9.earthquake and Society - Answers

Earthquakes
4 Earthquakes and Society

REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
geology the study of materials that make up Earth and the processes
geology
that form and change these materials
NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.

soil liquefaction soil liquefaction occurs when seismic vibrations cause nearly
tsunami
saturated ground to behave like a liquid
seismic gap
tsunami large ocean wave generated by vertical motion of the
seafloor during an earthquake
seismic gap section that has not experienced significant earthquakes
for a long time, even though it is located on an active fault

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Science Notebook • Earthquakes

257
4 Earthquakes and Society (continued)
Compare Place each type of building on the continuum to show its
strength and quality during an earthquake.
• buildings on large rubber • unreinforced buildings of

structures stone or concrete
• high-rise, steel-frame buildings • wooden structures
Least amount of Greatest amount of

earthquake damage earthquake damage
buildings high-rise, wooden unreinforced

on large steel-frame structures buildings of
rubber buildings stone or
structures concrete
Outline information about earthquake hazards. Describe each hazard

in detail.
I. The three types of earthquake hazards are:
structural failure, land and soil failure, tsunamis.
A. Structural Failure
1. Pancaking happens when the supporting walls of the ground

floor fail and cause the upper floors to collapse.
2. Failure related to height happens when buildings collapse

because the earthquake has the same frequency of vibration as

that of the buildings, causing them to sway violently.
B. Land and Soil Failure
1. Landslides happen in sloping areas.
2. Soil liquefaction happens when vibrations cause subsurface

materials to liquefy and behave like quicksand.
3. Amplified ground motion occurs when waves are amplified

more when they travel through soft materials.
C. Tsunamis are large ocean waves made by the vertical motion of the
seafloor during an earthquake.

258
Identify four states that have the lowest seismic risk. Refer to the
seismic risk map of the United States in your text.
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, North Dakota
Get It? Explain what happens when a building pancakes.
In a pancaking collapse, the walls collapse and the floors fall down, one
on top of the other.
Get It? Summarize how solid ground can take on the properties of
a liquid.
Soil liquefaction can result when seismic vibrations affect soil that is
saturated with water or poorly consolidated.
Get It? Identify the two factors seismologists use to determine the
probability of an earthquake in an area.
the history of an area’s earthquakes and the rate of stress buildup in
rocks
Organize information about earthquake prediction by completing the

graphic organizer below.
Greatest amount of
earthquake damage
history of the rate at which

earthquakes strain builds up
earthquake location of strain strain time passed

recurrence seismic accumulated released since an
rates gaps in a particular during the earthquake
part of the last struck
fault earthquake

259
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. List some examples of how scientists determine the probability of an earthquake
occurring.
studying earthquake history; measuring strain accumulation; charting seismic gaps
2. Summarize the effects of the different types of hazards caused by earthquakes.
Structural failure and land and soil failure can cause buildings and other structures to collapse.
Tsunamis threaten coastal areas.
3. Draw before-and-after pictures of what can happen when an earthquake ruptures

along a fault.
Drawings should show some feature that becomes offset in the “after” picture.
4. Summarize the events that lead to a tsunami.
vertical movement at a fault on the ocean floor; displacement of the water column; wave travels and
becomes huge wave as it reaches shorelines
5. Assess where an earthquake is most likely to occur: In the same place that a
magnitude-7.5 earthquake occurred 20 years ago or at a location between areas
that had earthquakes 20 and 60 years ago, respectively.
It is more likely to occur in the seismic gap between areas that have already had earthquakes.
6. Imagine you are on an international aid committee. Write a report suggesting ways
to identify earthquake vulnerable areas.

To identify areas likely to have earthquakes, the committee could commission studies on earthquake
histories worldwide and look for seismic gaps.

260

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Earthquakes

4 Earthquakes and Society

NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.

tsunami large ocean wave generated by vertical motion of the

seafloor during an earthquake

seismic gap section that has not experienced significant earthquakes

for a long time, even though it is located on an active fault

Science Notebook • Earthquakes

• buildings on large rubber • unreinforced buildings of

Least amount of Greatest amount of

buildings high-rise, wooden unreinforced

Outline information about earthquake hazards. Describe each hazard

1. Pancaking happens when the supporting walls of the ground

2. Failure related to height happens when buildings collapse

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

B. Land and Soil Failure

1. Landslides happen in sloping areas.

2. Soil liquefaction happens when vibrations cause subsurface

3. Amplified ground motion occurs when waves are amplified

Science Notebook • Earthquakes

Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, North Dakota

Get It? Explain what happens when a building pancakes.

on top of the other.

saturated with water or poorly consolidated.

the history of an area’s earthquakes and the rate of stress buildup in

Organize information about earthquake prediction by completing the

history of the rate at which

earthquake location of strain strain time passed

Science Notebook • Earthquakes

studying earthquake history; measuring strain accumulation; charting seismic gaps

2. Summarize the effects of the different types of hazards caused by earthquakes.

Tsunamis threaten coastal areas.

3. Draw before-and-after pictures of what can happen when an earthquake ruptures

4. Summarize the events that lead to a tsunami.

becomes huge wave as it reaches shorelines

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

histories worldwide and look for seismic gaps.

Science Notebook • Earthquakes

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• buildings on large rubber • unreinforced buildings of