MMW Midterm
MMW Midterm
MMW Midterm
RELATION
A relation can be defined as a collection of ordered pairs, representing the
connections between two key components: the independent variable denoted as
'x' and the dependent variable denoted as 'y'. This set captures the essential
relationships between these variables.
EXAMPLES:
{Parent, Child}
{Country, Capital}
{Book, Author}
{(5, 3), (10, 7), (8,2)}
{(10, 2), (15, 3), (10, 5)}
FUNCTION
Each element in the domain (referred to as "x") is exactly paired with one
and only one element in the codomain (referred to as "y"), which distinguishes
a function as a unique type of relation. A function can be described more accurately
as a set of ordered pairs (x, y), where x belongs to the domain set X and y to the
codomain set Y.
EXAMPLES:
Determine which of the following set of ordered pairs a function or not.
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
Solutions:
1. It is a function. Its mapping is neither one-to-one not onto because the codomain 2
has two domains -1 and 1.
2. It is not a function. The domain is not paired with a unique element but rather with
two codomains.
3. It is a function; there is a one-to-one mapping between the domain and codomain.
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
PROPOSITION
• A proposition is a declarative statement that may be determined to be either
true or false, but not to be true and incorrect at the same time.
COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• Composed of two or more propositions connected using the logical connectives
“and”, “or”, “not”, “if, then”, “if and only if”, and “exclusive – or”.
EXAMPLES:
1. It is raining and it is windy.
2. I will have pizza or I will have pasta for dinner.
3. It is not sunny today.
4. If it is a weekend, then I will go hiking.
5. I will take the job if and only if it offers a competitive salary.
MAIN CONNECTIVES
CONJUNCTION (p˄q)
• The conjunction of the propositional statement p and q, is the compound
proposition “p and q”.
• ˄ represents the word “and”
• It is also referring to as the process of conjoining two or more propositional
statements.
EXAMPLE:
p: 9 is divisible by 3
q: 6 is an odd number
p˄q: 9 is divisible by 3 and 6 is an odd number.
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
TRUTH TABLE
p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
DISJUNCTION (p ˅ q)
• The disjunction of the proposition p, q is the compound proposition “p or q”.
• ˅ represents the word “or”.
• This refers to the process of disjoining two simple propositional statements.
EXAMPLE:
p: Two is an even number.
q: Two is a prime number.
p ˅ q: Two is either an even or prime number.
TRUTH TABLE
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
NEGATION (~p)
• The negation of proposition p is denoted as not p.
• It is called as the process of denying the truthfulness of a given proposition.
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
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EXAMPLE:
p: The integer x is greater than 5.
~p: The integer x is NOT greater than 5.
TRUTH TABLE
p ~p q ~q
T F T F
T F F T
F T T F
F T F T
IMPLICATION/ CONDITIONAL (p → q)
• The conditional or implication of the proposition p and q is the logical statement “if
p, then q”. Moreover, it can also be read as p implies q.
• → is the symbol for “if, then”
• The proposition p is called the explanatory or the hypothesis statement. It is
also called as the antecedent or premise statement. The proposition q is known as
the conclusion or consequent statement.
EXAMPLE:
p: Two lines are perpendicular
q: [The lines] intersect to form a right angle
p → q: If two lines are perpendicular, then they must intersect to form a right angle.
TRUTH TABLE
p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• A type of reasoning in which examples or specific instances are used to supply
strong evidence for (though not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion; the
scientific method.
For instance, let's say that you have a bag of coins; you pull three coins from the
bag, and each coin is a penny. Using inductive logic, you might then propose that all
of the coins in the bag are pennies. "Even though all of the initial observations — that
each coin taken from the bag was a penny — are correct, inductive reasoning does not
guarantee that the conclusion will be true.
"Penguins are birds. Penguins can't fly. Therefore, all birds can't fly."
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Deductive reasoning, also known as deduction, is a basic form of reasoning. It
starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the
possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion
In deductive reasoning there is a first premise, then a second premise and finally an
inference (a conclusion based on reasoning and evidence).
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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
For example, the major premise "Every A is B" could be followed by the minor premise,
"This C is A." Those statements would lead to the conclusion "This C is B." Syllogisms are
considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the argument is valid.
"All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have
eight legs."
Deductive conclusions are reliable provided the premises are true, according to Herr.
The argument, "All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a
grandfather," is valid logically, but it is untrue because the original premise is false.
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