Phy Vivaqa
Phy Vivaqa
Phy Vivaqa
ANSWERS
1.UNIFORM bending:-
11. Why is the length of the beam away from the two knife edges are same?
Ans:By keeping the length of the beam away from the knife edges the same, the bending
moment is distributed uniformly along the length of the beam, ensuring that the beam bends
uniformly. If the length away from the knife edges were different, the bending moment would
not be distributed uniformly, resulting in non-uniform bending and inaccurate results in
determining the material’s properties.
12. Define: linear stress, linear strain, longitudinal stress and longitudinal strain.
Ans: 1.Linear strain:- The ratio of the change in the dimension of the body due to the
deformation to its original dimension in the direction of the force applied.
2.Longitudinal strain:-It is the change in length to its original length of the
object.
3.linear stress:-Linear stress refers to the physical force applied to an object per unit
area, resulting in deformation of the object. It is also known as normal stress or axial stress,
and it is typically expressed in units of newtons per square meter (N/m²).
4.longitudinal stress:-Stress experienced by an object along its length due to the
presence of equal and opposite deforming forces perpendicular to the area of cross-section is
called longitudinal stress.
2. How the moment of inertia varies with the mass of the body?
Ans:The moment of inertia increases with the mass of the body, but it also depends on
the distribution of the mass. If the mass is distributed farther away from the axis of
rotation, the moment of inertia will be higher. This is because more force is required
to overcome the object's rotational inertia and change its angular velocity.
3. What is torsion and what causes torsion in a body?
Ans:Torsion is a type of deformation that occurs in a body when it is subjected to a
twisting force or torque.
The cause of torsion in a body is the application of a twisting force or torque. When a
force is applied to one end of a body while the other end is fixed or restrained, the
body will twist and deform. The magnitude of the torsion depends on the applied
torque and the properties of the material.
3.DIFFRACTION GRATING
6. What is the difference between prism and grating spectrum? What are the
advantages of a grating over a prism?
Ans:
Prism Spectra Grating Spectra
● Obtained from using Prism ● Obtained using grating prism
● Regular triangular type of prism ● Grating Prism
● The spectrum is created due to the ● The spectrum is created due to the
dispersion of light diffraction of light
7. What is a Plane diffraction grating? How are they made? Name different types
of gratings.
Ans: A large number of narrow rectangular slits arranged side by side of width equal
to width of wavelength of light with equal opaque spaces. OR An arrangement
consisting of a large number of parallel slits with specific ‘grating constant’ is called
diffraction grating.
Gratings are made by ruling fine grooves by a diamond point either on a plane glass
surface to produce a transmission grating or on a metal mirror to produce a reflection
grating. Different types of Grating are;
1. Transmission Grating
2. Reflection Grating
8.What is meant by grating constant? Does the spectrum depend on the material
of the grating?
Ans: The spacing between two consecutive lines is called grating constant. Spectrum
is independent on the material of the grating.
9. How does the spacing between the rulings behave? What is the effect of
spacing between the rulings on the angle of diffraction?
Ans:The spacing between the rulings (or grooves) on a diffraction grating affects the
diffraction pattern observed when light is passed through the grating. Specifically, the
spacing between the rulings determines the angle at which different orders of
diffraction occur.The angle of diffraction is inversely proportional to the spacing
between the rulings. This means that increasing the spacing between the rulings will
result in a smaller angle of diffraction for a given wavelength of light, while
decreasing the spacing will result in a larger angle of diffraction.
10. Explain the order of the spectrum. How does the 2nd order spectrum differ
from 1st order spectrum?
Ans:The order of the spectrum refers to the number of times that the diffracted light has
undergone diffraction within the grating structure
The first-order spectrum is the spectral pattern produced when the incident
light is diffracted once by the grating structure. The first-order spectrum contains the
most intense and prominent spectral lines and is the easiest to observe.
The second-order spectrum is the spectral pattern produced when the incident light
is diffracted twice by the grating structure. The second-order spectrum is typically much
fainter and less intense than the first-order spectrum, as it represents a much smaller
portion of the total diffracted light. The spectral lines in the second-order spectrum are
also shifted to higher wavelengths than those in the first-order spectrum.
11.Define angle of minimum deviation. Why the grating is adjusted for minimum
deviation position?Which colour is more deviated in this experiment? Why?
Ans:The angle of minimum deviation is the angle at which a prism or a diffraction
grating produces the least amount of deviation of light passing through it.
In the case of a diffraction grating, adjusting it for the angle of minimum deviation can
improve the resolution and clarity of the spectral lines observed from the diffracted
light
the light with the longest wavelength will experience the greatest deviation in a
diffraction grating experiment. This corresponds to the color red, which has the
longest wavelength in the visible spectrum.
The reason is the greater the wavelength of light, the greater the deviation it
experiences. This is due to the fact that the diffraction grating causes the incident light
to diffract in different directions depending on the wavelength of the light.
12.In the Hg spectrum, which lines are prominent and which are weak? What
could be the reason for variation in intensities of spectral lines?
Ans:In the mercury (Hg) spectrum, there are several spectral lines of varying
intensities. The most prominent spectral lines are located at 404.7 nm (violet), 435.8
nm (blue), 546.1 nm (green), 576.9 nm (yellow), and 579.1 nm (yellow)In contrast,
there are also weaker spectral lines present in the Hg spectrum, which may be more
difficult to observe. Some of the weaker spectral lines in the Hg spectrum include
those at 623.4 nm (red) and 690.7 nm (red). The efficiency of the diffraction grating in
diffracting and dispersing the incident light. Some diffraction gratings may have
higher or lower efficiency in diffracting certain wavelengths of light, resulting in
variations in the intensity of the spectral lines observed.
13.Can a grating be used for studying spectra in the UV or infrared region? If so,
what should be its characteristic? Can a prism be so used?
Ans:Yes, a grating can be used for studying spectra in the UV or infrared region.
For studying spectra in the UV region, a grating with a high ruling density or
small groove spacing is required. This is because the wavelength of UV light is
shorter than visible light and therefore requires a higher density of grooves to produce
diffraction. Infrared light, on the other hand, has longer wavelengths than visible light,
so a grating with a lower ruling density or wider groove spacing is needed to produce
diffraction.
Prisms can also be used to study spectra in both the UV and infrared regions,
but they are typically less efficient than gratings because they produce more
dispersion, which can make it difficult to resolve fine spectral features.
4.DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
The half-time constant is the time required for the capacitor to reach half of its maximum
voltage or current level. It is equivalent to half the value of the capacitive time constant (τ/2).
13. What happens to the charge on a parallel plate capacitor, when the potential
difference between its plates is doubled?
Ans:When the potential difference across the capacitor is doubled, the charge stored
in it also doubled.
5. What is the advantage of Four Probe method over the other conventional
methods?
Ans:The four-probe method has several advantages over other conventional
methods for resistivity measurements, including high accuracy, non-
destructiveness, contact-independence, and precise sample positioning.
8. What should be the shape and size of the semiconducting sample to be tested?
Ans:In general, the sample should be flat and smooth, with parallel surfaces to
ensure uniform contact between the probes and the sample. The size of the sample
should be large enough to accommodate the probes and provide sufficient space for
electrical contacts, but small enough to minimize thermal gradients and ensure a
uniform temperature distribution.
9. Explain how the probes must be aligned over the semiconducting sample.
Ans:The probes must be aligned parallel to each other and perpendicular to the
surface of the sample, with the tips positioned at the same level to ensure uniform
contact with the sample. The spacing between the probes should be optimized for
the specific resistivity range being measured, and they should be aligned over a flat
and smooth area of the sample, away from any defects.
10. While measuring the resistivity of the semiconducting material, the sample
bottom is non- conducting, why?
Ans:The bottom surface of the semiconducting sample is coated with a non-
conducting material to prevent electrical contact between the probes and the bottom
surface, ensuring that the current flows only through the sample and not through
any other paths, which could lead to erroneous resistivity measurements.
11. Why is the current kept constant for measuring the resistivity of a
semiconductor using four probe?
Ans:The current is kept constant for measuring the resistivity of a semiconductor
using four-probe method to ensure that the voltage measurements are proportional
to the resistivity of the sample and not affected by variations in the current.
2.Define LED.
Ans: It is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through
it i.e, when the recombination of the electron and hole, releasing energy in the
form of photons.
3. What are semiconductors?
Ans: Semiconductors are the material whose electrical conductivity lies in
between that of a conductor and insulators.
4. Name the types of semiconductors.
Ans: There are two types of semiconductors
1. Intrinsic semiconductors.
2. Extrinsic semiconductors.
5. Define Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors.
6. What are types of Extrinsic semiconductors?
7.What do you mean by n-type and p-type semiconductors?
8.What do you mean by doping?
9. Examples of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, n-type and p-type semiconductors.
10. What are the majority charge carrier in the p-type and n-type
semiconductors.
7. FERMI ENERGY:
the free electron in a solid becomes equal to the Fermi energy at 0K.
Fermi Velocity:The velocity of the electron which is occupying the Fermi level
is called the Fermi velocity.
14. What is the Fermi energy of the copper coil if the experiment is performed
above room temperature?
Ans: If the experiment is performed above room temperature, the Fermi energy of a
copper coil will be affected because the Fermi energy is temperature-dependent. As
temperature increases, the energy levels of the electrons in the material also increase,
and the Fermi energy level moves towards higher energy levels. This means that the
Fermi energy of the copper coil will increase as the temperature increases.
8.NEWTON’S RINGS:-
1. What are Newton's rings? Why are the fringes circular in Newton's
rings experiment?
Ans: They consist of central dark spot followed by alternate bright and dark rings.
The fringes are circular in Newton's rings experiment because the air film between the
lens and the flat glass surface is thinnest at the center and gradually increases in
thickness towards the edges. This varying thickness of the air film causes the light
waves to interfere constructively and destructively at different points along concentric
circles, resulting in the circular pattern of bright and dark fringes.
2. What do you mean by radius of curvature?
Ans:The radius of curvature refers to the radius of the curvature of the surface of
the lens or the surface of the glass plate with which it is in contact.
3. What are coherent sources? How they are obtained?
Ans:The sources of light which can emit light waves of same wavelength,
frequency with same phase or constant phase difference are known as coherent
sources.
One common method is to use a laser, which produces a coherent beam of light
through a process of stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules
in a gain medium. Other methods for producing coherent light include
superluminescent diodes, or filtering incoherent light from light emitting diodes
(LEDs).
4. What is Interference of light? In the Newton's ring experiment, how
does interference occur?
Ans: Phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of
greater, lower or the same amplitude.
In the Newton's ring experiment, interference occurs when light waves reflected
from both the upper and lower surfaces of a thin air film (formed between a convex
lens and a flat surface) interfere with each other.
5. What do you mean by fringe width? How the fringe width vary with the
radius of curvature of Plano-convex lens?
Ans: Fringe Width is the distance between two consecutive bright spots or two
consecutive dark spots.
The fringe width is directly proportional to the radius of curvature of the lens.
This means that as the radius of curvature increases, the fringe width also increases.
6. Why do we obtain the alternate bright and dark fringes?Give the conditions
for the constructive & destructive interference with respect to path difference
& phase difference.
Ans: The phenomenon of alternate bright and dark fringes that we observe in an
interference pattern is a result of the interference of two coherent waves. When two
waves of the same frequency and amplitude, traveling in the same direction,
superimpose on each other, they produce an interference pattern.
The conditions for constructive interference are as follows:
1. The path difference between the two waves must be equal to an integer
multiple of the wavelength of the waves.
2. The phase difference between the two waves must be zero or an integer
multiple of 2π.
When these conditions are met, the two waves will interfere constructively, resulting
in a bright fringe in the interference pattern.
The conditions for destructive interference are as follows:
1. The path difference between the two waves must be equal to a half-integer
multiple of the wavelength of the waves.
2. The phase difference between the two waves must be an odd multiple of π.
When these conditions are met, the two waves will interfere destructively, resulting in
a dark fringe in the interference pattern.
9. LASER CHARACTERISTICS:-
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