LESSON 1

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

—deals with using different communication technologies,
Examples; mobile phones, telephones, Internet, etc. to locate, save, send, and edit information.
—is a technology that supports activities involving information
Examples; gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data involving collocation and
communication.

Information Technology (IT) —an industry that involves computers, software,

networking, and other infrastructure to help relay or manage information.

Information —refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research.
-Some of the tools that transmit information are the telephone, television, and radio.

Communication— is the act of transmitting messages.

-information is exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.

Technology— has evolved in ways to improve people’s daily activities

- Technology has made communication much easier and faster.

Data —Latin word “datum” meaning "what is given,"

—facts, figures, or instructions presented in a form that can be comprehended, interpreted

Information—Data is presented in a readily comprehensible,

-message is conveyed by the use of a medium of communication or expression.
-Whether a specific message is informative or not.

Knowledge- Information that has been comprehended and evaluated in the light of experience
and incorporated into the knower's intellectual understanding of the subject.

2 important parts of IT
1. Computer - is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data-raw facts and figures and
processes, or manipulates, it into information, such as summaries, totals, or reports. Its purpose is
to speed up problem-solving and increase productivity.

2. Communication -is an act of transmitting messages. Also, there is what we called

"Communication technology" or "Telecommunication Technology" which is a subset of IT that
consists electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances.
Examples are telephone, radio, broadcast television and cable TV.

▪ online - means using a computer or some other information

device, connected through a network, to access information and services from
another computer or information device.
▪ A network- is a communication system connecting two or more computers; the Internet is the
largest such network.
Cyberspace
—was coined by William Gibson in his novel Necromancer (1984) to describe a futuristic computer
network into which users plug their brains.
—Cyber - comes from “cybernetics,” a term coined in 1948 to apply to the comparative study of
automatic control systems.

David Whittler -according to him Cyberspace includes not only the web, chat rooms, online
diaries (blogs), and member-based services such as America Online—all features we explain in this
book—“but also such things as conference calls and automatic teller machines,”.

Internet— is the heart of the Information Age. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet
(the “net”) is a worldwide computer network that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller
networks.

World Wide Web

—the multimedia part of the Internet. What made it popular was the development in the early
1990s of the World Wide Web, and often called simply the “Web” or the “web” an interconnected
system of internet computers (called servers) that support specially formatted documents in
multimedia form.
—The word multimedia, is from “multiple media,” refers to Technology that presents information
in more than one medium, such as text, still images, moving images, and sound.

LESSON 2
John von Neumann - according to him a computer pioneer, the computer should not be called a
computer alone but rather the “all-purpose machine”

The Five Sizes of Computers

(1950s and 1960s, computers were enormous machines affordable only to large institutions), Now
they come in a variety of shapes and sizes, which can be classified according to the following:

1. Microcontrollers
-They are also called embedded computers.
- they are tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.
-single-function products only ex. electric cooker, washing machine, MP3 & MP4

2. Microcomputers
-are the smallest, cheapest, and have the least operational speed and memory capacity.
-They are made for single users and single-tasking.
- personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, monitor for displaying information and
storage device for saving data.
-They are either stand-alone machines or are connected to a computer network, such as a local
area network (LAN).
Microcomputers are of several types:
 DESKTOP PCs
- designed to be placed on a desk and comprise a few different parts including the computer case,
monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
 TOWER PCs
- are microcomputers whose case sits as a “tower.”
 NOTEBOOKS
- are also called laptop computers and portable computers but lightweight, weigh from 1.8 to
pounds.
 NETBOOKS
- are lowcost, lightweight computers with tiny dimensions and functions designed for basic tasks,
ex. Web searching, email, and word processing
-They weigh from 2.25 to 3.2 pounds and have little processing power, and 8.9 and 12 inches wide
diagonally.
 MOBILE INTERNET DEVICES (MIDs).
- smaller than notebook computers but larger and more powerful than a personal digital assistant.
- they are for consumers and business professionals.
-Fully internet integrated, they are highly compatible with desktop microcomputers and laptops.
 PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDAs),
- also called handheld computers or palmtops,
-Some PDAs have touch-sensitive screens.
-Some also connect to desktop computers for sending or receiving information.

3. Workstations
-These personal computers are connected to a main computer called a “server” (to form a
network).
- It was introduced in the early 1980s,
- workstations are expensive, powerful personal computers, (usually used for complex scientific,
mathematical, and engineering calculations, computer-aided design, and computer aided
manufacturing.)

4. Mainframe Computers
-These are powerful computers typically found in multi-nationals and other large businesses and
airline or oil company.
-Not as powerful as a supercomputer, but still incredibly powerful.
-This type of computer was available until the late 1960s.
-Small mainframes are often called "midsize computers" they used to be called "minicomputers"
-it has a display screen and a keyboard and can input and output data but cannot by itself process
data.
-Mainframes process billions of instructions per second.
5. Supercomputers
-These are the largest, fastest,and most expensive computers.
-These computers have high-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can
perform more than several trillion calculations per second.
- This machine has the power of approximately 2 million laptops.

Servers
-a server, or network server, is a central computer that holds collections of data/databases and
programs for connecting or supplying services to (PCs,workstations, and other devices called
clients.)
-clients are linked by a wired or wireless network. The entire network is called a client/server
network.
-in small organizations servers can store files, provide printing stations, and transmit email.
-in large organizations, servers may also house enormous libraries of financial, sales, and product
information.

LESSON 3
 Purpose of a Computer: Turning Data Into Information
—Data consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information.
Information is data that has been Summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision-
making .

Hardware consists of external devices.

- Examples are mouse, printer, keyboard
Software is a set of instructions or programs that tells the computer how to do a specific task
- Examples are Microsoft Windows and Office XP/Vista.

 The Five Basic Operations of Computer

1. input- is whatever is put into a computer system
2. processing- is the computer’s way of manipulating data to become Information or the
procedure that transforms data into information.
3.Storage- is to hold data even when the computer is turned off.
Two types: 1.Temporary (primary) storage- temporarily holds data
2. Permanent (secondary) storage- store data permanently
4. output- the results produced by a computer
5. Communication- it extends the Computer’s power

 Input Hardware:
• A keyboard is an input device with alphabetic, numeric and function keys for
Entering information.
• A mouse is a pointing device. It selects options from on-screen menus.
• A microphone enables one to input voice or music as data.
• A scanner enables one to copy a printed page or graphics into the computer’s.
 Processing & Memory Hardware

✓CASE & POWER SUPPLY. It is also known as the system unit

✓A PROCESSOR CHIP (CPU for central processing unit) is a tiny silicon containing millions of
miniature electronic circuits.

✓MEMORY CHIPS, also known as RAM (random access memory) chips, represent primary
storage or temporary storage.

✓MOTHERBOARD. It is also called the system board.

 Storage Hardware: Hard Drive & CD/DVD Drive

•1 byte 1 character of data
•1 kilobyte (thousand)
•1 megabyte (million)
•1 gigabyte more than 1 billioncharacters
•1 terabyte more than 1 trillion characters
•1 petabye about 1 quadrillion characters

FLOPPY-DISK DRIVE. It is a storage device that reads and store data.

HARD-DISK DRIVE. A hard-disk drive is a storage device that stores billions of data characters
On a nonremovable disk platter
CD (compact-disk) drive, or its more recent variant
DVD (digital videodisk) drive, is a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from
optical disks

 Output Hardware:
VIDEO CARD converts the processor’s output information into a video signal that can be sent
through a cable to the monitor.

SOUND CARD enhances the computer’s sound-generating capabilities by allowing sound output
through speakers.

The MONITOR is the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and
forms an image using points of colored light on the screen.

SPEAKERS play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card.
Printer, an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

 Communications Hardware:
Modem. It is a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.
Software Hardware
There are two types of software:
 System software helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the
application software to run.
 Application software enables you to perform specific tasks—solve problems, perform work,
or entertain yourself.

LESSON 4
Four Basic Periods of Computer History
1. Pre-mechanical Age
2. Mechanical Age
3. Electromechanical Age
4. Electronic Age

1. Pre-mechanical Age —is the earliest age of IT(3000B.C. -1450 A.D.)

—According to Gates (1994), language was the earliest system of storing and transmitting
information from one person to another.
—The first writings were crude pictures carved on rocks, stone, bark, metal, and clay, or whatever
materials were at hand, called Petroglyph.
three types of petroglyph
1. Pictographic - representing an object
2. Ideographic- idea
3. phonographic- sound of the object or idea

 Cunieform—a style of writing of the Sumerians

—From Latin Word meaning "cuneus" meaning "wedge"-one pointed edge and one thick edge
which you keep firmly in position.

 Paper and Pens

—The earliest known writings of the Egyptians date from ca.3000 B.C.
—The writing material was the papyrus sheet,
—writing instrument was a brush-like-pen made by fraying the edges of a reed.

The writing style Hieroglyphic- a word derived from the Greek

“hieros” means Sacred, and
“glyphein” means to carve
"Sacred Writing” means Hieroglyphic writing

Sumerians – stylus and wet clay

Egyptians – Reed pen and paper made from papyrus plants
The Chinese were the first to master the art of papermaking.
 BOOkS and Libraries permanent storage device)
Mesopotamia – religious leaders kept the earliest book
Egyptians – kept scrolls
Greeks – (600 BC) fold sheets of Papyrus

 First Numbering System

 The early civilization uses Abacus for trade and commerce

—abacus is a calculating instrument that uses beads that slide along a series of wires or rods set
in a frame to represent the decimal places.
— It is the ancestor of the modern digital calculator
—The first-ever calculator

2. Mechanical Age- can be defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
Johannes Gutenberg- printing press
John Napier- table of alogarithm
Willieam Outghred- sliding rule
Wilhelm Schickard- first automatic calculator
Blaise Pascal- pascaline( add& subtract )
Gottfried Leibniz- calculating machine intended and built it
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar- arithmometer
Charles Babbage- " father of computing" first automatic digital computer
Analytical Engine- generally considered the first computer
Joseph-Marie Jacquard- Jacquard loom
Agusta Ada Byron- First Female Computer Programmer.

3. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940. -discovering ways to harness electricity

The Beginning of Telecommunication.
Telecommunication is defined as the science and technology ofcommunication over a distance.
Alessandro Volta- Italian physicist, invent Voltaic Battery
Telegraph- device or system that allows the transmission of information
Samuel F.B. Morse- invented Morse Code - refers to systems of representing letters of the
alphabet, numerals, and punctuation marks by an arrangement.
Alexander Graham Bell- telephone
Guglielmo Marconi- Radio
Harvard Mark 1. was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
4. Electronic Age (1940-Present) —the present age, and it started in 1940.
— John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer
Using Vacuum Tubes, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
—Manchester Mark I- first stored-program digital computer.
John von Neumann - EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)
Maurice Wilkes- EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)
Eckert and Mauchly develop- UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer),

The five Generations of Digital Computer

The First Generation Computer (1951-1958): The Age of Vacuum Tube
The Second Generation Computer (1959-1963): The Age of Transistor
The Third Generation Computer (1964-1979): The Age of Integrated Circuit
The Fourth Generation Computer (1979- Present): The Age of Microprocessor
The Fifth Generation Computer (Present-Onward): The Artificial intelligence

Lesson 5. Generations of Digital Computer

1. The First Generation: The Age of Vacuum Tube (1951-1958)

—The sizes of computers were as large as the size of a room.

Characteristics:
• Possession of Vacuum Tubes to perform the calculation.
• Usage of the program (an internally stored instruction).
• Usage of capacitors to store binary data and information.
• Usage of the punched card for communication of input and output data and
Information
• Generation of a lot of heat.
• Possession of about 1000 circuits per cubic foot

Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a loom

Alan Turing- Turing Machine
Herman Hollerith devised a punched-card tabulating machine
International Business Machines (IBM)
John Backus (FORTRAN an acronym FORmula and TRANslations- )
Integrated circuit (IC) started here as Jack S. Kilbey of Texas Instruments developed it in 1958

2. The Second Generation: The Age of Transistor (1959-1964)

- Transistor was used as the internal component

Characteristics:
• Computers were still significant, however, smaller than the first generation of
Computers.
• Use a transistor in place of Vacuum Tubes to perform the calculation.
• Produced at a reduced cost compared to the first generation of computers.
• Usage of magnetic tapes for data storage.
• Usage of punch cards as input and output of data and information. The use of the
Keyboard was also introduced.
• Computers were still generating a lot of heat which an air conditioner is needed to
Maintain the cold temperature.
• Possession of about one thousand circuits per cubic foot.

Honeywell 400 computer- is considered the first in the line of second-generation

Computers.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was invented by Grace Murray Hopper.

3. The Third Generation: The Age of Integrated Circuit (1965-1970)

Characteristics:
• Large-scale integrated circuits were used for both data processing and storage.
• Miniaturization of computers.
• A monitor, keyboard, and mouse were used.
• Programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were developed.
• Had a hundred thousand circuits per cubic foot.
(1964) Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was developed by John
Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College.
In 1969, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and
Computing Service).
In 1971, the floppy disk was developed by Alan Shugart
In 1973, Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe
In 1976, Apple I was developed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

4. The Fourth Generation: The Age of Microprocessor (1979- 1980)

Characteristics:
• The microprocessor was used to perform all the tasks of a computer system
Used today.
• The size of computers and the cost were reduced.
• Increase the speed of computers.
• Very large-scale (VLS) integrated circuits were used.
• Had millions of circuits per cubic foot.
The BASIC programming language was developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen
In 1977, Apple II personal computer was introduced that is made available to
Individuals and very small companies.
The Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (1981-Onward)
In 1982, Lotus Development Company was founded by Michael Kapor
In 1984, The Macintosh desktop computer was introduced by Apple Macintosh
In 1991, LINUX was developed by Linus Torvalds
In 1990, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee
In 1993, Mosaic was developed by Marc Andreessen
In 1994, Yahoo, was founded by Jerry Yang
Microminiaturization is one of the continuing trends in computer development
In 1996, the Google search engine was developed by Sergey Brin and Larry Page
In 1999, the term Wi-Fi became part of the computing language
In 2004, Facebook was launched by Mark Zuckerberg
In 2006, MacBook Pro was introduced by Apple
In 2005, YouTube, a website for sharing videos, was launched by Steve Chen
In 2007, the iPhone brought many computer functions to the smartph
In 2010, the iPad was unveiled by Apple
In 2011, Chromebook was released by Google
On October 4, 2012, Facebook gained 1 billion users.
In 2015, Apple Watch was released by Apple
Characteristics:
• Extremely large-scale integration.
• Parallel processing
• Possession of high-speed logic and memory chips.
• High performance, yet micro-miniaturization
• The ability of computers to mimic human intelligence, e.g., voice recognition,
Facial face detector, and thumbprint.
• Satellite links, virtual reality
Examples:
• Supercomputers
• Robots
• Facial face detector
• Thumbprint
LESSON 9

Analog
— information is represented by continuously variable physical quantities.
—Williams and Sawyer (2011), analog is a continually changing/ fluctuating/ evolving in strength
and/or quality.
—Examples: Sound, light, temperature.

Digital
—composed of data in the form of especially binary digits.
—Williams & Sawyer (2011), digital means “computer-based.”
—digital describes on discontinuous data or events;

Analog technology
—Williams and Sawyer (2011) electronic transmission of telephone, radio, television, and cable-TV
signals have been considered analog too.
—Woodford (2020) explained how the analogy works by using an analog watch;
—Example of analogy is the audiotape recording when the audio is being recorded and stored in
the audiotape.

Examples of an analog device?—VCRs, tape players, and record players.

—a record player reads the bumps and dips in the record's grooves and translates the information
into an audio signal (Dzhumaev, 2020).

Digital technology —converts the information into a number (digits) and displays and stores it
(Woodford, 2020).
—It refers to any device that gives instant digital reading.

Analog Signal versus Digital Signal

Both analog and digital signals —are used to transmit information, usually through electric
signals.
Difference between the two:
-analog technology translated information into electric pulses in varying amplitude.
-digital technology translates information into binary format (zero or one), where each bit
is representative of two distinct amplitudes.

A modem is short for “modulate/demodulate.

How to convert Analog Form to Digital Form?

—An analog tape recorder ,record a singer during a performance
—The analog wave from the microphone, which is recorded onto the tape as an analog wave will
produce a near duplicate of the sounds
— including distortions, such as buzzing and clicks, or electronic hums if an amplified guitar is
used.
— Digital audio CD does not provide a duplicate of musical performance instead, the digital
process uses a device (called an analog-to-digital converter)
The process is called analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) or, more informally, sampling.
Sampling simply means "measuring at regular intervals”

TYPES OF COMPUTERS BASED ON DATA PROCESSED

1. Analog Computers
—It measures and operates of continuous variables (voltage, pressure, temperature, distance,
speed)
Examples: car speedometer
2. Digital Computers
—It represents and processes data in discrete/numerical form, using a binary system.
— It produces a discrete output.
Examples: desk calculators, adding machines, personal computers, etc.
3. Hybrid Computers
—combines both analog and digital computers.
—It can accept continuous, discrete, or both types of input or output.
Example: is the electronic calculating scale used in food stores.

Networks, or communications network- is a system of interconnected computers,

telephones, or other communications devices that can communicate with one another and share
applications.
A computer network —is a group of computers connected electronically by which they can talk
to each other and exchange data.

Types of Networks:
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
—connects computers and devices in a limited geographic area,
Examples: one office, building, or a group of buildings close together.

WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)

—local area network based on wireless network technology, mostly called Wi-Fi.

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

—network that covers a wide geographic area, such as a country or the world.
—Most long-distance and regional telephone companies are WANs.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

—network covering a city or a suburb.
—typically cover transmission ranges between 5 and 10 km and cover an area the size of a
group of small buildings.

HOME AREA NETWORK (HAN)

—It uses wired, cable, or wireless connections to link a household's digital devices
—A variant of the HAN is the “GAN- garden area network” which can link watering systems,
outdoor lights, and alarm systems.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
—(PAN) or wireless personal area network (WPAN), uses short-range wireless technology to
connect an individual's electronics,
Examples: cellphones, PDA, MP3 player, notebook PC, and printer.

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)

-private network uses a public network to connect remote sites or users.
-VPN uses "virtual" connections
-By using a VPN, companies ensure security -- anyone intercepting the encrypted data can't read

Topology - the physical way in which computers are interconnected

The types of topologies are the following:

1. Star topology -devices are connected to a central computer called HUB.
2. Bus topology -single network cable runs in the building or campus
- all nodes are linked with a communication line with two endpoints called the bus or backbone.
3. Ring topology, -It transmits in only one direction.
-passes from one node to another until all nodes are connected in the form of a "loop or ring".
4. Mesh topology, -nodes are randomly connected using communication links.
-Mesh topology is the general topology for a wide area network
5. Tree topology -connects the one-star network to the other star network.
-It is an extension of star topology.
-divided the whole network into a segment that can be easily managed and maintained.
6. hybrid topology - a combination of all the various types of topologies

Structure of Networks
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS
-Network consists of clients, which are microcomputers that request data, and servers, which are
computers used to supply data.
 PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
-Network, all microcomputers on the network communicate directly with one another
without relying on a server.

 INTRANET: FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

-Organization’s internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of
the internet and the web.
 EXTRANET: FOR CERTAIN OUTSIDERS
-A private intranet that connects not only internal personnel but also selected parties like
suppliers and other strategic parties.
 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
- A private network that uses a public network (usually the internet) to connect remote
sites.

Components of a Network
1. WIRED AND/OR WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
-Networks use a wired or wireless connection system.
-Wired connections may be twisted-pair wiring, coaxial cable, or fiber-optic cable.
-Wireless connections may be infrared, microwave (such as Bluetooth), broadcast radio (such as
Wi-Fi), or satellite.

2. HOSTS & NODES

-A client/server network has a host computer, a mainframe, or a midsize central
computer that controls the network.
-A node is any device attached to a network

3. PACKETS- A packet is a fixed-length block of data for transmission.

4. PROTOCOLS
-A protocol, or communications protocol, is a set of conventions governing the exchange
of data between hardware and/or software components in a communications network.

5. NETWORK LINKING DEVICES

-Networks are often linked together, but the means for
connecting them are the following:

 Hub -is a common connection point for devices in a network

-A half-duplex device that transmits data in both directions but only in one direction at a time.
 Switch -is a device that connects computers to a network.
-It sends messages only to a computer that is the intended recipient.
-A switch is a full-duplex device, meaning data is transmitted back and forth simultaneously
 Bridge -interface used to connect the same types of networks.
-it can connect two or more networks.
 Gateway - is an interface permitting communication between dissimilar networks.
-They are used to interconnect networks
-They serve as the point of entry to a network and operate at various network layers.
-Gateway servers are hardware devices and gateway nodes are associated with routers and
switches.
 Router - a special computer that directs messages when several networks are connected.
-It is a physical or virtual internetworking device designed to receive, analyze, and forward.
-It examines the destination IP address
 Backbone- consists of the main highway including gateways, routers, and other
communications equipment that connects all

Communications media or communications channels, carry signals over a

communications path,
Two-way individual communications were accomplished mainly in two ways carried by the
medium of;
(1) a telephone wire or
(2) a wireless method such as shortwave radio.
Wired Communications Media
Three types of wired communications media

• TWISTED-PAIR WIRE
-The telephone line that runs from your house to the pole outside, or underground, is probably
twisted-pair wire.
-This twisted-pair configuration (compared to straight wire) somewhat reduces interference
(called “crosstalk”) from electrical fields.

• COAXIAL CABLE,
-commonly called “co-ax,” is a high- frequency transmission cable
-Co-ax is widely used for cable television and cable internet connections.

• FIBER-OPTIC CABLE -consists of dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that
transmit pulsating beams of light rather than electricity.