MMW Midterm

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD


MIDTERM LESSON

LESSON 1: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATION
A relation can be defined as a collection of ordered pairs, representing the
connections between two key components: the independent variable denoted as
'x' and the dependent variable denoted as 'y'. This set captures the essential
relationships between these variables.

EXAMPLES:
{Parent, Child}
{Country, Capital}
{Book, Author}
{(5, 3), (10, 7), (8,2)}
{(10, 2), (15, 3), (10, 5)}

FUNCTION
Each element in the domain (referred to as "x") is exactly paired with one
and only one element in the codomain (referred to as "y"), which distinguishes
a function as a unique type of relation. A function can be described more accurately
as a set of ordered pairs (x, y), where x belongs to the domain set X and y to the
codomain set Y.

A function can be expressed as a correspondence or mapping from one set to another.


The figure below shows the different mapping of a relation and describes the mapping of
a function.

EXAMPLES:
Determine which of the following set of ordered pairs a function or not.

1. A = {(-1, 2) (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4)}


2. B = {(3, 0), (3, 1), (2, 3),}
3. C = {a, 4), (b, 5), (c, 6), (d, 7)}

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON

Solutions:
1. It is a function. Its mapping is neither one-to-one not onto because the codomain 2
has two domains -1 and 1.
2. It is not a function. The domain is not paired with a unique element but rather with
two codomains.
3. It is a function; there is a one-to-one mapping between the domain and codomain.

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON

LESSON 2: ELEMENTARY LOGIC

PROPOSITION
• A proposition is a declarative statement that may be determined to be either
true or false, but not to be true and incorrect at the same time.

PROPOSITION TRUTH VALUE


The Earth orbits the Sun. TRUE
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level. TRUE
2 + 2 = 5. FALSE
The sum of two even numbers is always even. TRUE
The square root of 9 is equal to 3. TRUE

COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• Composed of two or more propositions connected using the logical connectives
“and”, “or”, “not”, “if, then”, “if and only if”, and “exclusive – or”.

EXAMPLES:
1. It is raining and it is windy.
2. I will have pizza or I will have pasta for dinner.
3. It is not sunny today.
4. If it is a weekend, then I will go hiking.
5. I will take the job if and only if it offers a competitive salary.

MAIN CONNECTIVES

CONJUNCTION (p˄q)
• The conjunction of the propositional statement p and q, is the compound
proposition “p and q”.
• ˄ represents the word “and”
• It is also referring to as the process of conjoining two or more propositional
statements.

EXAMPLE:
p: 9 is divisible by 3
q: 6 is an odd number
p˄q: 9 is divisible by 3 and 6 is an odd number.

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON

TRUTH TABLE
p q p˄q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F

DISJUNCTION (p ˅ q)
• The disjunction of the proposition p, q is the compound proposition “p or q”.
• ˅ represents the word “or”.
• This refers to the process of disjoining two simple propositional statements.

EXAMPLE:
p: Two is an even number.
q: Two is a prime number.
p ˅ q: Two is either an even or prime number.

TRUTH TABLE
p q p˅q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F

NEGATION (~p)
• The negation of proposition p is denoted as not p.
• It is called as the process of denying the truthfulness of a given proposition.

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON
EXAMPLE:
p: The integer x is greater than 5.
~p: The integer x is NOT greater than 5.

TRUTH TABLE
p ~p q ~q

T F T F

T F F T

F T T F

F T F T

IMPLICATION/ CONDITIONAL (p → q)
• The conditional or implication of the proposition p and q is the logical statement “if
p, then q”. Moreover, it can also be read as p implies q.
• → is the symbol for “if, then”
• The proposition p is called the explanatory or the hypothesis statement. It is
also called as the antecedent or premise statement. The proposition q is known as
the conclusion or consequent statement.

EXAMPLE:
p: Two lines are perpendicular
q: [The lines] intersect to form a right angle
p → q: If two lines are perpendicular, then they must intersect to form a right angle.

TRUTH TABLE
p q p →q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON

LESSON 3: INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING
• A type of reasoning in which examples or specific instances are used to supply
strong evidence for (though not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion; the
scientific method.

For instance, let's say that you have a bag of coins; you pull three coins from the
bag, and each coin is a penny. Using inductive logic, you might then propose that all
of the coins in the bag are pennies. "Even though all of the initial observations — that
each coin taken from the bag was a penny — are correct, inductive reasoning does not
guarantee that the conclusion will be true.

Here's another example:

"Penguins are birds. Penguins can't fly. Therefore, all birds can't fly."

Data: I see fireflies in my backyard every summer.


Hypothesis: This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard.

Data: I tend to catch colds when people around me are sick.


Hypothesis: Colds are infectious.

Data: Every dog I meet is friendly.


Hypothesis: Most dogs are usually friendly.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Deductive reasoning, also known as deduction, is a basic form of reasoning. It
starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the
possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion

In deductive reasoning there is a first premise, then a second premise and finally an
inference (a conclusion based on reasoning and evidence).

A common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements — a


major premise and a minor premise — together reach a logical conclusion.

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MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
MIDTERM LESSON

For example, the major premise "Every A is B" could be followed by the minor premise,
"This C is A." Those statements would lead to the conclusion "This C is B." Syllogisms are
considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the argument is valid.

Here are some examples of deductive reasoning:

"All spiders have eight legs. A tarantula is a spider. Therefore, tarantulas have
eight legs."

For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is


assumed that the statements, "All spiders have eight legs" and "a tarantula is a spider"
are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true. In deductive reasoning, if something
is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class.

Deductive conclusions are reliable provided the premises are true, according to Herr.
The argument, "All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a
grandfather," is valid logically, but it is untrue because the original premise is false.

Major premise: All mammals have backbones.


Minor premise: Humans are mammals.
Conclusion: Humans have backbones.

Major premise: All birds lay eggs.


Minor premise: Pigeons are birds.
Conclusion: Pigeons lay eggs.

Major premise: All plants perform photosynthesis.


Minor premise: A cactus is a plant.
Conclusion: A cactus performs photosynthesis.

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