02D-FORENSIC1-WK4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON

SUBTRACTIVE COLOR
When we mix colors using paint, or through the printing process, we are using the subtractive
color method. Subtractive color mixing means that one begins with white and ends with black; as one
adds color, the result gets darker and tends to black.

Source: Color System

https://worqx.com/col
The CMYK color system is the color system used for printing.

Source: Color System

https://worqx.com/col
Those colors used in painting—an example of the subtractive color method.

ADDITIVE COLOR
If we are working on a computer, the colors we see on the screen are created with light using the
additive color method. Additive color mixing begins with black and ends with white; as more color is
added, the result is lighter and tends to white.

Source: Color System

https://worqx.com/col
The RGB colors are light primaries and colors are created with light.

Source: Color System

https://worqx.com/col
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Percentages of red, green, & blue light are used

to generate color on a computer screen.

Additive color

RED, GREEN and BLUE are called PRIMARY COLORS.

RED + GREEN = YELLOW, BLUE + GREEN = CYAN and RED + BLUE = MAGENTA all of them are
called SECONDARY and;
BLUE + YELLOW = WHITE COMPLIMENTARY COLORS
GREEN + MAGENTA = WHITE
RED + CYAN = WHITE

Subtractive Color Mixing When we mix colors using paint, or through the printing process, we are using the
subtractive color method.
YELLOW + MAGENTA = RED
CYAN + YELLOW = GREEN
MAGENTA + CYAN = BLUE
YELLOW + MAGENTA + CYAN = BLACK

Additive color describes the creation of color by the mixing of two or more colored
light sources. The most familiar example of color reproduction by additive color mixing is color
television in which all of the colors visible on screen are produced by a combination of light
emitted by red, green and blue light sources. Figure 19.4 (and Plate I between pages 460 and 461)
demonstrates the principles of additive color mixing, which is often termed RGB from the red, green
and blue colors used to form multicolored images. It is important to note that each mix of two
additive primaries forms each subtractive primary.
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Exposure

It is the quantity of light allowed acting on a photographic material; a product of the intensity
controlled by the lens opening and the duration controlled by a shutter speed or enlarging time of light
striking the film or paper. In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area (the image
plane luminance times the exposure time) reaching a frame of photographic film or the surface of an
electronic image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture, and scene luminance.

Exposure triangle, the foundation of photography.

Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene
luminance in a specified region.
An "exposure" is a single shutter cycle. For example, a long exposure refers to a single, long shutter
cycle to gather enough dim light, whereas a multiple exposure involves a series of shutter cycles,
effectively layering a series of photographs in one image. The accumulated photometric exposure is the
same so long as the total exposure time is the same.

Source: How Lighting plays a crucial role in your photography

https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/how-lighting-plays-a-crucial-role-in-your-photography/

Composition - It is composing an image means arranging elements within it in a way that suits the
core idea or goal of your work best. Arranging elements can be done by actually moving the objects or
subjects. A good example for this case is portrait or still life photography. Street photography involves
anticipation, since the photographer doesn’t usually have the choice of moving his subjects himself, but
has to wait for them to take the most suitable position within the frame.
White balance
White balance in digital photography means adjusting colors so that the image looks more
natural. We go through the process of adjusting colors to primarily get rid of color casts, in order to
match the picture with what we saw when we took it. Why do we have to do this? Because most light
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sources (the sun, light bulbs, flashlights, etc.) do not emit purely white color and have a certain “color
temperature“. The human brain processes the information that comes from our eyes and automatically
adjusts the color temperature, so we normally see the colors correctly.

KINDS OF EXPOSURE
1. Under Exposure
Underexposure in photography refers to an image where too little light was recorded. The degree of
underexposure will determine how dark a photo is.
 A slight underexposure can lead to a deepening of the color saturation and this may be a nice
effect. For instance, the colors of a sunset can become more dramatic if you stop down from f/8
to f/11.
 A more pronounced underexposure makes an image too dark for the subjects to be seen
clearly. This often happens at night; just think of a street scene in which everything is dimly lit.
With a bad exposure, you may not be able to see a separation between a person and the wall
they're standing against.
Correcting an underexposed photo is very easy to do on the camera. The only requirement is to let m ore
light onto the film plane or digital sensor. There are a few options available:
 Add more light to the scene. Do so by using a flash or another lighting source such as a
reflector.
 Change your f/stop. Open up one-stop (or more if needed) to capture more light. For instance,
change the exposure from f/8 to f/5.6 and keep the same shutter speed.
 Slow down your shutter speed. If your subject is not moving and you have a tripod, don't be
afraid of slow shutter speeds. Switching from 1/60 of a second to 1/30 and using the same
f/stop can make a significant impact.
2. Normal Exposure
A properly exposed photograph is one that is neither too light nor too dark. A good exposure will include
highlights and shadows and a varying degree of contrast in between. It doesn't matter if the photo is in
color or black and white.
 If a photo is too dark, it is underexposed. Details will be lost in the shadows and the darkest
areas of the image.
 If a photo is too light, it is overexposed. Details will be lost in the highlights and the brightest
parts of the image.
A photographer knows if the image is a proper exposure by using a light meter.
3. Over Exposure
Exactly the opposite of underexposure, you have overexposed a photograph when too much light is
recorded. You will notice this in the highlights where no details are captured; they become what
photographers call "blown out."
 Overexposure can be used to your advantage when photographing dark scenes and objects.
By slightly overexposing (no more than one full stop), you can bring out details in, for instance,
a dark brick wall.
 If you overexpose by too much, you will lose details in your highlights and your shadows will
have a "muddy" or blah-looking contrast. For example, an overexposed photo of a person
wearing a black shirt will make their skin too pasty and white rather than tan. The shirt will
become an unnatural gray with little to no contrast
 To correct an overexposed photograph, do just the opposite of an underexposed image. The goal
here is to reduce the amount of light that's captured. Again, you have a few options:
 Take light away from the scene. Move to the shade or use a reflector or cloth to block harsh
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direct light.
 Change your f/stop. In this case, you will stop down and that means moving your meter reading
to f/8 instead of f/11 while retaining the same shutter speed.
 Increase your shutter speed. Keep the same f/stop but change the shutter speed. For instance,
go from 1/60 to 1/125 to allow less light to hit the film plane or digital sensor.

Source: Subtractive Color

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/subtractice

The Visible spectrum consists of billions of colors, a monitor can display millions, a high quality
printer is only capable of producing thousands, and older computer systems may be limited to 216
cross-platform colors.
Reproducing color can be problematic with regard to printed, digital media, because what we see is not
what is possible to get. Although a monitor may be able to display 'true color' (16,000,000 colors),
millions of these colors are outside of the spectrum available to printers. Since digital designs are
generated using the RGB color system, colors used in those designs must be part of the CMYK
spectrum or they will not be reproduced with proper color rendering. Working within the CMYK color
system, or choosing colors from Pantone© palettes insures proper color rendering.

IMPORTANCE OF LIGHT IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Light is a key factor in creating a

successful image. Lighting determines not only
brightness and darkness, but also tone, mood
and the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to
control and manipulate light correctly in order to
get the best texture, vibrancy of colour and
luminosity on your subjects. By distributing
shadow and highlights accurately, you can create
stylized professional looking photographs

Source: How Lighting plays a crucial role in your photography

https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/how-lighting-plays-a-crucial-role-in-your-photography/
Lighting is a crucial aspect of a photograph
It is equally as important as exposure, composition, white balance, and the story being told within the
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frame.
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Three Rules for Lighting in Photography

Source: Three Rules for Lighting in Photography
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJWNQv01VtI

Photography composition rules should always be kept in mind because they are fundamental in
excelling as a photographer.
#1 Rule. Light travels in straight line.
#2 Rule. A subject receives as less light as the light source that moves farther away.
#3 Rule. The larger the light sources relative to your subject, the softer the light.
Your basic knowledge of photography composition rules will give you the tools to experiment as you
work on improving and establishing your style.