THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology

REPORT
PROJECT 1: POWER SUPPLY

Instructor: Le Quoc Huy

Class: 21ES
Members:
1. Tran Dinh Bao (leader)
2. Hoang Thi Tuyet My
3. Bui Do Hai Trinh
4. Nguyen Quang Thac

Da Nang, 5𝑡ℎ January, 2024

 DUTIES OF EACH MEMBER

Calculate 1st Calculate 2nd

Build circuit Build PCB Write report
circuit circuit

Tran Dinh Bao X X X

Hoang Thi
X X X X
Tuyet My

Bui Do Hai
X
Trinh

Nguyen Quang
X
Thac

2
 Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION .......................................................................5
A. Basic concepts of resistance ......................................................................................5
I. Concept ...................................................................................................................5
II. Classify ....................................................................................................................5
III. Value of resistor ......................................................................................................5
IV. Application ...............................................................................................................5
B. Capacitor ....................................................................................................................6
I. Concept ...................................................................................................................6
II. Structure ..................................................................................................................6
III. Principle of operation...............................................................................................6
IV. Classification of capacitors ......................................................................................6
V. Applications of capacitors in practice ......................................................................7
C. Diodes ........................................................................................................................7
I. Definition .................................................................................................................7
II. Classify ....................................................................................................................8
III. Structure ..................................................................................................................8
IV. Principle of operation...............................................................................................8
V. Application ...............................................................................................................8
D. Transformer ................................................................................................................8
I. Concept ...................................................................................................................8
II. Structure ..................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: HOW DO WE WORK? ...................................................................................10
A. Empathise ................................................................................................................10
B. Define: ......................................................................................................................10
C. Circuit calculation and design...................................................................................12
I. The first conceptual design: ..................................................................................12
II. The second draft of the design: .............................................................................16
D. Real Circuit: ..............................................................................................................20
E. Table Check .............................................................................................................23
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 INTRODUCTION

Nowaday, with the advancement of science and technology, electronic devices are and will
be increasingly widely applied in most socio-economic fields as well as in life. In all electronic
devices, the power supply issue is one of the most important issues that determine the stable
working of the system. Most electronic devices use voltage-regulated DC power sources with
high accuracy and stability. Currently, the technique of manufacturing voltage stabilised
power sources is also an aspect being researched and developed with the aim of creating
power blocks with large capacity, stability, high accuracy, and small size. From the
importance of practical applications of voltage stabilised DC power sources and consolidating
the knowledge learned and applied in practice, with the topic: "Design a DC power supply
with an input voltage of 220V AC and an output voltage of ±5V DC, ±10%, 1A" to learn more
about the principle. The operation of power circuits also reinforces skills in designing analog
circuits. During the process of carrying out this project, we would like to sincerely thank Dr.
Le Quoc Huy for guiding me to complete this project. Due to our limited knowledge, the topic
will certainly not avoid shortcomings. We look forward to receiving your feedback to improve
the topic.

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 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
A. Basic concepts of resistance
I. Concept
● Resistance is the resistance to the flow of electricity by an electrical conductor. If an
electrical conductor is good, the resistance is small, if the electrical conductor is poor,
the resistance is large, if the electrical insulator, the resistance is extremely large.
● Resistance unit: Ohm
II. Classify
There are 2 main groups:
● Resistors have a defined value
- Pressed carbon resistor
- Wire wound resistance
- Thin film resistors
● Resistors have variable values
- Rheostat
- Thermal resistance
- Thermistor has a negative temperature coefficient
- Thermistor has a positive temperature coefficient
- Optical resistor
III. Value of resistor
● The value of the resistor is drawn on the resistor body. For a resistor with 4 coloured
lines, the first 3 lines represent the value of the resistor, the 4th line is the error of the
resistor.
IV. Application
● This effect is useful in some applications such as electric filament lamps or electric
heating devices, but it is undesirable in power transmission. General methods to
reduce power loss are: using materials that conduct electricity better, or materials wit h
larger cross-sectional areas, or using high voltages. Superconducting wires are used

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 in a number of special applications, but it is difficult to become popular because of their
high cost and the technology is not yet developed.
B. Capacitor
I. Concept
● Capacitors are an indispensable electronic device in filter circuits. Oscillator circuits
and other types of AC signal transmission circuits. A capacitor is a type of passive
electronic component made up of two conductive surfaces separated by a dielectric.
When there is a potential difference at two surfaces, charges will appear at the
surfaces with the same amount of charge but opposite signs. In terms of energy
storage, capacitors are somewhat similar to batteries. Although the way they work is
completely different, they both store electrical energy. In other words, a capacitor is a
very common passive electronic component, made up of two parallel plates, with one-
way insulating properties but allowing alternating current to pass through thanks to the
discharge-charge principle.
II. Structure
● Currently, electromagnets are known as components made up of two metal poles
placed in parallel. Depending on the insulating material in the middle of the plate, the
capacitor has a corresponding name. For example, if the insulating layer is air, we
have an air capacitor, if it is paper, we have a paper capacitor, if it is ceramic, we have
a ceramic capacitor, and if it is a chemical layer, we have a chemical capacitor. Voltage
values are usually recorded on each capacitor. This is the maximum voltage value that
the capacitors can withstand. If used beyond this value, the capacitor will explode.
III. Principle of operation
● Capacitors have the ability to store energy in the form of electric field energy by storing
electrons, it can also release these charges to form an electric current. This is the
discharge and charge property of the capacitor. Thanks to this property, the capacitor
has the ability to conduct alternating current. If the voltage of the two circuit boards
does not change suddenly but fluctuates over time, charging or discharging the
capacitor can easily cause an explosion with sparks due to a surge in current. This is
a fairly common principle of charging and discharging capacitors.
IV. Classification of capacitors
● There are many ways to classify capacitors.
● If considering physical and chemical properties, capacitors can be divided into:

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 - Polarised capacitor: This is a capacitor with 2 ends, they are usually chemical
capacitors and tantalum capacitors. This type of capacitor usually has a larger value
and is used in low frequency circuits or for power filtering.
- Non-polar capacitor: This type of capacitor has no polarity regulation. This capacitor
has a small capacitance and is widely used in high-frequency circuits or noise
filtering circuits.
- Low voltage and high voltage capacitors
- Filter capacitors and interlayer capacitors
- Static capacitors and dynamic capacitors
- Swing capacitors have the ability to change capacitance value
● Based on material, we can divide capacitors as follows:
- There are two main types of capacitors: paper capacitors, ceramic capacitors and
chemical capacitors or some common types such as thin film mica capacitors, silver
mica capacitors, super capacitors,...
- Ceramic capacitor: this type of capacitor is made of ceramic, the outside is coated
with glue or dyed.
- Paper capacitors: have aluminium foil plates and dielectric paper impregnated with
insulating oil
V. Applications of capacitors in practice
● Capacitors are commonly used in electrical and electronic engineering.
● Application in car audio systems because capacitors store energy for the amplifier
used.
● Capacitors make it possible to build dynamic digital memories for binary computers
using electron tubes.
● In special manufacturing for military issues, the application of capacitors is used in
generators, physics experiments, radar, nuclear weapons,...
● The largest practical application of capacitors is the successful application of energy
supply and energy storage. -And many more uses of capacitors such as signal
processing, motor starting, regulation circuits,...
C. Diodes
I. Definition
● A diode is a device that allows current to pass through it in one direction

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 II. Classify
● Regular rectifier diodes
● Zener diode
● Signal diode
● Schottky diode
● Photodiode
● LED (light emitting diode)
● Laser diodes
III. Structure
● Semiconductor diodes usually have a common structural principle: a P-type
semiconductor block paired with an N-type semiconductor block and connected to two
output pins, anode and cathode.
IV. Principle of operation
● When powering the diode according to the circuit: The positive leg is supplied to the
positive anode leg of the diode, the negative leg is supplied to the Cathode leg of the
diode. When the power supply is greater than 0.7V with Si type semiconductors or
0.2V with Ge type semiconductors, the diode is also called forward biassed. Now the
current is passed through the diode.
● On the contrary, when the positive leg of the power supply goes to the Cathode leg of
the diode and the negative leg of the power supply goes to the Anode leg, the diode
does not conduct, meaning it does not allow current to flow. This case is called reverse
polarity.
● Diodes have polarity, diodes only conduct in the positive direction.
V. Application
● Due to its DC conductive properties, Diode is often used in circuits that rectify AC
power into DC, wave detector circuits, and bias voltage pin circuits for transistor
operation.
D. Transformer
I. Concept
● A transformer can be understood as a machine used to change alternating current.
There are transformers that change current from high to low or from low to high
depending on the user's needs.

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II. Structure
● The structure of the transformer includes two main parts:
- Steel Core (silicon corrugated iron)
- Winding wire (copper wire or aluminium wire)
● The steel core of the transformer is arranged from oriented corrugated iron sheets:
Used to conduct the main magnetic flux of the machine, made from good magnetic
conductive materials, usually electrical engineering steel or thinly assembled oriented
corrugated iron sheets.
● To reduce eddy currents in the steel core, people use electrical engineering steel
sheets, with two sides covered with insulating paint joined together to form a steel core.
Winding wire Transformer winding, wound around a steel core, made from copper wire
or aluminium wire, some are round wire, some are flat wire, outside the wire is covered
with one or more layers of insulating paper
● Made of copper or aluminium wire with circular or rectangular cross-section, the
outside of the wire is insulated. Transformers are often cooled by air, ventilation slots,
and heat sinks. There are large capacity transformers that are cooled by oil, by pouring
oil into the transformer core. When the oil is left for a long time and forms residue, you
can filter out the residue or replace it with new oil.

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 CHAPTER 2: HOW DO WE WORK?
A. Empathise
● Requirement: Design a dc power supply with an input voltage of 220V AC and an
output voltage of ±5V DC, ±10%, 1A.
● What is the use of the circuit? What are the factors to pay attention to when designing
a circuit?
- Application: This circuit can be used to provide power to a mobile device or an
embedded system.
- Mains input voltage: We already know the input voltage source is 220V AC.
- Output voltage and current: Instrument requirements can be ±5V DC, ±10%, 1A.
This means that the circuit needs to provide a steady current of no less than 1A
with an output application ranging from 4.5V to 5.5V.
- Stability: ±10% stability requirement Requires the circuit to maintain the first
application within the range of 4.5V to 5.5V in all situations. This is important for
devices such as processors or controls that have regulatory requirements for input
application.
- Current control: To ensure a minimum output current of 1A, we need to select
components capable of supplying this current and ensure that the control system is
capable of maintaining this current level.
- Protection and Safety: It is necessary to integrate protection measures such as
overload protection and overheat protection to ensure safety in the event of an
incident.
- Thermal performance: This involves controlling the temperature of the circuit. It is
necessary to determine whether the circuit requires additional heatsink, depending
on the current and power consumption.
B. Define:

Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator

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● First, we must use a transformer. So why do we have to use transformers? What will
happen if we don't use a transformer and put 220V AC straight into the circuit?
- The main function of a transformer is to convert voltage from one input level to a
different output level. This can be to increase or decrease the voltage, depending
on the construction of the transformer.
- If we inject 220V AC directly into the circuit without using a transformer or any
device to reduce the voltage, serious problems and consequences will occur. For
this instance, circuits and devices will have to handle 220V AC power, which can
damage or destroy electronic components and circuits. In addition, using 220V AC
power directly poses a very high risk to the user, as this voltage can cause serious
injury or danger to people who come into contact with it.
● Next, we need to use a rectifier. What effects does the rectifier bring?
- The main function of the rectifier is to convert alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). This is important in electronic devices and circuits that require DC
power to operate.
- Rectifiers are used to generate a stable DC voltage supply for electronic devices
and circuits. This is especially important in applications that require a stable and
unvarying output voltage.
- In addition, the rectifier can use components such as half-wave rectifiers or full-
wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC.
● In this step, we are going to use the filter. Why is it necessary to use a filter?
- Filters can be used to remove noise from the input signal, which makes the DC
output more stable. Interference can come from many sources such as
environmental signals, noise, or electromagnetic interference. Filters help make the
signal cleaner and easier to process.
- Moreover, filters can be used to transform the shape of a signal, for example to
smooth pulse signals or dampen waveforms.
- To create a filter, we can use a variety of electronic components. For example,
capacitors, resistors, inductors, diodes, transistors and ICs
● Finally, the voltage regulator is the last part in the circuit.
- Voltage regulator is an electronic component or circuit used to maintain or regulate
the output voltage at a stable level that does not change despite variations in input
voltage or load current.

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 - The main use of a voltage regulator is to provide stable power to electronic devices
or systems that require a constant output voltage.
- We can use electronic components such as zener diodes, resistors, capacitors,
transistors and ICs (such as 7805 and 7905), etc. to create a voltage regulator
C. Circuit calculation and design
I. The first conceptual design:
1. Calculation:
● Transformer: Take a 220V AC power source and convert it to a 12V AC power source.
● Diode:
- A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction but prevents it
from flowing in the other direction.

- Allow to convert an AC power source into a DC power source.

- Convert alternating current into DC or direct current.
● Full-wave bridge rectifier:

- Input: alternating signal

- Electrons in the circuit flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.
- Current flows from the positive terminal of the transformer to A and then it is going
to flow through D1 (in forward bias), but can not flow from A to D (in reverse bias).

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 As current flows from A to B, it is going to flow through the resistor 𝑅𝐿 and then to
D. From D, it is not going to go back to A, because it is going to make no sense. So
the only place the current can go to is C, and then back to the negative terminal of
the transformer.
- DC current flows in one direction, whereas AC current flows in both directions with
AC power source with a frequency of 50Hz 🡪 the current reverses 50 times per
second. However, to create a DC power supply we want the current flowing in one
direction, which is what we have now (𝐼𝑅𝐿 flows from positive to negative sign).
● The voltage at the output:
- We have the waveform at the output like this:

- From the graph, we can easily see that it is not constant.

- Now, we have to take this pulsating DC output and convert it into a nice steady
DC output as the following graph

- One way to do that is to introduce a capacitive filter so by adding a capacitor

parallel to the load resistor

- The output now will look like this

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 - Consider the graph, we can see that the fluctuations are less
- These fluctuations are known as the ripple voltage
- By increasing the capacitance, we can decrease the ripple voltage
- Therefore, in this circuit, we choose a 1000uF capacitor.
● The surge current:
- Another thing we have to take into account is the surge current, and that is when
the capacitor is charging. Because it is going to charge from 0V to the potential
at B.
- While it is charging, a lot of current will be flowing through this capacitor. Actually,
there is no current that flows in between the dielectric of the capacitor, because
there is an insulin material there. However, the capacitor is charging. Therefore,
the electrons are being pumped from one side of the capacitor to the other side.
And so we have a large current flowing through these wires here for a short
period of time.
● Series current limiting resistor:
- To reduce that surge current, which will burn out our diodes, we can use a diode
that can handle a very large amount of current, or we can add a current limited
resistor. So we can put a series current limiting resistor.

- Value of 𝑅𝑆 will be based on how much current we want to flow in a circuit.

- If we want to have a large amount of current flowing in the circuit, use small
value of 𝑅𝑆 .

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 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = × (𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐷 )
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑆
- When 𝑅𝑆 is increasing, then the output current will be decreasing. Therefore, the
output voltage will be decreasing, because the series current limiting resistor
and the load resistor act as a voltage divider.
- To keep 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 as high as possible, we want to make sure that 𝑅𝐿 ≫ 𝑅𝑆
- Therefore, we assume that 𝑅𝑆 = 10𝛺 and 𝑅𝐿 = 10𝑘𝛺
● Zener diode:
- A zener diode acts as a voltage regulator. It can help maintain a constant output
voltage for this circuit. It is designed to work in reverse bias mode.
- Now the zener voltage that we want to have for the zener diode is 5V.

- We need to set the right current flowing through it so that the voltage drop across
the zener diode is 5V.
- The zener diode is going to draw current from the power source, and whenever
we draw current from a power source, the voltage of that power source will
decrease. So using a 5V zener diode, it is going to bring down the voltage from,
for example, 5.3V to 5.2V to 5.1V and eventually 5V. When the voltage drop
below 5V, the zener diode will no longer draw any more current away from it. So
it is going to draw enough current to bring down the voltage from 5.3V to 5V,
and then the remaining current will flow to the output.
● Symmetrical Power Supply:
- The principle of operation of a symmetrical power supply, also known as a dual
power supply, involves generating two symmetrical and opposing voltages with
equal magnitudes from an AC source.
- The symmetrical source provides input power (AC voltage) to the symmetrical
transformer through the input winding. The transformer will convert the input
voltage into two symmetrical and opposing voltages on the output coil.

15
 - Then, a voltage regulator circuit is used to convert this symmetrical voltage into
stable DC (Direct Current) voltages. This circuit usually includes a voltage
regulator and electronic components such as diodes and capacitors.

2. Simulation:

● Observing the simulation, we can see that 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 220𝑉𝐴𝐶 and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ±5.09𝑉𝐷𝐶
and 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.51𝑚𝐴
● However, on 9th September, we realised that the output current must be minimum
1A, not maximum 1A as we thought.
● Therefore, that led us to decide to design the second circuit.
II. The second draft of the design:
1. Calculation:
● In this design, we still use the transformer and bridge rectifier as in the previous design.
● Different from the first design, we will use a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) to get 1A
current at the output.
● Before getting to the BJT, we need to calculate the value of the filter capacitor.

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 - The ripple voltage: 𝑉𝑟 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 10% = 5𝑉 × 10% = 0.5𝑉
- The frequency of the current in Vietnam is 50𝐻𝑧.
1
- The period: 𝑇 = = 0.02
𝑓

- The current: 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 1𝐴

- The filter capacitor:
𝑇 0.02
𝐶 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 ( ) = 1𝐴 × ( ) = 0.02𝐹
2𝑉𝑟 2 × 0.5𝑉
● The load resistor:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 5𝑉
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 5𝛺
𝐼𝑑𝑐 1𝐴
● One of the factors that we need to pay attention to to prevent circuit from burning out
is the power at the output.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 5𝑉 × 1𝐴 = 5𝑊
● Now, we use BJT to get 1A current

● We choose TIP41, so according to the datasheet that the value of 𝛽𝐹 is between 15

and 30. Hence, assume 𝛽𝐹 = 30
● We choose zener diode 1N4734 and it have 𝐼𝑍 = 0.045𝐴
● The base current:

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 𝐼𝐸 1𝐴 1
𝐼𝐵 = = = 𝐴
𝛽𝐹 + 1 30 + 1 31
● According to Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL),
1
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐴 + 0.045𝐴 = 0.077𝐴
31
● The resistor:
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝑍 7.1𝑉 − 5.6𝑉
𝑅= = = 19.48𝛺
𝐼𝑅 0.077𝐴
● So, we choose 𝑅 = 22𝛺 for our circuit, because the store only has 22 𝛺 resistor.
● Similar to the first circuit, this time we still use a symmetrical power supply.
2. Simulation:

● Observing the simulation, we can see that the requirements have been completed
- The voltage at load: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ±4.93𝑉
- The current flow through the load: 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 0.99𝐴
● Using Oscilloscope

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● Considering the Oscilloscope, we have some comments as follow:
- Channel A: The waveform in this channel is sinusoidal. Because it is placed right
behind the transformer, where there is alternating current (AC).
- Channel B: We can see that the oscillation amplitude of the wave in this channel is
smaller than in channel A. That is because the current has just passed through the
filter capacitor, which has the effect of reducing noise and softening the current.

19
 - Channel C: In this channel, there is no longer a waveform but a straight line. That's
because the current has just passed through the voltage regulator, which makes
the current more stable and reduces noise.
D. Real Circuit:

Circuit on Breadboard

Printed Circuit Board

I. Measuring:
1. Voltage across capacitor:

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2. Vout = +-5V

 From figures, we can see that

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 4.85𝑉 and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −5.27𝑉

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  The difference of the two 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 may be due to the error of the resistors
3. Iout = +-1A

 From figures, we can see that

𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.97𝐴 and 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −0.93𝐴
II. Osilloscope:
 Before connecting the filter

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  After connecting the filter

 We can see that the fluctuation of the wave is smaller than before passing through the
capacitor. The reason for this phenomenon is that the filter has the effect of filtering
out noise from the signal passing through it.
E. Table Check

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