Mohammad Meraj ud in Mir et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol.

6 (3) , 2015, 2545-2551

Evolution of Mobile Wireless Technology from 0G to 5G.

Mohammad Meraj ud in Mir , Dr. Sumit Kumar

Abstract -The ability to communicate with people on move

has evolved remarkably, since Guglielmo Marconi, first
1. Increased efficiency:- High technology
demonstrated radio ability to provide continuous contact with communication systems lead to faster transfer of
ships. The mobile wireless evolved in a very short span of information within business and between customers.
time. In this paper I will through light on evolution of mobile 2. Rarely out of touch:- No need to carry cables or
Wireless Communication Networks along with their adapters in order to access office Networks.
significance and advantage of one over the other. In few past 3. Greater flexibility for users:- Wireless workers in
decades , the mobile wireless evolution progressed from Zero the office can be networked without sitting at
Generation (0G) to First Generation (1G), Second Generation dedicated PC’s.
(2G), Third Generation (3G), and now Fourth Generation
4. Reduced Cost:- Wireless networks are mostly
(4G) systems are being deployed with the aim Quality of
Service (QoS), efficiency and performance. Mobile wireless cheaper to install and maintain than wired networks.
technology have reached to 4G or 5G of Technology. 1G
technology made large scale mobile wireless communication HISTORY/BACKGROUND:-
possible. Digital communication has replaced analog After going through the era of 1G & 2G from the early
technology in 2G which significantly improved wireless 1900s to 2000, 3G first came into the scene in the year
communication. Voice communication was main focus in 3G 2001. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was
technology, and converged networks for both voice and data launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in
communication was main focus in 3G technology, and May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial
converged networks for both voice and data communication
3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA
is emerging. Currently 5G term is not officially used. In 5G
researches are being made on development of WWWW, technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival
Dynamic Adhoc Wireless networks(DAWN) etc. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK
Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA.
Key words:- Mobile Wireless Communication, Networks, 0G, Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the
1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Mobile Broadband, Wi-Fi, GSM. second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by
Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In March the first European
INTRODUCTION launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the
Mobile wireless industry has started its technology Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8
creation, revolution and evolution since early 1970. From commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two
Mid 1990’s the cellular communication industry has more on the EV-DO standard. By the end of 2007 there
witnessed explosive growth. Wireless communication were 295 Million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide,
networks have become much more pervasive than anyone which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base.
could have imagined when the cellular concept was first About two thirds of these are on the WCDMA standard and
deployed in 1960’s and 1970’s. Mobile cellular subscribers one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms
are increasing 40% per year, and by the end of 2010 there services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues
will be 4 times more mobile cellular subscription than fixed during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new
telephone lines. phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South
The rapid world wide growth in cellular telephone Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second
subscribers has demonstrated conclusively that wireless generation. Earlier in the decade there were doubts about
communications is a robust, viable voice and data transport whether 3G might happen, and also whether 3G might
mechanism. The wide spread success of cellular has led to become a commercial success. By the end of 2007 it had
the development of newer wireless system and standards become clear that 3G was a reality and was clearly on the
for many other types of telecommunication traffic besides path to become a profitable venture.
mobile voice telephone calls. On the other hand, 4G has a very short history thus far. It
Why we use wireless communication started from the year 2008 and has not been implemented
Wireless technology are differentiated on the basis of their fully yet. Sprint made history in September 2008 when it
range. Some offer connectivity within few feet’s viz. became the first major US carrier to launch a 4G network
Bluetooth and other cover medium sized office space. The in Baltimore. This week it expanded its coverage to three
mobile phone covers whole continents. more cities and announced plans to launch 17 additional
Wireless technology offer e-commerce more flexible and new markets in 2009.
in-expensive ways to send and receive data. Evolution of Mobile cellular Networks
The four key benefits of wireless technology are as under:- Cellular Mobile communication has generations as shown
in the figure. The brief description of every generation is
given as under:-

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1. The Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in

Finland as the country's first public commercial mobile
phone network.
2. The B-Netz launched 1972 in Germany as the
countries second public commercial mobile phone
network (but the first one that did not require human
operators anymore to connect

FIRST GENERATION (1G)

1G is the first generation wireless telephone technology,
Cell phones. They were analog cell phones and were
introduced in 1980. In 1979, the first cellular system in the
Figure:- Block diagram of evolution of wireless network. world became operational by Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. In Europe two most
0G popular analog systems were Nordic Mobile Telephone
Wireless telephone started with 0G, which became (NMT) and (TACS) other analog systems were also
available after World War-II. In those pre-cell days, mobile introduced in 1980’s across the Europe. All the systems
operator sets up the calls and there were only a handful of offered handover and roaming capability but the cellular
channels available. These mobiles does not support the networks were unable to interoperate between countries.
handover feature i.e. Change of channel frequency. This was the main drawback of First Generation mobile
0G refers to pre cellular mobile telephony technology in networks. 1G has low capacity unreliable handoff, poor
1970’s., such as Radio telephones that some had in cars voice links and no security since voice calls were played
before the advent of cell phones. Mobile radio telephonic back in radio towers making these calls susceptible to
system produced modern cellular mobile-telephony unwanted. In USA AMPS was first 1G standard launched
technology. Since they were predecessors of first in 1982. AMPS system was allocated a 40 MHZ bandwidth
generation of cellular telephones, these systems, are called within the 800-900 MHZ frequency range by the federal
0G ( Zero Generation) Systems. Communication Commission (FCC). In 1988 additional 10
Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to MHZ bandwidth, called expanded spectrum (ES) was
Talk), MTS (Mobile Telephone System) , IMTS (Improved allocated to AMPS.
Mobile Telephone Service),AMTS (Advanced Mobile Italy used a telecommunication system called RTMI. IN
Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for Offentlig UK, YACS was used. France used RadioComm 2000. In
Landmobil Telefoni ,Public Land Mobile Telephony) and West Germany , Portugal and South Africa a telecom
MTD (Swedish abbreviation for Mobile Telephony system standard known as C-450 was used.
D). The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, 1G technology replaced 0G technology, which featured
realtors and celebrities. They were used for them for basic mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile
voice communication. Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone
0.5 G System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service
0.5 G is a group of technologies with improved feature than (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT).
the basic 0G technologies. 1. Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s
These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished 2. 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st.
from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they generation of analog cell phones speed up to 2.4kbps
were available as a commercial service that was part of the 3. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first
public switched telephone network, with their own launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system
telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network 4. Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country
such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or SECOND GENERATION TECHNOLOGY ( 2G TO 2.7 G)
trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, 2G is the Second-Generation wireless cellphones, based on
the transceiver (transmitter receiver) digital technologies and in early 1990’s. In 1991 2G was
was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the launched in Finland. 2G provided services such as text
"head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver message, picture messages and MMS. 2G has greater
seat. security for both sender and receiver. All text messages are
They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common digitally encrypted, which allows for the transfer of data in
Carriers, AKA telephone companies), RCCs (Radio such a way that only intended receiver can receive and
Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. The read it. 2G system uses digital mobile access technology
primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors, such as TDMA and CDMA. TDMA divides signal in time
and celebrities. They used them for basic voice slots while as CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communication. communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different
Early examples for this technology are: TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN , iS-136. GSM
was first 2G System. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM
( Group Special Mobile) has origin from Europe. GSM
is

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most admired standard of all the mobile technologies used EDGE transfers data in fewer seconds if we compare it
in more than 212 countries, in the world. GSM standard with GPRS Technology. For example a typical text file of
makes international roaming very common between mobile 40KB is transferred in only 2 seconds as compared to the
phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in transfer from GPRS technology, which is 6 seconds. The
many parts of the world. GSM uses TDMA to multiplex biggest advantage of using EDGE technology is one does
upto 8 calls per channel in the 900 and 1800 MHZ bands. not need to install any additional hardware and software in
GSM can’t only deliver voice but also circuit switched data order to make use of EDGE Technology. There are no
at sped upto 14.4kbps. In US FCC also auctioned a new additional charges for exploiting this technology. If a
block of spectrum in the 1900MHZ band. During 20 years , person is an ex GPRS Technology user he can utilize this
GSM technology has been continuously improved to offer technology without paying any additional charges.
better services in the market. New technologies has been Keys:-
developed based on the original GSM system, leading to 1. In between 2G and 3G there is another generation
some advanced system , known as 2.5 generation (2.5 G) called 2.5G.
Systems. 2. 2.5G represents handsets with data capabilities
2.5G – GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) over GPRS.
GPRS is extension of existing 2G network to have the 3. But this has not brought out any revolution.
capacity of launching packet based services while Migration path towards 3G Wireless System
enhancing the data rates supported by these networks. The Soon, a greater demand to remove the distinction between
term “ Second and a half generation” is used to describe fixed and mobile networks will become apparent . Access
2G-Systems that have implemented a packet switched to the Internet and Intranets, Teleworking and the advent
domain in addition to circuit switched domain. of the Virtual office are concepts which will become more
“2.5 G” is an informal term. GPRS provided data rates commonplace in the near future. For the third generation
from 56 Kbps upto 384 Kbps, using database HLR, VLR, communication system, the challenge will be the
EIR, and AuC with HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE globalization and convergence of office and home
technologies. It provides services such as Wireless applications and services with the help of new
Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia communication tools.
Messaging Service (MMS) and for internet communication However, the situation is not the simple. The variety of
services such as e-mail and World Wide Wireless Web communication systems in the market today, as discussed
(WWW) access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged above, across different geographical locations, with their
per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data own economic, political, regulatory and social issues, make
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per it difficult to bring all the players together to one single
minute of connection time, independent of whether the user convergence point. There are large investments involved
actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. already and it is extremely difficult if not possible to
2.5G networks may support services such as WAP, MMS, develop standards right from scratch. Keeping this in mind,
SMS mobile games, and search directory and well internet it has been recognized that a standard should be developed
access. that accommodates the backward-compatibility of existing
2.75 – EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) networks, while at the same time defining a common
GPRS network s evolved to EDGE networks with the framework under which these networks can evolve. This
introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for will be an evolution from each of the regional second
GSM Evolution, Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) , or IMT generation systems – wireless and wireline- and will
Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital satisfy market demands for global roaming, service
mobile phone technology that allows improved data portability and multimedia, allowing for differentiation of
transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. services and products.
EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003
initially by Cingular (now AT & T) in the United States. 3G
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and
and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold technology, superseding 2G, and preceding 4G. It is based
increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) who
specification achieves higher data –rates (up to 236.8 formulated a plan to implement global frequency band in
Kbits/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of the 2000 MHZ range, which will support a single,
coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots. ubiquitous wireless communication standard for all
EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows countries throughout the world. This paln is called
the clear and fast transmission of data and information. It is International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000),
also termed as IMT-SC or single carrier. EDGE technology Standard.
was invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now 3G evolution for CDMA systems lead to Cdma 2000.
known as AT& T. EDGE is radio technology and is a part Several variants of CDMA 2000 are based on IS-95 and IS-
of third generation technologies. EDGE technology is 95B technologies. 3G evolution for GSM is IS-136 and
preferred over GSM due to its flexibility to carry packet PDC System lead to wideband CDMA (WCDMA), also
switch data and circuit switch data. called Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
(UMTS) , W-CDMA is based on GSM network. Cdma

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2000 and W-CDMA, will remain main 3G technology remote control, security device, smart cash, etc. — all
popular. 3rd. Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has combined in a single device.
continued that work by defining a mobile system that
fulfills the IMT-2000 standard. 4G
3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a 4G is a concept of inter-operability between different sorts
wider range of more advanced services while achieving of networks, which is all about high speed data transfer
greater network capacity through improved spectral such as 0-100MBPS of either the server or the data
efficiency. Services include wide area wireless voice receiver set is moving at a speed of 60 Kmph. If the server
telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, mobile and the receiver are stationary, the data transfer would be a
television, GPS (global positioning system) and video minimum of 1GBPS.
conferencing. all in a mobile environment. 4G is the next generation wireless networks that will
3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In other context,
networks: 4G is simply an initiative by academic, R & D labs to move
 Enhanced audio and video streaming. beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having
 Several Times higher data speed. trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised
 Video-conferencing support. performance and throughput.
 Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds. These days in 3G we can access the internet through our
 IPTV (TV through the Internet) support. mobile phone with the help of various technologies, like
Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, GPRS, EDGE, WAP and Wi-Bro.
3.5 G – HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) But the problem is that if you are accessing the internet
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile through your mobile phone within the help of any of these
telephony protocol, also called 3.5G (or "3½ G"), which technologies and you move to place where inter-operability
provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G between different networks obtains, you are stuck. If you
networks allowing for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA are using 4G, you can access the net through any of the
is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with aforesaid technologies even while moving from one place
data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for to another.
MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA Expected issues considered to be resolved in this 4G
downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive mobile technology which are as under:-
Modulation and Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-  It is considered to embed IP feature in the set for more
Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), fast security purpose as high data rates are send and receive
cell search, and advanced receiver design. through the phone using 4G mobile technology.
3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)  4G mobile technology is going to be able to download
The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well at a rate of 100Mbps like mobile access and less
defined 3G wireless/mobile technologies. High Speed mobility of 1GBps for local access of wireless
Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS / WCDMA  Instead of hybrid technology used in 3G with the
uplink evolution technology. combination of CDMA and IS-95 a new technology
The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is OFDMA is introduced 4G. In OFDMA, the concept is
directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary again of division multiple accesses but this is neither
to one another. time like TDMA nor code divided CDMA rather
HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person data frequency domain equalization process symbolizes as
applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like OFDMA.
mobile e-mail and real-time person-toperson gaming.  CDMA sends data through one channel but with the
Traditional business applications along with many division of time in three slots. While CDMA also
consumer applications will benefit sends data through one channel identifying the receiver
from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost with the help of code. Whereas in 4G mobile
the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps and in later technology OFDMA is going to introduce in which
releases up to 5.8Mbps. data packets sends by dividing the channel into a
Future Trends narrow band for the greater efficiency comprises a
Future 3G technologies such as EDGE, UMTS, IVRS, and prominent feature of 4G mobile technology.
Broadband will enable a larger amount of data that can be  IEEE 802.16m is processing for the IEE802.16e
exchanged while on the move and will determine the path comprising the 4G brand will define it as WMBA
the wired and wireless computing field will take. These will (Wireless Mobile Broadband Access). This is a plain
create the need for convergence of digital appliances, indicator for the internet availability. The
assimilation of the technologies, fading of content implementation is in progress to avoid the call
distribution boundaries and therefore, the need to provide a interference in case of data download from a website.
common framework for organizations to meet these It will propose 128 Mbps downlink data rate and
challenges. It isn't tough anymore to imagine the near 56Mbps uplink data rate which is an extra ordinary
future where the small machine in the pocket will replace a step in 4G mobile technology. The service will limit as
variety of appliances that a person needs to carry — mobile the availability of hotspot is condition for the internet
phones, personal computer, driver license, credit card, connectivity.

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 Parallel with WiMAX, LTE is intended to incorporate WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New 3GPP standard releases
in 4G mobiles. It is also a wireless technology for the beyond 4G and LTE Advanced are in progress, but not
broadband access. The difference between WiMAX considered as new mobile generations.
and LTE is that LTE goes for the IP Address. It 5G network is assumed as the perfection level of wireless
follows the same TCP / IP concept inherited from communication in mobile technology. Cable network is
networking technology. Restricted for the IP addresses now become the memory of past. Mobiles are not only a
it will provide great security as well as high data communication tool but also serve many other purposes.
transferability, avoid latency, having the ability to All the previous wireless technologies are entertaining the
adjust the bandwidth. LTE is compatible with CDMA ease of telephone and data sharing but 5G is bringing a new
so able to back n forth the data in between both touch and making the life real mobile life. The new 5G
networks. network is expected to improve the services and
 3GPP Organization is going to introduce two major applications offered by it.
wireless standards; LTE and IEEE802.16m. Former is This paper concludes by looking back at existing wireless
granted permission for the further process while technologies and summarizing the next generation wireless
second is under consideration and that will become a communication media in the following table. These
part of 4G mobile technology. technologies, indeed, have a long way to go and exciting
 IPv6 is approved by Version as a 4G standard on June and amazing products are bound to emerge in the years to
2009. come.
FIFTH GENERATION (5G) FUTURE SCOPE:-
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation 5G network technology will open a new era in mobile
wireless systems) is a name used in some research papers communication technology. The 5G mobile phones will
and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile have access to different wireless technologies at the same
telecommunications standards beyond the upcoming 4G time and the terminal should be able to combine different
standards, which are expected to be finalized between flows from different technologies. 5G technology offers
approximately 2011 and 2013. Currently 5G is not a term high resolution for crazy cell phone user. We can watch TV
officially used for any particular specification or in any channels at HD clarity in our mobile phones without any
official document yet made public by telecommunication interruption. The 5G mobile phone will be tablet PC Many
companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, mobile embedded technologies will evolve.

Generation Speed Technology Time period Features

AMPS,NMT, During 1G Wireless phones are used for voice
1G 14.4 Kbps 1970 – 1980
TACS only.
2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple
users on a single channel via multiplexing. During
2G 9.6/ 14.4 Kbps TDMA,CDMA 1990 to 2000
2G Cellular phones are used for data also along
with voice.
2.5G the internet becomes popular and data
becomes more relevant.2.5G Multimedia services
171.2 Kbps
2.5G GPRS 2001-2004 and streaming starts to show growth. Phones start
20-40 Kbps
supporting web browsing though limited and very
few phones have that.
3G has Multimedia services support along with
CDMA 200 streaming are more popular. In 3G, Universal
3.1 Mbps 500-
3G (1xRTT, EVDO) 2004-2005 access and portability across different device
700 Kbps
UMTS, EDGE types are made possible. (Telephones, PDA’s,
etc.)
14.4 Mbps 3.5G supports higher throughput and speeds to
3.5G 1-3 Mbps HSPA 2006 – 2010 support higher data needs of the consumers
Speeds for 4G are further increased to keep up
100-300 Mbps. with data access demand used by various services.
WiMax Now (Read more
3-5 Mbps High definition streaming is now supported in
4G LTE on Transitioning
100 Mbps (Wi- 4G. New phones with HD capabilities surface. It
Wi-Fi to 4G)
Fi) gets pretty cool. In 4G, Portability is increased
further. World-wide roaming is not a distant
dream.
Currently there is no 5G technology deployed.
Probably Soon (probably When this becomes available it will provide very
5G Not Yet
gigabits 2020) high speeds to the consumers. It would also
provide efficient use of available bandwidth

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KEY CHALLENGES radios) and multi-port Base station, will promote active
Integration of various standards: Each engineering infra sharing at Antenna, Base station and spectrum level at
practice has their own standard (F.eks Telecom has 3GPP, access Ran. So, network operators, offering different access
3GPP2, ITU, IETF, etc). To integrate these various technologies such LTE & Wimax, can have single high
standards, requires systematic and time consuming capacity base station and antenna.
approach. Currently service provider is spending 60% of total
Common Platform: There is no common architecture for expenditure on Capex This arrangement will have
interconnecting various engineering practices. One significant amount of Capex saving as currently service
common governing body is required, which creates a provider is spending 60% of total expenditure on Capex.
common platform for all engineering practices to regularize Evolution of managed services
the interconnectivity issues as well as knowledge sharing. Network operators are shifting network related activities to
Super core concept managed service vendor. Concept of Super Core
Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical complements this trend as all network operators will end up
way, where subscriber traffic is aggregated at aggregation having one massive super core, which will be managed by
point(BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. Flat IP one or many vendors under managed service contract,
architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and bound by SLA (Service level agreements). Thus, during
traffic will directly move from Base station to Media 5G, may be Today's mobile network operators could
gateways. When transition from legacy (TDM, ATM) become service retailers and due to single infrastructure,
platforms to IP will be concluded (Flat Network concept, today's MNO (Mobile network operators) s will effectively
described in previous section) a common ALL IP platform be MVNOs (Mobile Virtual network operators).
will be emerged. Vision of Super Core is based on IP Future Enhancement:-
platform. All network operators ( GSM,CDMA, Wimax, 1. The future enhancement of Nanocore will be incredible
Wireline) can be connected to one Super core with massive as it combines with artificial intelligent (AI).
capacity. This is realization of single network 2. One can able to control his intelligent Robot using his
infrastructure. The concept of super core will eliminate all mobile phone. Human life will be surrounded by
interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right artificial sensors which could be communicating with
now network operator is facing. It will also reduce number your mobile phones.
of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing 3. Your Mobile can automatically type the message what
latency considerably. your brain thinks.
High redundancy requirement: 4. Your TV will display the programmes of a channel u
Under Super core concept, all network operators will be thinks.
moving to single core infrastructure, high redundancy and 5. Recently a research company of Sweeden has claimed
security among core network entities is required. A failure that they have made a mouse which will display the
of single node will impact huge number of subscribers S/W you are intending only looking towards the screen
across various network operators. without clicking by using Nanotechnology .
Transparency among network operators, regarding 6. We might get a circumstance where we don’t require
Subscriber data, churn management, etc. Government any spectrum for communication.
regulatory framework for Super core. 7. We might be communicating with people on other
Flatter IP concept planets using mobile phone December 1, 2010es.
At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance 8. We might have a single NanoCore common for all the
to a new generation with smaller feature sizes. This allows nations. This might improve mobility of user as well as
them to incorporate more functions into a given area of a smaller amount of billing to end user.
silicon and, hence, more features or new capabilities into 9. Who knows some times we may communicate with the
electronic devices like cell phones. As advancement semi- supernatural things with our mobile phones.
conductor industry, 22nM CMOS will be reality and this 10. Everything depends on how human being is going to
will increase the processing capacity of digital devices utilize these echnologies in an innovative manner.
significantly. Increased processing capacity will be allow Conclusion:
Mobile devices (cellphones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks As data traffic has tremendous growth potential, under 4G
(instructions per minute) then before. This will lead to even existing voice centric telecom hierarchies will be moving
the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has shifted some of the flat IP architecture where, base stations will be directly
BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base station, connected to media gateways. 5G will offer even more
Flatter IP will shift some of the RR functions, to Mobile flatter architecture by using advanced semi conductor
devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not technologies as 22mN CMOS. 5G will promote concept of
be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Super Core, where all the network operators will be
Radio Resource Management functions. connected one single core and have one single
Evolution of network infra sharing infrastructure, regardless of their access technologies. 5G
Network operators, worldwide are opting for infrastructure will bring evaluation of active infra sharing and managed
sharing. Currently trend is for passive infra sharing as services and eventually all existing network operators will
Active infra sharing has certain limitation. But at invention be MVNOs (Mobile virtual network operators ).
and deployment of Cognitive Radios (Software based

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Future is becoming more difficult to predict with each wireless access technologies and seamlessly move
passing year. We conclude that nanotechnology, Cloud between them.
computing, All IP are the next great technology wave and Finally nowadays, wireless technology is getting popular
the next phase of Moore’s Law. NanoCore innovations and important in the network and the Internet field. In this
enable Myriad disruptive businesses those were not paper, I briefly introduced the history background of 1G to
possible before, driven by entrepreneurship. People 5G, compared the differences of 3G and 4G, and illustrated
working in different fields creating future concepts of how 4G may work for more convenient and powerful in the
mobile communication, Internet services, Cloud future. 4G just right started from 2002 and there are many
computing, All IP network, and Nanotechnologies. standards and technologies, which are still in developing
process. Therefore, no one can really sure what the future
CONCLUSION 4G will look like and what services it will offer to people.
Mobile communications are clearly going to show major However, we can get the general idea about 4G from
enhancements in terms of capabilities of mobile networks. academic research; 4G is the evolution based on 3G’s
The next generation of wireless services, besides improving limitation and it will fulfill the idea of WWWW, World
the overall capacity, will create its own unique demands in Wide Wireless Web, offering more services and smooth
terms of localization, personalization, etc., which will in global roaming with inexpensive cost.
turn, drive the development and continuous evolution of
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