EX5 P142

1. The signed agreement covers a whole range of

of political, financial and economic

issues related to cooperation between the two countries.

2. According to a psychologist, personal prejudice

can give rise to unhealthy rivalries, discord, hostility and

violence.

З. Many foreign observers doubted the legitimacy of the elections, as there were a huge number of
violations of the electoral law.

4. But so far, the two political frances have rarely coexisted peacefully.

5. We must eliminate the causes that lead to the collapse of the economy.

6. I do not think that such a political solution would meet the needs of international cooperation.

7. However, in general, the issue of interference in the internal affairs of an independent country has
not been given due attention.

8. The two countries discussed expanding economic cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis.

9. The state should ensure the comprehensive development and functioning of the Ukrainian language
in all spheres of public life throughout Ukraine.

10. The oil companies offered to sign a bilateral agreement, as it would help to establish friendly
relations between the two countries.

EX6

International organization, institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities
in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of
International Associations, a coordinating body, differentiates between the more than 250 international
governmental organizations (IGOs), which have been established by intergovernmental agreements and
whose members are states, and the approximately 6,000 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
whose members are associations or individuals.
IGOs range in size from three members to more than 185 (e.g., the United Nations [UN]), and their
geographic representation varies from one world region (e.g., the Organization of American States) to all
regions (e.g., the International Monetary Fund). Whereas some IGOs are designed to achieve a single
purpose (e.g., the World Intellectual Property Organization), others have been developed for multiple
tasks (e.g., the North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Their organizational structures can be simple or
highly complex depending on their size and tasks.

Although nascent international organizations were formed by Greek city-states and were envisioned by
European writers such as Pierre Dubois (c. 1250–c. 1320) and Émeric Crucé (c. 1590–1648), they did not
appear in their contemporary form until the 19th century. Following the French Revolution and
the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, leaders of the major European powers
met periodically, in a system of consultation known as the Concert of Europe, to attempt to preserve the
status quo and to protect their governments from internal rebellion. Later in the 19th century, various
international organizations, such as the International Telegraph Union (1865; now the International
Telecommunication Union), were established to provide specialized services and to perform specific
tasks. In 1899 and 1907 European and non-European states met to develop rules to regulate armaments
and the conduct of war. These conferences produced the Hague Conventions, which included
agreements on the peaceful settlement of war, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the rights
of neutral states. These various meetings and agreements served as precursors to the international
organizations of the 20th century, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations (UN). Spurred
by the political and economic interdependencies and advances in communication and transportation
that developed after World War II, the UN became the centrepiece of a network of international
organizations.

International organizations serve many diverse functions, including collecting information and
monitoring trends (e.g., the World Meteorological Organization), delivering services and aid (e.g.,
the World Health Organization), and providing forums for bargaining (e.g., the European Union) and
settling disputes (e.g., the World Trade Organization). By providing political institutions through which
states can work together to achieve common objectives, international organizations can help to foster
cooperative behaviour. IGOs also serve useful purposes for individual states, which often use them as
instruments of foreign policy to legitimate their actions and to constrain the behaviour of other states.

Although the daily operations of most international organizations are managed by specialized
international bureaucracies, ultimate authority rests with state members. IGOs often work closely with
other organizations, including NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace and Amnesty International), which serve many of
the same functions as their IGO counterparts and are particularly useful for mobilizing public support,
monitoring the effectiveness of international aid, and providing information and expertise. Although
many of the thousands of NGOs direct their activities toward less developed countries in Africa and Asia,
some of which have authoritarian forms of government, most of these groups are based in developed
states with pluralist political systems. Only a small fraction of NGOs are international in scope, though
they have played an increasingly important role in international relations.

EX7

The United Nations (UN), international organization of countries created to promote world
peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to
maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote cooperation in
solving the world’s problems, and encourage respect for human rights.
The UN is an organization of countries that agree to cooperate with one another. It brings
together countries that are rich and poor, large and small, and have different social and political
Systems. Member nations pledge to settle their disputes peacefully, to refrain from using force
or the threat of force against other countries, and to refuse help to any country that opposes
UN actions.

UN membership is open to any country willing to further the UN mission and abide by its rules.
Each country, no matter how large or small, has an equal voice and vote. Each country is also
expected to pay dues to support the UN. As of 2004 the UN had 191 members, including nearly
every country in the world.

The UN’s influence in world affairs has fluctuated over the years, but the organization gained
new prominence beginning in the 1990s. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. Still,
the UN faces constant challenges. It must continually secure the cooperation of its member
nations because the organization has little independent power or authority. But getting that
support is noi always easy. Many nations are reluctant to defer their own authority and follow
the dictates of the UN.

UNIT 57
57.1

Try turning it the other way.

Have you tried restarting it?

You could try phoning his office.

Have you tried taking an aspirin?

57.2

It needs painting,

It needs cutting.

They need tightening

It needs emptying.

57.3

1 knocking

to put

asking

to reach

to concentrate

2 to go
 looking

cleaning

cutting

You don’t need to iron

3 a overhearing

get

smiling

make