Wind Energy System using Axial Permanent

Magnet Generator for Off-Grid

Kent Edward T. Wayan1 Devemon M. Crispolo2 Jan Christopher P. Enoval3
Department of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Program
UM Tagum College
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— This research investigates the implementation of Recent advancements in materials science and design
wind energy systems employing Axial Permanent Magnet have led to more compact and powerful generators, enabling
Generators (APMG) for off-grid applications. The study the development of larger and more efficient wind turbines.
encompasses the exploration of diverse APMG designs, Additionally, innovations in direct-drive generator designs,
materials, and manufacturing processes, culminating in the such as direct-drive axially-flux permanent magnet
development of a prototype off-grid wind energy system. generators, are contributing to reduced maintenance
Emphasis is placed on optimizing system performance under requirements and increased energy capture. [2]
varying wind conditions through control strategies and
assessing the viability of integrating energy storage solutions to Three major factors which make these generators suitable
enhance reliability. Geographical considerations are also for wind energy generation include low cost, reliability, and
explored to identify suitable locations based on wind patterns. simplicity of manufacturing process in the noncore generator.
However, challenges such as the initial implementation cost, the The fundamental difference between radial flux permanent
intermittent nature of wind, and geographical constraints are magnet (RFPM) and AFPM machines can be found in the
acknowledged. Maintenance concerns, environmental impacts, power/diameter ratio of the machine. Axial flux machine
and limitations in energy storage integration are addressed, output power is proportional to the third power of the outer
underscoring the need for a comprehensive and sustainable diameter, whereas in radial flux machines, the output power
approach to realize the potential of APMG-based wind energy is directly proportional to the square of the diameter. This is
systems for off-grid scenarios.
one of the basic differences between axial flux and radial
Keywords—Axial Permanent Magnet Generator, Small
scale , Wind power Generator, low speed
flux machines. [3]
The use of data analytics allows operators to optimize
I. INTRODUCTION generator performance, reduce downtime, and improve
The ever-increasing global demand for energy, coupled overall efficiency, ultimately contributing to the integration
with environmental concerns and the need for energy access of wind energy into the grid. As a result, wind turbine
in remote and off-grid areas, has fueled a growing interest in generators are becoming more interconnected and capable of
decentralized renewable energy sources. [1] As wind energy supporting the transition to cleaner and more sustainable
continues to grow in importance as a renewable energy energy sources. [4]
source, research and development efforts are focused on The significance of the study lies in its potential to
further improving wind turbine generator technology. This
advance the field of renewable energy and small wind
includes enhancing generator efficiency, reliability, and grid
turbine power generation systems. By proposing an
integration capabilities. [2] These generators generally have
relatively high power and torque density. Hence, they are innovative design for a coreless axial-flux permanent-
suitable for small-scale wind turbines. The reason for more magnet generator the study aims to improve the power
research on axial flux generator with air core is that it output and efficiency of wind power generation. The
provides the requirements for its use in wind turbine successful implementation of this design methodology could
application. [3] lead to the development of low-cost, high-efficiency axial-
flux permanent-magnet generators for small wind turbines.
One critical component in these systems is the generator, This, in turn, could contribute to the wider adoption of wind
which plays a pivotal role in converting mechanical energy energy as a sustainable and reliable source of electricity,
into electricity. Among various generator designs, axial furthering the global efforts towards clean and renewable
permanent magnet generators (APMGs) have gained
energy solutions. Additionally, the study's findings and
significant attention due to their efficiency, compact size, and
proposed design methodology may inspire further research
suitability for low-wind-speed applications. [1] Axial flux
machine output power is proportional to the third power of and development in the field of small wind turbine power
the outer diameter, whereas in radial flux machines, the generation, potentially leading to technological
output power is directly proportional to the square of the advancements and practical applications in renewable
diameter. This is one of the basic differences between axial energy systems.
flux and radial flux machines. [3]
Objectives of the Study the stored energy from DC to AC, enabling it to be used
This study’s main objective is to develop an Axial with common household equipment.
Permanent Magnet Generator for Off-Grid. The specific
objectives of the study are the following: B. Theoretical Framework
Fig. 1. Theoretical Framework

1. To generate 12/24 Volts AC. The figure above shows that the wind that contains
2. To make 3-phase Wye connected Axial flux generator. kinetic energy is the input variable of the system. The input
will be used in the process to come up with the exact output
3. To supply a minimum of 100 Watts. we desired. The wind (kinetic energy) is captured by the
4. To generate with a minimum wind speed of 20kph. rotor which will help in turning the shaft. The Axial Flux
Generator converts efficiently. The generator converts
5. To reach a frequency of 50-60 hertz. mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output of the
system is to clean minimum 100-watt energy with a Dc or
Scope and Limitation Ac source.
The aim of this research is to developing efficient,
off-grid wind energy systems using axial permanent magnet II. METHODOLOGY
generators (APMG). The scope includes researching several This section provides a to investigate and develop Wind
APMG design configurations, materials, and manufacturing Energy Systems utilizing Axial Permanent Magnet
processes in order to build a prototype off-grid wind energy Generators (APMG) for off-grid applications. Subsequently,
system. the study involves the design and simulation phase, where
The initial expenses associated with implementation may be various APMG configurations are explored, and materials
substantial due to the costs of materials, manufacture, and and manufacturing processes are analyzed to optimize
installation. Wind patterns' unpredictability and irregularity performance.
may affect how reliable the production of power is, and the Research Design
system's effectiveness may be physically limited in areas
1) System Architecture
with weak or erratic wind. Maintenance issues could arise,
The researchers design a system consisting of wind
especially in remote off-grid locations. It is important to turbine, Axial flux Generator, wind charge controller,
carefully address environmental issues related to production, inverter and battery. The primary objective of this research is
disposal, and potential visual and auditory effects. to develop a small-scale wind turbine.
Moreover, challenges may arise in integrating energy
storage.

A. Conceptual Framework

This figure shows how wind energy is captured and

converted into AC power through a methodical and effective
procedure. First, wind energy is collected using an Axial
Permanent Magnet Generator (APMG). An essential part of
turning wind energy from kinetic energy to electrical energy
is the APMG. Its axial design, which maximizes energy
conversion efficiency, guarantees a sturdy and compact
structure thanks to the permanent magnets it uses. Following
the APMG, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Fig.1 System Architecture
wind charge controller receives the electrical output. By
continuously modifying the electrical operating point of the
APMG to maximize power extraction from varying wind
conditions, this controller is essential to ensuring that the
wind energy system performs at its greatest efficiency.

The converted electrical energy is kept in a battery

system by the MPPT controller. In order to handle the
intermittent nature of wind energy generation, this energy
storage component is essential since it enables a steady
power supply even during times when there is little to no
wind. The battery acts as a reservoir, storing extra energy
during periods

of favorable wind and releasing it during periods of demand

or insufficient wind speed. Ultimately, an inverter converts
 Fig.2 A system design of Vertical Axis using Axial
Permanent Magnet Generator

As shown in Figure 2, vertical axis wind turbine system with Flowchart

an axial permanent magnet generator, define the power
output requirements of our system. An axial permanent
magnet generator suitable for our power requirements.
APMG can efficiently convert the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Designing the vertical axis wind turbine it
has 3 blades, high-quality bearings to reduce friction and
wear in the rotating components and implement safety Research Procedure
features such as braking systems to protect the turbine The research procedure consists of a series of steps, such
during high winds or maintenance. as executing plans, creating a system design, creating a
structure, and the components needed for designing and
following the timeframes set forth by the researchers.

Statistical Tool
The statistical tool use in this research is Ansys software
designing for the turbine, 3D design of the machine,
simulation of the materials of the machine, and analysis of
the parameters.
REFERENCES
Fig.3 A construction of Axial Permanent Magnet Generator
As shown in Figure 2, the APMG construction it has 12
poles, multiple turns, shaft, the upper and lower cover, rotor, [1] Kalsi, S., & R. K. (2021). Recent advancements in small wind
permanent magnet and coils. turbines and generators for off-grid applications. In 2021 3rd
International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power
Engineering (CEEPE) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
System Design
[2] Lee, S. H., Choi, J. Y., & Ahn, S. (2016). Recent advances in direct-
This section discusses the technical workflow and drive axially-flux permanent magnet generator designs for wind
flow chart of wind energy system using APMG to illustrate turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56, 71-83.
and understand the research design. [3] Leung WS, Chan JCC. A new design approach for axial-field
electrical machines. IEEE T Power Ap Syst 1980; 4: 1679-1685
[4] Hansen, A. D., Stoustrup, J., & Poulsen, N. K. (2021). Advanced
TECHNICAL WORKFLOW Control Strategies in Wind Turbines: State of the Art and
Perspectives. Annual Reviews in Control, 52, 310-323.
The APMG will start by containing the kinetic energy after
in receiving the wind energy the APMG working with
MPPT which wind controller. After collecting the kinetic
energy, it restores to the battery by helping inverter it
produces a bigger output for specific load.