áoals and task herochy model

Tn human compter interea chion CHCT)_the

qoals and task bìerarchy model is a
conceptual framewok tsed in deslqn
and analysis of interachve systems.
0) Goals
aoals gepresent the htqh leve)
obËecties 0 intens)ons that user um
achieve ohen interachng wth aa
System
Ex f- ConDerce applBcathon a
produc
uGer might be to purchase a

2) Task Hierarchy
- Task are the specitlc activite or
actions tha Uses pestom to
accemplish their goals
The task hieraYchy orqaniz
Organize3 these
tost n stuctured dnne

Ex for a e-conmmere of purchasig

a porecd uct tast ncl browsing
products Gelecing a product , addinq it
the cart prbceeding to checkott
+

purchase
and
coniminq
 Hierorchy Relationshiei-
roalsare brokken dOn
Goal to task fosminq a top- doon
into tasks t o n t the OveTorchjn.
hierrchu that ual action
purpose to more qran
task Can be
Each
Task to Subtask: subtasts CYtati
frther divided into details
hieraychica) stucture that
a ction require
the step by step
Thputane
User-entexed Design: Understanding use
qoals and task hlps deslners Ceate
iotexfae that align with intenti
user's
makinq the system m emnìendly
CERiencs : Brcatin9a0
entating doon cemplex
into moageable taskG allods tot the
qeas
optimiahoo of the usens Oorkflou0
enhancing eficiency and sats ction.
Examples:
Goal - Plan a Tip.
Task bicarchy
) TaSk :Cho0se Destnaten
Subtask fesearch Destìration
Subtast: Chect hravel Restietior
 (2) Task Bock Acc Ommodaction
Subtask i Explore hotels
Subtask Read Revies

() Tasle : Plan Acivihes

Subtaski Creae itineYary
Bubtask Reserve Ticket
By systematicaly Cranizing ser qoals
and a660ctated task desian ers tan
CYeate lntertace that quide users
through
pcess
a coherent eficlent interatior

Advantages of CHTA)
) Gtrutued Repe Sentation
e) Tdentifes subtasks
TYaining and instruchon degign
4) ErroT analsis
Disaduantagcs cf (HTA)
0) Time consumim
2) Subjectiui
6) May cEraimplfå.
t) simplificahen
( Limited to task anadysls
 Page

Donald Norman's
Seven staqes
of ation

omlng the goal

x)
the in tention
2 foming

) Specifying an acthon
Eecutng the action
)
the Gtate ot the word
5) Percejvìng
Tnterpreti n the otate of the wm
X6 ng
X7) Evaluaing the outrome

e Donald asNormao's 7-stage model

aleo knoon as "Sevcn stage of achon"
stage'
The stages
stagaa e
C) Fommlng the qoal This is cohere the
user establishes ohat they coant to
achleve

the intension: The ug er decies

2) Formin
on the Speciic actions needed to achieie
the goal
 clssneia
Daie

plas
Specitying the ation:- The us ers carry
the phåsical acions geguired to
out th¿ îotersion
cally
(4) Executing the acionThe uSer phy6i
pertormsthe planed achon
5) Percelving the system state The useY
observes the 5ystem's esponse to their
actions
statei of the oortd
(6) Inteypreting the Sustemoheth
The uS er evaluates er the
Gystem's rsponSe alins oth thejr
expectations and intens)ons.
) Eomp Evaluating the outromei
The ser accesses ohether the System 6
current stte matches the intend d
qoal

Letl conslder the exam ple usinq

Smartphone Cam era
0) Goa fomaton: User want to take
clear phcto
(2) Totenslon formaton: Uses decide to
open the camera app and to cus on
shecie subject
 Daie
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(3>
3 Achion opecfication Ose plant
On the SCTeen to focus
Sethngs andand the shutem adit
buton
(4) Action Execurtion:
Uber physically tabs
adiust settinge and press
pess the shtter
button
5) Perceiving System State: User observe
the camera capturinq the imaac
e) Inteprtting System state Wser
the image is Aear well foCus cheks
matzhes ther expectoor and

Comparing Sustem State wth Goal . Usex

evaluates fqbodthe taken photo
photo allgns
allgns ith
the inihal
initiod gocd
qoa ot capturg
 Deie
Prçe

betoeer Gogls Ve Tasks. How

does GoMS help
Daw GOMS for in improving
usabilg
cL0SEWINDOuæ
Task
) A qpa is broaden 6) The task is
Ionqtem obËeche Gmalles often
DTt provide diYccion)Action on assiqnment
and purpose Lunderta ken to aComplish
a perttcular aspedt
of qoal
CiD Tt represents an QD Task ae the actionabt
overarchìnq achìevement steps that collectively.
One aspres to meach coptabute to achieid
the ouearching qoal
iv Atask is a specific Gu) The outomes that
achon oT ativihe that userS alm tD achiee
user pefom Lobile thrugh thelr
inteYactons
intereactnqoith with a computer
Compute ystem System
ex. clicking button ) Completing the
Entertng data or purchase, editing a
neviqattng thrtugb menuy document or fnding
infommadion
tasks
 elkssMAte
Dcie
Page

Aia) Augmented Reality cAR)

i) Auqmented Reality CAR) is a
technolqy
that overlays diital information,
as im aqes,vìdeosor B- D modelssuch.into
real DoTld environment
Unike ntual nealRty, ohi ch crete a
Completels immerslue diaital eXperhence, AR
enhances the Teal coord by adding
qenerated elements t o t computer
iiD Thìs itegration of dhaital content oth the
phuslcal ocrld Is typtcaly achieved thro ugh
devices Iike smartphone, AR qlasses pr
Specialized AR handsets.
u) AR has varìous
Aelds: applicathon
Gamìnq
Educahon
Healthcare
Nevigation
Providing usens with an enhanced and
interache erperience
Real nfe example
Areal ife example ot Auqmenteo Reality
i5 the ue of AR in neviqation apps where
You can Gee irtual dretton al arowS_and
 Daie
page

MarkeTs oveylad on the camera teed n

your smartphones of
This helps you nevigate thrigh the rel
Oorld by proutdtng bitat itormatton
dinetly_on the soeen Supemposed iinto
t
the streets and surroundings as you move
-Appe Hke a ecogle- ap, and thes e AR
nelaation app coerr
Apps like a Gooqle lap and othex we AR
enbance the u er undesstanding the'r
envimonment and qarde them to then
destincthion.
Vistual Reality
) Virtual Reality les a technology that creata
a
Sìmulated ,immerelvê environ ment usirg
Computer -qeneated isuals, Sound and
Sometimnes othes Sensattons
ci It typically involes the use of a head
mountee dispay CUR3 head6et) +to transport
Users ioto a aynthetic0orld
oidels
usedin Slmlatr
traintng , eduction_and vànous othes
applicathons to prouide User orth an
ìmmerslve and ofen itereactive experee
 A Tea lite eample of virtudl eality is the
of Ve headsets fo
Th ese gamig
headsets taanepot player to à
fally immers ve VÌrtua wold
can interact witb thelr in
Lohere they
surTOundings and
eXpemence the gamein moe nedlistic
and
engaging ay
Areal ife example of virtual eality is its
apphcation in m
medical trai nìng BureoDS LSe
wR simulatt ons tD
to paachce omplex procedues
enbancing.
in a risk - tree enrronment,
their skills and impravinq patent aatet
6] Discuss in detail the challenqei fced by
deslan en uobile deslqn1rg intexface fo
i) e Smarthbom es
Smart dìvìces
 Date
Page

DECJDE:
o£CIDE frameoork
t
e can describe the
for deciclon-making
DECIDe
stande fos Deftne the proble,
pToas and cons Identi
Constdes the option
cTiterta Decide on the best
evaluate the decision

) Defne theacblem: clearly artiwate the

deciston u0u need to make

(2) Enumerate the optiansi List all possible

altemativeg o choice

Conelders the pros and cros: Evaluate the

advantzqes and disadvantage s of each.opher
e) Tdentify o youY (texta Detemine the
factors that are most importat in makin
the decision

(5) Decide on the best option :- Choose the

option that aliqns best wrth yo ur crher a
C) Evaluate the decision: Reflest on youY
choice and aCCesS itS outcomeg

fonr example, et G Consides a declslen_ abeut

choosinga Deo laptop
 alassMie
pate
Pace

laptop for
Jefinethe problem Need o neo
Wort and personal use.
Nac Book DellXPs
) Enumerate the options
HP Specre, lenovo Thìnt Pad
)Consider the pras and Cong TlacBookhas a
expensi Ve, Dell XS has
sleek desiqn but 1Sls
powertl Spec5 HP
HP specire is ight weiçht ,
lenouo Thintfad is known for durability

9)Jden tity sour citeria: performane budq et

portabíityand durobiliy
s)Decide on the best option. Given operfotmance
for performane and mo derate budqed
Choose DellXPs

6) Evoluate the decision Afer

Affer ususing the bphop
assesif it
and if the
meels
Cost wad justifies catio
performane eepectatio ny n
How cloes Dragramac dta log design naatons , Page No.:

helps deslqner to clesign beter tterfaoe s Date:

YOUVA

sict lesiqner creatinq bettor tuberfaceg by

Tepregeutation that hetpa
pro viding VISual6hructre
Concephutise , an d fnteracton PÞ w ben

wer and Cormpubo syotem

They cnntibute, to 'b'eFteon foterr faee,.designdn
seviral ways
Visualisloq Interacton fflow
oFferss ó cleor vi'su! Beo ence o
of ineotcto n's , decisjon porhsiand possible pahh
fok e witio iwterface

2. Optinwistn Uterr ypaths.

Destqners Can ophae aloque pahs by
diffeoent ser senaoO
vieusty mappingcneate t efPtcjeuti and personale
Oestqner caan
Uses patn

8. Îdeutfyinq comple ties

By vsçalrotng the draloque Plouw, destqner
easily step complex 3r contasin utera ton
sequence*
rror Hand ling
tauram help n illwahng eor pathg
Cncd neeovery sheategie ww'tn te dtalogue.
isualise how sys fera es pondg
 M W T

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reample
Congider. Qlesiq of vo tce aetvate virtuc aciskonk
for mart home

atoguede Using ODDN suchoý Mow herte.

sate trdns1Hoy da gons odesty ner ca map ou
Plow

fow chont Cun Represet. He

steps jnvelved ty 'itatDg tu asstset

-State Trensihon Dgagnams

iltushue dfFferet state R
Systemi

FSSueS,
tere aragnarns
tragnams das tnnea
 MT W T S S
Page No:

Ueer Pro files Date:

YOUVA

prroiles in de. intesface, refer to distnch

Users
personas repregenine diffeeul
calegaie
typey of. who will jteract with a systern

Tus po files help oestarens eeate iutertace s

tai loed to meet SpeciAe need.
wer..proilesin foterface desi
thtr charehenses
involves Understandingttetr cha thei ater o
'wter feces thal
and odesining
unique Te quiemeuts.

Erampleg of wjer Profiley

NoVice U5ers Vs EapetUsess

I
Novicey are neo ew to He systen
Non'ce UsenS
idance and simelidk
+tkd teehnoloqy ana
44d 9eed fnstutHons
tiulgut
tn itertaic e. : They featrey te preve
tutyve'tayouts linited
rer hhelmny
are pro ficiemd
AXpest User
Users eney n
Expert
exparienoed
Uer Who Seele
eficiene
functonalitfes, Tuey prefer shoteutg,
advanoe aowenmee ea tue
Customi2aton gptong,
 M T W TF

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Casual Uress Vs Reguar Ugeo3

Caswa: Userrinteract wihte syste

lund n t not be fenllar yitb
infrequetly nñgut
all t* Featureg. They neec! stacigorwo To
futetae es with ecsily
Reqular Users arre
freueuth user of the syste
accustom e . to ts FencHonaite
they geek qwee

Youngen Users Vs otder Users

-Younger Users - Jouger we fter adapt qcby

teehnoloqiey ancll iwter
iuter foes
faces,TLey iwtat
prefer iuter Peces íh molern les

Oldles Users Oldler ujer igut prer

B1wpleer pinl more famlier tnterfe ot, wta
latger tert clear' lbels, 9

less compl
 M W S S
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Normang 7 stage .

I. forming. the' Croal -

'

Tis is whee the' ugers deades they

to a h i e somená

föming the Tntension -

User oleides on the spedfre tton reyuired
to ac compli'sh the gol.

8. &pect Fing the AcHo

detesmines hos to eeute t aeto n

Ation:
Executtng. the
performs t e intended actHom

5. PerCejring the shathe of the Syste

a cho yer neesto
After emeeuttag t e
Understa nde fue systeg treyponee

Luter prehng tte Sy stew kete

(nbespets t e systern amaes ponce do

Unaler sen f the s achtered

vaottng te o t come

uer evalates wuheathr Haet e ouome

maches tueto god
 T
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User nts to cal1 Atewo

Groal fematorn
2. tntenton fomoL ion Deciding to open phone apo
and seleet Contat oPTrnd
3. Acfon SpecifcaHon blbose betn voi ce violeo ce)
Action neiuton -
s precejng Heaney Hng tone
6. Call ecipie aiswers, (onversct

laluatng Octeome