5. Canacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqtebi.

sluckis gantoleba

Canacvlebisa da Semosavlis efeqtebi

momxmareblis qcevis modelis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovan pasuxgasacem

kiTxvas warmoadgens is, Tu rogoria moTxovnis reaqcia fasis cvlilebaze.
Cveulebriv, iTvleba, rom momxmarebeli saqonlis met raodenobas yidulobs
fasis Semcirebisas da nakleb raodenobas – fasis gadidebisas. magram nax 5.1-
ze naCvenebia, rom aseT reaqcias SeiZleba yovelTvis ar hqondes adgili. war-
modgenili samive SemTxveva Seesabameba situacias, roca momxmarebeli arCevans
akeTebs sargeblianobis maqsimizaciis kriteriumiT fasebis mimarT ჩაazneqili
upiratesobebis dros. rogorc vxedavT, pirveli saqonlis fasis Semcireba
nax. 5.1a-ze iwvevs amave saqonelze moTxovnis zrdas, nax. 5.1b-ze ar iwvevs moT-
xovnis cvlilebas, xolo nax. 5.1g-ze iwvevs moTxovnis Semcirebas. samive SemT-
xveva momxmareblis qcevis ganxilul modelTan srul TavsebadobaSia. maSin
ras asabuTebs fasebis cvlilebasTan mimarTebaSi moTxovnis cvlilebis
standartuli Teoria?

nax. 5.1.
pasuxis gacema daviwyoT intuiciur doneze. roca saqonlis fasi mcir-
deba, arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli konceptualuri mizezi, ris gamoc SeiZleba
moTxovna Seicvalos. pirveli, es aris is, rom saqoneli, romlis fasic Sem-
cirda, sxva danarCenebTan SefardebiT ufro iafdeba. radganac momxmareblis-
Tvis yvela saqoneli, romlis yidvasac igi apirebs, zogadad, mimzidvelia,
amitom, ucvleli Semosavlis pirobebSic ki, mosalodnelia, rom momxmarebეli
Seecdeba SedarebiT Zviri saqonelis garkveuli raodenoba Caanacvlos Seda-
rebiT iafi saqonlis Sesabamisi raodenobiT. amas Canacvlebis efeqti
(substitution effect, 𝑆𝐸) ewodeba. paralelurad, fasis cvlilebisas momxmareblis
34
msyidvelobiTi unari, zogad SemTxvevaSi, cvlilebas ganicdis. rodesac rome-
lime saqonlis fasi mcirdeba, momxmareblis msyidvelobiTi unari faqtobri-
vad izrdeba. es mas saSualebas aZlevs, Sesabamisad Secvalos saqonelTa nak-
rebSi Semaval SesaZen saqonelTa raodenobebi. msyidvelobiTi unaris cvlile-
biT gamowveul moTxovnis cvlilebas Semosavlis efeqti (income effect, 𝐼𝐸) ewo-
deba.
Canacvlebisa da Semosavlebis efeqtebis intuiciuri cnebebis formali-
zebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva midgoma. am SemTxvevaSi Cven miv-
marTavT hiksis mier SemoTavazebul wess.

fasis cvlilebis mTliani efeqtis dekompozicia

hiksis mixedviT, fasis cvlilebis mTliani efeqtis dekompozicia (Semad-

genel nawilebad daSla) daviwyoT dakvirvebis momentidan, roca momxmarebeli
sawyisi fasebis (anu cvlilebamde fasebis) pirobebSi aRwevs sargeblianobis
raime mocemul dones. Canacvlebis efeqtis intuiciuri cnebis formaluri
warmodgena Semdegia: Canacvlebis efeqti warmoadgens moTxovnis iseT hipoTe-
tikur cvlilebas, romelic im SemTxvevaSi moxdeboda, roca, fasebis Sefar-
debiTi cvlilebis miuxedavad, momxmareblis mier miRweuli sargeblianobis
maqsimaluri done fasebis cvlilebamde arsebul doneze darCeboda. rac See-
xeba Semosavlis efeqts, igi moTxovnis mTliani cvlilebis is nawilia, rome-
lic Canacvlebis efeqtis gamoklebis Semdeg miiReba. yuradReba miaqcieT imas,
rom Semosavlis efeqtis ganmartebidan _ rogorc mTliani efeqtis narCeno-
biTi wevri _ gamomdinareobs, rom Canacvlebisა da Semosavlis efeqtebis jami
zustad mTlian efeqts udris.
ganvixiloT nax. 5.2a da davuSvaT, rom momxmarebels dasawyisSi saqme
aqvs 𝑝10 da 𝑝20 fasebTan da 𝑀 SemosavalTan. igi yidulobs saqonelTa 𝑥10 da 𝑥20
kombinacias, rac saSualebas aZlevs miaRwios sargeblianobis 𝑢0 dones. nax
5.2a-ze am situacias Seesabameba 𝐴 wertili.
davuSvaT, rom pirveli saqonlis fasi Semcirda da Seadgina 𝑝11 . am cvli-
lebis mTliani efeqti gamoixateba pirveli saqonlis moxmarebis 𝑥11 -mde gazr-
daSi da meore saqonlis moxmarebis 𝑥21 -mde SemcirebaSi (nax. 5.2a-ze am process
Seesabameba 𝐴 wertilidan 𝐵 wertilSi gadasvla). rom gamoviyenoT hiksis mi-

35
xedviT dekompozicia, saWiroa azrobrivi eqsperimentis Catareba, romlis
drosac pirveli saqonlis axali 𝑝11 fasis pirobebSi momxmarebels saSualeba
eZleva arCevani gaakeTos ganurCevlobis sawyis 𝑢0 mrudze. es gamoiyureba ise,
TiTqos Cven momxmarebels fasebis axali Tanafardobis pirobebSi SevumcireT
Semosavali da SevTavazeT ganaxorcielos maqsimaluri sargeblis momtani
nakrebis arCevani am SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT. cxadia, am situaciaSi mom-
xmarebeli gazrdis pirveli saqonlis moxmarebas 𝑥10 -dan 𝑥1𝑠 -mde, radgan igi
SefardebiT gaiafda da Seamcirebs meore saqonlis moxmarebas 𝑥20 -dan 𝑥2𝑠 -mde,
radgan igi SefardebiT gaZvirda (nax. 5.2a-ze am cvlilebebs 𝐴 wertilidan 𝐶
wertilSi gadasvla Seesabameba). moTxovnis aseTi hipoTetikuri cvlileba
hiksis mixedviT warmoadgens swored pirvel da me-2 saqonelTa Canacvlebis
efeqts da mTlianad dakavSirebulia fasebis SefardebiT cvlilebasTan im
pirobebSi, roca momxmareblis sargeblianoba ucvlelia.

nax. 5.2.

36
 axla vnaxoT, mTliani efeqtis ra nawils Seadgens Semosavlis efeqti.
amisaTvis unda ganvixiloT hipoTeturi cvlileba, romelic ukavSirdeba 𝐶
wertilidan 𝐵 wertilSi gadasvlas, anu pirveli saqonlis moxmarebis 𝑥1𝑠 -dan
𝑥11 -mde cvlilebas da meore saqonlis moxmarebis 𝑥2𝑠 -dan 𝑥21 -mde cvlilebas.
SevniSnoT, rom es swored is cvlilebebia, romelic ganxorcieldeba im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tuki axali fasebis da sargeblianobis sawyisi 𝑢0 donis pirobebSi
momxmareblis Semosavali gaizrdeboda ise, rom hipoTeturi wyvetili
sabiujeto SezRudvis wiri gadaadgildeba fasis cvlilebis amsaxvel
saboloo sabiujeto wiris donemde, romelic exeba ganurCevlobis 𝑢1 mruds.
swored am TvalsazrisiT, hiksis mixedviT, Semosavlis efeqti aris moTxovnis
cvlileba, romelic mxolod fasis cvlilebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
axla ganvixiloT nax. 5.2b, sadac ignorirebulia meore saqonelTan daka-
vSirebuli cvlilebebi da yuradReba mxolod pirvel saqonelzea koncentri-
rebuli. cxadia, rom (𝑝10 , 𝑥10 ) da (𝑝11 , 𝑥11 ) wertilebi mdebareobs pirveli saqon-
lis marSalis moTxovnis mrudze. analogiurad, (𝑝10 , 𝑥10 ) da (𝑝11 , 𝑥1𝑠 ) wertilebi
mdebareobs pirveli saqonlis hiksis moTxovnis mrudze, romelic gansaz-
Rvrulia sargeblianobis sawyisi 𝑢0 donisaTvis. rogorc vxedavT, saqonelze
hiksis moTxovnis mrudi zustad asaxavs am saqonlis fasis cvlilebiT
warmoqmnil Canacvlebis efeqts hiksis mixedviT. Tavis mxriv, marSalis
moTxovnis mrudi asaxavs fasis cvlilebis mTlian efeqts am saqonelze. es
ori mrudi, hiksis mixedviT Semosavlis efeqtis arsebobis gamo, erTmaneTisgan
am efeqtis sididis toli manZiliTaa gadaxrili.
mTliani efeqtis dekompozicia hiksis mixedviT saSualebas iZleva mkacri
analitikuri wesis gamoyenebiT erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ori sxvadasxva Za-
la, romelic fasis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs moTxovnis cvlilebas. am
ideis ufro zusti da zogadi gamosaxva sxva ufro mosaxerxebeli formiTac
SeiZleba. kerZod, kavSiri mTlian efeqts, Canacvlebis efeqtsa da Semosavlis
efeqts Soris moicema sluckis gantolebiT, romelsac zogjer ~moTxovnis
Teoriis fundamentur gantolebasac~ uwodeben.

sluckis gantoleba

37
 Teorema. vTqvaT 𝑥𝑖∗ = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑀), 𝑖 = 1,2, marSalis moTxovnis funqciebia,
xolo 𝒖 sargeblianobis donea, romelsac momxmarebeli aRwevs 𝑃 = (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 )
fasebisa da 𝑀 Semosavlis pirobebSi, e. i. 𝒖 = 𝑉(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑀). maSin adgili aqvs
Semdeg Sesabamisobaს:

𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)

= − 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2, (5.1)
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀
sadac 𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) _ rogorc aqamde, axlac aRniSnavs hiksis moTxovnis funqciis
mniSvnelobas sargeblianobis 𝒖 = 𝑉(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑀) donis pirobebSi.
vidre davamtkicebT am SesaniSnav Teoremas, unda aRvniSnoT, rom Sinaar-
sobrivad (5.1)-is marcxena mxareSi mocemuli gamosaxuleba axasiaTebs 𝑗 saqon-
lis fasis cvlilebis mTlian efeqts, romelic aisaxeba 𝑖 saqonlis moTxovna-
ze; 𝜕𝐻𝑖 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 aris moTxovnaze Canacvlebis efeqtis gavlena, xolo [−𝐷𝑗 (𝜕𝐷𝑖 ⁄𝜕𝑀)]
_ Semosavlis efeqtis aRmniSvnelia.
damtkiceba. gavixsenoT mniSvnelovani (4.2) igiveoba, romelic TvalsaCinos
xdis kavSirurTierTobas kompensirebuli moTxovnis (anu hiksis moTxovnis) da
arakompensirebuli moTxovnis (marSalis moTxovnis) funqciebs Soris:
𝐻𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)), 𝑖 = 1,2.
radganac es igiveoba marTebulia fasebis yvela dadebiTi mniSvnelobisTvis,
amitom misi orive mxare SegviZlia gavawarmooT 𝑝𝑗 -Ti. am tolobis marcxena
mxareSi mdgari hiksis moTxovnis funqciis gawarmoeba advilia, radganac fas-
ze igi mxolod pirdapiraa damokidebuli. marjvena mxareSi mdgari marSalis
moTxovnis funqcia fasze damokidebulia rogorc pirdapir, aseve arapirdapir,
danaxarjebis funqciis saSualebiT. amitom marjvena mxareSi rTuli funqciis
gawarmoebis wesis gamoyeneba mogviwevs. yovelive amis Sedegad miviRebT:

𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖))

= +
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗
𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)) 𝜕𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)
+ ∙ , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑝𝑗
gaviTvaliswinoT am gamosaxulebaSi CvenTvis ukve cnobili Separdis lema,
romlis Tanaxmadac
𝜕𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)
= 𝐻𝑗 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖), 𝑗 = 1,2,
𝜕𝑝𝑗

38
agreTve is garemoeba, rom 𝐻𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) = 𝐷𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)), 𝑖 = 1,2, da
𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) = 𝑀, miviRebT
𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)
= + 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2. (5.2)
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀
aSkaraa, rom martivi gardaqmniT es ukanaskneli SeiZleba (5.1)-Si moyvanili
saxiT (anu sluckis gantolebis saxiT) gadavweroT:
𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)
= − 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀
r. d. g.
sluckis gantolebis mTavari mniSvnelovneba isaa, rom igi saSualebas
iZleva fasis cvlilebiT warmoqmnili dakvirvebadi mTliani efeqti davSaloT
dakvirvebad Semosavlis efeqtisa da aradakvirvebad Canacvlebis efeqtis
jamad. kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca cvlilebas ganicdis mocemuli saqonlis
sakuTari fasi sluckis gantoleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)
= − 𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑖 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑀
am gantolebis marcxena mxare 𝑖 saqonelze marSalis moTxovnis funqciis
mrudis daxrilobaa _ moTxovnis sididis reaqcia saqonlis fasis cvli-
lebaze, anu is, risi axsnac Cven gvainteresebs. am daxrilobis gansazRvris-
aTvis saWiroa, vicodeT hiksis moTxovnis mrudis daxriloba, magram is
uSualod dakvirvebadi ar aris. ra SeiZleba vTqvaT aseT moTxovnis mrudze
Tuki is arakvirvebadia? ucnauria, magram aq ganxilul Teorias SeuZlia
sakmaod bevri ram gvacnobos hiksis moTxovnaze da, maSasadame, Canacvlebis
koeficientebze, imis miuxedavad dakvirvebadia Tu ara isini.
Teorema. vTqvaT, 𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑢) aris 𝑖 saqonelze moTxovnis funqcia. maSin
𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖)
≤ 0, 𝑖 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑖
maSasadame, es Teorema asabuTebs, rom saqonelze moTxovnis hiksis funqciis
mruds unda hqondes uaryofiTi (aradadebiTi) daxra Tavisi fasis mimarT.
damtkiceba. gavixsenoT Separdis lema, romlis Tanaxmadac
𝜕𝑚(𝑃, 𝑢)
= 𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑢), 𝑖 = 1,2
𝜕𝑝𝑖
𝑃-sa da 𝑢-s nebismieri dadebiTi mniSvnelobebisTvis. ganmeorebiT gavawarmooT
es gamosaxuleba 𝑝𝑖 -iT. miviRebT:
39
 𝜕 2 𝑚(𝑃, 𝑢) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑢)
= , 𝑖 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑖2 𝜕𝑝𝑖
danaxarjebis funqciis Tvisebebis ganxilvisas zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom is
Cazneqilia. meore mxriv, cnobilia, rom aseTi funqciis me-2 rigis kerZo
warmoebulebi aradadebiTia. ase, rom moyvanili Teorema marTebulia.

▼ magaliTi 7. davuSvaT, rom sargeblianobis funqciaa 𝑼(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝜶𝟏 𝒙𝟏−𝜶

𝟐 .

vTqvaT, pirveli saqonlis fasi mcire sididiT Seicvala. davadginoT rogori

konkretuli saxe eqneba am pirobebSi sluckis gantolebas pirveli
saqonlisTvis:

𝜕𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻1 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀)

= − 𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) .
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑀
dasawyisSi ganvixiloT sargeblianobis maqsimizaciis amocana da mis
safuZvelze ganvsazRvroT 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀), 𝑗 = 1,2 da 𝑉(𝑃, 𝑀) funqciebi:
𝛼𝑀 (1 − 𝛼)𝑀 𝛼 𝛼 1 − 𝛼 1−𝛼
𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) = , 𝐷2 (𝑃, 𝑀) = , 𝑉(𝑃, 𝑀) = ( ) ( ) 𝑀
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝1 𝑝2
Tavis mxriv, danaxarjebis minimizaciis amocanidan miviRebT 𝐻𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑢), 𝑗 = 1,2 da
𝑚(𝑃, 𝑢) funqciebs:
𝛼 1−𝛼 𝑝2 1−𝛼 1 − 𝛼 𝛼 𝑝1 𝛼
𝐻1 (𝑃, 𝑢) = ( ) ( ) 𝑢, 𝐻2 (𝑃, 𝑢) = ( ) ( ) 𝑢,
1−𝛼 𝑝1 𝛼 𝑝2

𝑝1 𝛼 𝑝2 1−𝛼
𝑚(𝑃, 𝑢) = ( ) ( ) 𝑢.
𝛼 1−𝛼
am pirobebSi gvaqvs

𝜕𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝛼𝑀 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝛼 𝜕𝐻1 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝛼 1−𝛼

=− 2, = , =( ) (1 − 𝛼)𝑝21−𝛼 𝑝1𝛼−2 𝒖
𝜕𝑝1 𝑝1 𝜕𝑀 𝑝1 𝜕𝑝1 1−𝛼
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom 𝑢 = 𝑉(𝑃, 𝑀), miviRebT

𝜕𝐻1 (𝑃, 𝑉(𝑝, 𝑀)) 𝛼 1−𝛼 1−𝛼 𝛼−2

𝛼 𝛼 1 − 𝛼 1−𝛼 𝛼(𝛼 − 1)𝑀
=( ) (𝛼 − 1)𝑝2 𝑝1 ( ) ( ) 𝑀= .
𝜕𝑝1 1−𝛼 𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝12
maSasadame,

𝜕𝐻1 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝛼(𝛼 − 1)𝑀 𝛼𝑀 𝛼 𝛼𝑀 𝛼𝑀

− 𝐷1 (𝑃, 𝑀) = 2 − ∙ = 2 (𝛼 − 1 − 𝛼) = − 2 . ∎
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑀 𝑝1 𝑝1 𝑝1 𝑝1 𝑝1

40
 (5.1) saxiT mocemuli sluckis gantoleba, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebs
mTliani moTxovnis cvlilebas im SemTxvevisaTvis, roca fasis cvlileba
usasrulod mcire erTeulis toli sididiT xdeba. magram rodesac 𝑗 saqonlis
fasi raime ∆𝑝𝑗 sididiT icvleba, maSin 𝑖 saqonelze moTxovnis mTliani ∆𝐷𝑖
cvlilebis dasaxasiaTeblad (5.1)-is nacvlad unda gavixiloT Semdegi saxiT
gardaqmnili gantoleba:
𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)
∆𝐷𝑖 ≈ ∆𝑝𝑗 = ∆𝑝𝑗 − 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) ∆𝑝𝑗 , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀

sluckis gantoleba ramdenime fasis erTdrouli cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi

aRsaniSnavia, rom sluckis gantoleba ara marto mxolod erTi romelime

saqonlis fasis cvlilebiT gamowveuli efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva;
masze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba gavaanalizoT agreTve yvela saqonlis fasis
erTdrouli cvlilebis SemTxveva. es rom gavakeToT (5.1)-Si mocemuli
sluckis gantolebebi Semdegi matriculi formiT gadavweroT

𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻1 (𝑝, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐻1 (𝑝, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀)
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 𝐷1 𝐷2
= −( 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀 )
𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻2 (𝑝, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐻2 (𝑝, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀)
𝐷1 𝐷2
( 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 ) ( 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 ) 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀

es gamosaxuleba cxadad gviCvenebs, rom, Tu fasebis 𝑃 = (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 ) veqtori Seic-

vleba (∆𝑝1 , ∆𝑝2 ) sididiT, maSin TiToeuli saqonlis moTxovnis mTliani cvli-
lebis maxasiaTeblad unda ganvixiloT (∆𝑥1 , ∆𝑥2 ) veqtori, romelic Semdegi
saxiT ganisazRvreba

𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷1 (𝑝, 𝑀)

∆𝑝1 + ∆𝑝2
∆𝑥 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 ∆𝑝
( 1) ≈ = ( 1 ),
∆𝑥2 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐷2 (𝑝, 𝑀) ∆𝑝2
∆𝑝1 + ∆𝑝2
( 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 ) ( 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 )
an rac igive

𝜕𝐻1 𝜕𝐻1 𝜕𝐷1 𝜕𝐷1

𝐷1 𝐷 𝑠 𝑀
∆𝑥
( 1) ≈
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2
(
∆𝑝1
)−( 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀 2 ) (∆𝑝1 ) = (∆𝑥1 ) − (∆𝑥1 ).
∆𝑥2 𝜕𝐻2 𝜕𝐻2 ∆𝑝2 𝜕𝐷2 𝜕𝐷2 ∆𝑝2 ∆𝑥2𝑠 ∆𝑥2𝑀
𝐷 𝐷2
( 𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑝2 ) 𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑀

am gamosaxulebis Sedegobrivi nawilis pirveli veqtoris elementebi, ∆𝑥1𝑠 da

∆𝑥2𝑠 , Sesabamis saqonlTaTvis Canacvlebis efeqtebs aRniSnaven, romelic hiqsis
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moTxovnis funqciis cvlilebiT ganisazRvreba. meore veqtoris ∆𝑥1𝑀 da ∆𝑥2𝑀
elementebi ki Semosavlis efeqtebis mniSvnelobebia. SegaxsenebT, rom am
ukanasknelTa arsebobas fasebis cvlilebisas momxmareblis ~msyidvelobiTi
unaris~ cvlileba ganapirobebs.

sluckis gantolebis Sedegebi

davubrundeT kvlav sluckis sawyis gantolebas da ganvixiloT SemTxveva,

roca cvlilebas mxolod erTi romelime saqonlis fasi ganicdis. zemoT Cven
aRvniSneT, rom sluckis gantolebis marjvena mxareSi Semavali wevri
𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑝, 𝒖)/𝝏𝒑𝒋 Canacvlebis efeqtis maxasiaTebelia. sxvanairad mas Canacvlebis
koeficientsac uwodeben. SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom Canacvlebis efeqti
(koeficienti) simetriulia anu adgili aqvs Semdeg tolobas:
𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐻𝑗 (𝑃, 𝒖)
= .
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖
marTlac, ganvixiloT Separdis lemis Sedegi, oRond igi amjerad Semdegi
saxiT CavweroT:
𝜕𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)
= 𝐻𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖), 𝑖 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑖
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
𝜕 2 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) 𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)
= .
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑗
iungis Teoremis Tanaxmad1 danaxarjebis funqciis meore rigis warmoebulebi
akmayofilebs simetriulobis Semdeg pirobas
𝜕 2 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) 𝜕 2 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖)
= ,
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑗
amitom gveqneba

𝜕𝐻𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑢) 𝜕 2 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) 𝜕 2 𝒎(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝒖) 𝜕𝐻𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑢)

= = =
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖

an rac igivea
𝜕𝐻𝑖 𝜕𝐷𝑖 𝜕𝐷𝑖 𝜕𝐷𝑗 𝜕𝐷𝑗 𝜕𝐻𝑗
= + 𝐷𝑗 = + 𝐷𝑖 = , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑝𝑖

1
SegaxsenebT, rom iungis Teoremis Tanaxmad mravali cvladis funqciis maRali rigis
warmoebulebis gamoTvlisas argumentebis mimarT gawarmoebis Tanmimdevrobas mniSv-
neloba ar aqvs.
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am Sedegidan gamomdinareobs, rom sluckis gantolebis kidev erT variants
warmoadgens
𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑗 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑖 (𝑃, 𝑀)
= − 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2.
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑖 𝜕𝑀
moTxovnis kanonzomierebebis analizis dros 𝑖 da 𝑗-s SesaZlo kombina-
ciebidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa SemTxveva, roca 𝑖 = 𝑗. cxadia, am situa-
ciaSi sluckis gantoleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs;
𝜕𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) 𝜕𝐻𝑗 (𝑃, 𝒖) 𝜕𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀)
= − 𝐷𝑗 (𝑃, 𝑀) , 𝑗 = 1,2. (5.3)
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀
Zneli ar aris SevniSnoT, rom mocemuli gantoleba aRwers 𝑗 saqonlis
moTxovnaze misive fasis cvlilebis gavlenas.
(5.3) gamoiyeneba saqonelTa tipebis dasaxasiaTeblad. kerZod, mocemul 𝑗
saxeobis saqonels ewodeba:
normaluri saqoneli, roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 < 0;
hifinis saqoneli, roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 > 0;
xarisxovani (pirveli kategoriis) saqoneli, roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 > 0;
mdare (meore kategoriis) saqoneli, roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 < 0.
zemoT Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom sluckis (5.3) gantolebaSi Semavali
kompensirebuli moTxovnis sidide 𝜕𝐻𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 (Canacvlebis efeqti) yovelTvis
aradadebiTia, ris gamoc adgili unda hqondes utolobas:
𝜕𝐷𝑗 𝜕𝐷𝑗
+ 𝐷𝑗 ≤ 0.
𝜕𝑝𝑗 𝜕𝑀
meore mxriv, marSalis (arakompensirebuli) moTxovnis funqcia 𝐷𝑗 (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑀) ≥ 0.
am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (5.3)-dan Semdeg daskvnebi gamomdinareobs:
roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 > 0, maSin 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 < 0;
roca 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 > 0, maSin 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 < 0.
maSasadame, hifinis saqoneli ar SeiZleba iyos xarisxovani, anu pirveli
kategoriis saqoneli.
zogad SemTxvevaSi yoveli saqoneli erT-erT Semdeg kategoriaSi xvdeba:
normaluri da xarisxovani (𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 < 0; 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 > 0);
normaluri da mdare (𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 < 0; 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 < 0);
hifinis saqoneli da mdare (𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑝𝑗 > 0; 𝜕𝐷𝑗 ⁄𝜕𝑀 < 0).

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