Guidelines for using the Harvard Referencing Style for

assignments, articles, research reports, theses & dissertations

College of Economic and Management Sciences (CEMS)

Compiled by the Personal Librarians of the SBL and CEMS

November 2021
Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Referencing......................................................................................................................... 4
2. In-text Citations ........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Basic structure of an in-text citation ................................................................................................... 5
2.2. General rules for citing a reference: ................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Citing publications written by two authors .......................................................................................... 6
2.4. Citing publications written by three or more authors .......................................................................... 6
3. List of References ....................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. Difference between a list of references and a bibliography ............................................................... 6
3.2. General Rules of Referencing ............................................................................................................ 6
4. Examples of the Use of In-text Citations Depending on Publication Type ................................................. 8
4.1. General rules ...................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2. General in-text citation rules per publication type .............................................................................. 9
5. List of References According to Harvard Referencing by Document Type .............................................. 11
5.1. Books ............................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1.3. Individual chapters in edited books .......................................................................................... 12
5.2.1. Printed Journal Articles ............................................................................................................ 13
5.2.2. Electronic Journal Articles ........................................................................................................ 13
5.2.3. Journal articles in press (submitted but currently unpublished) ............................................... 13
5.2.4. Journal articles submitted for publication ................................................................................. 14
5.3. Dissertations and Theses ................................................................................................................ 14
5.4. Publications and Reports of Corporate Bodies and International Organizations ............................ 15
5.4.1. Printed publications and reports .............................................................................................. 15
5.4.2. Electronic Reports .................................................................................................................... 15
5.4.3. Unpublished Material, e.g. Reports .......................................................................................... 16
5.5. Conference Proceedings ................................................................................................................. 16
5.6. Conference Papers .......................................................................................................................... 16
5.7. Government Publications ................................................................................................................. 17
5.8. Legal Sources .................................................................................................................................. 17
5.8.1. Statutes and acts ..................................................................................................................... 17
5.8.2. Court cases .............................................................................................................................. 18
5.9. Newspaper Articles .......................................................................................................................... 18
5.10. Reference Material (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.) .................................................................. 19
5.11. Study Material (Study Guides and Lecture Notes) .......................................................................... 21
5.11.1. Unisa study guides ................................................................................................................... 21
 5.11.2. Lecture notes ........................................................................................................................... 21
5.12. Company Reports ............................................................................................................................ 22
5.13. Case Studies .................................................................................................................................... 22
5.14. Internet Sources ............................................................................................................................... 23
5.14.1. Internet site .............................................................................................................................. 24
5.14.2. Podcasts .................................................................................................................................. 24
5.14.3. Facebook and Twitter posts ..................................................................................................... 25
5.14.4. Mail base/ list serve e-mail lists ............................................................................................... 25
5.14.5. Blogs ........................................................................................................................................ 25
5.14.6. Wikis ......................................................................................................................................... 26
5.15. Multimedia ........................................................................................................................................ 26
5.15.1. Videos, DVDs and films ........................................................................................................... 26
5.15.2. Radio or television broadcasts ................................................................................................. 26
5.16. Personal communication (interviews and e-mails) .......................................................................... 27
5.17. PowerPoint presentations ................................................................................................................ 27
5.18. Images or diagrams ......................................................................................................................... 28
5.19. Data sets .......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.20.1. Standards ................................................................................................................................. 29
5.20.2. Patents ..................................................................................................................................... 30
5.21. Software programs ........................................................................................................................... 30
6. Secondary Referencing ............................................................................................................................ 30
7. List of References ..................................................................................................................................... 31
1. Introduction to Referencing
The College of Economic and Management Sciences at Unisa uses the Harvard Referencing method.
This method has been internationally accepted and standardised. It is a widely accepted referencing
method in many higher education institutions worldwide.

It is very important that you use the contents of this guide when writing your assignments, research
proposals and research reports to add in-text citations where you use another author’s work or idea, and
to compile a list of cited references at the end of your document. You will be penalised if you do not use
the correct referencing technique and if your list of references is not of a high academic standard.

The acknowledgement of an author’s idea is done by adding an in-text citation where you refer to
another author’s work and by including the complete reference in the List of References at the end of
your document.

Works are cited for the following reasons:

• to indicate the source of any statements made

• to acknowledge authors’ works
• to enable the reader to locate and read your sources
• to add weight to your argument by citing authoritative sources

Most students do not intend to commit plagiarism but may do so unintentionally due to ignorance, or
because they are in a hurry or have careless study habits. Failure to provide references discredits the
integrity of your research and exposes you to a charge of plagiarism.
2. In-text Citations

2.1. Basic structure of an in-text citation

The basic format of an in-text citation can be seen in the following diagram:

When an author’s work is cited directly, the page number(s) must be added to the in-text citation:

2.2. General rules for citing a reference:

• If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, just add the year in brackets, for example
… Ndlovu (2021) predicts the role of ….
• Otherwise, put both the name and the year in brackets at the end of the sentence, for example
…. (Ndlovu, 2021).
• If you are quoting directly from the publication, the quotes are in inverted commas, followed by
the reference to Ndlovu with the relevant page numbers, for example (Ndlovu, 2021:34-40)
• If the author published more than one publication in the same year, distinguish between them by
adding a, b, c etc. after the date, and ensure that they are all listed in the List of References.
 (Ndlovu, 2021a)
(Ndlovu, 2021b)

2.3. Citing publications written by two authors

If a source has multiple (two or more) authors, the ampersand (&) sign must be used in place of the
word “and” where authors are listed in the body of the assignment or thesis that appear in brackets
as well as in the list of references. However, the ampersand sign (&) may not be used when the
authors’ names occur naturally in the sentence.

• According to Dent and Jones (1994:12), strategy implementation is a subset of strategic

management. – part of a normal sentence = and
• Strategy implementation is a subset of strategic management (Dent & Jones, 1994:12).

2.4. Citing publications written by three or more authors

If a source has three authors, all three authors are mentioned the first time you cite them and the
ampersand (&) is used before the last author’s surname, e.g. (Cooper, Codd & Smith)

For subsequent citations of this source, only the first author followed by et al (in italics and a semi-
colon) is used, e.g. (Cooper, et al; 1998:43-44)

3. List of References
3.1. Difference between a list of references and a bibliography

A list of references is an alphabetical list of all the sources that you cited in the text of your paper.
This means that all the publications cited in your work must be contained in the list of references.

A bibliography, on the other hand, is far more comprehensive, as it is an alphabetical list of all
materials consulted, in addition to those cited in the text.

The College of Economic and Management Sciences requires a single list of references at the end
of the written work that provides accurate details of all the sources cited. It should provide enough
information to allow your reader to identify and locate the source that you used and distinguish it
from other versions of the same material. An example of a List of References has been included at
the end of this guide.

3.2. General Rules of Referencing

• Be consistent throughout your list of references!

• The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname. If no author is
given, the title is used.
• References must not be numbered
• The layout, punctuation and capitalization of all references should be consistent throughout the list of
references
• Capitalise the first letter of all personal names, corporate authors and place names
• Only capitalise the first letter of the first word in a sentence for book and journal article titles
• Capitalise the first letter of all the words other than conjuctives (and, or, of, etc.) for journal titles
• Use italics as shown in this guide when using a word processor and underlining when you are writing
or using a typewriter. The titles of unpublished works are not italicized.
• For in-text citations, use round brackets ()
• Do not use brackets around the date in your list of references, but use square brackets [ ] for the
date on which you accessed an online resource
• If there is no date, use (n.d). If no place of publication is given, use (s.l) and if no author is given, use
Anon
• Always use the ampersand, i.e. & instead of and, except in cases where the author is cited as part of
a sentence, e.g. According to White and Stevens (2020)
• Page ranges must be written as 78-80
• The year of publication always follows the author(s)
• Editions of books are always written in full, e.g. 2nd edition and the first edition is never mentioned in
the reference.
4. Examples of the Use of In-text Citations Depending on Publication
Type
4.1. General rules

a) If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, just add the year in brackets:

Example:
Palmer (1998) describes how services marketing works in practice.

Otherwise, put both the name and the year in brackets at the end of the sentence:
… For example: ..describes how services marketing works in practice (Palmer, 1998).

b) If you cite directly from a publication, place the quotation in inverted commas, followed
by the reference to the author with the relevant page numbers:

“… describes how services marketing works in practice” (Palmer, 1998: 23–24).

c) If the publications have two authors or editors, both are mentioned, and if they occur
naturally in the sentence, just add the year in brackets

Example:
… describes how services marketing works in practice (Dent & Jones, 1994).

d) If you cite directly from a publication with two authors, mention both authors and place
the quotation in inverted commas, followed by the reference to the authors, with the
relevant page numbers. A hyphen (-) must be placed between the start and end page
numbers.

Example:
… describes how services marketing works in practice” (Dent & Jones, 1994: 41–45).

e) If the publication has three or more authors or editors, all the names are mentioned the
first time you cite them. However, if there are more than six authors, et al. is used from
the outset.

Examples:

(Cooper, Codd & Smith, 1998) and for subsequent citations, (Cooper et al., 1998)
If you cite directly from the publication, include page numbers (Cooper et al., 1998: 43-
44).
 f) If you cite more than one publication by a specific author published in the same year,
distinguish between them by adding a, b, c etc. after the date, and ensure that they are
all listed in the list of references.

Example:
(Palmer, 1998a)
(Palmer, 1998b)

4.2. General in-text citation rules per publication type

If you cite a
a) chapter in a book, use the author of the chapter for your citation and not the editor of
the book
b) report, use the name of the corporate author or international organisation as the author.
In cases where the corporate body is both the author and publisher of the document, it
is named twice
c) government publication, refer to it as (Country. Government department or body, year)
and add page numbers if you quote from the text (South Africa. Central Statistical
Service, 1996: ii–iv).
d) statue or an act, use the short title for in-text citations. The title of the act can be
followed by its number and year (as relevant to the act, not the year of publication)

The Bill of Rights (1996)..

.... (South Africa, Banking Act, 1990, s 38A).
"....." (South Africa. Banking Act, 1990: ii-iv).
e) court case, you must include the full details and define how you are going to cite it after
that

......(Hoffmann v South African Airways 2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) (hereinafter the Hoffmann
case).
"....." (Hoffmann v South African Airways 2001 (1) SA 1 (CC) [137] (hereinafter the
Hoffmann case)
f) newspaper article and the author’s name is not supplied, cite as (Opec countries agree
to keep oil output steady, 2001).
g) newspaper article and the author’s name and the title are not supplied, make an entry
under the name of the newspaper and cite as (Business Day, 2001)
h) reference work, you can cite according to the title, editor or contributor.

Title: (Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 1995)

Title: (International Encyclopedia of Business and Management, Vol 3, 1996)
Editor or contributor: (Warner, 1996)
i) video, use the title of the video

(How to deal with cultural diversity in the workplace, 1999).

j) radio or television broadcast, use the name of the radio station or television broadcaster

(SABC 3, 2000) or (Radio 702, 2001).

k) podcast, use the name of the presenter of the podcast
l) direct quote from an interview or e-mail, use the name of the person you communicated
with and the type of communication you are referring to (Maggs, 2001: personal
interview) or (James, 2001: correspondence) or (Jay, 2001: e-mail)
m) website and no date is given, it can be cited as (Smith, no date)
n) blog where the author is a pseudonym, cite the pseudonym as the author using double
quotation marks (“Julia”, 2006)
5. List of References According to Harvard Referencing by Document
Type

Please note: The examples used in this guide do not necessarily refer to actual published texts. In
addition, these guidelines do not include all types of texts.

5.1. Books

Books can be written by one or more authors, while other books can be edited by one or more
authors. It is important to take note that they are referenced differently.

5.1.1.Books written or edited by a single author

Citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of publication. Title of book (in italics). Edition (if it is the first
edition of the book, this is not indicated). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Palmer, A. 1998. Principles of services marketing. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

OR

Editor’s Surname, INITIALS. editor. Year of publication. Title of book (in italics). Edition (if it is
the first edition of the book, this is not indicated). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Barrow, J. ed. 1999. Cases in services marketing. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

5.1.2.Books written or edited by multiple authors or editors

Citation order, capitalization and punctuation for two authors are as follows:

First author’s Surname, INITIALS. & Second author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of publication.
Title of book (in italics). Edition (if it is the first edition of the book, this is not indicated). Place of
publication: Publisher.

Example:

Dent, P.P. & Jones, R.A. 1994. Planning at work. London: ABC Publications.

Citation order, capitalization and punctuation for three or more authors are as follows:
 First author’s Surname, INITIALS., Second author’s Surname & Third author’s Surname,
INITIALS. Year of publication. Title of book (in italics). Edition (if it is the first edition of the
book, this is not indicated). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Cooper, P., Codd, J. & Smith, L. 1998. Research methods for management. 2nd edition.
London: ABC Publications.

5.1.3.Individual chapters in edited books

When a book is a compilation of individual chapters by different authors, there will be an editor for
the book and individual authors for each chapter.

The citation order, capitalisation and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Date of publication. Title of chapter or paper. In: editor’s Surname,
INITIALS. ed(s). Title of book. (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers of the
individual chapter.

Example:

Palmer, A. 1999. Services marketing is not new. In: Berry, J. & Swan, P. eds. Services marketing,
concepts and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill. 101–120.

5.1.4.Electronic books (E-books)

The citation order, capitalisation and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of book. (in italics) [online] Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher. Available from: URL [Accessed date].

Example:

Lasserre, P. 2003. Global Strategic Management [online]. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com [Accessed: 2 November 2006].

5.2. Journal articles

Journal articles are seen as printed if they have a volume number, and electronic when the
pagination of the full-text journal article differs from their printed equivalent, or is not supplied at all,
or is only in HTML format. It is important to indicate to your reader which format of the journal you
are using.

A DOI is a unique number that publishers use to identify electronic articles, but not all articles have a
DOI. If there is a DOI, the URL is not needed, but if the article does not have a DOI, you need to add
the URL.

In some cases, the article has only been submitted for publication but is not published yet, which will
influence how you reference the journal article.
5.2.1.Printed Journal Articles

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of publication. ‘Title of article’, Journal name (in italics),
volume number (issue number): page numbers.

Example:

Terrill, C.A. 1992. ‘The ten commandments of new service development’, Management
Review, 81(2): 24–27.

5.2.2.Electronic Journal Articles

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of publication. ‘Title of article’, Journal title, (in italics),
volume number (issue number): pages. doi: or if no DOI is available add URL [Accessed: Date
accessed]

Example of a reference with a DOI:

Husted, B.W. & Allen, D. B. 2000. ‘Is it ethical to use ethics as strategy?’, Journal of Business
Ethics, 27(1-2): 17-18. doi:10.1023/A:1006422704548.

Example of a reference with a URL:

Nicolaides, A. 2018. ‘Ethical hospitality marketing, brand-boosting and business sustainability’,

African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(1). Available at:
https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_7_vol_7__1__2018.pdf [Accessed: 29
March 2018].

5.2.3.Journal articles in press (submitted but currently unpublished)

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year of printing. ‘Title of article’, Journal name (in italics).
Manuscript in press.

Example:

Kreuter, T., Scavarda, L.F., Thomé, A.M.T. 2021. 'Empirical and theoretical perspectives in
sales and operations planning'. Review of Managerial Science. Manuscript in press.
 5.2.4.Journal articles submitted for publication

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year of submission. 'Title of article', Journal name (in italics).
Manuscript submitted for publication.

Example:

Murray, J. 2001. 'E-commerce, is it that promising?' PC Week. Manuscript submitted for

publication.

5.3. Dissertations and Theses

When referring to an unpublished dissertation or thesis, the name of the relevant degree, the name
of the university that awarded the degree and the location of the university (even if the name of the
location forms part of the name of the university) are given, instead of the place of publication and
the name of the publisher.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of acceptance. Title. Degree. Name of Institution, Place.

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year of completion. Title. Degree. Name of Institution, Place. Available
at: URL [Accessed: Day Month Year].

Example of a printed thesis:

Smith, J. 2000. An investigation of the impact of services marketing on the airline industry. DBL
thesis. University of South Africa, Pretoria.

Example of an electronic thesis:

Van Beek, R. 2016. A comparative study between the three phases of retirement with regard to the
practical retirement planning process. Master of Accounting Science. University of South Africa,
Pretoria. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23683. [Accessed: 17 May 2017]
5.4. Publications and Reports of Corporate Bodies and International Organizations

A body corporate is an organisation that is formed by a group of people, identified by a particular

name, and which acts as an entity.

An international organisation is legally established, has authority, and is created for a specific
purpose, e.g. United Nations, World Health Organization, and NATO.

5.4.1.Printed publications and reports

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

The body responsible for the document. Year of publication. Title (in italics). Place of publication:
Publisher. Report Number (when applicable).

Note: If the body is the author and publisher of the document, it is named twice.

Examples:

International Monetary Fund. 1977. Balance of payments manual. 4th edition. Washington, DC:
International Monetary Fund.

South Africa. Central Statistical Service. 1996. Statistical release. PO317. Pretoria: Central
Statistical Service.

UNESCO. 1999. General information programme and summary of activities. Paris: UNESCO. (PGI-
93/WS/22).

5.4.2.Electronic Reports

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

The body responsible for the document. Year of publication. Title (in italics). Place of
publication: Publisher. Report Number (when applicable). Available at: URL [Accessed: date]

Example:

United Nations. 2020. UNDESA World Social Report 2020. New York: UNDESA. Available at:
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/world-social-report/2020-2.html [Accessed: 5
March 2020]
 5.4.3.Unpublished Reports

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title. Details of the purpose of the report. Unpublished.

Example:

Collins, J. 1997. Report on visit to international business schools. Report to the Unisa
Graduate School of Business Leadership. Unpublished.

5.5. Conference Proceedings

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author or editor’s surname, INITIALS. Year. Title of conference: subtitle (including location and date
of conference) (in italics). Publisher.

Note: The “st” in 1st is NOT superscript (1st), and a hyphen is used between the start and end dates
of the conference (2-4).

Example:

Andersson, T. ed. 2001. Getting started with electronic commerce: proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on Electronic Commerce, Geneva, October 2–4, 2001. E-commerce
Unlimited.

5.6. Conference Papers

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Printed:

Surname of author of the paper, Initials. Year of publication. ‘Title of paper’. In: Editor’s Surname,
Initials. ed. Title of conference and subtitle, including location and date of conference (in italics).
Publisher: Pagination.

Electronic:

Surname of author of the paper, Initials. Year of publication. ‘Title of paper’. In: Editor’s Surname,
Initials. ed. Title of conference and subtitle, including location and date of conference (in italics).
Publisher: Pagination if available. Available from: URL [Accessed: Day Month Year]

Example of a printed conference paper:

Wheeler, D. 2001. ‘Getting to grips with the e-supply chain’. In: Andersson, T. ed. Getting started
with electronic commerce: proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electronic Commerce,
Geneva, October 2–4, 2001. E-commerce Unlimited, 121–139.
 Example of an electronic conference paper:

Julian, C.C. 2011. 'The relationship between industry structure, marketing capabilities, strategy and
performance: the empirical link in export ventures', paper presented to The Clute Institute
International Academic Conference, Las Vegas, 10-12 October. Available from:
http://conferences.cluteonline.com/index.php/IAC/2011LV/paper/view/619 [Accessed: 17 August
2014]

5.7. Government Publications

These include green and white papers, bills, statutes or acts, amendments to acts, regulations and
government notices, all of which are published in the government and provincial gazettes.

The annual reports of various government departments and bodies, the parliamentary debates
published in the “Hansards”, and various reports and commissions of inquiry all fall under this
category. Government or state publications are examples of works by corporate authors.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Name of country, state or province. The name of the legislative body, court, executive department,
bureau, council, commission or committee. If given, the name of the relevant sections or office. Year
of publication. Title (in italics). Report number (where applicable). Further particulars will depend on
the nature of the source. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

South Africa. Central Statistical Service. 1996. Statistical release. PO317. Pretoria: Central
Statistical Service.

Note: You should provide the number of the publication where possible, as this helps readers
to trace the source.

5.8. Legal Sources

5.8.1.Statutes and acts

Laws have two titles: a long official title, and a short title. The short title is mostly used for in-text
references. The title of the act can be followed by its number and year (as relevant to the act, not the
year of publication). Add (as amended) if the title doesn’t include the words amended/amendment.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Country. Year. Title of Act Number of Year (italics). Available at: URL [Accessed: Date].

Examples:

Print:

South Africa. 1937. Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937. Pretoria. Government Printer.
 South Africa. 1996. Labour Relations Amendment Act 42 of 1996. Pretoria. Government Printer.

Electronic:

South Africa. 2005. National Credit Act 34 of 2005. Available at: https://www.legalrights.co.za/wp-
content/uploads/2017/03/NATIONAL-CREDIT-ACT-NO.-34-OF-2005.pdf [Accessed: 1 April 2018].

South Africa. 1990. Banks Act 94 1990 (as amended). Available at:
https://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/2591/Banks+Amendme
nt+Act+2007%5B1%5D.pdf [Accessed: 17 July 2017]

5.8.2.Court cases

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Name of the case (Year) Reference details (including vol number, Abbreviated Reference Series,
Starting page number)

Examples:

S v Maseko 1990 (1) SACR 107 (A)

Hurwitz v Taylor 1926 TPD 81

Hoffmann v South African Airways 2001 (1) SA 1 (CC)

Metal and Allied Workers Union and another v A Mauchle (Pty) Ltd t/a Precision Tools (1980) 1 ILJ
227 (IC) 152

NB: For more information on legal referencing, please consult the Law Library Guide at:
http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/law

5.9. Newspaper Articles

You may struggle to reference newspaper articles, as they do not always credit their authors or have
titles or headlines, and sometimes they have neither. Below are some guidelines in this regard.

a) If the author and newspaper headline is identifiable, you can reference a newspaper
article in the following manner.
The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. ‘Headline title’. Name of the newspaper (in italics). Date of
issue: Page number(s).

Example:

Jones, D. 2001. ‘Asmal says life-skills education will be enforced in every school’. Business Day.
22 August: 4
 b) If the author’s name is not identifiable, it must be referenced under the title of the
newspaper headline.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Title (or headline) of news item. Year. Title of Newspaper (in italics). Date of Issue: Page
numbers.

Example:

Opec countries agree to keep oil output steady. 2001. Business Day. 27 September: 8.

c) If the author’s name and the title of the newspaper headline is not given, it must be
referenced using the name of the newspaper.
The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Title of the Newspaper (italics). Year. Date of Issue: Page numbers.

Example:

Business Day. 2001. 27 September: 6.

5.10. Reference Material (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.)

Citing alphabetically arranged works such as dictionaries and encyclopaedias is sometimes

problematic, and you should be aware of the following:

• In many cases, such works are known by their titles.

• It is not always possible to identify the author of a contribution.
• A lengthy list of names of contributors and/or editors often appears on the title
page.
• Some of these works are often associated with a person or do not have more
than three authors or editors.
• Not all encyclopaedias are arranged alphabetically.
• They may consist of many volumes, which influences how you reference them.

There are three ways to cite reference material, namely

a) According to the title

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Title (in italics). Year. Ed. by (Surname, Initials). ed. Place of publication: Publisher.

Examples:

Concise Oxford dictionary of current english.1995. ed. by Thompson, D. 9th ed.

 Oxford: Clarendon Press.

International encyclopedia of business & management. 6 vols. 1996. ed. by Warner,

W. London: Routledge.

b) Under the name of the editor

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Editor’s Surname, INITIALS. ed. Year. Title. (in italics). Place of Publication:
Publisher.

Example:

Warner, M. ed. 1996. International encyclopedia of business & management. 6 vols.

London: Routledge.

c) Under the name of the author who wrote the contribution to the reference work

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Date. ‘Title of contribution’. In: Editor’s Surname,

INITIALS. ed(s). Title of reference work. (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher.
Page numbers of individual contribution.

Example:

Heller, F. 1996. ‘Leadership’. In: Warner, M. ed. International encyclopedia of

business & management. Vol 3. London: Routledge, 2541–2549.

d) Online reference sources

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Title. Year of publication. Edited by: Editor surname, initials. Publisher. Available
from: URL [Accessed date].

OR

Surname, Initials (Editor). Publication year. Title. Publisher. Available from: URL
[Accessed date].

Examples:

Dictionary of Psychology. 2006. Edited by: Colman, A.M. Oxford Reference Online.
Oxford University Press. Available from: http://0-
www.oxfordreference.com.oasis.unisa.ac.za/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&ent
ry=t87.e2018&authstatuscode=202 [Accessed: 20 February 2007].

Colman, A.M. (ed.).2006. Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford Reference Online.

 Oxford University Press. Available from: http://0-
www.oxfordreference.com.oasis.unisa.ac.za/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&ent
ry=t87.e2018&authstatuscode=202 [Accessed: 20 February 2007].

5.11. Study Material (Study Guides and Lecture Notes)

5.11.1. Unisa study guides

Unisa study guides are published works.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s/editor’s Surname and INITIALS. Year of publication. Title of study guide (in italics).
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Freeman, T. 1998. Leadership for South African organisations: study guide for MBL019-L.
Pretoria: University of South Africa.

If the study guide does not indicate an author or authors, the University is considered the
corporate body responsible for the study guide. This would be cited in the list of references
as follows:

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Name of the University. Teaching Department. Year. Title of study guide (in italics). Place of
publication.

For example:

University of South Africa. Graduate School of Business Leadership. 1997. Transforming

organisations in South Africa: study guide for MBL018-C. Pretoria.

5.11.2. Lecture notes

This is any material provided by lecturers during a class or lecture.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title (in italics). Description of format. Course name and
code. University, delivered Date of lecture.

Example:

Naughton, S 2018. Seminar 7: Transforming organisations: strategy, structure & design.

Lecture notes. Organisation Change Management BMO6624. Victoria University delivered
21 May 2018.
5.12. Company Reports

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Publishing organisation. Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets). Title of extract
(in single quotation marks). Available at: URL [Accessed: date].

Example:

BHP Billiton (2017). ‘BHP Billiton sustainability report for the year ended 30 June 2017.
Available at: https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/investors/annual-
reports/2017/bhpsustainabilityreport2017.pdf? [Accessed: 2 May 2018].

Bureau van Dijk (2013). ‘BSkyB plc company report’. Available at:
http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb [Accessed: 8 January 2013].

5.13. Case Studies

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows for a printed case study:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year. Title. Case number. Place: Publisher or Institution.

Note that the title is not italicised.

Example:

Spar, D. & Burns, J. 2000. Hitting the wall: Nike and International Labor Practices. HBS
700047. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation for an electronic case study are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Year. Title (in italics). Case number. Place: Publisher or
Institution.

Example:

Mathu, K.M. & Scheepers, C. 2016. Leading change towards sustainable green coal mining.
Available from: Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies,
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/EEMCS-01-2016-0007 [Accessed: 7 June
2017].
5.14. Internet Sources

No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed upon.
The recommendations in this document follow the practices most likely to be adopted and
are intended solely as a guideline. There are numerous approaches to citing works from the
Internet. To maintain consistency, the following points should be noted in line with the
preferred style guide:

• Cite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in future.

• Many web documents do not give an author anywhere on the page. If not explicit or obvious,
the author’s name may be found in the header of the HTML encoded text. You can view this
by choosing the option to view document source. If there is no author indicated on the
webpage, use the name of the company/organisation or the word Anon

• Cite the date on which the document was last updated, which usually appears at the bottom
of a page. Alternatively, use the abbreviation "n.d." or the words "Not dated" (without the
inverted commas).

• When the web page does not have a clear title, use the main (i.e. most distinctive) heading
on the web page as the title.

• Because web pages do not have page numbers, page numbers are not included in any in-
text citations.

• Indicate the exact URL of the web page and the date on which you visited it. No punctuation
should be added, nor should the upper or lower case of any characters in the address be
altered. Web addresses are case sensitive.

• Look for the date on which the page was last modified - this date often appears at
the bottom of a page. Alternatively, use the abbreviation "n.d." or the words "Not
dated" (without the inverted commas).

• You should include the complete URL of the specific web page within a web site
that you have used as a source of information, in order to enable to reader to find
the information again.
5.14.1. Internet site

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author surname. Initials. Year. (Or No date., if the date of publication is not given in the
source). Title (in italics) [online] Available from: URL [Accessed: Day Month Year].

Examples:

If a place of publication and publisher is available:

Smith, J. 1999. Outsourcing logistics [online]. Chicago: Logistics International. Available

from: http://www.logisticsinternational.org.us/html [Accessed: 28 November 1999].

If no date is given:

Smith, J. No date. Outsourcing logistics [online]. Chicago: Logistics International. Available

from: http://www.logisticsinternational.org.us/html [Accessed: 28 November 1999].

If the web page does not have a clear title:

University of South Africa. 2012. Student policies and rules. [online] Available from:
http://www.unisa.ac.z/default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=27715. [Accessed: 25
July 2012].

5.14.2. Podcasts

A podcast is a radio programme that is digitally stored and can be downloaded from the
internet and played on a computer or MP3 player (Cambridge Dictionary, 2021)

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author/presenter. (Year page was published/last updated). Title of podcast (in italics)
[Podcast]. Day/month of posted message. Available at: URL [Accessed: Day Month Year].

Example:

Curran, S. (2015). Yesterday in Parliament 18th June 15 [Podcast]. 18 June. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02tys33 [Accessed: 19 June 2015].
5.14.3. Facebook and Twitter posts

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author. (Year page was published/last updated). Title of page (in italics) (unless it is the
same as the author). Day/month of posted message [online]. Available at: URL [Accessed:
date].

Example:

University of Birmingham (2015) 9 June. 3 June [online]. Available at:

http://www.facebook.com [Accessed: 18 June 2015].

Fry, S. (2012) 13 January. 2 August [online]. Available at: http://www.twitter.com/stephenfry

[Accessed: 18 December 2012].

5.14.4. Mail base/ list serve e-mail lists

Please keep in mind that items are kept in a discussion group for a brief period and may
therefore not be suitable for referencing, insofar as the documents will not be retrievable in
the future. A local copy should be kept by the researcher or student, with a note to this
effect.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS. Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion list (in
italics) [online]. Available from: Give the list’s e-mail address [Accessed: date].

Skyman, D. 2 May 2001. Electronic commerce. E-commerce [online]. Available from:

[email protected] [Accessed: 30 June 2001].

5.14.5. Blogs

This is possibly the most unreliable type of electronic source. Postings can be removed and
amended without warning, and contributions can be added anonymously. Proof of access at
any given time is therefore crucial.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s Surname, INITIALS (or Author’s pseudonym). Day Month Year of posting. Subject
of message or title. [Blog entry]. Version (if clear) Available from: URL [Access: date].

Example:

“Julia”. 30 November 2006. E-Commerce set to crash. [Blog entry]. Available from:
http://www.burstyourbubble.com/ecommerce/ [Accessed: 2 December 2006].

Note the use of double quotation marks in the author’s pseudonym “Julia”.
 5.14.6. Wikis

A Wiki is “a website that allows visitors to make changes, contributions, or corrections”

(Merriam Webster, 2021). A good example of a wiki is the well-known Wikipedia.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

‘Title of article’. (Year that the site was published/last updated). Title of wiki site (in italics).
Available at: URL [Accessed: date].

Example:

‘Rush (band)’ (2015). Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band)

[Accessed: 18 June 2015].

5.15. Multimedia

5.15.1. Videos, DVDs and films

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author/editor’s surname, initials. Year. Title (in italics or underlined) [Format, i.e. Video, Film
or DVD]. Edition. Place of publication (if known): Publisher (if known). Supplier or Database
identifier.

Example:

How to deal with cultural diversity in the workplace. 1999. [Video]. Based on the book by
Sally Walton. Chicago, IL: Jack Wilson and Associates.

Shaw, B. 1999. A journey through leadership challenges: interactive exercises. [CD-ROM].

New York: Multimedia Publishers.

5.15.2. Radio or television broadcasts

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Broadcast Company. Year. Title of programme (in italics). Off-air recording. Transmission
date. Format.

Example:

SABC 3. 2000. News at 8. Off-air recording. 9 March. Video.

or

Radio 702. 2001. John Robbie show. Off-air recording. 8 March. Audiotape.
5.16. Personal communication (interviews and e-mails)

If you have conducted personal, written or telephonic interviews for your research, the
citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Surname, Initials of person being interviewed. The position of the person (if applicable).
Year. [Nature of interview] (e.g. personal interview, correspondence). Day and Month. Place.

Example:

Maggs, P.N. Director, E-Commerce Solutions Ltd. 2001. [Personal interview]. 27

September. Midrand.

James, T. IT Project Leader, E-Commerce Solutions Ltd. 2001. [Correspondence].

1 September. Midrand.

If you received an e-mail from a credible source, the citation order, capitalization and
punctuation are as follows:

Sender’s Surname, INITIALS. (sender’s e-mail address). (Day Month Year). Re:
Subject of message (in italics). e-mail to Recipient (recipient’s e-mail address).

Example:

May, P. ([email protected]) (9 March 2001). Re: Outsourcing supply. E-mail to

M. Ndlovu ([email protected]).

5.17. PowerPoint presentations

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author’s surname, INITIALS. Year. Title. [PowerPoint presentation] Day Month. Institution,
place.

Example:

Dlamini, N. 2006. E-commerce trends in retail in South Africa. [PowerPoint presentation] 4

November. Business Solutions Inc., Midrand.
5.18. Images or diagrams

Any image, diagram, table etc. needs a caption as well as an in-text citation to the original
work

If the image, diagram, table etc. being cited belongs to the author of the book, cite the book
as normal, but include the page number as if you were performing a direct quote.

If the image, diagram table etc. being cited does not belong to the author of the book, then
you will need to include additional information.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author' s Surname, Initial. Year. Title of the Work – Image title. [Material Type]. In
Author/Editors' surname, Initial. Year. Title. Ed. Place of Publication: Publishers. page
number.

Example of an image from a printed book:

Mintzberg, H. 1979.The basic parts of organisations – Mintzberg’s model. [Diagram] In:

Cole, G.A. 2004. Management theory and practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson. 186.

A caption should always include:

• The word Figure (with a capital letter and in italics)

• A number (from 1, in numerical order)
• A title for the figure
• An in-text citation for the reference of the source, which includes the Author(s),
date and page number of the source, i.e. (Saunders et al, 2007:102)
• The caption always appears under the image, figure etc
• They are always referred to by their number in the text.

Example of a diagram with a caption

Figure 6: The Research Onion (Saunders et. al, 2007:102)

5.19. Data sets

Include author/s name for dataset references where possible (an author may be a corporate
body or organisation responsible for creating, producing or publishing a webpage or
website).

Where there is no identifiable author or authoring body, use the title of the dataset.

Raw data from a dataset should not be quoted directly but should instead be summarised.

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Author' s Surname, Initial. Year. Title of dataset (in italics), [Dataset]. Publisher. DOI or URL
[Accessed: date].

Examples:

Woods, C., Fernee, C., Browne, M., Zakrzewski, S. & Dickinson, A. 2018. The potential of
statistical shape modelling for geometric morphometric analysis of human teeth in
archaeological research, [Dataset]. University of Southampton Institutional Repository,
doi:10.5258/SOTON/404043.

City of Melbourne. 2018, Buildings with name, age, size, accessibility, and bicycle facilities,
Census of Land Use and Employment (CLUE), [Dataset]. Available at:
https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Property-Planning/Buildings-with-name-age-size-
accessibility-and-bic/pmhb-s6pn. [Accessed: 7 January 2019]

5.20. Standards and patents

5.20.1. Standards

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Name of the Authorizing Body. Year. Number and Title of Standard. Place of
Publication: Publisher.

Example of a print standard:

British Standards Institute.2015. BS ISO 14001: Environmental management

systems. Requirements with guidance for use. London: British Standards Institute.

Example of an electronic standard taken from a database:

South African Bureau of Standards. 2013. SANS 1300: Quality management —

Customer satisfaction — Guidelines for monitoring and measuring. [online].
Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards. Available at:
https://www.sabs.co.za/Standardss/index.asp [Accessed: 17 March 2014].
 5.20.2. Patents

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Inventor(s). Year of publication (in round brackets). Title (in italics). Authorising organisation.
Patent number. Available at: URL [Accessed: date].

Example:

Fredericks, F. (2012). Vinyl cleaning tool. UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no.
GB2468906. Available at: http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication [Accessed: 5 June 2013].

5.21. Software programs

The citation order, capitalization and punctuation are as follows:

Developer. Year. Title of software (Version number/year). [Software]. [Date accessed].

Example:

Robert Gordon University. 2016. WinDiets student (2016). [Software]. [Accessed 18 April
2016].

6. Secondary Referencing
You may wish to quote a piece of work that has been referred to in something you have read. This is
called ‘secondary referencing’ because you have not read the original piece of work. In other words, you
are relying on the author you are reading to give a fair reflection of the contents of the original work.
Wherever possible, it is important to read the original work, but this may be difficult in some instances. If
you must refer to a secondary reference, your text should make it clear that you have not read the
original.

For example:

Research used by Smith (2000) regarding services marketing show that the indicators formulated by
Grant (1994) in his PhD thesis entitled Services marketing in transportation (Dunhill University) apply to
the airline industry.

The work by Smith 2000 is included in your list of references because this is where you read about
Grant’s research. However, the work by Grant (1994) is not included. You cannot include details about
the original study simply because you have not consulted it.
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Barrow, J. ed. 1999. Cases in services marketing. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

BHP Billiton (2017). ‘BHP Billiton sustainability report for the year ended 30 June 2017. Available at:
https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/bhpsustainabilityreport2017.pdf?
[Accessed: 2 May 2018].

British Standards Institute.2015. BS ISO 14001: Environmental management systems. Requirements with
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Bureau van Dijk (2013). ‘BSkyB plc company report’. Available at: http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb [Accessed: 8
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Business Day. 2001. 27 September: 6.

City of Melbourne. 2018, Buildings with name, age, size, accessibility, and bicycle facilities, Census of Land
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