EARTHQUAKE

HAZARDS
Better be prepared than never
Earthquake Icons
Take a look on the Earthquake Icons shown in the
next slide. Briefly explain on what is depicted or
illustrated by each icon about an earthquake
Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
vector/black-earthquake-icons-set-vector-4683877
 What is depicted or illustrated by each Earthquake Icon?

1. Seismogram 7. Ground rupture/cracks

2. Earthquake-induced Landslide 8. Damages to structure

3. Ground Rupture 9. Volcanic earthquakes

4. Damage to structure 10. Destroyed roads

5. Impact of earthquake 11. Road cracks

6. Tsunami 12. Liquefaction/Subsidence

 01
Earthquake
What is an Earthquake?
 What is an Earthquake?

An earthquake is the sudden

or rapid shaking of the ground
due to the release of potential
energy stored in rocks.

The scientific study of

earthquake is seismology and
an expert in earthquake is
called a seismologist.
 PHIVOLCS
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the service institute of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
that is mandated to monitor and study disasters
that may be caused by earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena.
 What is an Earthquake?

In every occurrence of an
earthquake, seismologists are
locating its origin deep down
the crust, which is called the
focus or the hypocenter.

The location in the surface

directly above the focus or
hypocenter is called the
epicenter.
 Magnitude
An estimate of the amount of energy released at the
focus or origin of the earthquake. The magnitude of
an earthquake is recorded by an instrument called
seismograph.
 Fun fact about Earthquake

Richter scale is used for the

quantitative measure of the
earthquake’s magnitude, and it is
reported in Arabic numerals (ex.
Magnitude 6.7 or 7.4).

The strongest ever recorded

magnitude of an earthquake was
9.5 which occurred in 1960 in
Chile, South America according
to United States Geological
Survey (USGS).
 Intensity
The degree of shaking or the severity of its effects
on the earth’s surface. Intensity scales developed
and used are the Rossi-Forel Scale, or the Modified
Mercalli Intensity Scale.
 02
Earthquake Hazards and its Effects
What are the various potential
earthquake hazards and their
effects?
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

1. Ground Shaking • Up-down and lateral • Buildings vibrate (shake)

movement or vibration of the as a result of ground
ground shaking
• Caused by the passage of • Buildings and other
body and surface seismic structures that can’t
waves withstand ground
shaking can have
Intensity of ground shaking damages, can be
depends on: destroyed, or can
collapse
• Magnitude of an earthquake • Can cause landslide and
• Distance from the epicenter liquefaction
• Geologic condition of the area
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

2. Ground Rupture (surface • The offset or deformation of • Ground cracks

faulting or surface rupture) the land surface due to • Many structures can
movement of the fault have damages such as
• This geologic phenomenon houses, commercial
commonly happens in shallow buildings, bridges, roads
earthquakes and highways, tunnels
and canals
• Structures present
across fault zones can
collapse
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

3. Liquefaction • It happens when ground • Ground failure

shaking due to moderate or • Weakened support to
intense earthquake results to building foundations
the mixing of body of which may eventually
sediments (sand or soil) and sink or tilt
ground water, and as a • Buildings or structures in
consequence, the ground the liquefaction-prone
becomes soft and could no area can have extensive
longer support structures that damages
will eventually sink or tilt
• It can lead to ground failure
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

4. Landslide It is a mass movement rocks, soil • Erosion

and debris down the slope • Destruction of buildings
primarily due to the action of and other structures
gravity. However, landslides can • Landslides can partially
also be triggered by moderate and or completely block
strong earthquakes sections of roads
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

5. Tsunami • The word means harbor waves • Coastlines or coastal

in Japanese, is a series of areas are vulnerable to
waves generated by an tsunamis.
earthquake that occurs below • The height of tsunami
or near the ocean floor waves can reach more
• It can also be generated by than 5 meters causing
volcanic eruption, landslide, destruction of properties
meteorite or asteroid impact and loss of lives
displacing the water in the • Rapid, violent flooding in
ocean. communities near
• Tsunamis are different from coastal areas
tidal waves and storm surge.
 Overview on Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Characteristics/Features Negative Effects

6. Fire It is associated with broken gas • Destruction of properties

pipes and damaged electrical and loss of lives
lines as a result of damages
caused by ground shaking to
buildings and other
infrastructures.
03 Two Types of Tsunami
What are the types of tsunami?
 What are the types of tsunami?

Far field or Distant

Local tsunami
tsunami
generated within a hundred tsunami waves that can travel
kilometers from the source from 1 to 24 hours before
and is confined to coasts. This reaching the coastlines of the
type of tsunami is caused by nearby countries.
earthquakes and landslides, or
a pyroclastic flow.
 04
Signs of an Impending Tsunami
What are the different signs of an
impending tsunami?
 What are the different signs of an impending tsunami?

● If an earthquake occurs in the

coastal region and it originated
from the oceanic crust, a possible
tsunami can take place

● Rapid fall in sea level may

happen as the ocean water
withdraws from the coastline.
After the water retreats, there is
an abrupt surge of water towards
the coastline.

● Unusual roaring sound which

could be an approaching This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

tsunami.
 Familiarizing Yourself with
Earthquake Hazards.
Identify the earthquake hazards being described or explained
on each statement.
 Sea waves resulting from the
disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake.

Tsunami
Up-down and sideways movement felt
during an earthquake.

Ground Shaking
 It is the result of destablilizing cliffs
and steep slopes due to an earthquake

Landslide
 It is the ground deformation that
marks the fault line intersection with
the earth’s surface.

Ground Rupture
 It happens when waterlogged
sediments are agitated by the ground
shaking.

Liquefaction
 This is a secondary hazard resulting
from damaged electrical lines and gas
lines caused by ground shaking

Fire
As of today, there are no ways and means
to predict earthquakes, specifically the date
and time of its occurrence, its location and
magnitude. The best way people can do is
to increase their disaster preparedness and
awareness on earthquakes and its hazards.
As a student, how can you help your
community to be prepared for an
earthquake?