GEE Chapter-1 Introduction

Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus

Department of Civil Engineering
M.Sc. in Geotechnical Engineering
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Mandip Subedi (Geotechnical Engineer/PhD Scholar, TU, Pulchowk Campus)

Phone: 9851124192
Email: [email protected]
Course Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Earthquake History
Global History
Nepal History
Earthquake Catalogue
3. Geology of Nepal Himalayas
4. Seismology and Earthquake
5. Dynamic Soil Properties
6. Ground Response Analysis + Local site effect
7. Strong Ground Motion and Wave Propagation
8. Liquefaction
9.Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis
10. Seismic Slope Stability and Design of Earthquake Resilient Structures
11. Code Study / Nepal Building Code
1.0 Introduction to Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.3 Seismic Hazards
1.3.1 Ground Shaking
1.3.2 Structural Hazard
1.3.3 Liquefaction
1.4.4 Landslide
1.3.5 Retaining Structures Failure
1.3.6 Lifeline hazards
1.3.7 Tsunami and Seiche Hazards
1.4 Mitigation of Seismic Hazards
1.1 Introduction
➢ Earthquake is unwanted disaster caused by the sudden
EARTHQUAKE!!!!! shaking of earthquake surface. The main reason for
shaking is release of energy from earth crust.
➢ Earthquake never kills, but damage of structures during
earthquake due to incorrect and insufficient design or
construction or materials or combination kills
➢ The another main region for loss or damage is local soil
condition
➢ Secondary regions for Loss or Damage are fire/ toxic gas
and nuclear rays exposures
Scope of Course
• Compared to other disciplines of Civil Engineering it’s a young (30-40 years)
• The subject matter complies two main categories
• Fundamental principles of Seismology, Ground Motion, dynamics and soil behavior
• Application of these principles to practical problems
• Pre-Requisite for GEE
• Soil Mechanics/Geotechnical Engineering)
• Soil Dynamics (Optional)
• This course is for
• Post Graduate (high caliber Bachelors, Master/PhD students)
• Professionals
• Planners, Teachers
• This Course contains:(Seismology, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Structural
Engineering, Risk analysis and disaster Engineering)
Effects of Earthquake
GEE, Introduction
• Application of Earthquake Engineering to various Geotechnical

Engineering problems like building, retaining wall, foundation design,
dams and land fill, liquefaction , Hazard mapping etc.
• Younger Discipline of Civil engineering
Background
It is impossible to prevent earthquake but it is possible to mitigate the effects of strong earthquake shaking: to reduce loss of life,
injuries and damages
Background
Effects of Damage:
• Change in Geologic Features

• Damage to manmade structures
• Impact on human and animal life
Background
Earthquake Damage Depends on
• Size of earthquake
• Distance of focus of the earthquake
• Properties of material at site
• Nature of structure in area
• Masonary
• RCC
• Wooden etc
Seismic Hazards:
• Naturally occurring events, that are capable for causing death, injuries, and
property damage are known as natural hazards.
• Examples: earthquake, hurricanes, tornados, flood
• The hazards associated with earthquake are referred as seismic hazards
• The practice of earthquake engineering involves identification and mitigation of
seismic hazards
Seismic Hazards Contd..
• Principle Types of earthquake damage
Ground Shaking
Structural damage
Liquefaction
Landslide
Retaining Structure Failure
Tsunami
• Ground Shaking
Seismic waves that cause ground shaking starts from source

& eventually reaches to the surface.
It Depends on
➢ Source conditions (size, orientation),
➢ Path conditions (depth, distance and azimuth, and structural
characteristics of rock the waves travel through)
➢ Site conditions (local rock layering, immediate soil conditions,
3-D basin/hill topography),
• Ground Shaking the severity of ground shaking can vary enormously.
• Largest events can cause catastrophic shaking for many
minutes
• Ground Shaking actually causes all the other hazards
• Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.

• High frequency body waves shake low buildings more.
• Low frequency surface waves shake high buildings more.
• Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface
material.
• Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than
rocks do.
• Structural Hazards
Earthquake shakes structures
causing them to collapse
• Structures respond differently to
shaking depending on
construction styles, materials
• Wood -- more flexible, holds up
well
• Earthen materials -- very
vulnerable to shaking.
• Risk is dependent on quality of
design and construction
of infrastructures
• Liquefaction
A phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially
loses strength and stiffness in response to earthquake shaking or other sudden
change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid.
• Landslide
• Retaining Structure failure
• Lifeline Hazards
Lifelines: networks providing services required for commerce and health
• Include: electric power, telecommunications, transportation, water supply, oil and gas distribution, water storage systems
• Systems include: power plant, transmission towers, buried cabling, roads, bridges, sewerage treatment plant, harbors,
airports, elevated water tanks, reservoirs, buried gas and oil pipes, liquid storage tanks,
• Tsunami and Seiche hazards
Mitigation of Seismic Hazards:
Engineers’ Aim!!!!

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Tribhuvan University

Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Mandip Subedi (Geotechnical Engineer/PhD Scholar, TU, Pulchowk Campus)

• Application of Earthquake Engineering to various Geotechnical

• Change in Geologic Features

Seismic waves that cause ground shaking starts from source

• Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.

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