B.

S T R U C T U R E S OF GLOBALIZATION

STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
This introduces the learners on how to analyze
the dynamics of transnational cooperation and how
governments are affected by globalization. This section
also enables the learners to look into the meaning of
global governance through the discussion of the United
Nations’ (UN) roles and functions.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

1. Define and explain the meaning of state, nation and nation – states ;
2. Explain the various impacts of globalization on nation – states ;
3. Enumerate and explain the functions of intergovernmental organizations;
4. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN); and
5. Define and differentiate the concept internationalism from globalism

DIAGNOSTICS:

Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, DISAGREE.
1. The Human Rights Watch is an international advocacy organization.
2. Internationalism and internationalization are two similar ideas.
3. The Asia Pacific Economic Forum is an intergovernmental organization (IGO).
4. The United Nations is a global government.
5. UN’s fiver permanent security council members have a veto power.

Weber (1997) defines the state as a compulsory political organization with a centralized
government that maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain territory. He explicated that it is
normal for the state to use force and/or violence to suppress lawlessness in its territory as well as to protect
itself from other states. On the other hand, the concept of nation emphasizes the organic ties that hold
groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging – i.e., ethnicity, language, religion,
and others (Schattle, 2014). Combining these two, a nation – state can then be defined as a political
community that emanates from civic society to legitimately execute peace. Thus, civic society is the basis
of the people’s oneness.

Weber explained that the state has the monopoly

of the legitimate use of force. Although we know
how destructive fire arms are, this is the reason
why we do not question soldiers using them or the
police. We have learned to accept this as
legitimate or natural.

© maxdefense.blogspot.com

Though some scholars like Appadural and Ohmae claim that globalization has superseded
the individual function and jurisdiction of nation – states, this is still arguable. In fact, nation –
states can manipulate competitive advantages with international and political issues, transnational
civil society organizations, and multinational companies. They are also accountable for a host of
international norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to protect their
economy, and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and focus of local
fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation – states no longer have power in today’s
globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its increasing number of states,
remain relevant in global decision making? The 194 member states of UN prove that globalization
has affected the dynamics of nation – states in the context of their agency as legitimate holders of
force in their jurisdiction.

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The United Nations was established after the Second World War with once central mission
– to maintain international peace and security. Aside from maintaining international peace and
security and protecting human rights, UN also carries the functions of delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. It is composed of six organs:
a. The General Assembly – which serves as the main deliberative policy-making and
representative organ.
b. The Security Council – is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security.
c. The Economic and Social Council – is the main organ for cooperation, policy, review, policy
dialogue, and advice on economic, environmental and social issues.
d. The Trusteeship Council – is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for trust
territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and self –
government.
e. The International Court of Justice – is the UN’s prime judicial organ.
f. The Secretariat – is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five other
organs.
Globalization has, in a way, reshaped the role and functions of nation – states as governing
bodies in their particular territories.
First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation – states. Either they
conform to the neo – liberal ideas and free – market principles of deregulation, privatization, and
free trade or run the risk of being left behind in terms of development. Of course, the nation –
states, in this contemporary age, are forced to submit themselves to the demands of globally
accepted free – market principles. Though government policies can be put in place, nation – states
are forced to realign their policies to be congruent with the principles of free trade because of the
pressures from global corporations. To illustrate, the member states of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the Philippines, established the ASEAN Free Trade Area
(AFTA) in 1999. Its goal is to encourage the member – states to deepen their commitments in
investment, trade, and industrial collaboration to brace them for the increase in the region’s
economic activity.
Second, is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One good example is
the European Union (EU) and the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has
become a supranational body with 28 members. It has a single currency and monetary system
among 17 states, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ right to live, work,
vote and run for office, with developed collective mechanism to resolve crises and assist those in
need, and with intercontinental jurisprudence in the case of the European Court of Justice and the
European court of Human Rights. The statehood of the members is not dissolved, what has
changed is only how nation – states function, in terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole
(Schattle, 2014).
The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles.
This is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates as a forum for nation – states to air
their differences and try to resolve them. The UN Security Council has powers that include the
creation of peacekeeping operations and international sanctions and the authorization of military
action. Also, UN’s International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals accused of crimes
against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is based on the adoption of the Rome
Statue of International Criminal Court in 1998, with the vote of 120 to 7, with 21 abstentions. It
began functioning in 2002 when the statue officially came into force. However, the United States,
China and India are not signatories. Thus, the treat is not binding to these economic powers.
Moreover, there are also universal principles that are adopted by nation – states in relation to the

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dynamism of globalization. Two of them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that
affirms an individual’s rights and the other is the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
that defines the rights of nation – states on the use of the world’s oceans.
These three mentioned effects are vertical effects. Aside from this, globalization also has a
horizontal effect which can be observed in the formation of transgovernmental Networks
(Slaughter, 2004). National government offices connect with their counterparts in other nation –
states in order to establish linkages that would benefit all parties. As institutions, policies are
agreed upon and individual state – participants are conscious that their home country policies
should not be violated.
The fourth effect of globalization is the rise of transnational activism (TNA). Such happens
when activist groups of nation – states connect with their counterparts in our states. For example,
an advocacy – based organization in the Philippines may connect itself with and get support from
other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine government to realign its stance
and actions in upholding human rights.
The fifth and last effect of globalization is the creation of new communication network.
Globalization binds communities through digital media. With new technologies in communication,
political interaction can happen in a virtual sphere. People can exchange political perspectives
through internet, therefore stirring political discourse on an online platform. Because of the so –
called network society (Castells, 2009), nation – states must reshape themselves to become part of
global networks in the arena of finance, education, science, technology, arts and sports. This can
be seen in the proliferation of online education from universities outside the Philippines.
Conversely, Philippine universities offer online courses to non – Filipinos. Thus, digital media has
become the platform for strategic communications at home and abroad wherein the nation – states
can utilize the internet to gather feedback from the citizens. Social media gives people the power
to air their sentiments, and also, serves as an avenue to discuss issues. In the case of authoritarian
and repressive states like China, Russia, and North Korea, the governments make us of media
technologies to filter content that can be viewed by their citizens. On the other hand, digital media
can also be used by governments to gain public support in their campaigns. Thus, social media, in
particular, can become an alternative to mainstream media that advances its biased perspective.
In order to facilitate connections among nation – states, intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational,
and technical intergovernmental relationships. Here are some examples:
Name Date Members Objectives
Established
Association of 1967 10 – state 1. Accelerate economic, social and cultural
Southeast Asian members growth and development;
Nations (ASEAN) 2. Promote regional progression;
3. Advance peace and sustainability;
4. Promote active and beneficial cooperation
and mutual assistance in economic, technical,
cultural, administrative and scientific fields;
5. Provide assistance to each other in the
framework of training and research
installations in the educational, professional,
technical, and administrative spheres;
6. work hand in hand for more effective and
greater use of agriculture and industries;
7. advance Southeast Asian research; and
8. Preserve close and beneficial collaboration
with current international and regional
institutions with similar aims and purposes.

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European Union November 28 – state 1. Promote peace, its values, and the well –
(EU) 1993 members being of its citizens;
2. Offer freedom, security, and justice
without internal borders;
3. Uphold sustainable development based on
balanced economic growth and price
stability;
4. Combat social exclusion and
discrimination;
5. Promote scientific and technological
progress;
6. Enhance economic, social, and territorial
cohesion and solidarity among members
countries;
7. Respect cultural and linguistic diversity;
8. Establish an economic and monetary union
(europa.eu).
World Trade January 1, 164 – The sole IGO that caters to rules of trade on
Organization 1995 member a global scale. It aims:
(WTO) states 1. To ensure that trade runs as smoothly,
predictably, and freely as possible;
2. To encourage trade by lowering trade
barriers that may hinder how products and
services flow from nation to nation.

Organization OF September 13 Member To coordinate and unify the petroleum

Petroleum 10 – 14, Countries policies of its Member Countries and ensure
Exporting 1960 the stabilization of oil markets in order to
Countries (OPEC) secure an efficient, economic and regular
supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady
income to producers and a fair return on
capital for those investing in the petroleum
industry. (opec.org)

The intensification of relations among nation – states gave birth to the idea of
internationalism and globalism. The former is the theory and practice of interdependent
collaboration while the latter is an attitude. Internationalism is basically anchored on the opinion
that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind people of different countries are more
powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014). Immanuel Kant (1795) stated that
agreements among nations must be reached. He conceptualized the idea of liberal internationalism
which proposes that nations must give up their freedom and submit to a larger system of laws that
is embodied by common international principles. Thus, a form of global government is needed to
create and enforce these laws.
Socialist interactionalism, on the other hand, contradicts liberal interactionalism. This is
based on the view that capitalism is a global system and that the working class must unite as a
global class to forward the struggle against capitalism. Its notion is linked to the goal of a world
evolution – to end class struggle globally. The Second International (1889 – 1916), the original
socialist international, was an organization of labor and social parties established in Paris in 1889.
It is best known for declaring the International Worker’s Day (May 1) and International Women’s
Day (March 8) and for initiating the campaign for the eight – hour work day.
On the other hand, globalism emerged as an attitude that seeks to understand all the
interconnections of the modern world and to highlight patterns that underlie them. It pursues to
describe and explain a world that is characterized by a network of connections that spam multi –
continental distances.

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Overall, the global interstate system is a facet of contemporary political globalization that
seeks to form collaboration among nation – states through the establishment of intergovernmental
organizations. It is rooted on the idea of internationalism.

Exercise1:1:Am
Exercise Globalization
I Part of IGO?a nd I
Name: _ __ __ __ _____ _____ _
N am e: _ _ ___ ___ ___ Date: Date:
Course and Section: ___ ___ ___ ___ Score:
Course and Section: __ __ __ __ Score:
Instructions: Below are organizations that govern international relations. Compare two of
thnesmtriu
I nctterio
mnsso:fFthined
ir, orbejaecdtiavnesd, raotlteas cahndafnunocptiinoinosn. -W
edriitteoyroiaulr (aonps-weedrs) ianrbtuicllleet form.
discussing globalization. Extract the underlying concept of globalization
explained in the artic1le. .International Criminal Court (ICC)
2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
3. Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation
4_. _E_ur_o_p_ ea_n_U _n_i_ on (E_U_)
T5i.tNleoartnhdAA tluantthicorTroefattyhOerC gahnoiszaetnioAn rticle

__ ______ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _ _

1. Based on the article, is globalization a process, a condition, or an ideology?
Explain your choice.
_________ _____ ___ _____ _____ ______ ___ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
_________ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______ ___ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
_____ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______
__ __ _ __ __ ___
___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___
_____ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ __ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
____ __ _ __ __ ___ _ _ __ __ __ __ __
_________ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______ __
_ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _
_____ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______

2. On whose perspective is the definition of globalization anchored (political

___ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _
scientists, economists, orculture and communications experts) Give at least
_thr_ee (3) r_eas_ons_to s_u_p_p_ort y_our choice.

_____ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______
_____ ___ __ ___ ____ ____ __ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
____ __ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ __ __ __ __ __
_________ _____ ___ _____ _____ ______ _ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
_________ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______ _ ___
__ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
_____ ____
_ ___ _____ _____ ______

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Assignment 1: Metacognitive Reading Report

Name: Date:
Course and Section: Score:

Instructions: Read the attached referenced article and complete the statements that follow.
 Karlsrud, J. (n.d.). The UN at war: Examining the consequences of peace-
enforcement for the UN peacekeeping operations in CAR, DRC and Mali.
Third World Quarterly, 36(1), 40-54.

1. The three (3) things that I significantly learned from the readings are ………..

2. The three (3) things that are still unclear to me are ……………..

3. I used to think that ……………..

4. The three (3) questions that I want to ask about the readings are ……………..

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Referenced article: Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.976016

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THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH

AND THE SOUTH

This section enables the learners to

know the concepts of the Global South and
how this is seen in both affluent and
impoverished countries.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this module, the learners are

expected to:
1. Explain the term Global South; and
2. Differentiate the Global South from the
Third World

DIAGNOSTICS:

Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, DISAGREE.
1. The Philippines is an example of Global South.
2. First World countries are communist nation – states.
3. Second World countries include the United States of America.
4. The Philippines is a Third World country.
5. A Global South country is characterized as a poor nation.

Since the process of globalization is uneven, it follows that there is an imbalance in the
socio-economic and political categories of the world. The world is divided into north and south,
and first, second, and third.

Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Europe, Australia, and America tend to see the big
difference between the ways of living in the Philippines and in Western countries. Some of them
come home as “one- day millionaires” giving our presents to their family, relatives, neighbors, and
friends. Although their incomes are relatively higher than if they work in the Philippines, they
realize that life is still tough despite the remittances they send to their families and the taxes that
the country gains from these. Furthermore, they cannot escape the reality that their occasional
vacations in the Philippines are temporary because they would need to go back to work in order to
continue making a living in another country. This is a reflection of the global divide between the
north and the south as experienced by these Filipinos.

The term Global South is a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product of Western
imagination (Claudio, 2014). Historically, there had been divisions and labeling among the
different nations of the world. Countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the southern part
of the American continent are collectively called Latin America. By virtue of the Treat of
Tordesillas in 1994, the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided into two – the West
belonging to the Crown of Castile (now part of Spain) and the East belonging to the Portuguese
Empire. There is also a split based on labor – the core, the semi – periphery, and the peripheries.
From these divisions, the Global South refers to the socio – economic and political divide primarily
focused on the southern hemisphere of the 1569 – designed Mercatorian map. It also includes the
regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania (Dados & Connell, 2012). It connotes
developing countries as opposed to rich, industrialized, and wealth nations. On the contrary, the
Global North is the home of all members of the Group of Eight – Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States of America. It is also the abode of the four
powerful permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It also refers to the
developed countries in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.

Although usually associated with developing nations, the Global South is also found in
developing countries. Economically poor families, underprivileged individuals, unfair labor

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practices, and suppression of human rights, and other violation of basic rights in Europe, Australia,
US, and Canada are the pieces of evidence that people from developed countries also share similar
experiences with people from developing countries.

By now, one can say that the

terms Global South and Third World are
conceptually the same. But the term
Third World is the antecedent of Global
South (Claudio, 2014). The classification
of nations as First World or Third World
emerged during the Cold War. The term
“Third World” historically, was coined
by Alfred Sauvy in 1952 in an article
entitled “Three Worlds, One Planet”
(Andrews, 2018). In this original context,
the First World included the United
States and its capitalist allies in places
such as Western Europe, Japan and
Australia. The Second World consisted
of the communist Soviet Union and its 1www.atlasworld.com
Eastern European satellites. The Third
World, meanwhile, encompassed all the other countries that were not actively aligned with either
side in the Cold War. These were often impoverished former European colonies, and included
nearly all the nations of Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia (Andrews, 2018). To
illustrate, India was considered a Third World country for it was a colony of the United Kingdom.
Later, the category was used to refer to countries that were neither capitalist nor socialist. Since
many countries were impoverished, the term was also used to refer to the poor world. These
countries were considered to be non – industrialized and newly industrialized. They lacked the
standard systems in banking, finance, and trade.

Hence, it is outdated to say that countries in Southeast Asia belong to the Third World for
the term has ended its usage after the Cold War. These countries may be classified as the Global
South through some of their citizens experience the Global North within their territories.

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Exercise 1: Global North and Global South

Name: Date:
Course and Section: Score:

Instructions: Choose one city / town in the Philippines where you can observe or
experience the Global North and the Global South. List down the specific scenarios below:

Name of City / Town:

Global North Global South

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ASIAN REGIONALISM
This section investigates the mechanism of how Asian region integrates and how nation –
states approach the challenges of world homogenization and division.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
1. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization;
2. Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions; and
3. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and
regionalization through regionalism.

DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, DISAGREE.
1. Russia is a part of Asia.
2. Lebanon is in Asia.
3. East Timor is the youngest state in Asia.
4. The term Asia was coined by Asians themselves.
5. Japan colonized some parts of Asia.

Among all
the continents, Asia
has the biggest
population of at least
two – thirds of the
world’s inhabitants –
with China being a
home of more than
1.4 billion people
based on the 2018
population projection
of the United Nations
which makes it
country as one of the
economic super © www.foreignpolicy.com
giants of the world.
Asia is most probably
one of the biggest
because the continent
comprises one – third
of the world’s land
mass. In terms of economy, emerging and developing Asian countries and the Associations of
Southeast Asian Nations 5 or the ASEAN 5 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and
Thailand) had
an average of 6.3% and 5.1% GDP growth, respectively, compared to the world average growth
of 3.5% as of 2016 (Obiols, 2017). In 2016, China was the world’s leading exporter of goods
valued at $1.99 trillion, followed by the United States with $1.45 trillion (Dillinger, 2018).

Since the European Union is in its mature state of regionalism, the world is now focused
on Asia. Most countries want to have collaborations with East Asian countries and the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members because economic and political growths in these
regions have started to shape up. As a result, the United States strategically takes care of its allies
in Asia to maintain and further enhance its supply of raw materials, human technological skills,
and even its military force. At the same time, Europe keeps its strong relationship with Asian

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countries to expand its growing business in the field of medical science and research. It cannot be
denied that Asia is gaining worldwide attention.

In this light, globalization, regionalization, and regionalism are compared. Also, exposures
to the different factors that bring about better homogenization of Asia and how member – states
collectively and separately address the challenges they are facing are discussed.

The terms regionalization and globalization are both related to integration. However, while
globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness
across world – time and world – space; regionalization, on the other hand, is the “growth of
societal integration within a region and to the often undirected process of social and economic
interaction” (Hurrel, 1995). In terms of scope, it is clear that globalization happens around the
world while regionalization happens only in a specific geographical region. Social and economic
reciprocal actions of regionalization are undirected because of diversity – which comes in different
levels of development (from the rich Singapore to the poor Laos), politics (from democracy to
dictatorship and everything in between), economics (from free markets to capitalism and more),
and religion (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and more) (Richter & West, 2014).

Another concept commonly confused with regionalization is regionalism. Regionalism

refers to regional concentration of economic flows and also pertains to the process of
intergovernmental collaborations between two or more states (Eliassen & Arnadottir, 2012), while
regionalization refers to a political process by economic policy if cooperation and coordination are
present among countries (Mansfiled & Wilmer,1993).

Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. New to

cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50 – year – old ASEAN group and the failed East
Asia Economic Group (EAEG). The ASEAN community is comprised of three pillars – political
security community, economic community, and socio – cultural community.

The political security community gives importance to human rights, drugs, foreign
relations, defense, law, and transnational crimes. The association adheres to significant roles of
monitoring – economic ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, free trade area,
investment area, agriculture and forestry, transport ministers, telecommunications and information
technology ministers, science and technology, energy, minerals, tourism, free trade agreements
with dialogue partners, and sectoral bodies in the arena of economic community. In the socio –
cultural community, there is an avenue for cooperation among the ministers responsible for culture
and arts, sports, disaster management, education, environment, health, information, labor, rural
development and poverty eradication, women, youth, and civil service matters.

ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian countries – China, Japan, and South
Korea. It is called the ASEAN +3. Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help
each other cope with the crisis. In this context, ASEAN has concretized regionalism in the Asian
region.

Similar, to the goal of ASEAN in achieving greater integration within the region, other
countries form groups for various reasons. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
a free trade pact between Canada, United States and Mexico was created to help reduce trading
costs, increase business investment, and help North America to be more competitive in the global
marketplace (NAFTA, 2018). The European Union (EU) was established to ensure free movement
of people, goods, services, and capital within the EU’s single market (EU, 2018).

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Moreover, there are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration.
 First, integration has been market – driven. Within Asia, there are a variety of systems,
institutions, procedures, social relations, and infrastructures that are put into place for
countries to engage in exchange.
 Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were established.
The ADB which was conceived in the 1960s, is composed of 67 members, 48 of which are
from the Asia – Pacific region. It promotes social and economic development and serves
as a financial institution that aids its members and partners by providing loans, technical
assistance, grants, and equity investments. Initially, ADB focused its assistance on food
production and rural development to serve a predominantly agricultural region.
 Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better
Asian economies.
 Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on comparative
advantage through the regional division of labor.
 Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the ASEAN +3
Financial Ministers’ Process that established two economic structures – the Chiang Mai
Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The process aims to strengthen policy
dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and fiscal
issues.
 Last, ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision making. The process
prevents collision of cultural beliefs and economic policies that are understandably not east
to unite because of the region’s diversity of archipelagic lives.

In facing the challenges brought about by globalization, Asian countries have responded
with regional alternatives as big group, small group and local communities.

As a big group, Asian countries established their own Asian Development Bank (ADB)
that is more focused on Asia and the Pacific as a reaction to global economic integration. Asian
nations work in the form of loans, grants, and information sharing on topics such as terrorism
and regional security.

The establishment of the ASEAN is also another initial reaction to globalization. It fosters
the spirit of regionalism and oneness of Asian nations. As a group, it sets out in the ASEAN
Declaration the following aims and purposes:
1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region;
2. To promote regional peace and stability;
3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest;
4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities;
5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and
industries;
6. To expand trade, improve their transportation and communications facilities, and raise
the living standards of the people;
7. To promote Southeast Asian Studies; and
8. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation.

More so, Asian countries respond to globalization as a small group by doing bilateral or
multilateral agreements. For example, Philippines has standing bilateral agreements with China in
trade, defense, infrastructure, transnational crimes, tourism, education, health, and many others.

Reaction to globalization (and the West) also gave rise to terror groups, like the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) which has spread to the Muslim communities in Southern
Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. To combat global terrorism, these countries made use of

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their available resources to minimize and ultimately stop the effects of civilian – victims such as
displacement and suffering. More so, they reached military multilateral agreements to address this
common problem. In 2017, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia had a trilateral security
meeting wherein they agreed that they need to conduct joint navy patrols within their boundaries
to prevent he entry and exit of the terror group (Antiporta, 2017).

Other reactions to globalization came in the form of disengagement from globalization that
transpired locally. Santi Suk village in Thailand created its own currency, called the bia, that was
regulated by a central bank in a village. This homemade currency can only be used in participating
villages, and cannot be exchanged for Thailand’s baht. This trend is a manifestation of self –
sufficiency movements that emerged after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Other forms of
disengagement appeared in the formation of self – sufficiency groups, community – owned rice
mills, and the preference for local products (Kimura, 2014).

To conclude, globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration.
Their difference lies on the scope. Globalization is worldwide, while regionalization focuses on a
specific geographical region. As a response to world homogenization and division, regionalism
that comes in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization spawned within and among
regions in Asia. Asian integration did not happen based only on one historical event for there were
different factors that led to this alliance.

Exercise 1: Towards a Formidable Asian Integration

Name: Date:
Course and Section: Score:

Instructions: Identify two strengths of the Philippines that may contribute to a greater
integration among countries in the Asian region. Explain

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Exercise 2: PH and the World

Name: Date:
Course and Section: Score:

Instructions: Identify and enumerate how the Philippines reacts to regional and global
challenges in the table below. Choose only two (2) and list down three (3) actions for each.

 International Terrorism
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
 Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Challenges Actions
1. a.

b.

c.

2. a.

b.

c.

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