Final PAS PROJECT
Final PAS PROJECT
Final PAS PROJECT
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................3
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Abstract
In these days, when COVID-19 has impacted our lives significantly with its rapid
spread, vaccination is really a need for everyone at every age. Covid-19 vaccination is
an effective way to protect humans against this perilous disease. Thus, based on the
data collected from the Faculty of Management and Tourism of Hanoi University, we
assessed the students' density on vaccination. Thanks to the statistics, we draw to a
close that there is enough statistical evidence to conclude that more than 81% of
HANU’s FMT students had received a Covid-19 vaccine.
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I. Introduction
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on college students' lives and education,
including students at Hanoi University. Due to the complicated situation created by the Covid-19
outbreak, traditional education is becoming more difficult to access. As a result, universities have
to struggle to implement quality online learning programs, followed by the problems of students
studying at those universities such as connection problems or financial problems... In addition,
being infected with Covid-19 also severely affects the health of students, from fever, loss of
smell and taste, persistent cough to shortness of breath even when you recover from it. However,
with the increasing supply of Covid-19 vaccines, the number of students being vaccinated is also
increasing, thus giving college campuses the chance to return to in-person classes, large group
activities, return of college sports, study abroad opportunities, and social gatherings. Besides,
being vaccinated has greatly improved the student's immune system, while reducing symptoms
and the possibility of re-infection and gradually transitioning to community immunity. In our
research, we will demonstrate and focus on the Covid-19 vaccination among FMT students. The
research is presented by using methodology associated with choosing randomly students from
FMT faculty with the help of R Studio. After receiving the answers, we process the data and
obtain the descriptive results. Then, we test the hypothesis: “Are FMT students fully
vaccinated?” Based on the sample statistics, we are going to make a conclusion whether there is
enough statistical evidence to conclude FMT students' attitudes about the importance of Covid-
19 vaccination.
The objective of this project is to estimate the number of students who have been vaccinated
against Covid 19. From there, it can see the coverage of the Vaccine and the importance of the
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vaccine in protecting everyone's health. Therefore, the population that we selected in this project
is FMT faculty students and a sample of 150 students were asked to participate in this project.
2. Questionnaire design
This survey was designed with 13 questions and was conducted among FMT faculty students.
These questions are divided into four main groups. At the beginning, the first 3 questions were
asked to provide personal information of the participants. This information is kept confidential
for the purpose of creating authenticity for the survey. In the next 3 questions, participants were
asked about the frequency and type of vaccines they received. To continue, questions 4,5,6,7 are
designed to investigate the level of infection and illness after vaccination. The final three
questions are intended to assess each person's self-perception of the importance of vaccination.
3. Sample size
After considering several factors that have a profound effect on the outcome of the project along
with time constraints and the number of team members, we decided to choose a sample size of
150 students who depend on the large population of FMT faculty.
a. Sampling method:
To achieve the best data possibility and reduce the errors which can occur while being sampled
such as the repeat of responses or the deviation of statistics, we think that simple random
sampling method is the most suitable method to be used. A list of random 150 students from the
Faculty of Management and Tourism could be easily found to be the participants.
b. Data collection:
After designing questions and choosing samples, we distributed the questionnaire to selected
students on April 19, 2022. This step was quite time-consuming. After that, we sent the survey to
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them through Messenger or Facebook to collect all the answers. Thanks to social networks, we
could easily collect the data.
c. Data processing:
Google Forms was used in order to analyze the results in an efficient and accurate way.
Moreover, Microsoft Excel software was used to create the board and indicated the data as types
of charts, such as bar chart, pie chart, …
d. Level of significance:
With the sample size of 150 students, the significant level of 0.05 for hypothesis testing is
considered as a best choice.
Yes No
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Figure 1: The percentage of FMT students who got COVID-19 vaccinated
The first question is to get information about COVID-19 vaccine coverage in FMT. 150 FMT
students were surveyed, and it can be clearly seen that 100% respondents were injected. For
more details, participants were asked two follow-up questions, which are “What vaccines have
you had?” and “How many doses of COVID-19 vaccine have you had?” and the results,
respectively, are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 below.
Vero-Cell
Comirnaty (Pfizer)
Moderna (Spikevax)
Abdala (Cuba)
Hayat - Vax
Janssen
Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputinik-V)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 2: Types of COVID-19 vaccines and the number of doses in each type among FMT
students
Figure 2 lists several kinds of COVID-19 vaccine, and then it illustrates the number of doses in
each kind of vaccine. In this question, students are allowed to choose more than one option,
therefore, the total can be greater than 150. According to the data from the bar, AstraZeneca is
the farthest popular injection with 95 doses, which nearly doubles Pfizer with 58 doses. Vero-
Cell (44 doses) is in third place. Although Moderna (28 doses) is less common than others above
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and it halves Pfizer, it still much more than four following types. Only 4 doses of Gam-COVID-
Vac were given to students. Besides, there was literally no one who got Abdala (Cuba), Hayat-
Vax or Janssen. It can be realized that the vaccines that are usually mentioned are also the
vaccines that are commonly given.
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 More than 3
From Figure 3, it can be said that the coverage of vaccination among participants is quite
widespread. Most of the respondents have got 3 injections, accounting for 86% of those asked.
Besides, surprisingly, there is one who had more than 3. Some have got 2 doses (13.3%). And no
one stops in the first dose or has never been injected as discussed in the Figure 1 above. Because
of this, we will skip question 4 which raises a question about reasons why the participants did not
get vaccinated.
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Question 5: Have you tested Question 6: Did you get
positive for COVID-19? COVID-19 before or after
vaccination?
NO Before vaccina-
tion
YES After vaccination
To get the general opinion of students about the percentage of positive for COVID-19, we
conducted two questions ‘Have you tested positive for COVID-19?’ and ‘Did you get COVID-19
before or after vaccination?’ which are shown in bar chart 4 and 5, respectively. More than 50%
of 150 participants were infected COVID-19, of which 95% were infected after vaccination and
the remaining 5% were infected at pre-vaccination. From the result, we can clearly see that it is
significantly possible to be positive for COVID-19 even when everyone is vaccinated fully and
thoroughly. However, it is undeniable that the effectiveness of the vaccine's anti-pandemic
properties has been widely applied, as evidenced by the fact that nearly 50% of the reporters
have not been positive for COVID. It is a sign of optimism about the importance of vaccines.
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Question 7: What symptoms do you expe-
rience when you have COVID-19?
Others
Persistent cough
Body ache
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Fever
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 6: The symptoms that you experience when you have COVID-19
COVID-19 affects everyone in different ways. Most people who infected the virus will have
mild to moderate illness and recover without needing to be hospitalized. However, in this survey,
some symptoms for students are shown.
As you can see from the graph, ‘Fatigue’ and ‘Fever’ were said to be the most easily entangled
and most common manifestations in FMT’s students, with 70 and 63 votes in general. The third
one is ‘Persistent cough’ with 60 votes from reporters, which means that this symptom is also a
malignant concern for students who are positive for COVID-19. Besides, the number of students
who chose ‘Body ache’ and ‘Shortness of breath’ symptoms are 50 and 42, respectively. Some
students expressed their own feelings when they infected COVID, for example, they felt
insomnia or stuffy nose and sore throat, or someone was asymptomatic, but this number is a little
(only 1 person) that we have listed as ‘Others’
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Question 8: How does vaccine generally have a role in
prevention and treatment?
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1
Necessary
Unnecessary
Maybe
91
Figure 7 describes students' personal opinions when talking about the role of vaccines in general
in disease prevention and treatment with three categories: ‘Necessary’, ‘Unnecessary’ and
‘Maybe’. We recognized that almost all FMT's students (91%) can view the important role of
vaccines and think that it is really necessary to vaccinate to prevent and against pandemics. A
small part thinks that vaccination to prevent COVID-19 is superfluous and useless or keeps their
neutral opinion.
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Question 9: Do you think vaccination will reduce the
spread of Covid?
YES NO
MAYBE
Figure 8: The percentage of FMT's student who think vaccination will reduce the spread of
COVID
Regarding to the concern that vaccination will prevent the spread of cases in and out of the
community or not, the controversy broke out. The bar chart above illustrates the percentage of
FMT's students who think vaccination will reduce the spread of COVID. With the most choices
from our interviewees, 119 responses of ‘YES’ (equivalent to 79%), people put their absolute
faith and hope in vaccines with the desire to prevent the rapid spread of the disease to people's
lives, and at the same time protect their own health. Meanwhile, the lower number of students
(10 respondents) felt the role of vaccines in the mission against contagion was unachievable.
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In the last question, we want to know which way students think it can decrease the rate of
COVID cases and limit severe symptoms. It should be noted that question 10 on survey: ‘How to
reduce the incidence of COVID-19 or reduce severe complications?’. Each respondent is
allowed to pick more than one option, so it could happen that a student has more solutions than
the others.
Leading is the two resolutions called ‘Get the full dose of the Vaccine’ and ‘Wear a mask and
disinfect often’ which students in FMT believe that it is the best choice in these unprecedented
times, with 132 and 135 responses, sequentially. On the one hand, ‘Stay at home, don’t go
anywhere’ might not be the completely perfect choice for reporters to fight against all the
consequences during the pandemic, with nearly 60 responses in general. Besides, relating to
‘Others’ section, some rare situations also are received and posted on the survey such as ‘Work
out and eat a healthy and balanced diet’. These things have proven that students are very
focused on their own health and are always actively learning effective ways to prevent COVID.
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Question 10: How to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 or IV.
reduce severe complications? IV.
IV.
IV.
140
IV.
120 IV.
100 IV.
80 IV.
IV.
60
IV.
40 IV.
20 IV.
0 IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
Result and Findings of Hypothesis Test
1. Research question
The purpose of our study is to show the popularity of vaccines among Hanu's students. As a
result, all participants (100%) received the COVID-19 vaccine. To find the evidence for testing,
our group devised the following question:
Question 1: Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine? If you choose "No", please next to
question
o Yes
o No
We decided to utilize the one sample Z-test method for proportion by p-value approach based on
the obtained data stated in the preceding descriptive section. The parameter of interest here is p,
and the point estimator for this parameter is p.
2. Data analysis
Let us denote:
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n is the number of Hanoi university students who answered our questionnaire.
^p is sample proportion
3. Assumptions:
(with p = 1 and 1 – p = 0)
- The trials are independent since the outcome of any trial is not affected by the
outcome of the others.
Normal approximation to the sampling distribution can be used:
According to Infographics, by the end of March 11, 2022, Vietnam had injected nearly
200 million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, of which about 81% of the vaccinated
population covered at least 1 dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. From this, denoting p as the
hypothesized population proportion, we have p equals 81% or 0.81
Therefore, with all the conditions satisfied, we decided to use one sample Z-test for
proportion by p-value approach.
Hypothesis: There would be more than 81% of HANU’s FMT students receiving a
Covid-19 vaccine.
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Hypothesis Testing Procedure: there are 2 methods to conducting Hypothesis
Testing
Ho: p = 0.81
Ha: p # 0.81
Step 6: Conclusion:
There is enough evidence to conclude that there are more than 81% of HANU’s
FMT students received a Covid-19 vaccine.
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V. Evaluation
1. Implications
This study of ours received the large participation of 150 students of FMT faculty. It can be seen
that FMT students are very interested in health issues and especially Covid 19 and vaccines. Our
project has drawn some important implications for FMT students' vaccination. First, based on
FMTers' answers, it can be seen that the majority of FMT students have been fully vaccinated.
However, there is still a small group of students who decide not to inject due to several reasons
such as side effects, subjectivity, etc. Vaccination is an effective and safe way to prevent it, but
it's also just a way to prevent it. Therefore, the infection of Covid 19 in students who have been
vaccinated is still happening. According to responses of students in FMT, vaccines help students
prevent and alleviate symptoms of Covid. Many of you find that the symptoms are quite mild
and have similarities with the common flu. Many people don't even have symptoms. This our
project, implication drawn from our project is the importance of vaccines in preventing and
reducing severe symptoms of Covid 19 for FMT students.
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2. Limitations
Errors in a research paper are inevitable. And our project is no exception, although we have tried
our best to minimize errors, there are still limitations that exist in this study. First, because of the
limitation of time and the lack of group members, we only took a small sample of 150 students in
FMT Faculty. Therefore, the conclusions we make at the end of this study may not completely
reflect the vaccine coverage of all FMT students. Next, in this research, we only collect data
through the answers on the questionnaire. Thus, responses may not be completely accurate
because participants may not be honest when filling out the form or are afraid to share their
information.
Regarding Hypothesis Testing, there is enough statistical evidence to conclude that more than
81% of HANU’s FMT students received the Covid-19 vaccine.
Besides, our survey still has many limitations. First of all, due to restrictions in the amount of
time and the covid-19 pandemic, we can only gather 150 responses from Hanoi University
students, specifically in the FMT faculty, thus this sample cannot be representative of all FMT
students. Moreover, we use Google Form to collect data from the students, so this method may
not be really effective since the answers may not be done carefully.
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Based on the results of this survey, we would like to make some recommendations. Firstly, we
think getting a Covid-19 vaccine is very important for each of us since it will provide strong
protection against serious illness and death caused by the virus that causes Covid-19. Therefore,
students should consider taking all Covid-19 vaccine doses that are recommended by their health
authority. It is still possible for you to get reinfected after being vaccinated, so we should
continue keeping a safe distance from others, avoiding crows, wearing face masks whenever you
go outside, and keeping ourselves clean. Secondly, if possible, we would like to expand the
sample size for our survey to improve its accuracy and give more persuasive results.
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Project bonus mark form
Our group would like to be considered for a bonus mark for doing substantial additional work.
We have completed the following parts of the project using the R programming language:
code output
Sampling method No
Graphical No
descriptive methods
(including graphs
for checking test’s
assumptions)
Numerical No
descriptive methods
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Appendix A: R Code
1. Data processing: Reading data file
> setwd("D:/PAS")
> getwd()
2. Hypothesis testing
Appendix B: R Output
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1. Hypothesis testing
[1] "The value of the Z test statistic is 5.931710 and the p-value is 0.000000"
Appendix C: Questionnaire
Survey on online-studying method for FMT students in Hanoi University
We are students from the FMT department of Hanoi University. We are doing a research project
on Vaccination among FMT's students. This questionnaire is designed to help us obtain data for
our research project. Please help us by answering all of the following questions. We highly
appreciate your opinions which are crucial to the completion as well as the quality of our paper.
All responses will be kept private.
Thank you so much for your help!
Questionnaire:
1. Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine? If you choose "No", please next to question 4
o Yes
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o No
□ AstraZeneca
□ Vero-Cell
□ Comirnaty (Pfizer)
□ Moderna (Spikevax)
□ Abdala (Cuba)
□ Hayat - Vax
□ Janssen
□ Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputinik-V)
4. Why do you decide not to get vaccinated? If you have received a COVID-19 vaccine, please
skip this question.
□ Fear of side effects after injection: acne, hand pain, cardiovascular effects
□ Everyone around me has been vaccinated so I won't get infected
□ Don't like the vaccine that I'm going to get
□ Other
o Yes
o No
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6. Did you get COVID-19 before or after vaccination?
o Before vaccination
o After vaccination
□ Fever
□ Tired
□ Shortness of breath
□ Body ache
□ Persistent cough
□ Other
o Necessary
o Unnecessary
o Maybe
o Yes
o No
o Maybe
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Appendix D: Questionnaire results
1. Have you received a COVID-19 vaccine? If you choose "No", please next to question 4
(150 responses)
Answers Number
Yes 150
No 0
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Answers Number
AstraZeneca 95
Vero-Cell 44
Comirnaty (Pfizer) 58
Moderna (Spikevax) 28
Abdala (Cuba) 0
Hayat - Vax 0
Janssen 0
Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputinik-V) 4
3. How many doses of COVID-19 vaccine have you had? (150 responses)
Number 0 20 129 1
4. Why do you decide not to get vaccinated? If you have received a COVID-19 vaccine,
please skip this question. (10 responses)
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Answers Number
Other 0
Answers Number
Yes 81
No 69
Answers Number
Before vaccination 80
After vaccination 4
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7. What symptoms do you experience when you have COVID-19? (88 responses)
Answers Number
Fever 63
Tired 70
Shortness of breath 42
Body ache 50
Persistent cough 60
Other 9
8. How does vaccine generally have a role in prevention and treatment? (150 responses)
Answers Number
Necessary 136
Unnecessary 2
Maybe 12
9. Do you think vaccination will reduce the spread of COVID-19? (150 responses)
Answers Number
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Yes 119
No 10
Maybe 21
10. How to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 or reduce severe complications? (150
responses)
Answers Number
Other 6
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1 Le Thi Huyen Trang 1804000115 FMT - BA
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16 Duong Gia Hue 2004000042 FMT - BA
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31 Tran Thi Hoai Huong 2004040050 FMT – F&B
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46 Nguyen Thi Quynh Nhu 2004000079 FMT
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61 Dang Phuong Thuy 2004010101 FMT
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76 Le Thi Phuong Thai 2006090107 FMT - TR
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91 Do Thi Hong Nhung 1904050029 FMT
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106 Le Lan 2006190030 FMT - TR
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121 Pham Khanh Huyen 2004040059 FMT – F&B
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136 Le Kim Chi 1904010017 FMT
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Appendix F: References
https://infographics.vn/interactive-viet-nam-dat-ty-le-tiem-vaccine-covid-19-trong-top-cao-nhat-
the-gioi/63254.vna?fbclid=IwAR34a_4-
DNz7RMN7qhWMumLcp_JkoP2QJZDGQYKYulcQiW8tw3FqVNwjfok
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