Homelessness

(A) Use the verbs from the box below to ftll the gops in sentences I - I 8. Use eoch verb once only. Chonge the form if necessory.

pilfer live expose obligate bottle cast sponge ride

tea r live hit plunge ca rry lead turn addict ta ke
weather struggle prey cry exploit scrounge turn th rust

l. The loss of both her parents at such an early age its toll on her mentally and she became disturbed during
her adolescent years.
2. Those living on the streets are at their most vulnerable during the cold winter months when they are
the elements.
3.Societyasawholeis-toprotectthemostvulnerablewithinourmidst;youngpeoplewhofindthemselves
out onto the streets are in particular need of our help and care'
4. The temptation to _ a blind eye to the plight of the homeless is ever-present, but we must not let ourselves
forget the most vulnerable and needy.
5. Many of the homeless have been ous elements within our society, people
roughshod over by the unscrupulous
prepared to them for their own immoral ends and them down the path to a life of crime.
6, Often, young people who run away from home and escape from an abusive environment mistakenly believe that they have

7. Emotional instability is only worsened when the affected individual attemPts to everything up inside;
eventually, their issues will explode forth and the consequences may be very far-reaching.
8. We cannot yet seriously consider our society a civilised place in which to live when we are content to pass by the
anonymous street-folk on our daily sojourn to work and stand by idly ignoring the squalor in which they
9. Those to make ends meet are but one missed mortgage or rent payment away from being thrown out onto
the stre-ets
and into a life of dire poverty. -
t0. It the most vulnerable who are
is always
-
upon, but the predatory tendencies have seldom come from such an
alarming source as the government; howeVei tFe announcement that the minimum wage is to be cut in the next budget is
nothing short of an attack on those on the very margins of sociery.
il. Peoplewho-theirnosesupatthehomelessastheywalkpastthemonthestreet-woulddowellto
reconsider; aEeFaffien the right combination of calamitous circumstances, it could very well be any 9ne of us in their
position. To so scornfully ignore their plight is to surely only _ them further into the Pits of desPair.
12. Some of the young people who make up the majority of the homelesss on the streets of our city look as though they
the weight of the world on their shoulders.
r3. The homeless are out for help, but no one is listening to their Pleas.
14. They are effectively from hand to mouth, unable to think about tomorrow because they are constantly
having to worry about lust making it through today.
t5. A homeless man came up to me and tried to a cigarette; I told him I don't smoke...

16. Many of the homeless do not qualify for dole payments, so the accusation that they are off the government is
fallacious at best.
17. When his wife and children left him, he _ rock bottom and turned to drink; he has been now for
the best part of a decade and it has his life apart.

18. He was caught sweets from a local shop.

(B) Motch the phrase in Column A to its meoning in Column B. You will not need oll the Column B options.

(a) to be on the margins (of society)

E@r (i) waiting around with the intention of causing trouble

(b) to run amok (ii) having no monex luck or opportunities

(c) to be down-and-out (iii) to behave in a wild and dangerous manner
(d) to be on the game (iv) working as a prostitute
(e) to be loitering with intent (v) focused on what needs to be achieved
(vi) determined to escape something
(vii) perched on the edge ofgreatness
i triii) excluded/isolated/not significantly involved I
 Poveftg and Social lssues
(C) Now use the phroses in Column A of (B) above to fill the gops in the following sentences. You moy need to chonge the form,
tense, word order or phrose structure slightly.

I . Those have few if any friends and lack the means, faculties or desire to make a meaningful
contrib@are utterly alone and despondent.
Few of us however well-intentioned w-ould be prepared to welcome someone in offthe streets and into our home for fear they
would if we let our guard down and took our eyes off them for even a moment.

3. He was pulled in by the police fot _ , but the reality is that he was simply and innocently passing the
time watching the passers-by go about their daily business.
4. She was and her once glamorous life was in pieces; she held little hope of finding a way back to her
glory days.
She was forced to go to earn enough money to support her abusive husband's drug addiction.

(D) Motch the word in Column Awith its strongest collocote from Column B

- (a) domestic (i) history

(b) chequered (ii) scars
(c) kerb (iii) violence
(d) illicit (iv) guidance
(e) soup (v) market
(f) black (vi) kitchens
(g) sleeping (vii) trafficking
(h) people (viii) abuse
(i) substance (ix) drugs
O parental (x) rough
emotional

(E) Now use the onswers from (D) obove to fill the gops in the followins sentences. Use eoch collocotion once only.
l. He has a history of and I would regard him as a loose canon with the potential to explode again at any
given point in time wittout warning. lt is tragic that Ee has been thrown out onto the streets but his as
both a parent and a father moderate the level of sympathy I have for him somewhat.
2. She has severe from her time under the guardianship of her foster parents, who, it later turned out,
were serious dea]ersln- and psychologically unstable themselves. This girl was let down badly by the system.
3. She is lacking and the absence of a role model and authoriry figure in her life has made her especially
susceptible to suggestion; it is hardly surprising that she had been led astray by the group of troubled youths she fell in
with while
4. is rife amongst the homeless; you only have to look at the huge queues of people lining up outside the
metttione clinic each day tJtell you that. Yould seldom observe as big a queie outside the
, ironically.
"
5. Thosewhoengagein-mustrealisethattheyareendangeringthewomentheypickupandthattheir
moneysimplylinesthepocketsofpimpsinvolvedinaseedynetworkof-whichstretchesacrossthe
whole of Europe not to mention shady dealings in the _ .

The Role of Education in the Developing World

Use the word in brockets os o clue to help you find the correct onswer for eoch gap in the exercise below.

Levelsofl.-[literate]Md2.-[number]remainstartlinglyhighinthedevelopingworld,andwillcontinuetobe
so until the West provides or sponsors new education 3. _ finitiate], preferably also getting directly involved. A better educa-
tion is a prerequisite should the 4. [poverty'] masses of Africa ever wish to hold any genuine hope of gaining their
[emancipate] from the metaphorical shackles of poverty. Education 6. _[initiate]
for young people as well
as lifeJong learning prograllmes will also help to breach the gulf that sepafifes the working classes from their ruling elite, a 7.
[privilege] few who enjoy the 8. [trap] of Western wealth and the lifestyle that goes with it, while those in their midst are
completely 9. [occupy] with the daily struggle for survival. Furthermore, we must promote a culture of 10.
Itolerate] of corruption, and help to create a newl I . [generate] for whom education rather than an I 2.
fscruple] nature will reap the true rewards. Education-will also helpio bridge another gap; that of the cultural on" *hi.TGFEGs the
West from its brethren in the developing world. The 13. [poverry] slums and shanty towns are a hotbed of religious and
politicall4.-[extreme],buthopefullyeducationwillservetocrqfeabettersenseofI5.-[understand]
betweenatt*epeoptesortheworld,l6.[respect]ofbaclground.Andthiswillespeciall-ybethecaseiftheeducation
Programmes themselves are administered by Western professionals, who, in much the same way as they can teach a thing or wvo to
their 17. [counter] in the developing world, have also, no doubt, much to learn from them in the process as well. Cooper-
ation between people from the different cultures of the West and the developing world will also, hopefully, help to reduce levels of
preludice, bigotry xenophobia and racial 18. _
[tense]. And, last but not by any means least, educating women will
l9.-[power]themtoclaimtheirrightfulplaceinthesocialhierarchyinuP-to-nowmale-dominatedcultures.Their

1l;.--"*-oo,,jHi:"j.H'j:T#'j$:Ill.g}ll1rungfemalestudentscanhopetogoontobecometomorrow'snoliticians,'
r

lmmigration and the Developing World

(A) Use the words from the box to ftll the gops. You moy need to use some words severol times. You will not hove to chonge the
tenselform, but you moy need to plurolise in some coses.

sustenance destitution asylum indigenous inferiority deprivation integration

obligation cosmopolitan corru ption oppresslon inequity deportation assimilation
malnutrition surrogate metropolis tangible sa nitation starvation repercussion

Most of our main l. in the West are now pretty diverse places. However, many 2.
seel<ers come from far less 3. parts of the world, and it can be quite a culture shock for them when they
arrive in their 4. homes. Genuine 5. seekers are, by definition, fleeing a
6- threat to their very lives and should be afforded all the assistance and Protection the state can provide
once their status has been upheld and 7. granted. This extends as far as helping then cope with the
8. process, one of the most immediate barriers to successfully embracing which is, of course, often the
language. But there are other factors which can make 9. difficult, too. Many 10.
seekers carry the physical and emotional scars of I l. . They may suffer from an 12.
complex of sorts, too, and feel overwhelmed by the perceived 'sophistication' of their new home. Of course, the state's first
is to provide them with adequate 14. . shelter and 15.
Manymaybesufferingfroml6.-,or,intheworstcases,starvation.Theeffectsofsleep
may also be a concern if their recent past has been particularly traumatic and eventful. But, of
course, these are the lucky ones - at least they get to remain in their adopted homes. lf an I 8. applica-
tion is reiected, then the applicant faces 19. back to their country of origin. Sometimes, those seeking
asylum know their claim will be reiected but go through the process nonetheless out of sheer desperation in the hope that it
can buy them time to find some other way to stay in the country which some manage to do, often illegally. But iust because a
case is reiected, that is not to say that the individual or individuals concerned will not face serious 20.
they return home. For some, the door to the West is a tantalising jar agape, but not enough so as to gain entry. lnstead, they
are perhaps faced with the harsh realities of famine and 2 | . , political22. or social
23. back in their 24. homes. The grim realities of 25. and life
on the very margins are all that await the most tragic cases of the reiected.

(B) Find closest motches for the definitions listed below from the onswer choices given for the /ost section.
I . substitute 7. the state of being without money, food, shelter or
2. unfair and cruel government of people POSSeSSTOnS
3. large city 8. relating to or originating in a Particular region,
4. disposal of sewage and solid waste associated with native
cleanliness 9. food
5. diverse and varied, having a global feel lO.the feeling of not being as good as something
6. injustice or unfairness else

Pover$ in the Developing World

(A) Se/ect on oppropriote word from the box in the following page to fill eoch gdp. Use eoch word once only and do not chonge the form.

Much of the developing world is caught in a(n) l. of sorts, battling to overcome the psychological and physical
scars of the near past - of, in many cases, colonial or 2. rule - while at the same time oddly 3.
about making the changes necessarT to 4. a better future. ln many cases, the sums don't add up; large Parts of
Africa and Latin America, for example, are resource-rich and 5. well-positioned to make their mark in the 2lst
century but, alas, there is something holding them back. For some, the source of the problem lies very high up indeed; in corrupt
and/or unstable governments, which typically rule for the privileged few while the 6. many struggle on in
7.-.othersareravagedbyyearsoreVendecadesoftribalwarand8. , and yet more have simply
been the victims of misfortune - the wrath of Mother Nature, for example, which has unleashed drought, famine and, at times,
urter 9. on the hapless masses of much of Sub-Saharan Africa over the years.

But, whatever about the 10. _ causes, the results are as clear as day. A lack of access to education and medical care
has left many countries ravaged by diseases by and large under control in the West. Think the AIDS epidemic; that immunity-crip-
pling terminal illness that much of Africa is still struggling to get a handle on. Factors like poor sanitation, malnutrition, Poor or a
total lack of access to clean water, high rates of violent crime and civil | | . all play their part and contribute to the
t2. reality on the ground: high infant 13. _ rates, low life expectancy, loblessness, substance abuse,
14. , benightedness; the situation for many is dire. Where, in the West, when we talk about poverty, we do so in
relative terms, here, Poverty is 15. . The poverty line is not drawn to distinguish those who can maintain a good

standard of living from those struggling to do so, but rather it underlines the difference between life and death; the struggle to exist
-

E
lust long enough to welcome in another tomorrow.
 Poveftg and Social lssues
absolute despotic hesitant limbo ostensibly squalor underlying disheartening
corruption devastation indigence mortality safeguard subservient unrest

(B) Ihe words below ore synonyms of or similor in meaning to the onswer choices for exercise (A).Write eoch onswer-choice from
(A) next to its synonym(s) below.
I . essentiaUfundamental 2. destruction
3. filth/dirt 4. ty rannicalI autocratic
5. death 6. total
7. reluctant 8. dishonesty/unscrupulousness
9. compliant 10. secure/protect
I l. state of uncertainty I 2. demoralising/depressing
| 3. destitution/poverty I 4. apparently/seemingly

I 5. disturbance/discontent

(C') Motch the words in Column A with their strongest collocates in Column B.

(a) humanitarian (i) clash

(b) debt (ii) aid
(c) culture (iii) change
(d) war (iv) tension
(e) racial (v) doctor
(f) religious (vi) camp
(g) refugee (vii) zealot
(h) physical (viii) infrastructure
(i) regime (ix) fighter
O witch (x) crime

(D) Use the onswers to (C) obove to fill in the gops in the sentences below.

l. The government has sanctioned the sending of to the areas worst affected by the conflict.
2. The _ are thought to have lost considerable ground in the exchange today, and now look unlikely to
threaten theEFiEi.
3. The girl died after her parents chose to take her to a(n) rather than a hospital where she could get
the medical care she so badly needed.
4. He is a(n) who stokes up hatred with his inflammatory speeches about the evils of Christendom.
5. A(n) _ was set up lust across the border in Ti.rrkey to give those fleeing the conflict area shelter and
access to basic essentials.

6. The U.S. is demanding _ and has pledged to support the people of the country should they rise up in
arms against their leaders.
7.Asyet,noformof-hasbeenagreed,sothecountryremainsintheludicrouspositionofhavingtomake
crippling repayments while the people on the ground starve.
8. is thought to have been the catalyst for the latest conflict, which is less about land than identity.
9. The U.S. called it a(n) , but Syria says it acted with restraint and in accordance with international law in
self-defence.
l0.Thecountr7's-hasbeenmoreorlesscompletelydestroyedasaresultofthislong-runningconflict.
it will take years to rebuild.
I l. ContrarT to predictions that there would be a massive , the group of asylum speakers have assimilated
perfectly into the local community.