A PROBLEM IN TRANSFORMER DESIGN

BY

EDWARD HARDENBERGH WALDO

A. B., AMHERST COLLEGE, 1888

M. E., CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1890
M. S., UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1914

THESIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

IN

THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

1917
 19 IT

UN IV E RSITY OF ILLINOIS

T H E G RA D U A TE SCHOOL

.M a y .1 1917

I H E R E B Y R E C O M M E N D THAT T H E THESIS PREPARED BY

Edward Ha r d a n b e r g h W a l d o ..

e n t i t l e d ....A P r o b l e m in T r a nsformer Design

BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART ON T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

professional d e g r e e of -..Elac.tric.al .Engin.e.e.r.,.............

Committee

376542
A PROBLEM IE TRAESFORMER DESIOE.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page
Introduction 1

I. Design Formulas 2

II. Determination of Minimum Cost Conditions 2

III. Discussion of Curves for Minimum Cost Transformer 17

IV. Conclusions. 21

Tables

Curves
 A PROBLEM IK TRANSFORMER DESIGN,

Introduotion.

The fundamental equation of the transformer, sim­

ilar to that for all Electrical Machinery is

E = 4.44 f <p N 10-8

In this equation everything is known or will he fixed for

the designer but the factors of the product ?N . Determin­

ing the value of these, amounts to fixing the proportion of

iron and copper.

These proportions are the primary factors in deter­

mining the characteristics of the transformer which should

have, *

a. High insulation
b. Good regulation
c. High efficiency (for good all day eff. small 1
core loss. )
dj. Small exciting current
e. Hign Power factor on open oirouit
f. Small temperature rise
g. Low first cost.

The relative importance of the above items depends

on conditions of use and certain of these qualities can only

be obtained by the sacrifice of others, e.g. better regulation,

meaning less copper losses, would be obtained at the expense

of greater core |_oss or poor insulation or both. In general,

”g" will be xower at the sacrifice of the other requirements.

* F. G. Baum, The Alternating Current Transformer.

 2. ’
I. Design formulae.

The designer may start by working for a given effi­

ciency , apportioning the iron and copper losses and from these

the amount of iron and copper to be used. Or he may start with

an empirical oonstant in such form as

c 'IN
where I = full load current in the coil having M turns and where

K 0 is a "cost coefficient", which depends for its value on the

type (core or shell); on "f"; on the price of iron and copper

and on the size, also on the use to be made of the transformer.

Multiplying the fundamental equation by I transposing and sub­

stituting
( kv.a.) Kc
• ■ - 4 f

The method which will be developed depends upon an­

other empirical formula which accomplishes the same result and

takes account of the size of the transformer. This equation is

stated in the form of voltage per turn E jj.

Bjyj =» Kc (kv.a.)x
If K q and x are known, and since E' and E" (the primary and

secondary voltages) are given, h is immediately determined and

<p follows directly from the fundamental equation. The empir­

ical constants in above equation will vary with the varying

costs and qualities of the materials of construction, the type

of transformer and the use to which it is to be put.

II. Determination of Minimum Cost Conditions.

If we assume that for any transformer the proportion

of iron and copper has been fixed by the formula

 3.

% = Kc (kv.a.)x
where x is an empirical exponent of suon dimensions that

different sizes will have similar characteristics, then since

B is practically fixed, the cross section of iron ah Figs. 1,

2, and 3, is fixed. Also since the current density in the cop­

per is fairly constant for similar proportions of machines the

oross section of copper is fixed. Since for any voltage the

space factor for copper F cu is nearly constant, the window

spaoe hxa is also fixed for any given size and voltage.

Under these conditions, call the area

ah * a constant,

and the area he - kg anotner constant.

Assuming yoke and core of same area, the volume (gross) of tne

iron in a core type transformer, (see Fig. 1 )

_ ab(h + a + e + a) 2 = 2ab(2a + h+ e).

In a shell type transformer (see Fig.2) the gross volume of

the iron is

2a'bh + ah( 2 a + 2e) » 2ab(a + h + e).

And in the modified shell type which will he spoken of as "the

cruciform type" (see Fig. 3), the iron volume is

a b h + 2 [ 7 D(h + 2e + 2 7 + 2 7)] +f2 [ 7 a <b + 2e + 2 7 + 2 - ) ]

4 4 4 4 4 4

=. a b b + ~~ ( b + 2e + a) + ~ ( h + 2e + b)

It is evident, however in this form there can he no advant­

age in having the central core around which the wire is wound

other than square cross section.* We have therefore only 3

By using a and h as dimensions and differentiating it
can be shown that a = h for minimum conditions.
4.

F v c .Z
 5.

variables, a, h, and e. liaising the same assumptions as be­

fore we obtain the following equations.

a*' » a constant and he = Kg a constant.

Volume of iron (gross)

a, ai£ , a a.
= &,J,(b + -} + 4 ( b + - ♦ 2e + -)
2. 4 4 4

= a'£b * — +• a^h + — + 2 a2e

= 2a‘£b + 2a**e + as =, &"*( 2. b + 2e + a)

It is true that in building the cruoiform transformer, it is

not mechanically possible to get this simple form and that

the arms must either be of different shape or must be offset

relatively to the central core. Shis makes the "mean magnet­

ic circuit" and the volume slightly greater than indicated

by the above formula. But t h i s ^ o t sufficient to vitiate the

conclusion arrived at in the present discussion, which is the

determination of the shape for a minimum cost of material.

An expression for the volume of copper can be ob­

tained by multiplying the cross section by the mean length

of turn. The net copper cross section in each case is helfou.

The mean length of turn of a coil of thickness or depth t

surrounding a reotangle a*b should be 2a + 2b+ nt provided the

wire could be made to lie perfectly close to the straight sides.

This expression will always give too short a "mean turn" how­

ever. In eaoh case in this discussion, the mean length will

be taken as 2a + 2b + 4t as though the wire on each turn oame

out to the corner. This will give a trifle too great volume
of copper. Hot much too large however, especially in cases

where the layers are separated at the ooners for ventillating

 6 .
duots as is often done, particularly in the cruciform type. In

the shell type the coil is usually carried dL ear of the core at

the ends increasing the length of turn. And in the cusre type,

ventillating ducts are not infrequently inserted between layers

on one or more of the three outside sides of the coil. In this

case the above expression would be too small. Considering all

cases therefore it seems that the above simple expression for

the mean length of turn is a fair value to use. The slight dif­

ferences will not materially alter the result as to cost, al­

though the shape and relative dimensions may be changed by a

very few per cent by using the different expressions which are

employed as giving the approximate mean length of turn.

The following expressions then, represent the vol­

ume of the copper.

For the cove type,

h e F-Cu( 2 8 + 2b + 4 | ) = 2Fcuh e ( a + b + e )

For shell type,

heFc u (2a + 2b + 4e) => 2Fcuhe(a + b + 2e)

For cruciform type

heF0 U (4a + 4e) * 4Fcuhe(a + e)

How let G cu ■ tne cost of copper per cu. inch

and Cfe » " " " iron " " " gross.

(3.95 ou. in. laminated iron is taken as one pound). Then

the cost of the transformer material

0 = CfQx vol. iron + Cou *: vol. copper

For a oore type transformer
C - C£e 2ab(2a + h + e) + Cou2 Fou he(a + b + e)

- 2 Cf0 (2a2b + abh + a b e ) + 2UcuFo u (ahe + bhe + h e 2 )

 7

Kxe ] I 'M ■ eK 2 j
M t * r Jt d

For the shell type

C ■ 2 U feab(a + h + + 2Gcul'cuhe (a + b + 2e)

= o2. C
* r fA
v (( ^ ^ e) + 2CcoPcuM ^ t b * 2 «)

For the cruciform type

G = G fea2 (2h + 2e + a) + 4GouF cuhe(a + e)

* CfeKt * a>* ^ c / c A t e * e >

* C f e M %'*■ *A

If the first differentials of these cost equations be

put equal to zero, the relative dimensions may be obtained for

a transormer which will have a minimum cost for tne proportion

of flux and turns decided upon by the use of our preliminary

empirical design equation.

In the case of the core type transormer this gives

efeo * - M * ) * . 2 cC] uk 2 =, 0

3C_
< W 0U( k , - % 5 * )
db~

C^J^K = 2 C f(

CfeS,.*CcuFcuKa = h f i i h
 8.

» CfeKx + Ccut,Ci|K2

(evidently only positive values of radicals can oe usedj.

Tberefors

2
2 Cfe

V CftnF«„K. V c f ’ Ki + CmiF j

- / C fX k , M s
V c f e a * C cuPenK.j » " “« /Tc^T^„v,..k;i
v ^cu^cu •*

f , , /Z U Z S Z L Nj
2 \ V ^cu^cu^2 V P f e ^ i + ^cu^cu^z /

This seems not to be readily reducable to a form

any simpler for numerioal substitution. It seems easiest to

find e and b for given conditions and substitute in equation

for Gjnin for the various tables to be made as below;

2 Kl M * _ M * + K,(b + e) :
C = 2 Cfe ►M ♦-2 C cuFc
b
 9.

Referring now to the shell type transormer, the

following obtains,

2 CfeKi( h2 ) + 2 2 cufcu^a^ 1 “ h« 1 = 0

*o rCfe^i
k +a
4 cCc u J v,2
??c u a - ^ ~s

\ /---- -ij-SiLg-
V C feK1 + 2CcuFcuiv

:' ^CUrCUA2
c F K = ±Sls£L
h2
+ JtPjaifffill.K
h2
.*KS.

V CU‘ c u “ 2

The cruciform type gives the somewhat simpler form,

e2 + 2) + 42c u ^c u ^2 “ ^

2 % A * ‘ V c A * iifsMi-

= J _____Sisikik____
V ^fe^i + ^ c i r c u ^ *

= Cf„K [ 2 K_ \ / -
G£fiL -t .2-^ U-
yc.U,
K«- + 2 \ / ---- ------------
1 ' f 61 t 2 V cfeKi^2' V c f e K1 + 2GcuFcuKa.

/ f ‘ 1 *4Oo«r«A [ /5‘V 3
 10.
An arbitrary value of x, in equation

Sjj * Kc (k.v.a. )x

was assumed and a considerable number of preliminary calculations

of % with varying values of Kc was made for a large range of

values of kv.a. The Cmin was determined for various values of

Ccu abd Cfe using reasonable values of Fc u , Ffe , B and current

density. The values of E jj giving the minimum cost were noted

substituting these back into the original equation six equa­

tions for each of these values of Ccu and Gfe were obtained for

values of kv.a. varying from 10 to 1000. From these, average

values of x which would give the same value of K 0 for minimum

cost were obtained. The values of x naturally varied consider­

ably but as the minimum cost would vary but slightly with these

variations, it. was considered sufficiently accurate to take x

as l/2 to which it closely approximated as a mean. Calculations

subsequently made (see data sheets) show that htis value is

approximately correct, that is that using the equation

the same value of K c will give the minimum cost transformer

for any size of transformer providing the type, costs of iron

and copper and densities and maximum voltage remain the same.

It will vary with a variation of any of the above quantities;-

e.g., for core type transformers using densities of B - 60000

lines per square inch, and current density = 900 amperes per

square inch, if copper costs 15^ and iron costs 4^ per pound,

and the voltage is 2200, making K c unity gives a minimum cost

transformer in any size while for a shell type transformer us-

ingthe same densitiesand costs K q for minimum cost becomes

 11.
1.45 suid for the cruciform type under the same condition K q

is 1.6 approximately in each case.

For the core type transformer it appears from these

calculations that the value of K0 which will give a minimum

cost for any size and smy cost of copper or iron, the densities

remaining as above, may be found exactly enough for all pract­

ical purposes by using the equation

For the shell type transformer the value of K0 which will give

a minimum cost is quite different and is expressed by the fol­

lowing equation

Kc = *?5 ^ / cost of copper per I d .

cost of iron per lb.

While the cruciform type requires that

K = ,82 / c o s t of copper per lb.

V cost of iron per lb.

to get a minimum cost of materials. From the above equations

it is seen that for least cost of materials K c is lowest in the

core type and h i p e s t in the cruciform type. This means that

Sjj is in the same proportion and therefore H the number of times

in the coil is in inverse proportion, i.e., for lowest cost

transformer there are more turns and less iron cross section

in the core than in any other type of transformer which should

tend to make a better all day o f f y f o r this type of trans­

former.
However it may be noted from the following tables
 12 .
that for given conditions in each case an actually lower cost

may he obtained for the cruciform type than for either of 1he

others, the next lower being the shell type. It may be noted

that this problem might have been attacked in a different manner

which may perhaps be considered a "more elegant" method of

solution. This consists in determining the values for the

minimum dimensions from the general equations. This does not

however give directly the relation of turns to flux nor the

way in which the cost varies as we recede in either direction

from the minimum.

Taking for instance the equation for the cost of the

core type transformer (page 6) we have the one restraining

condition that is a constant or for any given densities

and voltage abher is constant. For minimum conditions then

the following oblfeifis

 IS.
Let A =2Cfe and B =2CcuFcu

C = A ( 2 a*b + abb + ane ) + 6 (ahe + bhe + he2 )

abhe =. K

log a + log b + log h + log e = log K

[. A ( 4ab + bb + be) + Bbe]Ba ♦ (UA ( 23*' + ah + ae) + Bhe]Bb +

[Jab + B ( ae + be + e2 ) ] Bh [Aab * B ( ah + bb + 2 he ) ] Be =, 0

^ ^ eBa + eBb + edb ^

a b b

Substituting this value of Be above

[A ( 4aD + bb + be) + Bhe ] Ba + [iA( 2a2+ ah +ae) + Bhe jBb +

UAab + B ( ae + be + e2 ) J Bh -+ [ Abe + B ( he+ --- + --- )] Ba

3 3

-[‘Aae + B ( + he+ )]Bb - £iA + BiX ae + be + 2e*)lBh =, 0

b o h

„ . , bhe + 2 he 2 ._ .A .„ 2 , r .ahe ♦ 2 hes

>1A C 4aD + bb) - 6 ( ----------)] Ba + l.A ( 2a 2 + ah) - E ( --------- •)] Bb
a b

[.A ( ab - ^ ^ ) - Be2']Bb whence

h

Jab { 4*a ♦ &)■ Bhe ( b + 2e)

Aab ( 2a + h) = Bhe ( a + 2e)

.Aab ( h - e) =, Bbe ( e)

Aab _ b + 2e a + 2e _ __e__
Bhe 4a + h ' 2a + h 'b - e

b- a e
2.a h- e
 14

b- a _ e
o♦ a h
a e
This shows that the simpler form - = - = 2 A- empirically obtained by
b h
the former method can only oe true if b = (l + /2)a = 2.,414'a which

proves to be nearly but not quite true.

b + 2a _ e _ b+e
4 a + b + h + 2e ' Ti 4a + b +

b- a b+e a+ e
b+ a 4a + b + 2e 3,a + ie

ah + he =. 3ae + 2e*

3ae + 2e*
h ----------
a+ e

2e*- he
a = -----—
h-3e

b- a _ e
2a h-e

b - a _ 2e
a h-e

b _ h+ e
a "h-e

h + e e ( 2 e - h) ^ ,
b = ---- ---------- from which , since a and b must be positive,it
h-e h - 3e

appears that 3e > h > 2 e

h + e e* ( 2 e- h)a
an
h- e ( h- 3 e ) 2

ab h+ e e ( 2e - h)2
he h- e h ( h- 3e ) 2

A _ h ( h- 3e)*
B * ( h + e ) ( 2 e - h )*
 15.

K = -fa-t-S x x he8-, - *
h-e ( h - 3e )* ' A h-e

h*ea _ IK
h-e B

e
Let - = x then
h

h2ea _ he* = h*x8

h -e 1- x 1- x

__________________________ _ _ (1 - 3x)*
B (b + e)(2e- h) (i + £}( 2 - - l)2' ’ O + *) (2x-* 1)*'
h h

i - ( 4x* —3x + 1) =, 1 - 6x + 9x*

B

4£ 3A
•x* - 9x* + v€' -- )x 1 £
T B

a _ 9CcuFcu x = 2ca£cii _ 2
4 Cfe '2 Cfe 4^ ' 4Cfe 4‘

The above cubic in x may be solved by Tartaglia's

method, giving an algebraic solution into which any values

may be put but this leads to so complicated a form that it

is better to use an approximation method after substituting

in numerical values for the constants even thou$i this im­

plies solving for each cost and space factor to be consid­

ered. Especially is this the case since it is evident that

the values of x must lie between \ jz and l/3. This results

from inspection of the equation above expressing the value

of b which must be positive. For example for the conditions

 16

= .45 and copper 12/ and/4/ per lb, x s .395, and

:/44r 1.71 * ;0616

.395)
/ 5. 74 K » 1.55 n

K depends on the size of transformer and this equation must then

be solved for every size, cost and voltage. This K z E^Kg of the

former method and is for the 10 tar.a , , 2200 volt; , transformer

as found before 385. This gives a value of h = 6.87, and e =

hx = 2.71, and b s 6.83. These equations show that the simple

relations found empirically by the other method are not quite

exact; ^/a = h/e = 2*4. But these relations are within tne accurst ►

cy demanded in the design room. For it proves to be the case

that the value of x and the other ratios used vary but little

with widely varying values of cost and size.

In the shell type Transformer we may similarly find the

relations existing which also leads to the solution of a cubic

and a biquadratic equation of the same form as before. In

this case it beoomes

x3 _ £ .9sj£.c_y x *' + £(££jjL lu - 1 ).x - +- = o

6 c fe 4 c fe 5cfe 4
yhere x as before must lie between l/2 and l/3 and

For. the Cruciform type the cubic has the form

x» + (25-GcuFcu_ g) x* - (£iifijjlsil--):x + _ 1
^32 Cfe ** o Cfe 4; 8Cfe 4

V/here the value of x must lie between .4 and .5 and

 17

h = y / ^ C s t - 2 )‘
16x* ( 1 - 2x

IIL Discussion of Curves.

If then the formula for determination of EK as given

on page 10 is applied, taking arbitrary values of £ 0 there

will result (page 2) proportions of turns and iron cross section

varying according to the values assumed, with a consequent

variation in core loss and all day efficiency. For each of these

relations we ahall obtain the shape of the transformer having

the lowest cost by substituing in the equations obtained on

pages 8 and 9.

This gives rise to a series of tables several of which

are here reproduced. These show the cost of the cheapest form of

transformer for each value of £ c for varying prices of iron

and copper. These results have been plotted in the appended

curves.

These curves plotted between KQ and cost for each

size and price of material show then, that value of £ c which

gives the minimum cost transformer of all the transformers of

the size considered under the material's prices obtaining at

the time. They also show how the cost varies as we recede in

either direction from the best value of K e , From those values

have been determined the equations giving the best value of

Kc previously noted on page 11.

The shape of these curves varies, of course, with the

price of materials, but in general it will be noted that the

curves are quite flat near the minimum point. It is desirable

 18

to make oore loss as small as possible, especially in distribu­

ting transformers. This means as many turns and as little iron

as consistent with cost and other features of design.

These curves show that with a very small increase in

cost we may condiserably increase the number of turns over that

for actual minimum cost. The lower the price of copper, the

farther may K G be decreased without an undue increase in cost.

The different forms of transformers, however, show several

peculiarities with regard to the shape of these curves with vary­

ing cost3 of iron and copper. The curves do not all become

flatter toward the lower values of K c for increased iron costs,

as might at first thought be expected. As the number of turns

increases the length of magnetic circuit also increases and the

amount of iron thus also tends to increase.

One of the columns of these tables gives the cost of

iron another the cost of .copper. From these two columns direct­

ly may be obtained the weights or volumes and from these direct­

ly, knowing the current and flux densities, the iron and copper

losses. Using these values the 3ets of curves XI to XIII have

been made. These show that when the cost of copper per pound is

about double that of iron, the total losses, copper and iron,

are a minimum for the same transformer that gives a minimum

cost. That is, the minimum cost transformer has the maximum

full load efficiency. As the proportionate cost of copper Int­

erBases, however, the maximum efficiency transformer is one

which has more turns and less iron section than the one giving

miiimum cost ; while, if the cost of iron increases the

 19.

maximum efficiency will come with transformers using less turns,

that is, with those having a lower all day efficiency.

As copper is usually considerably more than double

the price of iron, it is evident that we gain both in full load

and in all day efficiency by using more turns in the coil and

less iron cross section, and that these gains are accomplished

with very small increase in cost. For example, in one case of a

core type transformer at about normal prices for iron and

copper, a 7% increase in cost of materials due to using 65%

more turns and less iron will give some 20$ less core loss

and the full load efficiency will be practically the same in

both cases.

The curves drawn for transformers where flux densi­

ties of 50,000 and 70,000 lines per square inch have been

used show that these changes do not materially alter the point

at which the minimum cost will occur, though of course, chang­

ing the aotual cost. The common method of running up the flux

density in the core and compensating for these larger losses

by increasing the iron cross section of the yoke will tend

to cheapen the transformer with the same losses particularly

when iron is cheap and copper expensive.

The conclusion arrived at mathematically that for

any price of copper or iron the ratio of h to e must lie

between one half and one third for the condition of minimum

cost regardless of the prices of materials suggests the con­

sideration of how much the cost3 and losses will be changed

if the value of this ratio is taken outside these limits.

 20 ,

Especially is this of interest when it is noted that the value

of this ratio lies far outside these limits when we construct

a transformer with the best shape obtainable for proportions

of iron and copper other than those giving the minimum cost.

Referring to the equations giving the volume of iron and copper

on pages 5 and 6, taking for instance the cruciform type, it

is seen that the volume of iron is equal to a constant times

a constant plus the sum of e and h, where the product of e and

h is a constant. Therefore the volume will be a minimum when

h equals e. The volume of copper is equal to a constant times

the sum of e and a constant, which is evidently a minimum

for e equals zero. The other types are similar though the

relation is not so simple. This means that as the window is

widened and shortened the core loss is decreased and the

copper loss increased. It proves to be the ease that the total

losses are not greatly changed. How much the cost will be

changed depends upon the relative prices. Here again we should

expect a change toward a wider window in the interest of

higher all day efficiency.

Comparing a 5 k. v. a. cruciform transformer of a

well known make with the form indicated by our equations, it

appears that the commercial transformer has about 85$ more

turns than indicated for a minimum cost if we assume 15 cent

copper and 4 cent iron, but that the window is 2-l/2" by

5.85" instead of 1.88" by 4.2" or instead of 1.64" by 9.45"

if we consider the cheapest shape of transformer which uses

the same number of turns as the commercial type viz. 1240.

 21 .

This change only increased the cost about 5$ above the 1240

turn transformer with the narrower window while decreasing

the core loss some 19$. The cost is about 18$ greater and

the core loss about 35$ less than the minimum cost transformer.

Curves XIV to XVII covering a considerable range in

costs and sizes for core and shell type transformers show that

the statement of page 16 regarding the value of and ^ is

quite justified. The same value of K c which makes these two

ratios equal 2.4 (very approximately) for any transformer,

also gives the minimum cost.

IV Conclusions.

1. A transformer may be designed of such proportions

as to give a minimum cost without using a cut and try method

as has been the practice.

2. The variations from this minimum may be determined

beforehand and may be shown graphically in such way as to allow

deviation from these dimensions to secure certain desirable

operating characteristics without undue increase in cost if

we keep within suitable limits.

3. For any given price conditions the cruciform trans­

former can be built more cheaply as regards materials than the

others, the core type being the most expensive. This difference

is less as the price of iron goes up.

4. The cruciform type can be built with lower losses

than the others but the core loss in general is slightly

 22.

higher for the same conditions.

5. The commercial tendency toward cruciform type and

toward several per cent greater number of turns than the cheap­

est transformer would have, is justified.

6. It will be noted that no account has been taken

of the reactance. The very narrow window of type found the

cheapest, would tend to make the reactance very low, giving

good regulation but a large short circuit current.

7. The effect of changing current density has not

been considered.
 TABLBS

Table I
General Quantities

Tables II to VI
Quantities applicable to any type or cost,

where voltage, frequency, densities and space

factors are as in Table I.

Tables VII to XVI

Sample calculations for obtaining C minimum,

from which the following curves were drawn.

Table XVII

Variation in cost due to change in flux

density.
 TABLE I
General Quantities,

Applicable wheie E * 2200volts, f = 60 cycles, B = 60000 lines

per sq. in., Current density = 900 amps, per sq. in,, Ffe - .9

Fcu = .4, .45, and .5 .

9
ab =. ; = 16.5 v * 1<T*
54000

ctw Small Medium sizes Large sizes

eh = Ka - = M k m e = .00495 IN = .00445 IN

Ek Kc ✓( kv. a .)

2200

Cost Cost || Valuts of Fcu Ccu Values

of -f.fc uCcu
T0?
Iron C fe |2cfe w = 4 F -A5
-cp'r Fcu=5 V3.654
$ .04 1.012 2.025 $.12 1.540 1.733 1.93 3.08 3.466
.06 1.52 3.04 .15 1.926 2.167 2.41 3..856 4.334 4.62
.06 2.025 4.05 .20 2.566 2.690 3.21 5.136 5.760 6.42
.10 2.53. 5.06 3.212 3..620 4.015 6.424- 7.240 .6.03
•*
 4d £>d Qd 10d
✓Ki Values of Cfe1i x
Kc N «a T T “
.5 1965 .42 7.77 2.79 24.8 49.6 120.4 7787 11.8 15. 73 19.65
.6 1640 .503 9.31 3.05 20.^7 41.4 173.2 9.44 14.15 18.85 23.6
.7 1405 .587 10.9 3.3 17.7 35.4 238. 11.05 16.57 22.1 27.6
8 1230 .672 12.4 3. 52 15.5 31. 308. 12.55 18.85 25.1 31.4
9 1095 .756 13.95 3.735 13.8 27.6 388. 14.13 21.2 28.2 35.3
1 .0 984 .839 15.52 3.94 12.42 24.84 484. 15.72 23.58 31.44 39.25
1.1 894 .923 17.1 4.135 11.25 22.5 584. 17.3 26. 34.6 43.3
1.2 818 1.007 18. 7 4.33 10.3 20.6 698. 18.85 28.4 37.85 47.3
1.3 755 1.09 20.2 4.5 9.53 19.06 816. 20.43 30.7 40.9 51.1
1.4 703 1.175 21.78 4.67 8.86 17. 72 948. 22.01 33.1 44.1 55.1
1.5 656 1.26 23.3 4. 83 8.29 16.58 1088. 23.6 35.4 47.2 59.
1.6 614 1.343 24.8 4.985 7.76 15.52 1240. 25.15 37.7 49.7 62.8
1.7 578 1.428 26.4 5.15 7.3 14.6 1400. 26.73 40.1 53. 66.8
1.8 546 1.51 27.9 5.29 6.89 13.8 1565. 28.3 42.4 56. 70.7
1.9 517 1.594 29.5 5.44 6.53 13.06 1745. 29.07 44.8 59.2 74.7
2.0 492 1.68 31.1 5.58 6.21 12.4 1933. 31.45 47.3 62.4 78.7

KiKa = 192.5
V-2
cost c o # lbl2^ 15^ 20 (ft 25^
" ” ““ * 371 494 618 CfeK1Ka 195 292.5 390 ,48.7
V' Values of Values of c feKi
CTi OT°

38.,2 47. 8 63.J7 79.,7 61 91.5 122 152

31.,9 39. 9 53.,2 66.,5 68 132 175 219
27.,25 34. 1 45.,5 56..8 120 181 241 301
VO 03

23.,85 29 ,9 39.,8 49..8 156 234 311 389

21.,25 26. 6 35.,4 44..3 196 295 393 490
1. 19,.1 23. 9 31.,85 39,.0 245 368 490 611
1.1 17,.3 21. 7 28.,9 36. 1 496 444 591 738
1.2 15,.9 19. 85 26 ,.45 33,.1 354 530 705 882
1.3 14..68 18. 4 ■24.,5 30..6 413 620 827 1030
1.4 13..65 17. 1 22.,8 28,.4 480 720 960 1200
1.5 12..73 15. 92 21..2 26 ..5 551 828 1102 1375
1.6 11..93 14.,93 19.,9 24,.9 626 940 1252 15 60
1.7 11,.23 14. 06 18.,72 23,.4 707 1065 1414 1762
1.8 10,.6 13. 28 17..68 22,.1 793 1190 15 86 1980
1.9 10,.05 12. 58 16 ,.75 20..9 883 1330 1766 2205
2 .0 9..55 11.,95 15.,9 19..9 980 1473’ 1960 2450

Values of 2 GCU^CUK2 Values of 2

.5 76.4 95.6 127.4 W 7 4 122"“ TB3 244 304
.6 63.8 79.8 106.4 133. 175 263 351 438
.7 54.5 6 8.2 91. 113.6 241 362 482 602
.8 47.7 59.8 79.6 99.6 312 468 623 778
.9 42.5 53.2 70.8 88.6 393 590 786 981
1.0 38.25 47.85 63,8 79.8 490 736 980 1223
1.1 34.6 43.4 57.8 72.2 592 888 1182 1477
1.2 31.74 39.9 52.9 66.2 707 1060 1410 1765
29.36 36.8 49. 61.2 827 1240 1655 2060
1.3
1.4 2 7.3 34.2 45.6 56.8 961 1440 1920 2400
25.5 31.9 42.5 53.2 1102 1656 2204 2 750
1. 5
11.6 23.9 29.9 39.4 49.6 1252 1880 2504 3120
22.5 2815 37.5 46.8 1414 2130 28 28 3524
1 7 1586 2380 3172 3960
11.8 21.2 26.6 35.4 44.2
20.1 25.2 33.5 41.8 1766 2660 3532 4410
11.9
11frih'-ri —___ 10,1fe. '9-- 30 0 .... - 96A 398» oo— ll
 Table III. 10 kv. a .

Post of Iron 4</ 8q( 10</

Kc h N K4K K, K? 2Kt values of Cf^Ki

.5 1.58 1393 0.593 10.97 35.20 120.5 241 11.0 16.68 22.20 27. 7{
.6 1.89 1163 0.710 13.13 29.37 172.5 345 13.3 19.95 26.60 33.25
.7 2.215 994 0.832 15.4G 25.05 237.0 474 15.59 23.40 31.20 39.0(
.8 2.53 869 0.952 17.60 21.85 310.0 620 17.81 26.76 35.63 44.55
.87 2.75 800 1.032 19.10 20.20 364.5 729 19.31 29.00 38.70 48. 35
.95 3.005 732 1.129 20.85 18.50 435.5 871 21.10 31.70 42,25 52.8(
1. 3.16 696 1.187 22. 17.60 484 968 22.27 33.81 44.60 55. 7(
1.1 3.48 632 1.308 24.18 15.95 581 1162 24.43 36.70 48.90 61.11
1.13 3.58 614 1.345 24.85 15.50 618 1236 25.18 37.80 50.38 62.9£
1.2 3. 80 578 1.430 26.41 14.60 698.5 1397 26.78 40.18 53.52 66.95
1.3 4.12 534 1.548 28.60 13.49 821 1642 28.95 43.45 58.00 72.4(
1.4 4.43 496 1.667 30.80 12.50 950 1900 31.20 46.80 62.40 78.0C

K K = 385

Cost of copper■ 12^ w 20^ 25^

593 741 1 989 1393 C feK A 389 585 779 974

i
values of 2Cf X
Kc values of (
.5 54.10 67.6 '127.20 244 366.5 488 610
.6 45.15 56.4 75.3 106.10 349 525 698 872.
.7 38.52 47.12 64.2 90.50 480 721 960 1200
.8 33.72 42.15 56.25 79.30 627. 6 943 1256 1569
.87 31.08 38.84 51.82 73.00 738 1108 1478 1845
.95 28.45 35.59 47.45 66.90 882 1324 1764 2205
1. 26.96 33.50 44.90 63.32 980 1471 1960 2450
1.1 24.58 30.71 40.95 57.40 1178 1768 2353 2940
1.13 23.87 29.80 39.80 55.90 1251 1880 2501 3125
1.2 22.41 28.05 37.40 52.70 1415 2121 2830 3530
1.3 20.78 25.99 34.60 48.80 1663 2499 3325 4150
'1.4 19.29 24.08 32.15 45.28 1925 2885 3845 4805
 Table 17. 50 kv. a.

Goat of iron 44 t>4_____ Q4 10^

N /K, 2Ka 2K* Values of CfeKA

*c K,

.3 797 .88 14.7 3.84 116.7 233.4 434 14.9 22.4 29.8 37.2
.5 623 1.33 24.5 4.95 70 140 1202 24.8 37.3 49.6 62.1
.6 518 1.59 29.4 5.41 58.3 116.6 1734 29.8 44.7 59.6 74.5
.7 445 1.86 34.3 5.85 50 100 2358 34.8 52.2 69.5 86.9
.8 389 2.12 39.2 6.25 43. 8 87.6 3080 39.7 59.7 79.4 99.3
.9 346 2.39 44.1 6.65 38.9 77.8 3900 44.7 67.1 89.3 111.7
1. 311 2.65 49.0 7.00 35 70 4820 49.7 74.6 99.3 124.1
1.1 283 2.92 54 7.34 31.8 63.6 5830 54.7 82 109.2 136.5
1 .2 259 3.18 58.9 7.65 29.1 58.3 6940 59.6 89.5 119.1 148.9
1 .3 239 3.45 63.8 7.97 26.9 53.8 8120 64.6 97. 129 161.3
1 .4 222 3.72 68.7 8.28 25 50 9420 69.5 104.3 138.9 173.7
1 .5 207 3.98 73.6 8.56 23.3 46.7 10800 71.5 111.9 148.8 186.1
1 .6 194 4.25 78.5 8.85 21.9 43.7 12320 79.4 119.3 158.8 198.5
1 .7 183 4.51 83.4 9.12 20.6 41.2 13920 84.4 126.8 168.7 210.9
1 .8 173 4.78 88.3 9.4 19.4 36.9 156 0 0 89.4 134.2 178.7 223.3
1 .9 164 5.04 93.2 9.65 18.4 36.8 17340 94.3 141.8 188.6 245.7
2. 155 5.31 98.1 9.9 17.5 35.0 19240 99.3 149 198.5 248.1
2 .2 141 5.84 108 10.4 15.9 31.8 23330 109.1 164 218.3 272 .9
2 .3 135 6.11 112.5 10.6 15.4 30.8 25300

Cost of
copper 1Z j 15j 2&j 254
Ccufc u M s 9 7 5 3720 496g 621g CfeK4K, 1738 2510 5475 4545

K x K« =1715
 2nd page Table IV

Cost of copper Cost of icon

per l b * / i5* 2/ 25* per lb. v 6* 6* l/
values of W c u * 2 valuea of CfeK*

.3 201.9 252.7 237. 422. 219 330 439 546

.5 121.2 151.7 202.2 253.5 610 916 1220 1525
.6 101. 126.3 168.5 211.2 878 1318 1756 2195
.7 86.6 108.3 144.3 181. 1195 1794 2390 2987
.8 75.8 94.8 126.3 158.3 1560 2342 3120 3900
.9 67.4 84.2 112.3 140.8 1975 2965 3950 4935
1.0 60.6 75.8 101.1 126.7 2440 3665 4880 6100
1.1 55.1 68.9 91.8 115.1 2952 4420 5904 7380
1.2 50.5 63.2 84.2 105.5 3510 5270 7020 8775
1.3 46.6 58.3 77.75 97.5 4120 6185 8240 10290
1.4 43.3 54.2 72.2 90.5 4780 7180 9560 11950
1.5 40.4 50.6 67.4 84.4 5490 8250 10980 13730
1.6 37.9 47.4 63.2 79.2 6250 9380 12500 156 20
1*7 35.65 44.6 59.5 74.5 7050 10580 14100 17620
1.8 33.67 42.1 56.2 70.4 7900 11860 15800 19750
1.9 31.9 39.9 53.2 66.7 8800 13210 17600 22000
2.0 30.3 37.9 50.6 63.3 9735 14620 19470 24330
2.2 27.53 34. 5 46. 57.6 11800 17720 23600 29500

values of 2Ccufcu Ka values of 2Cfe

.3 403.8 505.4 674. 844.0 439 660 879 1097

.5 242.4 303.4 404.4 507.0 1216 1828 2432 3040
.6 202.0 252.6 337.0 422.4 1753 2635 3510 4380
.7 173.2 216.6 288.6 362.0 2387 3580 4770 5960
.8 151.6 189.6 252.6 316.6 3118 4680 6235 7790
.9 134.8 168.4 224.6 281.6 3947 5925 7890 9850
1.0 121.2 151.6 202.2 253.4 4880 7325 9760 12200
1.1 110.2 137.8 183.6 230.2 5900 8860 11800 14720
1.2 101.0 126.4 168.4 211.0 7005 10550 14000 17500
1.3 93.2 116.6 155.5 195.0 8210 12330 16420 20500
1.4 86.6 108.4 144.4 181.0 9540 14300 19050 23800
1.5 80.8 101.2 134.8 168.8 10920 16400 21870 27300
a.6 75.8 94.8 126.4 158.4 12500 18750 25000 31300
1.7 71.3 89.2 119.0 149. 14100 21100 28100 35100
1.8 67.34 84.2 112.4 140.8 15800 23750 31600 39500
1.9 63.8 79.8 106.4 133.4 17600 26450 35200 44000
2.0 60.6 75.8 101.2 126.6 19600 29400 39000 48750
2.2 55.06 68.8 89.2 115.2 23600 35500 47 250 59000
 Table V., 200 kv . a.

Cost of iron per lb. 4/ 8/ 10/

*c N >*10“ 6 /Kx 2K* 2K* values of Cfe*i
.5 311 2.65 49.1 7.01 141 282 4800 49.6 74.5 99.3 124
.6 259.5 3.18 58.8 7.68 116.8 232 6920' 59.6 89.5 119 149
.7 222 3.72 68.8 8.29 100 200 9460 69.7 104.7 139 174
.8 194 4.26 78.8 8.87 87.4 175 12400 79.8 120 159.5 199
.9 173 4.77 88.3 9.41 78 156 156 00 89.5 134.2 178.7 223.5
1. 155.6 5.31 98.2 9.91 70 140 19250 99.4 149.3 199 248.5
1.1 141.5 5.84 108. 10.39 63.7 127 23400 109.3 164 218.6 273
i.a 130 6.35 117.5 10.83 58.5 117 27600 119 178.5 238 298
1.3 120 6.88 127.2 11.3 54. 108 32400i 129 193 258 322
{1.4 111 7.44 127.6 11.72 50. 100 37800i 139.2 209 279 348
1.5 104 7.94 147. 12.13 46.8 93 43200i 148.8 223.5 298 372
1.6 97.8 8.49 157. 12.53 43.8 88 49200' 159 238.7 318.3 398
1.7 92.1 9.02 167 12.91 41.2 82 55600 169 253.8 338 423
1.8 87 9.55 177 13.3 38.9 78 62300 179 268.7 358 448
1.9 82.4 10.09 186.5 13.65 36.9 74 69300 189 283.5 378 472
2.0 78.3 10.61 196.3 14. 35. 70 76900' 199 298.5 398 497
2.2 71.2 11.68 216 14.7 31.8 64 93000 219 328 .3 438 547

K L = 6870.5
Cost of copper Cost of iron
Rer lb.l2oT 15/ 20 ci 25/ r per lb. 4/ ed 8/ 10/
<0 R f6 .‘K* ‘» % i u H 4a > a < £ e ° 17370
k%
•5 244.5 305.5 408 510 4860 7300 9720 12130
.6 202.2 253 338 422.5 7000 10520 14000 17500
.7 173.3 216.7 289 362 958 0 14400 19150 23930
.8 151.5 189.5 252.5 316.2 12550 18860 25100 31350
.9 135.2 169 225. 5 282.5 15780 237 30 31600 39450
1. 121.3 151.7 202. 2 253.5 19500 29 300 39000 48700
1.1 110.3 138. 184 230.5 23670 35600 47300 59200
1.2 101.3 126.8 169 211.8 27920 42000 55800 69800
1.3 93.6 117. 156 195.5 32800 49300 65600 82000
1.4 86.7 108.3 144. 5 181 38250 57500 76500 956 00
1.5 81.2 101.5 135. 2 169.5 43700 65700 87400 109250
values of CfeKi
values of 2CAI)&nilK»
.5 "485.5 608 811 1016 49.7 74.6 99.4 124.1
i .6 404.5 507 676 847.5 59.7 89.5 119.2 149.
.7 346.8 434 579 726 69.6 104.3 139.1 173.8
.8 303.3 380 506 636 79.5 119.3 159. 198.7
.9 259.8 338 450 566 89.5 134.2 178.9 223.5
1.0 242.7 304 405.,2 508 99.4 149.2 198.7 248.3
1.1 220.5 276.3 368 461.5 109.3 164 218.6 273.2
1.2 202.1 253.3 337 •5 423 119.2 179 238.5 298
1.3 186.7 233.8 311. 5 391 129.2 194 258.3 322.7
1.4 173.3 217 289. 5 363 139.1 208.7 278.2 347.5
1.5 161.8 202.7 270 338.5 149 223.8 298.1 372.6
1.6 151.7 190 253.3 317.3 159 238.6 318 397.1
1.7 142.8 178.8 238. 2 299 169 253.5 337.9 422
1.8 134.8 169 225 282.3 178.9 268.5 357.8 447
1.9 127.8 160 213. 3 267.3 188.9 283.3 377.7 472
2.0 121.3 152 202. 5 254 198.8 298.3 397.6 497
2.2 117.5 147.3 184. 2 230.5 218.9 328.0 437. 546
 Table VI. 1000 kv. a ,

Cost of iron per lb. 4* 6* 10^

Kc N q>*10“ 6 Kx K* K* 2K* values of CfeK^

.7 99.3 8.33 154 SOI E3700 47400 156 234 312 390
.9 77.3 10.7 198 156.3 39E00 78400 200 301 401 501
1. 69.5 11.9 ESO 140.7 48400 96800 223 334 446 557
1.1 63.E 13.07 E4E 138 58600 117200 245 368 490 613
l.E 57.9 14.3 E64 117 69700 139400 268 401 535 669
1.5 46.3 17.85 330 93.8 109000 218000 334 502 669 835

Ki K 2: 50980
Cost of copper Cost of iron
per lb, 12^ 15'4 20^ 25^ par lb. 4^ H 8^ 10^

CcuFcii(xK*59700 74600 99400 1E4E00 0 ^ ^ 3 1 3 5 0 47100 6E700 78400

values of ^cuFc A values of 2CfeK;ll

.7 387 484 646 807 48100 72000 96000 120000

.9 301 377 502 628 79350 119000 159000 198300
1.0 271 339 452 565 98000 147000 196000 245000
1.1 246 308 411 514 118800 178000 237500 297000
1.2 226 282 376 471 141300 212000 282000 353000
1.5 181 226 301 376 221000 331000 441000 551000
 Table VII. 5 kv. a . Gore Type.
Iron 10^ Copper 12^
1 2 3 5 6' 7 8 9 «J O 11 12
mr ♦ *
3 x cn -a X3§
<o 4- a> u Cx* +
91 B41 <D ^ O
V *fi OrH
o' o a 1a =*S CM W O rH
CM J>
.5 a 2.9 600 3.96 30.4 66.4 22.5 604 170 48.6 672" 12.76
.6 55.5 2.96 734 4.8 36.1 65 27.6 651 160 40.1 616 12.67
.7 55 2.98 898 5.74 41.5 64.6 32.5 701 154 33.5 578 12.79
.8 55.2 2.97 1074 6.71 45.9 64.8 36.8 746 150 28.7 551 12.97
.9 56.5 2. 93 1277 7.75 50.1 65.7 40.8 792 147 24.8 528 13.20
1. 58.5 2.88 1519 8.92 54.3 66.8 44.8 839 146 21.6 516 13.55
1.1 60.5 2.84 1773 10.12 57.7 67.8 48.6 880 146 19 508 13.88
1.2 63 2. 78 2061 11.38 61.4 69.3 52. 924 146 16.9 502 14.26

Iron 6d Copper 120

43.8 2.58 658 4.91 48.5 74.6 2B.2 460 132 39.2 530 9.90
•l
.s 42.7 2.62 764 5.66 54.5 73.4 32.5 488 128 34.6 502 9.90
.9 42.4 2.62 886 6.46 60.1 73.3 36.6 517 125 29.8 478 9.95
.6 46. 2.52 560 4.19 41.3 76.5 23.4 430 139 46. 570 10.00

Iron 4d Copper 25<^

.7 67.8 1.69 859 3.89 61.2 119 18.4 402 98.8 49.5 954 13.56
.9 58.4 1.83 1011 4.78 81.1 105 25.5 429 91.2 40.3 845 12.74
1. 55.5 1.87 1108 5.27 92 103 29.2 453 88.6 36.5 804 12.57
1.1 53.4 1.91 1210 5.79 101 101 32. 6 475 86.6 33.2 770 12.45
*1.2 52. 1.93 1325 6.33 110 99.5 36.2 498 85.1 30.4 742 12.40
1.3 51. 1.95 1445 6.87 119 98.6 39.4 521 84.1 28. 720 12.41
1.4 50. 1.97 1579 7.45 127 97.5 43. 543 83.5 25.8 702 12.45

Iron 4d Copper 15<^

.5 55.7 1.87 493 3.21 37.5 103 14.5 314 126 60 717 10.31
.7 45.1 2.08 612 4.23 56.2 92.5 22.6 347 112 45.5 606 9.53
.8 42.4 2.14 663 4.78 64.4 89.7 26.6 366 107 40.3 569 9.35
.9 40.7 2.19 764 5.36 72.4 88. 30.6 386 104 35.9 540 9.26
♦1. 39.6 2.22 861 6. 80.8 86.7 34.5 408 102 32.1 517 9.25
1.1 39. 2.23 963 6.66 87.8 86.2 3B.2 430 100 28.9 497 9.27
1.2 38.8 2.24 1078 7.37 94.7 85.8 42. 450 99 26.1 482 9.32

5 kv. a., Shell Type.

. Iron 4<z Copper*: 15 d
gu
'1 +2 - 3 4+ * 5 6 7
«. o M HSd 21 o
t*SOn txj O t 4>jO O
<D O <D6u, rH O -'—•O
■sd <D O JQ .a CO + O * w o ai
tt-o CM CM
L.3 57^.2 1.84 784 6.53 3.09 5.17 10.104 413 490 $9.03
U 4 56.2 1.86 851 7.06 3.08 4. 76 9.702 427 474 9.01
1?5 55.5 1.87 922 7.61 3.06 4.42 9.359 441 460 9.01
L.6 55.0 1.88 998 8.17 3.04 4.12 9.042 455 447.5 9.02

* Indicates point of minumom cost.

 Table VIII. 5 hr.a Shell Type.

Iron 4^ Copper 15^

1 2 ^ 3 5 6 7 9^ 10 11 o
SsJ IN 00 + X -
3 54 +
♦ O T« CO-i, H
no
CO Cx5
X 3 <D +
o © o <D 3 .2 O ^T|a» j i .
a: <HO o m oa ox?
O o o
1.0 63.6 1.75 616 5.07 3. 07 7.09 11.91 375 11.64 557 $ 9^32
1.3 59.2 1.81 784 6.53 3.09 5.27 10.17 416 13.24 487 9.03
*1.4 56.2 1.86 851 7.06 3.09 4.76 9.71 427 13.87 474 9.01
1.5 55,6 1.87 922 7.61 3.06 4.44 9.37 442 14.41 460 9.02
1.7 54.9 1.88 1078 8.77 3.01 3.88 8.77 469 15.54 438 9.07
2.0 55.3 1.88 1351 10.63 2.93 3.3 8.11 510 17.32 414 9.24

Iron 4/ Copper 25^

1.5 76.8 1.59 1169 6.65 3.51 5.22 10.32 519 13.34 710 12.29
1.8 72.5 1.64 1411 8. 3.49 4.2 9.33 528 14. 77 652 11.80
*1.9 71.7 1.65 1501 8.48 3.48 3.96 9.09 543 15.26 639 11.82
2.0 71.3 1.65 1598 8.96 3.47 3.76 8.88 558 15.73 628 11.86

Iron 10^ Copper 12^

.5 96. 2.25 448 3.42 2.27 11. 15.52 610 10.19 778 13.88
.7 82.1 2.43 597 4.68 2.33 7.28 12.04 665 11.87 646 13.11
*.8 79.1 2.48 685 5.36 2.31 6.25 10.94 687 12.63 602 12.89
.9 77.8 2.5 786 6.08 2.29 5.52 10.31 728 13.37 568 12.96
1.1 77.9 2.5 1034 7.73 2.21 4.5 9.21 797 14.94 517 13.14

Iron 10^ Copper 25^

.7 141.2 1.86 919 4.02 2.71 9.5 14.07 777 10.45 1188 19.65
1.1 115.5 2.05 1356 6.13 2.79 5.47 10.31 893 13.03 940 18.33
*1.2 113.5 2.07 1500 6.73 2.78 4.98 9.83 930 13.65 904 18.34
1.3 112.3 2.08 1648 7.34 2.75 4. 59 9.42 962 14.25 872 18.34
1.7 113.6 2.07 2380 10.1 2.61 3.53 8.21 1095 16.86 789 18.84
 Table IX. 5 kv. a« Cruoiform Type,

Iron 44 Copper 15^

1 E 3 4 5 §6 7 8 A 10
<x>
X X
csT«.° y ut, X 0 SZ
0 ID O 0) VW 0 H
«-o ID il 0
O CNJ CO 0
•5 103. 5 1,,37 4.,16 36.,2 tt. 73 328 795 |11. 23 18. 1
.6 89. 25 1.,48 4.,53 28 34. 01 322 725 :LO. 47 14
.7 79. 25 1.,57 4,,87 22.,5 28. 94 320 665 9.,85
.8 7E. 35 1..64 5.,16 18.,9 25. 70 322.5 617 9. 40
.9 67. 3 1. 7 5,,435 16. 2 23. 335 330 578 9. 08
1.0 63. 55 1.,75 5.,7 14.,2 21. 65 341 545 8. 86 7. 09
1.1 60. 7 1.,79 5.,925 12. 6 20. 315 351 515 8. 66
1.2 58. 65 1.,82 6,,15 11.,3 19. 27 365 489 8. 54
1.3 67. 23 1.,845 6.,345 10.,33 18. 52 379 467 8. 46
1.4 56. 2 1.,86 6.,53 9.,53 17. 92 394.5 447 8. 42
1.6 55. 5 1.,875 6.,705 8.,85 17. 43 411- 428 8. 39 4. 42
1*6 55. 05 1.,88 6.,865 8.,25 16. 995 428 411 8. 39 4. 13
1.7 54. 88 1.,886 7,,036 7.,75 16. 672 446 396 8. 42
1.8 54. 9 1.,885 7,,175 7.,32 16. 38 464 382 8. 46
1.9 55. 07 1.,882 7.,322 6.,93 16. 134 483 369 8. 52
2. 55. 4 1,,875 7.,425 6.,61 15. 91 501 355 8.,56 3. 305

Iron 44 Copper 12^

.9 56. 63 1.,85 5,,585 14.,9 21. 535 302 475 7.,77 7.45
1.0 53. 97 1.,90 5,.84 13.,1 20.,84 328 442 7.,70 6.5
1.1 51. 9 1.,94 6,,075 11.,6 19. 615 340 420 7,,60 5.,8
1.2 50. 59 1.,965 6..295 10.,5 18. 740 354 399 7,,53 5. 25
1.3 49. 79 1.,98 6..48 9.,63 18. 09 370 380 7. 50 4. 81
lf4 49. 31 1.,989 6,,659 8,,92 17. 568 387 364 7.,51 4. 46
1.5 49. 10 1,.991 6,,823 8.,3 17. 114 404 348 7.,52 4. 18
1.6 49. 05 1.,992 6,.977 7.,8 16. 769 421 334 7.,56
1.7 49. 23 1..990 7..140 7..33 16.,46 440 321 7.,61 3. 67
1.8 49. 5 1.,980 7,.27 6.,98 16.,23 460 309 7„,69
1.9 49. 97 1.,973 7.,413 6.,62 16.,006 478 298 7.,76
2.0 50. 6 1.,965 7,,545 6.,31 15.,82 498 289 7.,87 3. 16
 Iron 4/ Copper 25<f.
1 % 3 4 5 7 a2 9 10
j o
+ "to H
* O 'x g <X>
0 + =d1 <d
CM
+ *r V
ad <h O° CO o IN
.9 102.73 1.38 5.115 20. 26^495 374.5 915 12.89
1.0 95.52 1.43 5.37 17.39 24.19 380 856 12.36
1.1 89.5 1.48 5.615 15.2 22.195 384 812 11.96
1.2 85.05 1.5 5.83 13.74 21.07 397 772 11.69
1.3 81.63 1.545 6.045 12.36 19.950 408 740 11.48
1.4 78.81 1.574 6.244 11.28 19.098 420 711 11.31
1.5 76.8 1.593 6.423 10.40 18.416 435 684 11.19
1.6 74.75 1.62 6.605 9.57 17.795 447 656 11.03
1.7 73.53 1.63 6.78 8.96 17.37 463 635 10.98
1.8 72.5 1.639 6.929 8.41 16.958 480 612 10.92 4.21
1.9 71.67 1.648 7.088 7.93 16.666 498 592 10.90 3.96
2*0 71.35 1.652 7.232 7.50 16.384 515 577 10.92 3.75

Iron 4^ Copper Z0<f.

1.0 79.52 1.565 5.506 15.9 22.97 362 703 10.65

1.1 75.1 1.61 5.745 14. 21.355 370 663 10.33
1.2 71.75 1.65 5.98 12.5 20.13 380 633 10.13
1.3 69.43 1.68 6.18 11.3 19.16 392 608 10.00
1.4 67.61 1.695 6.365 10.45 18.53 408 582 9.90
1.5 66.1 1.71 6.54 9.7 17.95 424 556 9.80
1.6 64.55 1.741 6.726 8.92 17.387 439 526 9.75
1.7 64.23 1.74 6.89 8.38 17.01 455 516 9.71
1*8 63.70 1.75 7.04 7.88 16.67 471 498 9.69
1.9 63.37 1.755 7.195 7.43 16.38 488 482 9.70
2.0 63.35 1.754 7.334 7.07 16.158 508 468 9.76
 Iron lOp Copper 12^

1 2 3 4 5 ^6 7 a 9 10
lO
o
cO it
k
3
+ O CO
o © tae< X -C
K) © CN3j ^ CO cm o
O <M O tl* w
.5 96.05 2.25 5.04 22.1 29.39 578 770 fl3.48 11
.6 87.4 2.38 5.43 17.4 25.21 595 694 12.89
.7 82.1 2.44 6.74 14.5 22. 68 626 626 12.52
.8 79.9 2.475 5.995 12.52 20.990 660 572. 5 12.32 6.23
.9 77.8 2.5 6.235 11.05 19.785 698 531 12.29 5.51
1.0 77.5 2.502 6.442 9.91 18.854 743 493 12.36 4.95
1.1 77.9 2.5 6.635 9.00 18.135 785 459 12.44 4. 51
1.2 79.04 2.48 6.81 8.31 17.60 833 432 12.65
1.3 80.46 2.46 6.96 7.75 17.17 876 408 12.84
Iron Copper lcr

•5 107.4 1.646 4.436 30.1 36.182 430

.6 93.95 1.765 4.815 23.4 29.98 424
.7 84.77 1.856 5.156 19.1 26.112 433
.8 78.65 1.93 5.45 16.05 23.43 442
.9 74.4 1.98 5.715 13.9 21.595 458 609 10.67
1.0 71.43 2.021 5.961 12.3 20.28 2 478 571 10.49
1.1 69.4 2.052 6.187 10.97 19.209 500 537 10.37
68.3 2.067 6.397 9.96 18.414 523 510 10.33
*1.3 67.5 2.08 6.58 9.16 17.82 548 482 10.30 4.58
1.4 67.3 2.082 6.752 8.5 17.334 574 462 10.36
1.5 67.3 2.082 6.912 7.95 16.944 600
1.6 67.6 2.079 7.064 7.48 16.623 628
1.7 68.25 2.067 7.217 7.06 16.344 656
1.8 69.0 2.069 7.359 6.67 16.098 681
 Iron 6^ Copper 20<j.

i 2 3 4 5 6-^ 7 8 9
10
J1 to
0
+ 3 r
o ■** to
E»J ©
♦
<«*» O
o > • Ssl* +
o o ©
CO 4o°
.5 13912 1.45 4.24 34.2 39789 4^1 1080 i£.51
.6 120.55 1.555 4.605 26.6 32.76 463 980 14.43
.7 107.57 1.65 4.95 21.45 28.05 465 901 13.66
.8 98.45 1.719 5.239 18.02 24.978 466 835 13.01
.9 92.0 1.777 5.512 15.55 22.839 485 781 12.66
1.0 87.38 1.822 5.762 13.65 21.234 501 735 12.36
1.1 83.8 1.862 5.997 12.05 19.909 518 693 12.11
1.2 81.3 1.89 6.22 10.9 19.01 540 657 11.97
1.3 79.7 1.908 6.408 10.0 18.316 563 627 11.90
1.4 78.7 1.92 6.59 9.24 17.75 587 601 11.88
*1.6 77.9 1.93 6.76 8.58 17.27 612 578 11.85
1.6 77.1 1.94 6.925 8.00 16*865 638 553 11.91
1.7 77.4 1.932 7.082 7.55 16.564 665 531 11.96
1.8 77.8 1.93 7.22 7.15 16.30 693 511 12.04
1*9 78.3 1.925 7.365 6.78 16.07 720 493 12.13
2.0 79.2 1.913 7.493 6.48 15.886 750 478 12*58

Iron 8^ Copper 15^

.5 111.33 1.87 4.66 26.5 33.03 520 891 14.11

.6 98.65 1.99 5.04 20.8 27.83 525 805 13.30
.7 90.3 2.08 5.38 17.0 24.46 542 734 12.76
' .8 84.9 2.14 5.66 14.5 22.30 560 678 12.38
.9 81.4 2.19 5.925 12.6 20.715 583 632 12.15
1.0 79.29 2.22 6.16 11.2 19.58 616 589 12. 05
*1.1 78. 2.235 6.37 10.08 18.685 645 552 11.97
1.2 77.75 2.24 6.57 9.2 18.01 682 522 12.04
1.3 77.7 2.241 6.741 8.5 17.482 714 497 12.11
1.4 78.3 2.235 6.905 7.93 17.07 752 472 12.24
: 1.5 79.1 2.22 7.05 7.46 16.73 790 447 12.37
1.6 79.6 2.21 7.195 7.02 16.42 5 815 431 12.46
1.7 81.15 2.19 7.34 6.66 16.19 855 413 12.68
1.8 82.6
1.9 84.4
2.0 86.3
 Table X 10 kv. a . Gore Type,
Iron 4/ Copper 15^ Ratio- 3.75
1 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 9_ 10 11 12
00
J x CO
♦ =VH
♦ D
H O ir 3 Q tTI a
H X W "a
©
•H
Ot-H
o o CM w O
0*0° c\»p **§ 3
.5 78.60 2.22 985 3.82 63.1 172.9 24.4 525 218.3 100.8 1207 17.,3 5
.6
.7
69.70
62.71
2.36
2.49
1090 4.39
1221 5.10
78.5
92.8
162.8
154.5
31.1
38.4
551
579
198.2 87.8 1101 16,,5 1
190.0 75.5 1022 16,,0 .
.8 59.96 2.65 1368 5.70 108.8 151.0 44.9 617 180.1 67.5 954 15,,7 .
.87 58.15 2.58 1479 6.17 118.1 148.9 47.5 637 177.0 62.4 923 15,,66
.95 56.69 2.62 1623 6.75 129.0 147.0 54.6 670 173.5 57.0 889 15,,5 >
L. 55.77 2.64 1741 7.22 134 145.2 58.1 683 173.5 53.3 874 15,,5 I
L«L 55.14 2.65 1919 7.90 147.3 145 64.2 722 168.3 48.75 836 15,
L.13 54.98 2.66 1992 8.18 151.1 144.3 66.3 733 168.0 47.10 828 15.,6 .
L.2 54.83 2.66 2156 8.77 159.1 144.2 70.5 757 167.0 43.90 813 15,■70
L.3 54.94 2.66 2404 9.64 170.4 144.3 76.2 793 166.2 40.0 795 15,,8
L.4 55.28 2.65 2666 10.51 180.6 145.2 81.6 825 164.6 36.6 775 16,,0 >

Iron 4cf. Copper 25^ Ratio-6.,25

.8 145.01 1.64 2020 5.04 114.9 235.0 28.8 766 146.0 76.3 1428 21,,9 F
.87 125.41 1.76 2131 5.40 1 35.0 218.1 33.7 783 144.9 71.3 1390 21,,7 5
.95 111.60 1.87 2275 5.83 149.5 206.0 39.0 800 142.5 66.0 1340 21.,4 >
L. 00 101.57 1.96 2373 6.11 158.1 196.1 43.1 804 142.0 62.9 1318 21,,2 I
L. 10 97.43 2.00 2571 6.70 173.7 192.9 48.2 838 138.4 57.4 1257 20,,9 »
L*13 92. 08 2.05 2644 6.90 179.0 187.5 51.0 845 138.0 55.8 1243 20,,8
L. 20 90.10 2.07 2808 7.30 192.0 185.8 54.8 873 136.9 52.7 1218 20. 9 .
L. 30 86.35 2.12 3056 7.92 207.5 181.5 60.6 909 135.6 48.6 1183 20, 92
L.40 87.10 2.11 3318 8.55 222.5 182.5 65.0 951 133.2 45.0 1145 20. 9 ,
 Iron 10^ Copper l£jz? Eatio-1.2
1 2 3 4 * 5 6 7 8 10 11
9V £8
X tH
+- 3 o -Q
H O ©_ioo M + o+ o
c* © ©V ©
© 3 © iru *3©
O 3 o '""ii
O I.NJ w
O CJ o
D.6 81.88 3.45 1203 4.71 51.2 131.5 37.8 1011 287 81.7 1135 21.46
3*6 78.40 3.52 1465 5.70 60.5 109.1 46.2 1090 270 67.5 1039 21.29
3.7 77.52 3.54 1793 6.81 69.6 108.5 54.5 1175 259.5 56.5 973 21.48
3.8 78.27 3.52 2162 8.02 77.3 109.0 62.0 1255 252.5 48.0 925 21.80
.87 79.46 3.50 2438 8.84 82.5 110.0 66.9 1311 249.3 43.5 902 22.12
.95 81.25 3.46 2798 9.92 87.8 111.1 72.1 1370 247.2 38.8 880 22.50
L. 82.66 3.43 3043 10.62 91.0 112.2 75.5 1410 247.2 36.2 873 22.83
L.l 85.73 3.37 3533 11.98 97.1 114.1 81.5 1480 245.0 32.1 854 23.34
L.l 86.82 3.35 3718 12.49 99.0 115. 83.3 1501 245.5 30.8 851 23.52
..2 89.36 3.30 4123 13.56 103.0 116.6 87.0 1550 246.0 28.4 845 23.95
L.3 93.18 3.23 4743 15.10 108.7 119.1 92.4 1620 247.1 25.45 840 24.60

Iron 8pf Copper 20^ Ratio-2.5

).6 101.9 2.77 1687 4.95 69.8 139.0 30.8 970 226.5 77.8 1561 25.31
). 7 95.4 2.86 1949 5.50 86.2 134.3 44.1 1071 209.5 70.1 1434 25.05
>*8 91.85 2.91 2245 6.30 98.4 132.2 51.2 1139 201.2 61.2 1348 24.87
87 90.52 2.93 2467 6.91 105.2 131.3 56.0 1183 198.9 55.8 1308 24.91
95 89.70 2.95 2753 7.61 114.4 130.5 61.5 1240 195.0 50.6 1260 25.00
..0 89.50 2.95 2949 8.09 119.5 130.4 64.9 1273 194.5 47.6 1243 25.16
..1 89.85 2. 95 3342 9.03 128.9 130.5 71.2 1350 191.0 42.6 1199 25.49
..1 90.18 2.93 3490 9.37 131.9 131.1 73.0 1360 191.0 41.1 1191 25.51
..2 90.92 2.93 3819 10.10 138.8 131.2 77.5 1409 191.0 38.1 1175 25.84
.3 92.60 2.91 4314 11.58 142.0 132.1 85.5 1455 195.0 33.4 1172 26.27
 Table XI 50 kv. a. Gore Type.

Iron 4^ Jopper 15^

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SU io 11 12
op
h o
* -3 n
sd * c*J* c>
+ .§ o . N-' a 12.4 +■
03
-a
<D 3 <D 1■m3
Dti,
o o
V] a
Ol| ■Jr «4-tCO
<D
Jr Or-I
O <-f
CVJw
X
o o 03 O 03 — < 3
.5 176 3,13 4936 5.7 211 547 77 1690 619 301 3990 56.80
.7 143 3.48 6107 7.5 314 492 119 1870 549 229 3375 52.45
.8 134 3.59 6838 8.5 362 478 141 1985 528 202 3165 51.50
.9 129 3.67 7667 9.53 409 467 162 2100 513 180 3005 51.05
.. 125 3.72 8600 10.63 454 461 182 2220 502 161 2875 50.95
..1 123 3.75 9620 11.8 494 457 20 2 2340 494 145.3 2770 51.10
..2 122 3.76 10725 13.03 531 456 22L 2445 489 131.5 2690 51.35
..4 123 3.75 13260 15.65 602 457 258 2665 485 109.5 2580 52.45
.7 129 3.67 17770 19.95 696 467 306 2970 486 86. 2480 54.50

Iron 4^ Jopper 12^

.5 146 3.45 4186 5.88 204 497 84 1590 652 292 3270 48.60
.7 121 3.77 5357 7.87 299 454 129 1790 583 218 2775 45.65
87 113 3.92 6655 9.78 372 436 167 1976 551 175 2515 44.91
‘.9 112 3.94 6917 10.13 385 435 174 2Q10 547 169 2480 44.90
..0 110 3.96 7850 11.4 422 433 194 2126 538 150 238 5 45.11
.1 110 3.98 8870 12. 7 459 431 215 2238 530 135 2305 45.43
.♦3 111 3.95 11180 15.47 525 434 252 2450 522 111 2195 46.45
..5 115 3.88 13890 18.6 580 441 286 2645 524 92 2135 47.80
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 li 12 13
V
*
+ A 3 =>05
+ 3 A A2£S OrH --
0 ©
© _o
■O
A ©
+- <*-i
<D
o'
O 3 03 1 *31 o O r-H
0.0 CNJ O 3 05 05 t-t
o
.3 239 4.26 4067 4.49 97 403 62 2843 1020 38? 4860 $77.03
562 !
.5 183 4.86 6010 7.05 170 353 119 3250 834 243 3735 69.85
643 :
*♦6 175 4.97 7350 8.53 203 345 146 3512 787 201 3420 69.32
695 !
.7 173 5. 8930 10.32 228 343 171 743 3760 766 166 3230 6jJ.90
.8 175 4.98 10760 11.9 259 345 195 4040 738 144 3058 70.98
799 ■
1.0 185 4.85 15170 15.8 305 353 238 896 4540 722 108 2880 74.20
Iron 4n Copper 25^

.5 278 2.49 7426 5.41 222 689 61 972 1967 553 317 6300 $82.67
.7 216 2.83 8597 6.89 342 606 97 1045 2115 486 249 5320 74.35
.9 185 3.05 10157 8.49 459 562 135 1156 2340 449 202 4715 70.55
1.1 170 3.19 12110 10.26 568 537 172 1278 2586 428 167 4310 68.96
1.2 165 3.2.4 13215 11.2 618 529 190 1338 2710 421 153 4155 68.65
*1.3 162 3.27 14420 12.17 667 525 208 1400 2833 415 141 4027 68.62
1.5 159 3. 3 17130 14.23 759 520 243 1522 3080 408 120 3830 69.10
1.7 159
-a
3.3 20260 16.5 841 520 275 1636 3310 104 3700 70.10
o

Iron :10c Copper 25<^

.5 316 3.71 9250 6.04 199 462 91 752 3808 682 284 7000 $108.08
.7 268 4.01 12170 8.2 287 427 141 856 4380 610 209 5930 103.10
*.8 258 4.1 14000 9.4 327 418 161 907 4590 591 182 5605 101.95
.9 253 4.14 16060 10.68 365 415 183 963 487 5 576 159 5330 102.05
1.0 251 4.16 18410 12.05 400 412 204 1016 5140 567 142 5140 102.80
1.1 252 4.15 20930 13.5 432 413 224 1069 5410 561 127 4990 104.00
1.2 254 4.13 23710 15 462 415 243 1121 5670 558 114 4870 105.40
1.5 271 4.00 33510 19.95 541 428 295 1264 6395 559 86 4670 110.65
 Table XII. 50 kv.a. Shell Type

Iron 4$/ Copper 15$/

1 2 3 4 5 6- 7 8. 9 10 12
tH
CO
o
* UJ X CO it
3 +■ £stj CO
3 + + •
+ O
WHO CO CO 3
o Gt, -Q j3 A V o
(1) o <D Gt,
O CO o " 1CJ>° CO CO to O w

.5 328 2,3 4330 5.35 4.59 30.45 37.34 1852 14.54 4420 $62.72
.6 282 2.48 4598 6.04 4.88 23.5 30.86 1838 15.88 4010 58.48
.7 251 2.63 4915 6.74 5.1 19 26.73 1860 17.1 3705 55.65
.8 229 2.75 5280 7.47 5.26 15.95 23.96 1902 18.23 3458 53.60
.9 213 2.85 5695 8.23 5.36 13.65 21.86 1955 19.29 3250 52.05
1.0 201 2.93 6160 9.02 5.44 11.95 20.32 2020 20.32 3080 51.
1.1 192 3. 6672 9.85 5.48 10.6 19.08 2090 21.33 2940 50.30
1.2 186 3.05 7230 10.7 5.5 9.56 18.11 2161 22.3 2820 49.81
1.3 181 3.1 7840 11.6 5.5 8.7 17.30 2235 23.3 2715 49.50
1.4 178 3.12 8500 12.5 5.5 8 16.62 2310 24.24 2630 49.40
lt5 175 3.14 9210 13.5 5.45 7.44 16.03 2386 25.23 2555 49.41
1.6 174 3.16 9970 14.5 5.42 6.92 15.50 2460 26.24 2485 49.45
1.7 273 3.16 10770 15.6 5.36 6.52 15.04 2540 27.23 2426 49.66
1.8 173 3.16 11620 16.6 5.3 6.15 14.61 2610 28.22 2375 49.85
1.9 174 3.16 12520 17.7 5.26 5.83 14.25 2687 29.28 2338 50.25
2. 175 3.15 13480 18.9 5.19 5.56 13.80 2740 30.39 2302 50.42

Iron 4^ Copper 15^

1.0 303.1 2,39 8655 8.26 5.94 14.63 22.96 22.83 18.98 48.14 70.97
1.5 243.3 2.67 11805 11.82 6.23 8.73 17.63 26.27 23.39 39.49 65.76
1.6 237.8 2.70 12465 12.54 6.26 8.10 17.06 27.10 24.20 38.33 65.43
1.7 233.4 2.72 13265 13.34 6.26 7.56 16.54 27.92 25.05 37.32 65.24
1.8 230.2 2.74 14115 14.14 6.24 7.08 16.06 28.73 25.87 36.45 65.18
*1.9 227.7 2.76 15015 14.98 6.22 6.67 15.65 29.51 26.72 35.66 65.17
2.0 225.9 2.77 15950 15.87 6.17 6.31 15.26 30.29 27.59 34.90 65.19
2.2 224.3 2.78 18015 17.68 6.11 5.71 14.61 31.87 29.35 33.81 65.68
 Table XIII 50 kv .a. Cruciform Type

Iron 4pf Copper 15$C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8^ 9
**
CM LO o
a +. CO M A
♦ o V ^3 2
O ■*3
QJ O3 <D X X
<h O S T (X) Q
O <NJ o O
.5 328.2 2.3 7.26 60.85 70.41 1748 4410 |61.58
1.0 201.3 2.94 9.96 23.8 36.70 1820 3020 48.40
1.4 178 3.123 11.423 16. 30.546 2125 2480 46.05
1.5 175.7 3.147 11.747 14.83 29.724 2215 2380 45.95
*1,6 174.2 3.155 12.025 13.86 29.04 2307 2280 45.87
1.7 173.6 3.166 12.316 13 28.482 2401 2198 45.99
2.0 175.1 3.15 13.08 11.1 27.33 2715 1983 46.98

Iron Copper 12^

1.0 195.8 3.652 10.662 19.17 33.484 2498 2585 50.83

*1.1 192.2 3.68 11.03 17.28 31.99 2622 2432 50.54
1.2 190.5 3.7 11.38 15.75 30.83 2760 2300 50.60

Iron 66 Copper 20/£

.5 412.7 2.52 7.47 56.2 66.19 2448 5605 80.53

.8 294.35 2.99 9.24 29.65 41.88 2478 4345 68.23
262.5 3.18 10.18 22.35 35.71 2642 3825 64.67
1.0
238.8 3.32 11.60 15.3 30.22 3150 3130 62.80
1.4
237.3 3.33 11.89 14.22 29.44 3295 2980 62.75
1.5
236.7 3.333 12.183 13.3 28.816 3430 2860 62.90
1.6 28.33 3590 2760 63.50
1.7 237.6 3.33 12.45 12.55
243. 3.3 13.2 10.78 27.28 4640 2475 71.15
E.O
 Table XIV. 200 kv.a. Core Type

Iron 4f Copper 15^

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9- 10 11 12, o
acT X3 X
+ CM
+^ * ^ © 33
JHI *3*1© © jQ la=A V
<D 3 © OJ ‘ 03
m o
o O
cT o
oj O CO 5 HZ
•5 355 4.43 19760 8.04 597 1550 217 4790 1758 855 11330 161.20
.6 313 4.71 21900 9.30 744 1460 277 5025 1635 739 10300 153.25
.7 286 4.94 24480 10.63 890 1390 390 5280 1557 645 9550 148.30
.8 269 5.09 27450 12.03 1030 1350 402 5630 1496 566 8950 145.80
.9 259 5.19 30680 13.47 1159 1322 458 5950 1455 510 8520 144.70
a.o 251 5.27 34400 15.07 1277 1304 517 6270 1423 455 8150 144.20
1.1 247 5.31 38570 16.73 1400 1293 573 6610 1401 410 7860 144.70
1.2 246 5.32 42820 18.38 1502 1291 625 6920 1387 374 7640 145.60
1.3 246 5.32 47700 20.2 1605 1291 676 7230 1378 340 7450 146.80
1.4 248 5.30 53150 22.18 1705 1296 729 7550 1373 310 7300 148.50
1.5 250 5.28 58600 24. 1800 1300 777 7850 1370 286 7180 150.30

Iron 10^ Copper 12

•5 368 6.87 24020 9.98 481 1000 336 9190 2375 688 10620 198.10
*.6 351 7.03 29400 12.1 572 976 413 9920 2235 568 9710 196.30
.7 347 7.07 35830 14.44 655 971 486 10670 2151 476 9100 197.70
.8 350 7.04 43250 17. 730 975 555 11420 2100 404 8680 201.00

Iron 4^ Copper 25^

1. 353 4.44 44350 13.2 1460 1545 436 6970 1235 520 12700 196.70
1.1 340 4.53 48520 14.5 1613 1515 490 7320 1212 473 12200 195.20
1.2 331 4.58 52770 15.8 1750 1500 539 7680 1192 434 11770 194.50
&1.3 325 4.63 57650 17.2 1883 1482 590 8000 1178 399 11420 194.20
1.4 3204.66 63100 18.7 2020 1473 641 8380 1168 367 11100 194.80

Iron 6^ Copper 12^

.6 292 5.99 22420 10.5 559 1148 352 6570 1920 654 8930 155.00
.7 278 6.12 26300 12.3 769 1123 412 7010 1842 558 8320 153.30
14.25 870 1109 472 7450 1787 482 7870 153.20
*.8 271 6.2 30760
16.25 960 1105 529 7890 1750 423 7530 154.20
.9 270 6.22 35630
Iron 6^ Copper 15^

815 1205 392 7330 1730 592 10090 174.20

.7 321 5.7 29300 11.6
13.35 929 1185 456 7810 1673 514 9490 173.00
.8 309 5.79 33760
15.1 1030 1172 517 8270 1633 454 9050 173.20
303 5.86 38630
17.1 1125 1165 578 8720 1610 401 8720 174.40
1. 301 5.89 44200
 TABLE XV 200 kv.a. Cruciform

Copper 15^, iron 4^

1 ♦ Jl 3 4 5 6 57 9> 10
* .° O 00
+ + ^ fc
o <D O <D ♦ <D CO
£*S C-.O CO 03 1 CO -ctto cm '
— ■a
O c\3 O -C*O tN
*5 657.7 3.253 10.263 86.2 99.716 4950 12480 174". 30 43.1"
.8 459.5 3,89 12.76 45. 61.65 4900 9680 145.80 32.5"
1.0 403.4 4.155 14.065 33.75 51.97 5170 8550 137,20 16.88
1.2 372.5 4.325 15.155 27 46.57 5550 7680 132.30 13.5"
1.4 356.1 4.42 16.14 22.6 43.16 6000 7010 130.10 11.31
1.5 351.7 4.45 16.58 21 42.03 6260 6725 129.85 10.5"
“1.6 349 4.47 17.00 19.6 41.07 6525 6460 129.85 9.8"
1.8 347.9 4.472 17.77 17.4 39.642 7090 6010 131.00 8.7"
2.0 350.8 4.46 18.46 15.7 38.62 7680 5600 132.80 7.14
Copper 15^ Iron 8^
.5 707.4 4.38 11.39 64. 79.77 7920 13850 217.70 32 "
.8 539 5.07 13.94 35. 54.01 8600 10600 192.00 17.3"
.9 516.9 5.19 14.60 30.0 49,79 8900 9890 187.90 15.0"
1.0 502.7 5.26 15.17 26.7 47.13 9360 9360 187.20 13.33
JL.l 494.9 5.30 15.69 24. 44.99 9850 8660 185.10 12.01’
“1.2 491.8 5.315 16.145 22. 43.46 10380 8130 185.10 10.95
1.3 492.1 5.31 16.61 20.3 42.22 10900 7750 186.50 10.15
1.4 495.2 5.30 17.02 18.9 41.22 11400 7400 189.00 9.42
2.0 549.6 5.04 19.04 13.9 37.98 15100 5800 209.00 4.34’
Copper 20jrf - Iron 6^
.7 683.3 3.92 12.21 51. 67.13 7005 14000 210.05 25.5"
1.4 498.2 4.58 16.30 21.8 42.68 8920 9450 183.70 10.9"
“1.5 493.8 4.60 16.73 20.3 41.63 9320 9020 183.40 10.15
1.6 491.9 4.61 17.14 10.0 40.75 9720 8700 184.20 9.5"
1.7 491.7 4.61 17.52 17.9 40.03 10150 8370 185.20 8.96
1.8 493.5 4.60 17.90 16.9 39.40 10580 8050 186.30 8.46
2.0 500.8 4.57 18.57 15.35 38.39 11450 7520 189.70 7.66
Copper 20<* - Iron 4^
.5 860. 7 2.84 9.85 99. 111.69 5550 16280 218.30 49.4"
1.6 412.3 4.1 16.63 21.4 42.13 6700 8400 151.00 10,68
*1.7 407.2 4.14 17.05 19.9 41.09 6950 8130 150.80 9.95’
1.8 403.9 4.15 17.45 18.7 40.3 7200 7840 150.40 9.38’
“1.9 402.2 4.155 17.805 17.8 39.76 7390 7600 149.90 8.89’
2. 401.3 4.16 18.16 16.85 39.17 7780 7350 151.30 8.44’
2.2 403.1 4.162 18.863 15.3 38.324 8390 6960 153.50 7.65’
Copper 25^ - Iron 4$
.9 654.5 3.26 12.67 47.8 63.73 5700 14310 200.10 33.85’
1.7 468. 3.86 16.77 21.35 41.98 7090 10020 171.10 10.4"
1.8 461.2 3.88 17.18 20.07 41.07 7350 9650 170.00 10.01’
456.2 3.90 17.55 18.9 40.35 7610 9390 170.00 9.47
1:8 452.8 3.915 17.915 17.95 39.78 7900 9100 170.00 8.96’
2.2 449.4 3.94 18.64 16.2 38.78 8500 8600 171.00 8.08’
 TABLE XVI 1000 kv.a. Gore Type

Copper 15^ - Iron 4^

■4* 5 6 7 8 9^ 10 11 v 12 13
Cfe*:

IV 3*
<D®
«M +
o ^
JJ- O"35
ad I _"aoC2
O M O 03 SQ 03 ^
.9 577 7 . 3 7 153950 20.21 3880 4200 1458 _________ 1 2815. ___
*1. 562 7.47 172600 22.55 4300 4150 1642 ^225 1373 26970 473.7 )
1.1 553 7.53 193400 25.07 4680 4115 1821 21500 4170 1236 26060 4756)
 TABIE XVII 200 kv.a. Core Type

Copper 15$* - Iron 4^ - B-50000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Q o
5*3°
.8 285 5.42 36030 13.8 1295 1525 513 6750 1680 599 9880 $166.30
.9 276 5.51 40830 15.5 1455 1500 585 7170 1642 532 9430 165.00
“1.0 271 5.56 46130 17.4 1600 1487 657 7580 1610 474 9010 165.90
1.1 269 5.58 52130 19.4 1740 1480 726 7990 1595 425 8760 167.50
1.2 270 5.57 58630 21.5 1870 1482 790 8390 1583 384 8530 169.20

Copper 15$* « :Iron 4j* - B -70000

.8 258 4.82 22000 10.8 843 1225 325 4840 1362 547 8280 131.20
.9 246 4.93 24730 12.1 951 1195 374 5100 1330 488 7880 129.80
1.0 237 5.02 27170 13.4 1060 1175 423 5375 1290 440 7500 128.75
*1.1 232 5.08 30220 14.8 1163 1160 471 5660 1265 398 7210 128.70
1.2 229 5.11 33470 16.2 1260 1155 576 5930 1250 363 7000 129.30

Copper 12$* - Iron 10^ - B-50000

.5 394 7.3 31970 11.4 612 1132 431 11000 2635 725 11630 226.30
*.6 381 7.4 39720 14 717 1118 524 11910 2500 590 10700 226.10
.7 382 7.4 48220 16.7 818 1119 611 12900 2409 495 10050 229.50
.8 390 7.3 59520 19.8 903 1120 694 13780 2370 417 9650 ' 234.30
.9 404 7.3 71620 23 985 1150 766 14670 2355 359 9410 240.80
1.0 420 7.0 84920 26.4 1055 1173 832 15480 2343 312 9210 246.90

50 kv.a. Shell Type

Copper 15$* - Iron 4^ - B-70000

1.3 172 2.94 6215 10.3 5.32 9.16 17.41 1930 21.49 2510 44.40
1.4 168 2.98 6700 11.1 5.4 8.4 16.78 2000 22.46 2438 94.38
1.5 165 3.0057220 11.95 5.28 7.76 16.04 2055 23.24 2355 44.08
1.6 163 3.02 7770 12.8 5.26 7.24 15.52 2115 24,10 2285 44.00
CURVES
 Code to Curves

Series No.l
Iron 4 / - Copper 12/ per lb.

" 4/ — " 15/ "

" 4/ - " 20/ " "

" 4( ~ w 25/ "■ "

Series No. 2
Iron 6^ - Copper 12/ per lb.

" 6/ — " 15/ " "

" 6^ — " 20/ " "

" 6/ — " 25/ " "

Series No. 3
Iron 8/ - Copper 12/ per lb.

" 8/ - " 15/ " "

" 8/ — ■ 20/ " "

" 8/ - " 25/ " "

Series No. 4
Iron 10/ - Copper 12/ per lb.

" 10/ ~ " 15/ " "

n 10/ - " 20/ "

" 10/ - " 25/ " Tt

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