PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Determine relationships between

variables: After identifying the variables

Lesson 1: Identifying and Stating the
that are involved in your research study,
Problem
you can learn how they’re related to one
I. Identifying a Research Study another and how these relationships may
How do you identify a research study? contribute to your research study.
- As explained by Sir David Hisle, research Select and include important variables:
studies are almost always published in Selecting the most important variables
peer-reviewed (scholarly) journals. can help the study's audience better
Reading Articles and Identifying understand the trajectory of your
Methods research and the potential impact of the
- When you are reviewing a research solution.
study that you have found, you should Receive feedback and revise: Consider
start by reading it to identify the contacting mentors, teachers or industry
methodologies used in the study. experts for feedback on your research
problem. They may present you with new
What are The Ways in Identifying a information to consider or suggest you
Research Study? edit a particular aspect of your research
Identifying a general area of interest: As design.
you determine an area of study, consider
areas that haven't been explored II. Creating a Research Study
thoroughly or present challenges within a Common Strategies in creating a
particular field. research study:
Learn more about the problem: The next - Seek a topic where some of the people
step is to learn more about the area of will be interested in.
interest. Ask yourself what you need to - Gathering the topics.
know about a particular topic before you - Make an objective for that topic. -
begin your study. Assess who or what it Decide what title for that certainly topic
might affect and how your research could where some of the people will be
address those relationships. Consider interested in.
whether other research groups have - Create a thesis statement.
already tried to solve the problem you're - Create an objective for that study.
interested in analyzing and how your - Seek and find some information that will
approach might differ. be related to the study that you've
Review the context of the information: chosen.
Reviewing the context of your research - Gather all the information that you've
involves defining and testing the found.
environmental variables in your project, - Summarize those information you've
which may help you create a clear and found, in your own words.
focused research problem. By reviewing - Preview your research study.
the context, you may easily estimate the - Check if there are any mistakes in your
amount of data your research is likely to research study.
require.
- Revise your research study if you find concentrate on specific areas of interest
any mistakes in it. without being distracted by irrelevant
- Finalize your research study. factors.
Background of the study It answers this basic questions:
- This part of research includes - What
information which would focus attention - The topic of investigation and the
on the importance and validity of the variables included.
study. - Where
The background includes: - The venue or the setting of the research.
- Discussion of the problem in general - When
and the specific situations of the study. - The time frame by which the study was
- Concepts and ideas that are related to conducted.
the study. - Why
- Discussion of the existing or present - The general objective of the research.
conditions and what is aimed to be in the - Who
future of the study. - The subject of the study, the population
and sampling.
III. Stating a Research Study
- How
How do you make a statement about the
- The methodology of the research which
problem?
may include the research design,
- The statement should be grounded in
methodology and the research
context, and a descriptive analysis of the
instrument.
research findings should be made to
What are those within of scope in
effectively generalize the issue.
research study?
- The statement should also be easy to
- Scope in research study has the
understand and should just comprise a
boundaries and extent of the study, it also
few basic questions to pique the interest
defining its specific objectives, target
of the research statement.
population, variables, methods, and
- The problem or issue that the research
limitations, that will help the researchers
project seeks to answer should be
focus and provide a clear understanding
precisely defined in the statement.
of what will be investigated.
IV. What is Scope and Delimitation? What are those within of delimitation in
Scope - It describes the coverage of the research study?
study. It also specifies what is covered in - Delimitation in research study has the
terms of concept, number of subjects or specific boundaries and limitations of a
the population included in the study, as study, such as geographical, temporal, or
well as the timeline when the study was conceptual constraints, outlining what
conducted. will be excluded or not within the scope
Delimitation or Delimit - Delimitations of investigation, providing clarity and
are used in research studies to maintain ensuring the study remains focused and
focus and prevent the study from manageable.
becoming too broad or unfocused. These
boundaries allow researchers to
V. What is Significance in Research Purpose of Review of Related Literature
Study? - The purpose of a literature review is to
Significance - In this part of the research, collect relevant, timely research on your
the researcher defines who will benefit chosen topic, and synthesize it into a
out of the findings of the study. - He or cohesive summary of existing knowledge
she will describes how the problem will in the field. This then prepares you for
be solved and specifically pinpoints who making your own argument on that topic,
will benefit from such findings or results. or for conducting your own original
Tips in Writing the Significance of the research.
Study: - Give a topic's foundational knowledge.
- Refer to the statement of the problem Determine areas of previous research to
- Your problem statement can guide you avoid repetition and to acknowledge the
in identifying the specific contribution of contributions of other scientists. Find
your study. discrepancies in the literature, such as
- Write from general to specific research gaps, disagreements between
- Write the significance of the study by studies, and unanswered issues from
looking into the general contribution of other studies.
your study, such as its importance to - Provides the researcher a foundation
society as a whole, then to individuals from which they can develop a suitable
which may include yourself as a hypothesis.
researcher.
Types of Review of Related
__________________________________ 1. Narrative Review
- This type provides a comprehensive
Lesson 2: Review of Related Literature
overview of the existing literature on a
Concept of Review of Related Literature particular topic.
- The Review of related literature involves - It synthesizes information from various
the systematic identification, location, sources to present a cohesive narrative.
and analysis of documents containing - It does not follow a strict structure and
information related to the research allows for a more subjective approach.
problem. The term is also used to
2. Systematic Review
describe the written component of a
- A systematic review follows a structured
research plan or report that discusses the
and organized approach to gather,
reviewed documents
evaluate, and synthesize the existing
- A detailed review of existing literature
literature on a specific research question.
related to the topic of a thesis or
- It often includes a detailed search
dissertation. In an RRL, you talk about
strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and
knowledge and findings from existing
a critical appraisal of the selected studies.
literature relevant to your topic.
- The goal is to minimize bias and provide
a comprehensive and unbiased summary
of the literature.
3. Meta-analysis 8. Historical Review
- Often associated with systematic - This type of review examines the
reviews, meta-analysis involves statistical evolution of a particular topic over time.
analysis of data from multiple studies to - It traces the historical development of
draw overarching conclusions. theories, concepts, and research findings
- It aims to provide a quantitative to provide context for the current state of
synthesis of the results from different knowledge.
studies to identify patterns or trends.
Format of Review of Related Literature
4. Meta-synthesis - Just like most academic papers,
- This type of review focuses on the literature reviews are structured in a
integration and interpretation of similar way to a standard essay, with an
qualitative research findings. introduction, a body and a conclusion.
- It involves the synthesis of qualitative These are key structural elements.
data, such as themes and concepts, from Additionally, a stand-alone extended
multiple studies to develop a more literature review has an abstract.
comprehensive understanding of a
Introduction - Gives a quick idea of the
particular phenomenon.
topic of the literature review, such as the
5. Scoping Review central theme or organizational pattern.
- A scoping review aims to map the
Body - Contains your discussion of
existing literature on a broad topic.
sources and is organized either
- It helps to identify key concepts,
chronologically, thematically, or
theories, and knowledge gaps.
methodologically (see below for more
- Unlike a systematic review, a scoping
information on each).
review may not necessarily assess the
quality of individual studies. Conclusions/Recommendations -
Discuss what you have drawn from
6. Theoretical Review
reviewing literature so far. Where might
- This type of review focuses on
the discussion proceed?
examining and summarizing the
theoretical frameworks and concepts Different ways in which you can present
relevant to the research topic. the sources themselves within the body
- It provides a foundation for of your paper.
understanding the theoretical Chronological - If your review follows the
perspectives that underpin the research. chronological method, you could write
about the materials according to when
7. Integrative Review
they were published.
- An integrative review combines data
By Publication - Ordering your sources by
from both experimental and
publication chronology.
nonexperimental research to gain a more
holistic understanding of a particular
topic.
- It includes a diverse range of study
designs to provide a comprehensive view.
By trend - A better way to organize the Example:
above sources chronologically is to
examine the sources under another
trend. Then your review would have
subsections according to eras within this
period.
Thematic - Thematic reviews of literature
are organized around a topic or issue, Chicago Style Format
rather than the progression of time. - Chicago Style Format commonly used
However, progression of time may still be for citing sources in History and
an important factor in a thematic review. occasionally in the Humanities, Sciences,
and Social Sciences.
​Different Writing Styles and Formats - Chicago style has two formats: The
APA Format Notes and Bibliography style is preferred
- APA style is a writing style and format by many in humanities disciplines,
for academic documents such as scholarly including history, literature, and the arts.
journal articles and books. Example:
- It is commonly used for citing sources
within the field of behavioral and social
sciences, including sociology, education,
nursing, criminal justice, and
anthropology, as well as psychology. __________________________________
Example:
Lesson 3: Research Ethics

Basic Principles of Ethics Practices - In

practice, these ethical principles mean
that as a researcher, you need to: (A)
obtained informed consent from
MLA Format potential research participant; (B)
- MLA (Modern Language Association) minimize the risk of harm to participants:
Style is widely used in the humanities, (C) protect their anonymity and
especially in writing on language and confidentiality: (D) avoid using deceptive
literature. practices: and (E) give participants the
- MLA style uses brief parenthetical right to withdraw from your research.
citations in the text that refer to an
alphabetical list of works cited appearing Research Merit and Integrity - Are crucial
at the end of the work. for a study’s contribution to a field's
knowledge; they are determined by the
originality, significance methodology, data
analysis, finding clarity, and potential
impact. Research must be developed with
appropriate methods, literature analysis,
and sources. It must adhere to integrity
standards and ensure quality and
transparency. Abnormal practices include In practice, these ethical principles mean
plagiarism, falsification and distortion. that as a researcher, you need to obtain,
informed consent form potential research
Respect for Persons - Respect for humans
participants, minimize the risk of harm to
is the moral imperative to respect the
participants, protect their anonymity and
autonomy of others, considering their
confidentiality, avoid using deceptive
well-being, beliefs, perspectives,
practices and give participants the right
practices, and cultural heritage. It
to withdraw from your research. This
involves privacy, confidentiality, and
article discusses these five ethical
cultural sensitivity, and ensures
principles and their practical implications
voluntarily participation without coercion
when carrying out dissertation research.
or undue influence, protecting their
rights, dignity, and autonomy. What is Plagiarism?
Many people think of plagiarism as
Beneficence - Beneficence is an ethical
copying another’s work or borrowing
principle in medical healthcare and
someone else’s original idea. But terms
research that promotes the well-being
like ‘copying’ and ‘borrowing’ can
and interests of others. Researchers must
disguise the seriousness of the offense:
weigh benefits and hazards, prioritize
According to the Merriam-Webster
participants' welfare, and minimize injury
online dictionary to “plagiarize” means:
risks. They must explain benefits and risks
- to steal and pass off (the ideas or words
to participants, even if it means
of another) as one’s own
invalidating data.
to use (another’s production) without
Non - Maleficence - The principle of crediting the source
non-maleficence, closely related to - to commit literary theft
beneficence, requires actions to minimize - to present as new and original an idea
harm to others. It involves avoiding or product derived from an existing
physical, mental, social, or financial harm source In other words, plagiarism is an
to participants. It’s crucial to ensure the act of fraud.
merit of research outweighs costs and It involves both stealing someone else’s
risks. There are five categories of studies work and lying about it afterward.
based on potential injury or discomfort,
But can words and ideas really be stolen?
ensuring that participants are not
- According to U.S. law, the answer is yes.
harmed.
The expression of original ideas is
Justice - The research tenet emphasizes considered intellectual property and is
fairness and moral principles in research, protected by copyright laws, just like
prioritizing participants needs over the original inventions. Almost all forms of
study’s aim. Fair selection, accurate expression fall under copyright protection
exclusion and inclusion criteria, and fair as long as they are recorded in some way
recruitment methods are essential. (such as a book or a computer file).
Rewards should be distributed to all
participants.
Examples of Plagiarism: trademarks, and industrial designs.
- Copying parts of a text word for word, 4. Consult an IP Lawyer: It is advisable to
without quotation marks consult an IP lawyer who specializes in
- Paraphrasing a text by changing a few Philippines IP laws. They can guide you
words or altering the sentence structure, through the process and ensure that all
without citing the source legal requirements are met.
- Giving incorrect information about a 5. Register your Copyright: While
source copyright is automatically granted upon
- Quoting so much from a source that it creation, registering your work with the
makes up the majority of your text National Library of the Philippines will
- Reusing work you’ve submitted for a provide additional evidence of ownership
previous assignment, without citing in case of disputes.
yourself 6. Monitor and Enforce: Regularly
- Submitting a text written entirely by monitor the market for potential
someone else infringements on your IP rights. If you
find any authorized use, take immediate
Protecting Your Intellectual Property in
action, such as sending case and desist
the Philippines
letters or pursuing legal action.
- The Philippines has laws and policies
7. Maintain Confidentiality: When
that generally support a conducive
dealing with sensitive information, ensure
intellectual property (IP) environment,
that appropriate confidentiality
but enforcement is irregular and
agreements are in place when sharing it
inconsistent.
with others to protect your trade secrets.
- Protecting your intellectual property (IP) 8. Consider International Protection: If
in the Philippines is crucial to safeguard you plan to expand your business
your creation and inventions. Here is a internationally, consider obtaining IP
summary of the steps you can take: protection outside of the Philippines
1. Understand the Types of Intellectual through international treaties or regional
Property: Familiarize yourself with the agreements.
various types of IP, such as patents,
trademarks, copyrights, and industrial
designs. Each offers different protection
for different forms of intellectual
creations.
2. Conduct a Search: Before filing for
protection, conduct a thorough search to
ensure that your IP is unique and not
already protected by someone else in the
Philippines.
3. File for Protection: File an application
with the Intellectual Property Office of
the Philippines (IPOPHL) for your desired
IP protection. This includes patents,