An Autonomous Smart Farming System For

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4th International Conference on Intelligent Circuits and Systems IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327 (2022) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012019
An Autonomous Smart Farming System for Computational

Data Analytics using IoT
A I Rokade1, A D Kadu2, K S Belsare2
1
Ph.D Research Scholar, School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
2
Assistant Professor,ECE, PRMIT&R,Badenera.
*
Corresponding Email Id: [email protected]
Abstract – For improved agricultural growth control, smart farming with precise greenhouses is
essential, as is precision agriculture monitoring in a variety of situations. The Internet of Things
(IoT) is a new era in computer communication that is gaining pace as a result of its wide variety
of project development applications. Individuals may benefit from the IoT through smart and
remote ways such as smart agriculture, smart environment, smart security, and smart cities.
These are the latest technologies that are making life simpler in today's world. The IoT has
significantly increased remote control and the variety of networked things or devices, which is a
fascinating aspect. The hardware and internet connectivity to the real-time application make up
the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things is made up of sensors, actuators, embedded
systems, and a network connection. As a result, we'd want to develop an IoT application for
smart farms. This paper demonstrated a remote parameter sensing system in smart greenhouse
agriculture. The goal is to monitor greenhouse parameters like CO2, soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and light, with adjusting actions for greenhouse windows/doors based on crops. In this
experimentation, Gerbera and Broccoli is considered. The primary purpose is to adjust
greenhouse conditions in line with plant needs in order to increase production and provide
organic farming. As a result of the findings, it appears that the greenhouse might be operated
remotely for CO2, soil moisture, temperature, humidity and light, resulting in improved
management. Overall implementation is remotely monitored via IoT using MQTT on Adafruit
IO Cloud Platform and sensor data is analyzed for its normal and anomaly behavior.
Keywords – Smart Farming, Greenhouse Management, Internet of Things (IoT), Precision

Farming
1. Introduction
Plant development has proved to be a novel test, given that plant field and strength are
increasingly key factors for cash crops and food crops alike. The lack of knowledge about agricultural
elements and information about developing breakthroughs is one of the primary challenges in modern
agriculture [1]. Our forefathers eschewed employing specialized development for particular plant
growth in favor of using a general marvel for all plants in the past. As a consequence of technological
improvements in agriculture, plants may be produced under unusually typical natural circumstances,
and specialized plants can be cultivated under specified conditions, resulting in higher yield and less
compost [3].
Precision agriculture in green houses for plant development is gaining popularity as a
consequence of lower-cost technology that allow farmers to re-arrive production. The greenhouse is a
translucent house-like structure that can manage temperature, moisture, light infiltration, and other
elements for optimal plant development. Precision agriculture is a system for detecting, monitoring, and
reacting to environmental changes. It is a technique for detecting greenhouse climate, after which the
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data is recognised and uploaded to the cloud, and the agriculturist takes the appropriate action depending
on the data. This may be observed in the current breakthrough known as the Internet of Things (IoT),
which is a technology that uses web-based ways to link everything or any device to the internet. The
exact agricultural framework is improving as a result of recent advancements in Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN), which is nothing more than an IoT. Precision agriculture is the most advanced
cultivating technology with a vast framework that has lately emerged. In the case of a sudden shift in
the greenhouse, it entails identifying, estimating, and transmitting nursery data to farmers [2] [5]. A
greenhouse is a structure made of simple materials that maintains a microclimate conducive to solid
plant growth, such as water stream management, temperature control, and so on. As a consequence, it
protects against things like excessive light penetration, severe temperatures, illnesses, and creepy
crawlies. Maintaining ideal microclimate conditions, improving irrigation and fertilization practices,
controlling infection and avoiding disease outbreaks, and preventing theft and improving security are
the four key benefits of a smart greenhouse system as defined in fig 1.
Fig 1: Advantage of Smart Greenhouse System

A farmer may grow any plant in any season by keeping the right environmental conditions.
Returning to the topics of interest, there is the significance of greenhouse farming, which illustrates why
they have become so popular. Because greenhouses hold moisture, they use far less water than
traditional horticulture. It reduces the amount of time spent editing and expands the sorts of harvests
available. Temperature and humidity are carefully controlled to meet the demands of the plants.
Nurseries can also be used to develop slow-growing crops. Pests may be readily dealt with. Harvests
may be made under a wide range of environmental conditions, making it incredibly versatile. The
varying climatic conditions in the greenhouse will affect the plant's growth, resulting in a lesser yield at
the end of the cultivation. As a result, greenhouse gases, soil moisture, temperature, and light must all
be managed and monitored. This problem could be solved by implementing an Internet of Things (IoT)
innovation in precision agriculture, which involves the precise application of certain greenhouse factors
for optimal plant development, such as temperature management, water flow control, and light radiation,
among others [4][7][10].
2. Related work
Several researchers have contributed to the development of a smart agriculture system. Initially,
several sensors and actuators were utilized by the authors to achieve their goals in order to get the most
efficient management of it. The following are summaries of those papers.
In complete distribution nurseries employing tolerably saline water, a flexible stage is
characterized that may adjust to soilless culture conditions. The usage of IoT technology is used to create
a highly adjustable perceptual framework for regulating and tracking nursery temperature [2]. The
author adds [3] to continuing IoT breakthroughs in horticulture, as well as enhancements to equipment
2
and programming frameworks. An automated FLC with IoT capabilities is built for the analysis and
etymological dynamic of fertigation in a nursery [4]. A new proposal has been proposed for agricultural
farmland prudence. The system employs a Raspberry Pi 3 to detect any suspicious activity or activity in
the ranch area, after which the PiCam is triggered to take a photo of the situation. [5]
VegIoT Garden, energy-efficient, a low-effort and personal IoT stage for SA based on
COTS devices [6], having received communications conventions, and designed to improve the planning
of vegetable nurseries through acquisition, inference, and analyzation of sensor information, recognised
with substantial limits of developing plants, is a limited, The suggested arrangement partially lowers [7]
network inactivity when compared to conventional IoT-based horticulture and growing solutions. A
monitoring agency collected data for certain harvests, then used AI to construct an alert notification
which included the data and information. The architecture [9] attempts to provide a continual weed
control in onions farms using a Image Processing based integrated weed control framework (WCS).
Founded on the idea of LoRa and fog processing innovation, an automated agricultural platform [10]
has been developed.
A fuzzy-based technique was used to study the SE and EE concerns in 5G networks and achieve
an efficient symmetrical trade-off between them to improve the system's overall performance using a
look-up table [11] [13]. To find the best places for these mobile nodes, a new soft computing approach
called Adaptive Plant Propagation Algorithm (APPA) is used [12]. The system presents an intelligent
greenhouse system for adopting monitoring and controlling in the precision agricultural domain, based
on an examination of current and prior related research that examine the greenhouse system's primary
aspects, benefits, and limitations [15]. Examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and telemedicine have
been employed to improve continuous monitoring [16]. The purpose of this study is to examine the
issues and challenges that single-carrier NOMA (SC-NOMA) technologies encounter, as well as to
investigate the impact of increasing the number of SC-NOMA users on average capacity when
bandwidth (BW) and power are raised [17] [18] [19].
3. Proposed work
To test the proposed smart greenhouse system, a prototype experimental model was created using
an embedded system device that includes several sensors and a microprocessor, as shown in fig 2. The
proposed model is designed to track several greenhouse characteristics for two crops, Gerbera and
Broccoli, in different climates. A microcontroller Node MCU ESP 32 is connected to all of the needed
sensors for obtaining the green house parameters. A personal computer is used to collect data serially
with timestamp values for data logging of various parameters. Temperature and Humidity, Light
Intensity, CO2 and Soil Moisture are all continually monitored for 10 days on the Adafruit IO cloud
Platform utilizing the MQTT protocol under day and night conditions within specific time intervals.
Operational workflow of proposed system that how the system operates as defined in fig 3.
3
Fig 2: Proposed Experimental Model
Fig 3: workflow of experimental model

Adafruit IO is a platform for visualizing, responding to, and interacting with sensor data. With the
support of MQTT, the data is also kept private and safe. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
is a TCP/IP-based lightweight publish-subscribe protocol. MQTT employs a message broker to route
messages between senders who send them and receivers who are interested in receiving them. Messages
can be published and subscribed to using the same client. Each message is associated with a specific
subject. The message routing information is the topic, and it is essentially a string with slash separated
hierarchical levels. Clients subscribe to these topics, and the broker sends them all messages with topics
that match their subscriptions. Wildcards can also be used to easily subscribe to several topics. For
example, as shown in fig 4, how temperature sensor data from a greenhouse system is sent.
4
Fig 4: workflow of MQTT for sensor data
4. Experimental Results and Discussion

The proposed experimental plan is implemented on a prototype that has been tested practically as
shown in fig 5 on two crops for various conditions. The two primary phases of experimentation are the
creation of basic models embedded system for plant growth and feeding, the construction of a sensor
net for smart greenhouse monitoring, and the automation of actuators. The proposed approach employs
an embedded system to analyses greenhouse execution parameters like as CO2, soil moisture,
temperature, and plant light, yielding realistic results.
Fig 5: Experimental Test bench

All the readings are observed under several possible conditions and monitored on personal computer
over serial communication. All these sensor’s data is monitored over an Internet on Adafruit IO Cloud
dashboard by publishing data from nodes to broker of Adafruit. Then user can subscribe this data to
access it in real time.
The greenhouse doors/windows can also be rolled on/off depending on the soil moisture conditions.
The plant photosynthesis process requires a high level of CO2 concentration and water in the evenings
rather than during the day; with these two sources of energy, the photosynthesis method keeps the plant
cool and encourages rapid growth. Because the greenhouse absorbs CO2 from day to night, maintain a
5
CO2 level maximum at night after completing a CO2 concentration level experiment in a green house,
as illustrated in figure 6. As a result, as seen in Figure 6, the CO2 level decreases during the day.
Fig 6: CO2 representation Fig 7: soil moisture representation

Because too much water can induce a fungal infection in the plant, and too little water can cause the
plant to grow dry or even die, the amount of water in the soil is critical. As a result, the amount of water
required by the plant is crucial. During the night, plants demand more water with CO2 for
photosynthesis. When the soil moisture sensor gives a negative value, the plants have completely
covered the water, as shown in figure 7, and the greenhouse windows/doors will close automatically
using a DC motor. The positive value indicates that the soil is dry and has to be re-wet, as shown in
Figure 7.
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in a greenhouse; it should be kept as high as
feasible. Blooming, fruiting, photosynthesis, seed germination, and other processes are all aided by
warmth.
Fig 8: Temperature representation Fig 9: Humidity representation

As a result, in comparison to the temperature and humidity range in the outside greenhouse
environment, the temperature and humidity range in the greenhouse was maintained to the fullest degree
6
possible, as illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. The photosynthetic mechanism, which is found in the green
component of plants and is responsible for plant development, blooming, and form, is aided by the many
hues of sunlight.
Fig 10: Light intensity representation
As a result, a sustainable amount of light penetration inside the greenhouse was maintained, as
illustrated in Figure 10, as contrasted to usual light penetration outside the greenhouse.
5. Conclusion
A smart greenhouse system is a hybrid of IoT and agriculture that is driven by market demand
and optimized according to a set of rules. Automation and high efficiency are required for monitoring
and regulating the greenhouse environment. Because the precise information was discovered, they could
be completely included in the gap analysis based on their constraints and the likelihood of a job
extension. In traditional greenhouses, growers can control environmental parameters using a
proportional control system that involves manual intervention, which typically leads in output loss,
energy waste, and greater labor expenses. An automated greenhouse monitoring system based on the
IoT comes to the rescue to handle these difficulties. The IoT is a widely used technology for linking
things and collecting data. On Adafruit IO, the device is designed to remotely monitor greenhouse
elements including as CO2, soil moisture, temperature, and light. Farmers may collect this data using an
Adafruit IO cloud account and an internet connection. Thus, the system will employ IoT to help farmers
eliminate physical visits to the field while simultaneously enhancing yield by maintaining accurate
greenhouse factors such as CO2, soil moisture, temperature, and light. The findings for greenhouse
elements such as CO2, soil moisture, temperature, and light for broccoli and gerbera plants are
investigated with the help of graphical representation based on the practical data collected by the
suggested model. Furthermore, utilizing artificial intelligence, work on more particular agriculture crops
with precision agriculture can be done.
7
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr. Manwinder Singh (Associate Professor,
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab,
India.) for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this
research work. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated.
ORCID DETAILS OF AUTHORS

1. Ashay Rokade – 0000-0002-5695-6533
2. Ankush Kadu- 0000-0003-4738-5123
3. Karan Belsare- 0000-0003-2278-8153
4. Manwinder Singh- 0000-0002-0543-2625
6. References
[1] Zamora-Izquierdo, Miguel & Santa, José & Martinez, Juan & Martínez, Vicente & Skarmeta,
Antonio. (2019). Smart farming IoT platform based on edge and cloud computing. Biosystems
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[2] Subahi, Ahmed & Bouazza, Kheir Eddine. (2020). An Intelligent IoT-Based System Design for
Controlling and Monitoring Greenhouse Temperature. IEEE Access. PP. 1-1.
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007955.
[3] Kour, Vippon & Arora, Sakshi. (2020). Recent Developments of the Internet of Things in
Agriculture: A Survey. IEEE Access. 8. 129924-129957. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009298.
[4] A. Carrasquilla-Batista and A. Chacón-Rodríguez, "Standalone Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied
to Greenhouse Horticulture Using Internet of Things," 2019 7th International Engineering,
Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC), Panama, Panama, 2019, pp. 574-579, doi:
10.1109/IESTEC46403.2019.00108.
[5] Shanmukhappa Angadi, Raghavendra Katagall, "Agrivigilance: A Security System For
Intrusion Detection In Agriculture Using Raspberry Pi And Opencv", INTERNATIONAL
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NOVEMBER 2019.
[6] Codeluppi, Gaia & Cilfone, Antonio & Davoli, Luca & Ferrari, Gianluigi. (2019). VegIoT
Garden: a modular IoT Management Platform for Urban Vegetable Gardens.
10.1109/MetroAgriFor.2019.8909228.
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Farming in Rural Areas," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 4890-4899, Dec.
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[9] M. P. Arakeri, B. P. Vijaya Kumar, S. Barsaiya and H. V. Sairam, "Computer vision based
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Computing," 2019 2nd IEEE Middle East and North Africa COMMunications Conference
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8
[11] Khalaf, O.I., Ogudo, K.A. and Singh, M., 2021. A fuzzy-based optimization technique for the
energy and spectrum efficiencies trade-off in cognitive radio-enabled 5G network. Symmetry,
13(1), p.47.
[12] Walia, G. S., Singh, P., Singh, M., Abouhawwash, M., Park, H. J. et al. (2022). Three-
Dimensional Optimum Node Localization in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks. CMC-
Computers, Materials & Continua, 70(1), 305–321.
[13] Singh, M., Kumar, M. and Malhotra, J., 2018. Energy efficient cognitive body area network
(CBAN) using lookup table and energy harvesting. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems,
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[14] M. Hassan, M. Singh and K. Hamid, "Survey on NOMA and Spectrum Sharing Techniques in
5G," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies
(SIST), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SIST50301.2021.9465962.
[15] Rokade and M. Singh, "Analysis of Precise Green House Management System using Machine
Learning based Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Farming," 2021 2nd International Conference
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Internet of Medical Things and Artificial Intelligence," 2021 2nd International Conference on
Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), 2021, pp. 1768-1775, doi:
10.1109/ICOSEC51865.2021.9591941.
[17] Mohamed Hassan, Manwinder Singh & Khalid Hamid (2021) “IMPACT OF POWER AND
BANDWIDTH ON THE CAPACITY RATE AND NUMBER OF USERS IN SC-NOMA”,
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February 2022).
[18] M. Hassan, M. Singh and K. Hamid, "Survey on NOMA and Spectrum Sharing Techniques in
5G," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies
(SIST), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/SIST50301.2021.9465962.
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[20] S. K. Roy, M. Singh, K. K. Sharma, C. Bhargava and B. P. Singh, "Mathematical Modelling of
Simple Passive RC Filters Using Floating Admittance Technique," 2020 IEEE International
Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/INOCON50539.2020.9298230.

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This content was downloaded from IP address 200.24.16.227 on 19/01/2023 at 22:23

An Autonomous Smart Farming System for Computational

Keywords – Smart Farming, Greenhouse Management, Internet of Things (IoT), Precision

Fig 1: Advantage of Smart Greenhouse System

Fig 2: Proposed Experimental Model

Fig 3: workflow of experimental model

Fig 4: workflow of MQTT for sensor data

4. Experimental Results and Discussion

Fig 5: Experimental Test bench

Fig 6: CO2 representation Fig 7: soil moisture representation

Fig 8: Temperature representation Fig 9: Humidity representation

Fig 10: Light intensity representation

ORCID DETAILS OF AUTHORS

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