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CHAPTER. 4 ;ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

Evaluation
1. The clitellum is a distinct part in the body of earthworm Lampito mauritii, it is found in?
-b. Segments 14 - 17
2. Sexually, earthworms are - b. Hermaphroditic but not self - fertilizing
3. To sustain themselves, earthworms must guide their way through the soil using their powerful
muscles. They gather nutrients by ingesting organic matter and soil, absorbing what they need
into their bodies.True or False: The two ends of the earthworm can equally ingest soil.
- b. False
4. The head region of Cockroach pairs of and shaped eyes occur.
-a. One pair, sessile compound and kidney shaped
5. The location and numbers of malpighian tubules in Periplaneta.
-a. At the junction of midgut and hindgut, about 150.
6. The type of vision in Cockroach is - c. Mosaic
7. How many abdominal segments are present in male and female Cockroaches?
-a. 10, 10
8. Which of the following have an open circulatory system?-d. Cockroach
9. Buccopharyngeal respiration in frog-d. stops when mouth is opened.
10. Kidney of frog is-b. Mesonephros
11. Presence of gills in the tadpole of frog indicates that-d. frogs evolved from gilled ancestor
12. Choose the wrong statement among the following:
-c. Muscular layer in the body wall of earthworm is made up of only circular muscles.
13. Which of the following are the sense organs of Cockroach?
-a. Antennae, compound eyes, maxillary palps, anal cerci
14. What characteristics are used to identify the earthworms?
-Light brown in colour, with purplish tinge at the anterior end, number of compartments called
segments or metameres,14 to 17 segments thickening clitellum.
15. What are earthworm casts?
-The undigested particles along with earth are passed out through the anus of earthworm, as
worm castings or vermicasts.
16. How do earthworms breathe?
-Respiration takes place in earthworm through the body wall.
-The outer surface of the skin is richly supplied with blood capillaries which aid in the diffusion of
gases.
17. Why do you call cockroach a pest?
-Cockroach carry with them harmful germs of various bacterial diseases like cholera, diarrhoea,
tuberculosis, and typhoid and hence are known as “Vectors”..
18. Comment on the functions of alary muscles?
-The triangular muscles that are responsible for blood circulation in the cockroach are called
alary muscles (13 pairs).
19. Name the visual units of the compound eyes of cockroach.
-Cockroach consists of a pair of compound eyes at the dorsal surface of the head.

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- Each eye is formed of about 2000 simple eyes called the ommatidia (singular: ommatidium).
20. How does the male frog attracts the female for mating?
-The male frog has a pair of vocal sacs and a copulatory or nuptial pad on the ventral side of the first
digit of each forelimb .
- Vocal sacs assist in amplifying the croaking sound of frog.
21. Write the types of respiration seen in frog.
-Frog respires on land and in the water by two different methods.
-In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration).
-In land Respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration & In buccal respiration .
22. Differentiate between peristomium and prostomium in earthworm.
-The mouth is found in the centre of the first segment of the body, called the peristomium.
-Overhanging the mouth is a small flap called the upper lip or prostomium.
23. Give the location of clitellum and spermathecal openings in Lampito mauritii.
-14 to 17 segment with a glandular thickening of the skin called the clitellum.
-Spermathecal openings are three pairs of small ventrolateral apertures lying intersegmentally
between the grooves of the segments 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9.
24. Differentiate between tergum and a sternum.
-The abdomen in both male and female consists of 10 segments. Each segment is covered by the
dorsal tergum.
-The ventral sternum and between them a narrow membranous pleuron on each side.
25. Head of cockroach is called hypognathous. Why?
-The head of cockroach is small, triangular lies at right angle to the longitudinal body axis. the mouth
parts are directed downwards so it is hypognathous.
26. How respiration takes place in cockroach?
-The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed.
- Branched tubes known as trachea open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles or
stigmata, present on the lateral side of the body.
27. What are the components of blood in frog?
-The blood consists of plasma [60%] and blood cells [40 %], red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.

28. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the digestives system of frog.-

29. Explain the reproductive system of frog

-The male frog has a pair of testes which are attached to the kidney and the dorsal body wall by folds
of peritonium called mesorchium.
-Vasa efferentia arise from each testis. They enter the kidneys on both side and open into the bladder
canal. Finally, it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of kidneys and opens into
the cloaca.
-Female reproductive system consists of paired ovaries, attached to the kidneys, and dorsal body
wall by folds of peritoneum called mesovarium.
-There is a pair of coiled oviducts lying on the sides of the kidney. Each oviduct opens into the body-
cavity at the anterior end by a funnel like opening called ostia.

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-Unlike the male frog, the female frog has separate genital ducts distinct from ureters. Posteriorly the
oviducts dilated to form ovisacs before they open into cloaca.
-Ovisacs store the eggs temporarily before they are sent out through the cloaca. Fertilization is
external.

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Extra points
- Earthworm last segment has the anus called the pygidium.
-The common Indian earthworms are 1.Lampito mauritii (Syn. Megascolex mauritii),2. Perioynx
excavatus and 3.Metaphire posthuma (Syn. Pheretima posthuma).
-Earthworm Classification, Phylum : Annelida, Class : Oligochaeta, Order : Haplotaxida,Genus :
Lampito, Species : mauritii.
-S – shaped Setae can be protruded or retracted and their principal role is in locomotion.
-The coelom of earthworm contains the coelomic fluid and serves as a hydrostatic skeleton, in which
the coelomocytes are known to play a major role in regeneration, immunity and wound healing.
-The coelom of earthworm consists of granulocyte or eleocyte ,amoebocytes mucocytes and
leucocytes.
-In Earthworm the dorsal wall of the intestine is folded into the cavity as the typhlosole.
-In Eartworm ,In the anterior part of the body the dorsal vessel is connected with the ventral vessel
by eight pairs of commissural vessels or the lateral hearts lying in the 6th to 13th segments.
-The Photoreceptors (sense of light) - dorsal surface of the body.
-Gustatory (sense of taste) and olfactory receptors (sense of smell) are found in the buccal cavity.
-Tactile receptors (sense of touch), chemoreceptors (detect chemical changes) and
thermoreceptors (changes in temperature) are present in the prostomium and the body wall.

-Coackroach Classification
Phylum : Arthropoda ,Class : Insecta ,Order : Orthoptera ,Genus : Periplaneta,Species : americana.
-Cockroach leg consists of five segments – coxa (large), trochanter (small), femur (long and broad),
tibia (long and thick) and tarsus.
-The last segment of the leg - tarsus has five movable joints or podomeres or tarsomeres.
-150 yellow coloured thin filamentous malphigian tubules which are helpful in removal of the
excretory products from the haemolymph.

-Frog Classification
Phylum : Chordata, Class : Amphibia, Order : Anura, Genus : Rana, Species : hexadactyla
-Truncus arteriosus is a thick walled and cylindrical structure which is obliquely placed on the
ventral surface of the heart.
-During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place through skin.
-Economic importance of Frog
-Frog is an important animal in the food chain; it helps to maintain our ecosystem. So ‘frogs should
be protected’.
-Frog are beneficial to man, since they feed on insects and helps in reducing insect pest population.
-Frogs are used in traditional medicine for controlling blood pressure and for its anti aging
properties.
-In USA, Japan, China and North East of India, frogs are consumed as delicious food as they have high
nutritive value.

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
M.MURUGAN., M.SC,M.PHIL,B.ED,. P.RAJA,.M.SC.M.PHIL,M.ED,.
PG ASST IN ZOOLOGY, PG ASST IN ZOOLOGY,
NEYVELI. NEYVELI.
-8124173439 -8248808330
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER ; 5 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Evaluation
1. Choose the incorrect sentence from the following:
-d. Enterokinase stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice.
2. What is chyme….?-
-c. The process of preparation of incompletely digested acidic food through gastric juice.
3. Which of the following hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?
-c. Cholecysokinin and secretin
4. The sphincter of Oddi guards -a. Hepatopancreatic duct
5. In small intestine, active absorption occurs in case of -d. All the above
6. Which one is incorrectly matched?-b. Renin – liver
7. Absorption of glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides takes place by
-a. Lymph vessels within villi
8. First step in digestion of fat is -a. Emulsification
9. Enterokinase takes part in the conversion of -b. Trypsinogen into trypsin
10. 10.a.Bilirubin & biliverdin- ice
i)intestinal juice
11.a. P-iv,Q-iii,R-I,S-ii.
12.b. P-ii,Q-iv,R-I,S-iii.
13.c. P-iv,Q-iii,R-ii,S-i.
14.a.Production of Insulin

15. Assertion : (A) Large intestine also shows the presence of villi like small intestine.
Reason: (B) Absorption of water takes place in large intestine.
d. A is false but B is true
16. Which of the following is not true regarding intestinal villi?
- d. They only participate in digestion of fats.

17. Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?
-There is no villi in stomach because absorption and assimilation takes place only in Intestine.

18. Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for digestion. Why?
- The liver secrete bile. Bile helps the small intestine by breaking downs fats and making them easier to absorb

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19. List the chemical changes that starch molecule undergoes from the time it reaches the
small intestine.
1.Maltose…..Maltase….> Glucose+Glucose
2.Sucrose….Sucrase….>Glucose+Fractose
3.Lactose….Lactase….>Glucose+Galactose

20. How do proteins diff er from fats in their energy value and their role in the body?
- Fat has a caloric value of 9.45 Kcal and a physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal per gram.
- The caloric value and physiological fuel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 Kcal and 4 Kcal
respectively.

21. Digestive secretions are secreted only when needed. Discuss.

-The smell, sight and taste as well as the mechanical stimulation of food in the mouth, triggers a reflex
action which results in the secretion of saliva.
-The mechanical digestion starts in the mouth by grinding and chewing of food. It is called
mastication.

-The saliva contain water, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO3), salivary amylase (ptyalin)
-polysaccharides……ptyaline…> disaccharides.
Stomach;
-pepsinogen…..Hcl….> pepsin,
-protein….pepsin….> protease+peptones,
-casinogen….Renin….> casin
Intestine;
Pancreas
Trypsinogen….enterokinase….> Trypsin,
Chymotrypsinogen….trypsin….> chymotrypsin.
Starch….amylase….> maltose.
Glycerides….Lipase….>fatty acids+glycerols
Bile;
-Fat…..>chillomicron

22. Label the given diagram.

A.Right hepatic duct of liver
B.Common heapatic duct
C.Pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung)
D.Heapatopancreatic duct
E.Cystic duct.

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Extra points

-Each tooth is embedded in a socket in the jaw bone; this type of attachment is called thecodont.
-I, C, PM and M can be represented by a dental formula, in human the dental formula is 2123/2123.

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-Mineral salts like calcium and magnesium are deposited on the teeth and form a hard layer of ‘tartar’
or calculus called plaque.
-The wall of the duodenum has Brunner’s glands which secrete mucus and enzymes.
-Ileal mucosa also contain mucus secreting goblet cells and lymphoid tissue known as Peyer’s
patches which produce lymphocytes.
-The wall of the small intestine bears crypts between the base of villi called crypts of Leiberkuhn.
-The daily secretion of saliva from salivary glands ranges from 1000 to 1500mL.
- Targest parotids gland in the cheeks- Stenson’s duct,
-The sub-maxillary/ sub-mandibular in the lower jaw- Wharton’s duct,
-The sublingual beneath the tongue-Bartholin’s duct or duct of Rivinis.
- In stomach Chief cells or peptic cells or zymogen cells in the gastric glands secrete gastric enzymes
and Goblet cells secrete mucus.
-In human liver Each lobe has many hepatic lobules (functional unit of liver) and is covered by a thin
connective tissue sheath called the Glisson’s capsule.
- Th e opening of the hepato-pancreatic duct into the duodenum is guarded by a sphincter called the
sphincter of Oddi

- The saliva contain water, electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO3), salivary amylase (ptyalin), antibacterial
agent lysozyme and a lubricating agent mucus (a glycoprotein).
- Protein deficient diet during early stage of children may lead to protein energy malnutrition such as
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.
- Degree of obesity is assessed by body mass index (BMI). A normal BMI range for adult is 19-25;
above 25 is considered as obese.
- Nobel Prize for the year 2005 was awarded to Robin Warren and Barry Marshall for the discovery of
Helicobacter pylori which causes peptic ulcer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

M.MURUGAN., M.SC,M.PHIL,B.ED,. P.RAJA,.M.SC.M.PHIL,M.ED,.

PG ASST IN ZOOLOGY, PG ASST IN ZOOLOGY,
NEYVELI. NEYVELI.
-8124173439 -8248808330

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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