Electrical Lab Manual

School of Engineering and Technology
Division of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CREDIT - 0:0:1
Academic Year: 2023 – 2024 (Odd Semester)
LAB OBSERVATION BOOK
Name of the Student
Reg. No.
Class / Semester I B.Tech. Food Pro Engg. Batch 1 / I SEMESTER

20BT2004 – WORKSHOP PRACTICES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
School of Engineering and Technology

Division of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
CREDIT - 0:0:1
Academic Year: 2023 – 2024 (Odd Semester)
LAB MANUAL
Prepared by
Dr. F. T. Josh, Assistant Professor / EEE

Mr. Shlalom Irence, Assistant Professor / EEE
Approved by
Date of Approval: 24.08.2023 Head of the Department
DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CREDIT - 0:0:1
Course Objectives:
To impart knowledge on
1. The basic safety of electrical engineering and measuring instruments.
2. The working of various AC, DC Circuits and Electrical Machines.
3. The simulation tools and to be familiar with electrical installations.
Course Outcome:
The student will be able to

1. Get an exposure to common electrical components and their ratings.
2. Make electrical connections by wires of appropriate ratings.
3. Understand the usage of common sensors.
4. Understand the basic characteristics of electrical machines.
5. Get an exposure to the working of Switchgears.
6. Get an exposure to use of simulation tool.

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. SAFETY is of extreme importance in the Electrical Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, practice with enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant
but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such contact
may subject you to electrical shock)
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a live
point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical
shock)
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to be
a rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7.
8. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you move
your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live point and thereby
subject you to electrical shock)
9. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the body
reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)
10. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.(Otherwise you will be touching
the live parts in the circuit)
11. Get your circuit diagram approved by the faculty member and connect up the circuit strictly as per
the approved circuit diagram.
12. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs and do
not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
13. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective
leads.
14. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety devices
protect you and your equipment.
15. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved by
the staff member.
16. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch
two points at different potentials with your two hands)

17. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
18. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating
up etc.), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the faculty member and switch off the power
to your circuit after getting approval from the faculty member.
20. Students should avoid to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
i. Keeping unnecessary material like books, Lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to fall down
the table.
ii. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections or while talking or listening
somebody.
Observe these safety rules yourself and help your friends to observe.

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should be
sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the experiment
and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook
during the experiment. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time. Organization in
your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate and identify the various
parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order.
1. Heading: The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.
2. Aim: A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should
be at the beginning of each experiment.
3. Diagram: A circuit diagram should be drawn and labelled so that the actual experiment circuitry could
be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit changes made
during the experiment.
4. Equipment List: List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data.
It may be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in
the results.
5. Procedure: In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short

commentaries alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment
must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6. Data: Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record instrument
readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however, calculated results may
be recorded in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data
column labelled and headed by the proper units of measure.
7. Calculations: Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate
the treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
8. Graphs: Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented
in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can be
checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can be used for most graphs.
If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short
descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if more than one on
a graph.
9. Results: The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Tables
are generally used for small amounts of results.

TABLE OF CONTENT
[List of Experiments]
Marks
S. Faculty
Date Experiment Name P O R Total
No. Sign
(10) (10) (10) (30)
1. STAIR – CASE WIRING
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ANALYSIS OF
2.
FLUORESCENT, CFL AND
LED
WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
3.
USING ARDUINO
VERIFICATION OF TRUTH
4.
TABLES OF LOGIC GATES
SOIL MOISTURE
5.
MEASUREMENT
PV CHARACTERISTICS OF
6. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL USING LT SPICE

20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Ex.No: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF FLUORESCENT,

Date:
CFL AND LED
OBJECTIVE:
To construct house wiring using Energy Meter and to compare the Energy
Consumption of different loads.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No Name Range Quantity

1 Digital Energy Meter 1φ, 300V, 16A, 50Hz 1
2 Main switch 1φ, 300V, 16A DPST 1
3 Switch SPST, 5A 4
4 Socket 5A 1
5 Lamp Holder Batten 3

6 Incandescent Lamp 100W 1
7 CFL Lamp 18W 1
8 LED lamp 10.8W 1
9 Wires 1/18 SWG As required
DESCRIPTION
Domestic wiring consists of an electrical wiring system that distributes energy to be used in
equipment and appliances around the house. It also involves the proper installation and operation of the
electrical outlets, switches, breakers, meter base and different electrical circuits. Electricity supplied to
us at our home is 220 volt and A.C.. This main line power and the wires carrying it are called
the mains. The mains may often bring two different supplies 5A and 15A. The two rating are important
since we use a variety of application such As Bulbs and Tubes, Heaters, Radios, TV sets, Refrigerators
and so on. Some of these need 5A power while others need 15A power. The mains supply is delivered
to houses using a three core wiring called the Phase (Live), Neutral and the Earth. The live wire brings
in the current and the neutral is the return wire. These wire supply electricity to separate circuits within
the house. Two separate circuits are used. One of 15A for Appliance with higher power ratings
and the other of 5A ratings for others. The earth wire is usually connected to a metal plate deep in
the earth near the house. It is safety measure and does not in any way affect the supply.
Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

20EE1002 Basic Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Wattmeter Lamp

Holder
Digital Energy Meter
Main Switch
Ph
230V, 50Hz, 1φ,

AC Power
Supply
Tabulation:
Incandescent Lamp CFL Lamp LED Lamp 5A Power Socket
V I P PF E V I P PF E V I P PF E V I P PF E
10 | Division of EEE/SE&T /KITS

20EE1002 Basic Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory
PROCEDURE
1. Make the circuit as per the circuit diagram given.

2. Fix the Incandescent, Compact Fluorescent and LED lamps and a load to the socket.
3. Give the power supply to the circuit.
4. Test the working of lights and measure voltage and current from Energy meter and power
from Wattmeter for different load and tabulate it.
5. Calculate the power factor using the formula:
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑃)
Power Factor =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉) × 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼)
6. Calculate the energy consumed by the loads if it is operated for 5 hours a day using the
formula:
Energy Consumed = Watt meter reading(P) X 5 Hrs Kwh
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Why house-wiring is done in parallel?

2. What do you mean by one unit of energy meter?
3. What are the ratings of switches used in house-wiring?
4. What is the voltage level of households?
5. List down the different types of lamps available in the market. Suggest suitable lamp for
domestic lighting.
CONCLUSION:
Thus, the domestic wiring is implemented and tested for its operation. Also the energy
consumption of different loads was tested.
Preparation Marks (10)
Observation Marks (10)

Faculty Signature
Reference Books:
1. V. K. Mehta, R. Mehta, “Principles of Electrical & Electronics Engineering”, Revised
Edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2020.
2. D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering”, McGraw Hill
Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi, 2020.
Division of EEE/SE&T /KITS

Exp. No.
STAIR – CASE WIRING
Date:
AIM :
To study and test the stair case wiring circuit arrangement
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name Description Quantity

1. 2-way switch Flush type, 230V, 5A 2
2. Lamp holder Batten type, 230V, 5A 1
3. Incandescent Lamp 230V, 40W 1
4. 1-way switch Flush type, 230V, 5A 1
5. Wire VIR Insulated, Cu wire size – 1/1.12 mm 3m
DESCRIPTION:
THEORY:
It is simple circuit where a single lamp is controlled by two switches. A two-way switch is
installed near the first step of the stairs. Fig 1. Shows a typical staircase wiring. The other two-way
switch is installed at the upper part where the stair ends. The light point is provided between first
and last stair at an adequate location and height if the lower switch switches on the light. The switch
at the top or vice versa can switch it off. Two number of two-way switches are used for the purpose.
Fig. 2. Shows the modes of operation for the wiring.
Fig.1 Typical Staircase wiring

Fig. 2 Modes of Operation for Stair case wiring
Fig. 3. Staircase Wiring Circuit Diagram

SWITCH POSITION
LAMP CONDITION
SWITCH – 1 SWITCH – 2
1 2 OFF
1’ 2 ON
1’ 2’ OFF
1 2' ON
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the phase wire of the AC power supply to the center terminal of the first 2-way
2. switch.
3. Interconnect the top and bottom terminal of the two 2-way switches.
4. Connect the center terminal of the second 2-way switch to one of the terminals in the lamp
holder.
5. Connect the other terminal of the lamp holder to the Neutral wire of the power supply.
6. Switch on the main power supply and test the condition of the lamp.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the necessity of fuse?
2. What the types of wiring available?
3. How the selection of wiring is done?
4. Define earthing.
5. What the different types switches available? Also mention their ratings.
Conclusion:
Thus, the staircase wiring is completed and tested.

Faculty Signature
Reference Books:

Exp. No. VERIFICATION OF TRUTH TABLES OF

Date: LOGIC GATES
AIM:
To study and verify the truth tables of the LOGIC GATES: AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
and NOR.
THEORY:
Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is an electronic circuit
having one or more than one input and only one output. They perform logical functions on one or
more inputs to produce one output.
The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. There are
seven logic gates. When all the input combinations of a logic gate are written in a series and their
corresponding outputs written along them, then this input/ output combination is called Truth
Table.
COMPONENTS USED:
S. No. Component
1. Electronic Circuit Kit with Breadboard
Logic Gates:
2. OR Gate (IC7432); AND Gate (IC7408); NOT Gate (IC7404);
NAND Gate (IC7400) AND NOR Gate (IC7402)
3. Connecting Wires
Procedure:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.

2. Connect the inputs of any one logic gate to the logic sources and its output to the logic
indicator.
3. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
4. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
5. Repeat the process for all other logic gates.
6. Switch off the ac power supply.

AND Gate
AND gate produces an output as 1, when all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. This
gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when any input is 0.
IC 7408

OR Gate
OR gate produces an output as 1, when any or all its inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0.
This gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output is 0 when all input is 0.
IC 7432

NOT Gate
NOT gate produces the complement of its input. This gate is also called an Inverter. It always
has one input and one output. Its output is 0 when input is 1 and output is 1 when input is 0.

NAND Gate
NAND gate is actually a series of AND gate with NOT gate. If we connect the output of an
AND gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination will work as NOT-AND or NAND gate. Its
output is 1 when any or all inputs are 0, otherwise output is 1.
IC 7400

NOR Gate
NOR gate is actually a series of OR gate with NOT gate. If we connect the output of an OR
gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination will work as NOT-OR or NOR gate. Its output is
0 when any or all inputs are 1, otherwise output is 1.
IC 7402

Conclusion:
Thus, the truth tables of AND, OR, NOT, NAND AND NOR Gates have been studied and
verified.
Viva Questions:
1. Write the logical equation for OR gate.
2. Define IC
3. Write two characteristics of Combinational circuit.
4. Define universal Gates
5. When will the output of NAND Gate be zero?

Faculty Signature
Reference Books:

Ex No. SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT

Date :
Aim:
To conduct a transistor-based soil moisture indicator circuit and test it.
Components required:
1. BC547 transistor
2. Bread Board
3. 1k Resistor (1)
4. 10k Resistor (1)
5. LED
6. Jumper wire
7. Regulated power supply
8. LM7805 Voltage Regulator
9. Soil Moisture Pro4be
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect one wire of probe directly to VCC and another probe to the base of the transistor.
Q1 and 10k resistor RV1 is used for adjusting the sensitivity of the circuit.
2. Now when there is no moisture in soil then probes does not allow 7805 to supply any voltage
to the base of transistor Q1 so the LED remain turned off.
3. Now, whenever both probes will come in contact with soil moisture or water then both the
probe gets shorted because water/moisture is the conductor of current.
4. And when probes get shorted then the base of the transistor gets connected to the output of
7805 IC.
Viva Questions:
1. Give the types of moisture sensor available in the market.

2. List down the applications of moisture sensor in food industry.
3. Give the importance of moisture sensor in food industry with 50 words.
Conclusion:
Thus, the soil moisture detector circuit made and tested.
Faculty Signature
Reference Books:

Exp. No. WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING ARDUINO

Date:
AIM:
To develop and test an automatic water level indicator and controller using Arduino.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Arduino Uno
2. Ultrasonic sensor module
3. Relay 5V
4. 6V or 9V adaptor
5. Connecting wires
DESCRIPTION
Water tank overflow is a common problem which leads to the wastage of water. In this
experiment, a water controller is wired up where the water motor pump is automatically turned on
when water level in the tank becomes low and turned off when filled up
Ultrasonic Sensor Module
Figure 1Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is used to measure distance in range of 2em-400cm with

accuracy of 3mm. The sensor module consists of ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and the control
circuit.
Figure 2 Ultrasonic sensor triggering
Department of EEE / SE&T / KITS

The ultrasonic sensor module works on the natural phenomenon of ECHO of sound. A pulse
is sent for about 10us to trigger the module. After which the module automatically sends cycles of
40 KHz ultrasound signal and checks its echo. The signal after striking with an obstacle returns
back and is captured by the receiver. Thus, the distance of the obstacle from the sensor is simply
calculated by the formula given as
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∗ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
2
Here we have divided the product of speed and time by 2 because the time is the total time
it took to reach the obstacle and return back. Thus, the time to reach obstacle is just half the total
time taken.
Working of Automatic Water Level Controller
An ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the level of water. Ultrasonic sensor module which
sends the sound waves in the water tank and detects reflection of sound waves (ECHO). First the
sensor is triggered and it transmits ultrasonic sound waves and then it receives ECHO Arduino reads
the time between triggering and received ECHO. The speed of sound is around 340 m/s, so distance
is calculated by using the formula: Where speed of sound is approximately 340m per second.
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = ∗ 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
𝟐
By using this method, we get distance from sensor to water surface. If we know the depth of
water tank, the we can calculate the water level by subtracting resulting distance coming from
ultrasonic from total depth of tank. WL= (Tank depth-d) The block diagram of the controller is
as shown in Fig 3.
Arduino Water
Ultrasonic Relay 5V Pump
Sensor Module UNO
Figure 3 Block diagram of Overall controller
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
The water level controller circuit diagram is given below. Ultrasonic sensor module's
"trigger" and "echo" pins are directly connected to pin 10 and 11 of Arduino and buzzer is
connected at pin 12. A 5 Volt relay is connected at pin 13 of Arduino for turning on or turning off
the pump motor
The ultrasonic sensor module is placed at the top of water tank. It will read the distance
between sensor module and water surface When water level reaches below lower level, then
Arduino turns ON the water pump by driving relay and Relay status LED start glowing. While
filling upwhen the water level crosses the upper level, arduino turns OFF the relay, thereby arning
OFF the pump motor and serial monitor will show "Tank is fall" "Motor Turned OFF Buzzer also
beep for some time and relay status LED will turn OFF.
FLOW CHART

PROGRAMING
To program Arduino for water level controller, first we define all the pin that we are going
to use in the experiment for interfacing external devices like relay, buzzer etc.
#define trigger 10
#define echo 11
#define motor 13
#define buzzer 12
Then we initialize all the devices used in project.
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigger,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Now initialize the ultrasonic sensor module and read time of sending and receiving time of
ultrasonic waves or sound by using pulseIn (pin).
digitalWrite(trigger,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigger,HIGH);
time=pulseIn(echo,HIGH);
distance=time*340/20000;
WL=tankdepth-distance;
Serial.println("Water Space In ");
Serial.println("Tank is: ");
Serial.println(distance);
After it we check conditions if water tank Is full or water level is low, and take action accordingly.
If(distance <6 && temp==0)
COMPLETE CODE
#define trigger 10
#define echo 11
#define motor 8
#define buzzer 12
float time=0,distance=0;
int temp=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(trigger,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigger,HIGH);
time=pulseIn(echo,HIGH);
distance=time*340/20000;
delay(2000);
if(distance<6 && temp==0)
{
digitalWrite(motor, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
delay(3000);
temp=1;
}
else if(distance<6 && temp==1)
{
digitalWrite(motor, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else if(distance>25)
{
digitalWrite(motor, HIGH);
delay(5000);
temp=0;
}
}

PROCEDURE
1. Do the connections as per the diagram
2. Check the program using Arduino IDE
3. Switch ON the 9V /6V adaptor to Arduino bord
4. Switch ON the AC Power supply to motor
5. Open the tap under the testing tank to drain out the water
6. Check whether the pump turns ON when the water level goes below the lower level
setting.
7. Once the pump turns ON and fills the tank, check whether the pump turns OFF when
water level rises above the upper level setting.
VIVA QUESTIONS (5 QUES)

1. List the type of sensors
2. Mention the applications of ultrasonic sensor
3. What is meant by pump motor?
4. What is Arduino?
5. What is the Arduino Language ?
CONCLUSION:
Connected and tested an automatic water level controller using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor.

Faculty Signature
Reference Books:
1. A. K. Sawhney, “Electrical & Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation”, DhanpatRai

& Co Publishers, 19th Edition, New Delhi, Jan 2014.
2. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, “Intelligent Sensing, Instrumentation and
Measurements”, Kindle Edition-Springer, New Delhi, March 2013.
3. Muthusubramanian R & Salivahanan S, “Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering”,
McGraw Hill India Limited, New Delhi, 2014.
4. D Patranabis, “Sensors and Transducers”, PHI, 2nd Edition 2013.

20EE1002-Basic Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory
Exp. No. PV CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR

Date: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL USING LTSPICE
AIM:
To analyze the I-V and P-V Characteristics of Solar Cell using LTspice.
COMPONENTS USED:
Name Quantity
Current Source (5A) 1
Diode 1
Series Resistor (10m Ω) 1
Shunt Resistor (1k Ω) 1
Voltage Source (0V) 1
THEORY
A Photovoltaic system converts the sunlight directly into electricity and the main device is solar
cell in the system. Solar cell arrays are formed by grouping them together. The electronic converters
play a viable role for processing the electricity from the PV system. A solar cell is made of
semiconductor diode which is exposed to light and consists of various types of semiconductors
using different manufacturing processes.
Fig 6.1. Schematic diagram demonstrating the operation of p-n junction of a Solar Cell
Also, the incoming solar radiations and the intrinsic properties are responsible for the electric
energy generation in a solar cell. The solar radiation is composed of photons of various energies,
some of them are absorbed at p-n junction as shown in Fig. 6.1. If the photons with energies are
lower than the bandgap of the solar cell, they are useless and will not generate electric current or
voltage.

Whereas, photons with energy higher than the bandgap will generate electricity and the energy
corresponding to the bandgap will be used only. The remaining energy is dissipated as heat in the
body of solar. The following Fig 6.2, depicts the ideal single diode model of a solar cell.
Fig 6.2 a & b Ideal Single Diode Model of a Solar Cell
The common technique is to model the solar equivalent circuit and amongst all possible
parametric models, the single diode model is the popular one. The photovoltaic technology is based
on the principle of electron hole creation in each cell that consists of two different layers; p type
and n type. However, The I - V curve characteristics of a solar cell are like the exponential
characteristics of the ideal diode.
Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:
Procedure:
1. Open the new schematic file in LTspice.

2. Place the components specified from the component icon and give them their values.
3. Using the wire option connect the components as per the circuit diagram.
4. Select the simulation command in the Simulate icon.
5. Go to DC Sweep analysis and give the following commands:
6. Place the command below the circuit diagram.

7. To get the I-V characteristics, select the run icon and select the voltage source in the circuit
diagram, copy it and paste in the space provided.
8. To get the P-V characteristics, select the run icon and select the voltage source in the circuit
diagram, I-V characteristics will be displayed and then right click the I(V1) icon, so that an
expression editor will be opened.
9. Here type I(V1) * v1 to get the P-V Characteristics waveform. Then copy it and paste in the
space provided.
10. Observe the voltage at which maximum power occurs, by selecting the icon I(V1) *v1 and
moving the cursor at the maximum power point.

Simulation Diagram:
Output Waveform:
a). I-V Characteristics:
Voltage in mV

b) P-V Characteristics:
Voltage in mV
Observation:
Max. Power _____ W is obtained at _______Volts
RESULT:
Thus, the I-V and P-V Characteristics of Solar Cell were analyzed using LTspice.

Viva Questions and Answers:
S.No. Q&A
The region where the electrons and holes diffused across the junction is
Ques
called
1.
Ans
Ques The current produce by the solar cell can be given by _________.
2.
Ans
__________ is one of the most important materials is also known as solar

Ques
grade silicon.
3.
Ans
Ques The efficiency of a solar cell may be in the range

4.
Ans
Ques The principle of a solar cell is same as the photodiode - True or False
5.
Ans

Faculty Signature
Reference Books:
2. S. P. Sukhatme and J. K. Nayak, “Solar Energy” 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, Noida,
2017.

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School of Engineering and Technology

Division of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

LAB OBSERVATION BOOK

Name of the Student

Class / Semester I B.Tech. Food Pro Engg. Batch 1 / I SEMESTER

School of Engineering and Technology

20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Dr. F. T. Josh, Assistant Professor / EEE

Date of Approval: 24.08.2023 Head of the Department

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

20EE1002 – BASIC ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

The student will be able to

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

5. Procedure: In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

1. STAIR – CASE WIRING

DIVISION OF EEE / SE&T

Ex.No: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF FLUORESCENT,

S.No Name Range Quantity

2 Main switch 1φ, 300V, 16A DPST 1

5 Lamp Holder Batten 3

8 LED lamp 10.8W 1

9 Wires 1/18 SWG As required

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Wattmeter Lamp

Digital Energy Meter

230V, 50Hz, 1φ,

Incandescent Lamp CFL Lamp LED Lamp 5A Power Socket

10 | Division of EEE/SE&T /KITS

1. Make the circuit as per the circuit diagram given.

1. Why house-wiring is done in parallel?

Preparation Marks (10)

Observation Marks (10)

Division of EEE/SE&T /KITS

To study and test the stair case wiring circuit arrangement

S.No. Name Description Quantity

Fig.1 Typical Staircase wiring

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Fig. 2 Modes of Operation for Stair case wiring

Fig. 3. Staircase Wiring Circuit Diagram

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Preparation Marks (10)

Observation Marks (10)

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Exp. No. VERIFICATION OF TRUTH TABLES OF

1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Division of EEE / SE&T / KITS

Preparation Marks (10)

Max. Power _ W is obtained at ___Volts