjqkaf.a fufyjr jkqfha —ck fijK - uyskoa Ñka;k˜ ksjdi
wêldßh ixj¾Ok jevigyk md¾Yjlrejkaf .a iyNd.S;ajfhka
iïnkaO lr.;a l%h
s djg kexùu fõ'
mqoa.,hd: tÉ' tï'

ohdkkao uy;d; B fï,a
,smks h;dayananda2012
@yahoo.com
3. *hsn¾ isfuka;s *hsn¾ isfuka;s ksIamdolhkaf.a ix.uh Y%S ,xldfõ l%fs idaghs,a
ksIamdolhska f.a ix.uh fiú,s ;yvq wdrlaIdldÍ ksIm a dokh yd .=Kd;aulNdjh
(FCPMA) mÍlaId lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu isÿ lrk w;r rhsfkda fiú,s
ksIm
a dol iud.u " Y%S /ïflda mqoa.,sl iud.u " ì,aÜ
iïnkaO lr.;a t,sukaÜia mqoa.,sl iud.u ^w,shd ueialkhsÜ& yd iS.sß fiú,s
mqoa.,hd: wekagka tvud fm!oa.,sl iud.u hk osjhsfka l%f s iaghs,a ksIma dokfha
uy;d, B fï,a ,smk s h: bosßfhkau isák iud.ï i|yd m¾fhaIK ixj¾Ok
[email protected] uOHia:dkhla f,i l%h s d lrhs'
/[email protected]
4. rhsfkda fiú,s fiú,s øjH yd ta yd iudk fjk;a ksIm
a dok ksmoùu yd
ksIamdok wf,úlrKh
iïnkaO lr.;a
mqoa.,hd: chiS,ka
{dkï uy;d, B fï,a
,smks h [email protected]
5. ì,aÜ t,sukaÜ iud.u ì,aÜ t,sukaÜ iud.u fkdjeïn¾ 28 osk werUQ w;r fiú,s
;yvq " isú,sï ;yvq yd jy,hka i|yd fjk;a w;sf¾l Wmdx.
iïnkaO lr.;a ksIm
a dokh lrhs'
mqoa.,hd: .dñŒ
kdkdhldrjiï uy;d, B
fï,a
,smks h:production@built
element.com,ashuboda
@gmail.com
6. wudfkda iuqy wudfkda wdh;kh YS% ,xldfõ m%uL fmf<a bxðfkare
jHdmdrh wdh;khls' Tjqka hgf;a ;j;a iud.ï folla mj;S' wudfkda
,xld bkaðkshßka mqoa.,sl iud.u iy wudfkda boslsÍï
mqoa.,sl iud.u jYfhka fjhs' YS% ,xldfõ j¾K.kajk ,o
yuq jQ mqo.
a ,hd: ir;a o ñY% f,dayhlska wdjß; fiú,s iy wdjrK lafIa;%fha m%uqLhka
jYfhka wudfkda wdh;kfha Wreuh werfUhs' 1980 jif¾oS
fldia;d uy;d, B fï,a b;d iq¿jg werUqk fuu jHdmdrh fï jk úg f.orfodr
,smskh: [email protected] kduhla njg m;aj we;'
,[email protected]
7. Y%S /ïfld ,xld

fm!oa.,sl iud.u reïflda *hsn¾ isfuka;s fiú,s Wmdx. " /ïflda fiú,s
;yvqj, wdlD;sh yd .e<fmk f,i ilid we;' fiú,s
iïnkaO lr.;a Wmdx. " fldl= " weK " uqßÉÑ yd bial=remamq wdOdrfhka
mqoa.,hd: refvd,a*'a à' fiú,s ;yvqj,g iú lrhs'
Ô uy;d, , B fï,a
,smks h;[email protected]

8. iS.sÍ fiú,s iS.sß fiú,s fm!oa.,sl iud.u Y%S ,xldjg ixia:dms; lf<a
fm!oa.,sl iud.u bkaÈhdfõ fpkakdhsys ;dlaIKsl úfYaI{fhla jk
tia'ta'ìurdcd uy;d úisk's fuh *hsn¾ isfuka;s fiú,s ;yvq "
iïnkaO lr.;a me;,s ;yvq yd Wmdx. Y%S ,xldfõ ksIm a dokh lsÍug
mqoa.,hd: tia' lklrdcd ie,eiaula iuÕska ,nd fok ,os' ksIm a dok l¾udka;Yd,d
uy;d B fï,a mq;a;,ï osi; a %slalfha ;drú,a¨j " n;a;=¨Th hk m%foaYj,
,smks h:sigiriroofing@gm
msysgqjk ,os'
ail.com
9. Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk
bÈlsÍï lrejka Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk boslsÍïlrejka hkq Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk
boslsÍï wdh;k tl;=j idod .kakd ,o ix.uhls'
ueos yd l=vd mßudK l¾udka; lrejkaf.ka fjkia jk oelau"
fufyjr yd b,lal yd wruqKq we;s ksid m%Odk iud.ï i|yd
fjku ix.uhla ksmoùfï wjYH;dj we;s úh' fuys wdrïNl
idudðlhka jQfha foaYSh l¾udka; j,ska isÿ lrk boslsÍï
j,ska 80] lg jvd isÿ lrk boslsÍï oejeka;hka yd
iïnkaO lr.;a yjq,la rejka fyda Wm fldka;%d;alrejka jYfhka úYd,
mqoa.,hd: ì%f.aäh¾ mßudK ^fu.d& jHdmD;sj, Nd.hla muKu bgq l< iud.ï
uOqr; B fï,a ,smk
s fõ'
[email protected],
majorconstructorsofsrila
[email protected],
info@majorconstructors.
org
10. ksjdi yd bÈlsÍï ksjdi yd ixj¾Ok wud;HxYh Y%S ,xldfõ uOHu rcfha
wdud;HxYh wud;HxYhls' th rfgys ksjdi boslsÍï j,g j. lshhs'
iïnkaO lr.;a
mqoa.,hd: whs,mafmreu
uy;d, B fï,a ,smskh;
[email protected]
11. Y%S ,xld bÈlsÍï Tjqkaf.a fufyjr jkqfha Y%S ,xldfõ boslsÍï l¾udka;fha
l¾udka; uKav,h (CCI) wkkH y~la ke.Suhs' tu.ska wdrlaIdldÍ by<
iïnkaO lr.;a .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;a " ;sridr yd mßir ys;ldó boslsÍï
mqoa.,hd: lms, uy;d, B mßirhla we;slsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
fï,a ,smk s h:
[email protected]

12. udkj ixj¾Ok
jeú,s wruqo, udkj ixj¾Ok jeú,s wruqo, ff;md¾Yúl ixúOdkhls'
iïnkaO lr.;a thg Y%S ,xld rch " m%dfoaYSh jeú,s iud.ï yd jeú,s jD;a;Sh
mqoa.,hd: iqn%ukshï iñ;s wh;a fõ' Y%S ,xld rch u.ska ksmojk ,o fuu
fia.¾ uy;d, email ix.ufha wruqK jkqfha m%dfoaYSh jeú,s iud.u úiska
address: [email protected] l<ukdlrKh lrk j;=j, ñ,shkhla muK ck;djf.a Ôjk
;;ajh by< kexùug iudÔh ixj¾Ok jevms<sfj<j,a
wð;a wfífialr uy;d, lsh
% djg kexùuhs'
B fï,a ,smk
s h, udkj ixj¾Ok jeú,s wruqo, " Y%S ,xld rcfha " m%dfoaYSh
[email protected] jeú,s iud.fï yd jeú,s jD;a;Sh iñ;s ksfhdað;hkaf.ka
iukaú;s wOHlaIl uKav,hlska iukaú; jk w;r" wNHka;r
wOHlaIl uKav,h" l<uKdldÍ;ajh yd n;a;ruq,a, m%Odk
ld¾hd,hg wkqnoaê; fiajl uKav,h úiska wkq.%yh olajk
wOHlaIl ckrd,a jrfhla úiska md,kh lrhs'
13. l%f
s idaghs,a f;dr;=re l%f
s idaghs,a f;dr;=re flakaøh hkq úoHd;aul o;a; iemhSug "
flakaøh uyck oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsÍu yd l%sfidaghs,a j.lSï iy.;
iïnkaO lr.;a yd wdrlaIs; Ndú;dj i|yd wjYH iyh ,nd oSug we;sl<
mqoa.,hd: iqk, s a wurjxY ,dN fkd,nk wdh;khls'
uy;d, B fï,a ,smk s h
[email protected]
14. tlai;a cd;Skaf.a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld¾udka; ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh hkq os,sÿlu
l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wvq lsÍu " f.da,ShlrKh mdßißl ;sridr Ndjh we;=<;a
ixúOdkh È<s÷lu msgqoelSu i|yd l¾udka; ixj¾Okh Èß.ekaùu
iïnkaO lr.;a i|yd jQ tlai;a cd;Skf a .a ixúOdkh úiska we;slrk ,o
mqoa.,hd: kjdia ixúOdkhls'
rdcdí§ka, B fï,a
,smks h:
[email protected]
,nawaz_rajabdeen@hot
mail.com
15. l¾udka; ;dlaIK ld¾udka; ;dlaIK wdh;kh hkq Y%S ,xld rchg iïmQ¾K
wdh;kh whs;sh we;s wdh;khls' th ;dlaIK yd m¾fhaIK
iïnkaO lr.;a wud;HxYh hgf;a l%h
s d;aul fjhs'
mqoa.,hd tÉ' tï ' f;acd
fyar;a, B fï,a ,smk
s h:
[email protected]
16. uOHu mßir
wêldßh uOHu mßir wêldßh 1980 wxl 47 orK cd;sl mßir
mkf;a úê úOdk hgf;a 1981 jif¾ wf.dai;
a = 12 jk osk we;s
lrk ,oaols' 2001 jir foieïnrfha werUqk mßir
iïnkaO lr.;a wud;HxYhg " uOHu mßir wêldßh iïnkaO iïmQ¾K
mqoa.,hd: ;sii
a .uf.a n,;, mj;sk w;r mdßißl jákdlï rfÜ ixj¾Ok

මහතා, B fï,a ,smskh l%h
s dj,shg ifudaOdkh lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' cd;sl mßir
[email protected] mkf;ka îxfYdaOkh& 1988 wxl 56 yd 2000 wxl 53 orK
mK;a j,ska uOHu mßir wêldßfha n,;, mq¿,a lrk ,os'
17. Y%S ,xld kefkda Y%S ,xld kefkda ;dlaIK wdh;kh " kefkda ;dlaIK m¾fhaIK
;dlaIK wdh;kh yd ixj¾Okh ;=<ska kjH ksIm a dok iEoSug yd iajNdúl
iïnkaO lr.;a iïm;a j,g jákdlula tla lsÍug úfYaIKh jQ wdh;khls'
mqoa.,hd wókd fials tu.ska j¾;udkfhys lDIsl¾udKa;h" weÕ¨ï" c, msßmyÿj"
uy;añh: B fï,a ,smk s h fi!LH yd LKsc iïm; hk m%d:ñl m¾fhaIK lafIa;% 5 la
[email protected] i|yd wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
kefkda ;dlaIK wdh;kfha lafIa;% by; tajdg iSud fkdù
kùk rn¾ ksIm a dokh yd Wiia u;=msg wdf,amk j, isg
firñla yd weisreï olajd jk øjH i|yd jk m¾fhaIK
i|yd o fhduq fõ'
18. N+ úoHd yd m;,a N+ úoHd yd m;,a iólaIK wdh;kfha fufyjr jkqfha " N+
iólaIK wdh;kh úoHd;aul f;dr;=re iemhSu" m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhkag
iïnkaO lr.;a f;dr;=re yd wjjdo iemhSu yd mdßißl ;sridrNdjh
mqoa.,hd wdpd¾h' ;yjqre lr .kakd w;r;=r wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd rfgys
iS'tÉ'B' wd¾' isßj¾Ok, LKsc iïm;a m%j¾Okh yd md,kh'
B fï,a ,smks h,
[email protected]
19. fudrgqj úYaj ol=Kq wdishdfõ ;dlaIKsl yd wdY%s; YslaIKhka i|yd oekqï
úoHd,h jHjidh w;ska bosßfhkau isàug "
- úu¾YKYS,S uki fmdaIKh lrk ;dlaIKsl yd wdY%s;
iïnkaO lr.;a yslauùu i|yd wjYH fjkia wOHdmkh ,nd oSug
mqoa.,hd: uydpd¾h f,dal .eg¨ j,g uqyqK oSu i|yd wjYH wOHdmkh
wfYdal fmf¾rd, B fï,a ,nd oSu'
,smks h: - cd;slj wjYH yd by< n,mEï m¾fhaIK isÿlrñka
[email protected] oekqfï ksï j<¨ mq¿,a lsÍu yd cd;sl ;dlaIK
yelshdjka jeäoshKq q lsÍu'
- rchg " l¾udka; j,g yd iudchg cd;Hka;rj
ms<s.;a Y%S ,xld iriúhla jYfhka úfYaI{ fiajd
,ndoSu'
- Y%S ,xldfõ ;sridr " úoHd;aul " ;dlaIKsl " idudÔh
yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu'
20. Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj wmf.a idïm%odhsl Wreuhkaf.ka wkqm%dKh ,ndf.k foaYfha
úoHd,h fi!Nd.Hh Wfoid oekqu ks¾udKh yd fnod yeÍu'
iïnkaO lr.;a
mqoa.,hd: fÊ' tÈßisxy
uy;d

21. Y%S ,xld cd;sl Y%S ,xldfõ ld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg iy ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;ajh
bxðfkare m¾fhaIK yd by< kexùu i|yd iDcq n,mEula we;s m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh l%hs dldrlï i|yd fhoùu yd rfgys wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd
udkj yd øjHuh iñm;a ;sridrj mßfNdackhg .ekSu i|yd
iïnkaO lr.;a WmldÍ jk ;dlaIKh oshqKq lsÍu'
mqoa.,hd: wdpd¾h hka.a
B fï,a ,smks h
[email protected]
22. cd;sl f.dvke.s,s cd;sl f.dvke.s,s m¾fhaIK wdh;kh " YS% ,xldfõ kdh hEï
m¾fhaIK wdh;kh wdY%S; wOHhk yd fiajd i|yd cd;sl flakaøia:dkhhs'
mdßißl úoHdj" udkj ckdjdi ie,iqïlrKh" N+ ;dlaIKsl
iïnkaO lr.;a bkaðfkare yd f.dvke.s,s øjH bkaðfkarelrKh jeks mq¿,a
mqoa.,hd: tia' uq;=r;ak mrdihl úysÿKq lafIa;% ms<sn| cd;sl f.dvke.s,s m¾fhaIK
uy;d, B fï,a ,smk s h wdh;kh m%ùKhska fõ'
[email protected]
23. fi!LH wdud;HxYh Tjqkaf.a fufyjr jkqfha m%j¾Oluh" ksjdrl" frda. kdYl yd
iïnkaO lr.;a mqkre;a;dmk fiajd yryd ,nd.; yels by<u uÜgfï fi!LH
mqoa.,hd: ffjoH tia' fiajdjla ,nd oSu ;=<ska Y%S ,xldfõ iudc yd wd¾Ól
wd¾' hQ' úu,r;ak ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl ùu'
24. wOHdmk wud;HxYh Tjqkaf.a fufyjr jkafka" f.da,Sh m%jK;djka iu. wLKavj"
iïnkaO lr.;a olaI;d we;s mqrjeishka j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd kùk yd kQ;k
mqoa.,hd: wdpd¾h m%fõYhka ;=<ska ld¾hlaIu;dj" idOdrK;ajh yd by<
f¾Kql mSßia, B fï,a .=Kd;aul njlska hq;a ld¾h idOkh iy;sl lsÍuhs'
,smks h
[email protected],r
[email protected]
om
25. bÈlsÍï l¾udka; Y%S ,xldfõ bÈlsÍï l¾udka;h i|yd wdrlaIs;" by<
uKav,h .=Kd;aulNdjh" ;sridr yd mßir ys;ldó f,i ieliQ
iïnkaO lr.;a mßirhla ,nd §u i|yd jQ iqúfYaIS y~la ùu'
mqoa.,hd lms,
,shkwdrÉÑ uy;d, B
fï,a ,smk
s h
[email protected]

weñKqu E - idys;H úu¾Ykh
1. Central Bank Annual Report 2014
http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/efr/annual_report/AR2014/English/content.htm

2. Census of population and housing 2012
http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/FinalReport.
pdf
3. Socio economic data 2015 – Central Bank Sri Lanka
http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/Socio_Econ_Data_2015_e.pdf
4. Embassy of Sri Lanka
Paris.Francehttp://www.srilankaembassy.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&amp
;id=132&Itemid=113&lang=en
5. Trading economics; http://www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/imports
6. Export Development Board (EDB), Sri Lanka; http://www.srilankabusiness.com/pdf/Russia.pdf
7. Sri Lanka Business;http://www.srilankabusiness.com/pdf/brazilmarketprofile.pdf
8. Sri Lanka Embassy Paris. France;
http://www.srilankaembassy.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&am
p;Itemid=114&lang=en
9. Source;Ministry of External Affairs India website; http://mea.gov.in/sri-lanka- in.htm
10. Source: http://www.saarc-sec.org/userfiles/saftaagreement.pdf
11. Source:Sri Lanka Brief August 2015;
http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/SrilankaBrief_August2015.pdf
12. Source : WTO
http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&Country=LK
13. Source: Encyclo. Co. UK ;http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of- Negative%20list
14. Source: WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement;
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/20y_e/wto_tradefacilitation_e.pdf
15. Source: Tea Market Update;file://C:/Users/RIU1/Downloads/Fourth%20Quarter%202015.pdf
16. Source: Lanka Business online; http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/sri-lanka-tourist-arrivals-up-24-
3-pct-in-jan-2016/
17. Source: Iba secretariat ; http://ibasecretariat.org/cop6_side_event_kazakhstan_2013.pdf
18. Source: http://www.chrysotile.com/data/inde_janvier2011_en.pdf
19. Source:Claims and Litigation Management Alliance 2016 CLM Atlanta Conference May 19-20, 2016
Atlanta, GA
20. Source: International Asbestos Ban
Secretariat;http://www.asbestosnetwork.com/blog/2015/09/what-countries-have-banned-asbestos-
use.shtml
21. Source:https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/documents/paperspresented/annual_report_national_ho
using_development_authority_2011.pdf
22. Source: RIU Real Estate Report 2016 REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN A GREEN
ENVIRONMENT; http://riunit.lk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/50-51.pdf
23. MIT Technology Review Helping Buildings in Egypt Consume Less
Energy;http://technologyreview.me/en/energy/helping-buildings-in-egypt-
consumer-less-energy/
24. Euroblawg How asbestos compensation litigation varies across the world
by ATRIUMLEGAL on FEBRUARY 26, 2013;http://www.euroblawg.com/legal/how-
asbestos-compensation-litigation-varies-across-the-world/
25. Alibaba.com; https://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/EG/prefabricated-roof-
systems-supplier.html
26. International Ban Asbestos Secretariat;
http://ibasecretariat.org/lka_algeria_non_to_asbestos.php
27. Requirements For The Transport and Disposal of Asbestos Contaminated
Wastes,Access Canberra
28. Comparative Analysis of the Life Cycle of AT Fibre-cement and NT Fibre-cement Final
Report May 2004; RuiFrazãoRuiFernandes Scientific Supervision: Doctor
ConstançaPeneda;http://www.chrysotile.com/data/26826_EN_INETI.pdf
29. Alternatives vs Substitutes by Matt Hopkins Matt Hopkins on June 6,
2012;http://matthopkins.com/business/alternatives-vs-substitutes/
30. Economic Impact of the Proposed Ban on Chrysotile in Thailand: Case of Chrysotile
Roofing Tiles;Ing Wei Huang
31. Programme for Asbestos Abatement in Poland 2009-2032;Warsaw, 2010,Ministry of
Economy;https://www.mr.gov.pl/media/15225/PROGRAM_ENG.pdf
32. Supplement To The New York State Energy Conservation Construction Code;
Published by the New York State Department of State Publication Date: November,
2014
33. International Energy Conservation Code, Commercial Energy Efficiency 2012
34. The Socio Economic Impact of Phasing Out Asbestos in South Africa, Appendices to
the Final Report; November 2002;http://new.nedlac.org.za/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/Asbestos_November2002.pdf
35. Reconciling private profitability and social costs: the case of clay mining in Sri Lanka,
Dr. Malik Ranasinghe, 17 Feb 2012
36. Issues to be considered for an environmental, economic and social assessment of
green roofs by a life cycle approach point of view, GiorgiaPeri 1, 2,*, Marzia
Traverso2 , Matthias Finkbeiner 2, Gianfranco Rizzo
37. Heat Transfer Through of Roofs of Low Cost Brazilian Houses, Robert Lamberts
38. Managing asbestos in or on soil March 2014,NSW
Government;https://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/1832
4/asbestos-in-soil-guide-1253.pdf
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Guidelines;http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/~/media/Publications/IWRG611%201.pdf
40. Memo on Chrysotile in Thailand; Chrysotile Information Centre, October 2015
41. Chrysotile in Sri Lanka ,A Fact based Approach to Regulation,Chrysotile Industry
42. Trial Lawyers Inc. A Report on the Asbestos Litigation Industry 2008 Center For Legal
Policy at the Manhattan Institute;http://gloog.us/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2014/04/Trial-Lawyers-asbestos.pdf
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2014;http://chrysotileassociation.com/data/cost_estimation_poland.pdf
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Organisation,2014;http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chrysotile_a
sbestos_summary.pdf
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Civil

Justice,2002;http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAN
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Protection;http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/assets/documents/land/heritage/technical-
note-roofing.pdf

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Y%S ,xldfõ isÿúh yels l%sfidaghs,a ;ykfï iudc-wd¾Óluh n,mEu -

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Annex A - Summary of Environmental Impact Feedback from Experts

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Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿúh yels l%f

Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%sfidaghs,a ksIm

úfYaIfhkaa" fuu wOHhkh u.ska l;dny flfrk wruqKq:-

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- iDcq wd¾Ól msßjeh

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2.1 o< úYaf,aIKh

2.2 f;dr;=rej, .=Kd;aulNdjh

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2.4 ixlS¾K iïuqL mÍlaIK" iólaIK yd o;a; ksrEmKh

 .Dyia; iólaIKh( hdmkh" kqjr" .ïmy yd fld<U hk Èia;%slalj, fiú,s

 l¾udka; md¾Yjlrejka" ix.ï" jHdmdr yd wdh;ksl m%OdkSka" mßirfõ§ka"

 msßjeh .Kkh, Mini-Tab (Version 14) iy SPSS hk uDÿldx. úia;S¾K o;a;

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3.1 rfgys o< úYaf,aIKh

m%Odk wd¾Ól o¾Yl

a iy.; wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a iu. udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha 0'75% l Okd;aul

3.2 cd;sl wdodhug niakdysr m<df;a odhl;ajh

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32010 wf.dai;a =fõ weianeiafgdaia yd weianeiafgdaia wvx.= ksIm

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Y%S ,xld l%f

• bÈlsÍï øjHha 10]-20] w;r m%;sY;hlg ysñlï lshk ksjdi ^bÈlsÍï&

4.1 bÈlsÍï lafIa;f

jd¾Isl jákdlu .Kkh lsÍu

bÈlsÍï lafIa;%fha jákdlu (2015) = we' fvd ì,shk 7.985

igyk 4'1 o¾Ylj,ska m%;sìïNs; bÈlsÍï fhojqïj, ñ, WÉpdjpkh

4.2 kj ksjdi wkqu; lsÍfï m%fõYh

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igyk 4'3 fld<U k.rfha f.dvke.s,s wkqu; lsÍu 2003 - 2013

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igyk 4'5 uy fld<U ksjdi lvd oeóug wkque;sh 2002 - 2012

4 2010 jif¾ wkqu; l< fjk;a f.dvke.s,s ixLHdj 1"107 ls'

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- wkqu; l< fjk;a f.dvke.s,s ixLHdfõ tl;=j (2013) = 1422

- iïmq¾K jd¾Isl msßjeh ^ish¨ f.dvke.s,s i|yd& = remsh,a 896,902,945

uy fld<U ck.ykh (iïmq¾K ck.ykfhka 20.07 % ) = 4,207,876

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iïmq¾K f;d.fha weia;fïka;=.; l< iïmq¾K jákdlu: remsh,a 395,374,002,689

4.3 ksIamdolhska i|yd msßjeh

4.3.1 mj;sk m%d.aOk wdfhdackfha jákdlu

Y%S ,xldfõ l%f

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.e,ajkhsia l< iskl a a yd iskl

4.3.3 l¾udka;hg ,dn yd w,dn

úYajdikShNdjhg i|yd" lsis÷ ksIm

4.4 f¾.= wdodhu wysñ ùu

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