Organic Chemistry Class 11 Notes by Bharat Panchal - 2
Organic Chemistry Class 11 Notes by Bharat Panchal - 2
Organic Chemistry Class 11 Notes by Bharat Panchal - 2
• •
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CONT.INT#EÉ⇐¥E↳±÷⇐•¥÷o_¥•B•O¥8•¥B•B¥agÉ:E÷ ☒ hhaaraattraannennaatsi.ir
•
Introduction GABBA Bharat Panchal chemistry Guruji £0
-
•
Tetra valency of carbon
Hybridization of carbon
•
Representation of Organic compounds
.
Classification of Organic compounds
•
Nomenclature of Organic compounds
•
Isomerism
•
Mechanism of organic Reactions .
INTRODUCTION
compounds .
or
It is the study of hydrocarbons and
their derivatives .
for large no .
of Organic compounds
is catenation o↳*¥:•⇐-¥⇐¥÷¥É-÷•→o• B•8¥OgB÷¥¥¥ÉO¥BÉ Bshhaaraattfaannennaalsiirr
Q what is catenation ? ADOBE Bharat Panchal chemistry Guruji £0
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Ana .
is the tendency of an
It element to form
chains of identical atoms .
It is Makinen
in carbon Catenation
depends cebon bond
.
enthalpy ,
HYBRIDIZATION OF CARBON :
Type %
Geometry Bond EX Imble
5- character
Ang ,,
sp3 25% Tetrahedral Alkane Ar bond
109.281
-
.
Tai
gonal
.
Type of Bond No -
of a Bond No .
dolt Bond
C- C 1 0
c=c 1 1
CEC 2
1
APPLICATION OF HYBRIDISATION :
c=_CGC=c < c- C
Size
'
sp > Sba > Sb
- Bond length -
Bond
CI > c= > c- C
enthalpy
Sb > spa > Sbs
Electronegativity -
REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
•
f- f- f- c- H
H H H H H H
↳ Hs OH
-
H -
d -
f -
o -
n
CHZCOOH te n
CH ] -
CH, ( H2
- -
CH
}
CH -
CHI -
OH
]
3- Slr .
of organic compounds .
•
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
•
Open chain compounds :
slraightchain Branchedchain
CH CH ] CH CH CH}
cYµjcHs
- -
] cars
-
, ] ,
-
f- d- H Ethene Ethyne
H H " H
* =c!µ H CEC H
-
-
* cyclic Compounds :
These compounds contain atleast
one closed chain of atoms .
Alicyclic compounds :
Aromatic compound :
Benzoic
which follows
Huckle Rule
,
→ cyclic Sir .
geometry
→
Iie
Can -12) Heo
¥-7
2,6 10114,18 0 Azulene
Tropology
.
. . .
,
•
µµ
-
oxirane
H
k¥ IT
-01
Pyrrole Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
CTHF )
of organic compound .
•
Types Of Carbon Atoms
CH CH]
}
G
e.
cnzz.cl du CH
cha
-
- -
]
ÉH, 3°
20 to
c- C- C -
C -
C
CH
, group
in ? ctg
"
CH -
-
CH, Iso pentane
,
Neo -
Ctg -
d ? Ctf Ctf - .
✗ -
and B- Carbon Atoms
9 P ✗
Ctf Ctf Ctf CHO
- -
-
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IUPAC Nomenclature
Word Root -11°
2. Prefix + 1. prefix + Suffix + 2- sujfix
te H ti t,
f,
substituent chain Bond
Type Principal Functional
Fluoro F Chain Elbe
group
-
open -
✗
0h10 80 -
U
C meth ane
-
-
Bromo Br
close -
cyclo
eth
ca
-
=
ene
-
Iodo I
prob
Cz
-
I Yhe
Nitro -
NO
, ca -
but
Nitroso No bent 2C= ) diene
es
-
'
'
3(
Cz hebt
Alkoxy OR
-
-
oct
21=-1 toiyne
es
Alkyl R
-
Ca Non
Pheny -5¥
-
Cio
-
dee
2°
suffix tells us about functional group
Note is added
extra
'
a'
to word root if 1°
Note
If 2° Suffix begins
with a vowel the
terminal '
e
'
is
dropped .
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RULES FOR IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
•
Selection of longest chain
°
of
i) C- C- C- C- C -
C -
C
d d L
93,6 -
Toimethy / heptane
ii ) C C
G C
g C C
3- Ethyl 5- methyl heptane
- - - -
- -
-
c- C C .
iii ) C -
C
, -4 - C 3,4 -
Dimethyl hexane
÷
iv )
c- c- c-
g- c- c- c- C G- ( 1,1 -
•
( = C- C- C
•
C- C- C- CEC
But -
1- ene Pent -
tiene
• C- C- ( =L
•
C- C- C- ( = C
'
e Buta -1,3 diene -
4- methyl bent 1-
ene -
CH __
methylidene
,
•
C- C- C- CIC CH -
( H= ethylene
,
pent 3- eh 1- Yhe CHIC
elhenyl
-
- -
CH -
-
CH -
,
CH
,
Elhynyl
•
cH2=CH
-
É -
CH __ CH 3- Methylidenebenta -1,4 -
diene
,
•
Alcohol -
OH -01
Propane -1,2 ] biol ,
-
c- c- c- C- OH Bulan -1-01 C- C- C
C Glycerol )
C- c- C- OH 2-Methyl bropan.to/toHbHbH
i
Cyclohexane -
to
Ñ Pent -
3- en -1-01
~
"
É 3- Chloro
-1,3 dien -
cyclobuta
-
1-01.
fµbH (glycol ) µ
÷¥:/ Cyanide C -
CEN ) -
Nitrile
• 1C -
C -
C -
CEN
3- methyl butane 1- nitrile -
i. _=N
i
) C- C C C C 3- Bromo 2- ethyl bent -4 ene
q
- -
• - -
- -
-
1- nitrile
BV
) 1- Carboni Kile
•
CEN cyclopentane
-
)
f- g- 4 Propane -1,43
•
-
Carbonibite
# Amine -
NH -
amine
,
c- c- c- C -
C Penton 2- amine -
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NH
,
c- c- N - C N -
Methyl ethan famine -
C- C- C- N -
f- C N -
Proby / eth ten -
-
1- amine
Alkoxy Alkane
'
Ethers R -
O -
R
c- O -
C
Methoxy methane C- c- O -
C - C Etnoxy ethane
c- c -
O - C Methoxy ethane f- C- 0 -
CEC
c- c- C- o -
c=c Proboxy ethene Ethynoxyethene
# Aldehyde -
É - H -
al
CHO
c- ( Ho Ethan 1- al
Cyclopentane
-
•
1-
carbaldehyyde
-
~.
•
c- c- CHO 2-
methyylfaooban-i.ae
f- C- c- CHO
'
c
4- Ceeclobtobyl
• c- C=c -
C- CHO 3- Cyclobzobyl
bulan -
1- al
pent -
3- eh -
tal
# Ketones -
É - -
one
É c Boban -2 one
C- C- c-
É -
c- C 4- Methylhexan 3- one -
•
c-
-
-
I
É
y
-
c- c- - c Batan -2 -
one
2- Ethenylcyclobrobanone
•
f Cyclohexane - 1- one
• C- C- COOH Protean -1 -
oil acid
11-1--0011 But 2- ene 1-- -
carboxylic acid
•
( =L -
COOH Prob -
2- eh 1- oicacid
-
C- COOH
⇐ c- C- C- COOH
• 3- Cyclobsobyl
Pent -2 en -4 yn 1- Oic acid
protean toicacid
- -
-
-
# Acid Amide -
CONH, -
amide
1- amide C- CONH
& -
Phenyl
c- CONH, Ethan -
g- , 1- amide
broken -
1- carboxamide
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Preference order of Functional Group
Carboxylic Acid -
COOH
carboxy oil acid
sulphuric Acid -
SO H
>
Sulbho Sulphuric acid
Ester -
COO -
Cynide -
CEN ↳ "" ° nitrile
Isocyanide - NIC Isocyqno isonibile
Aldehyde -
CHO oxo / formyl al
ketone -
co -
0×0 / Keto One
Alcohol -
OH
hydroxyl -01
MHz
OH
•
) c-
g-
% -
q - C 2- Amino -
4-
hydroxy benteen ] . -
one
C) H
MHz
•
) c-
% -
c- COOH 3- Oxobutan -
1- oic acid
e
p
-
•
) c- c- CHO 2-
Methoxy propanol
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Nomenclature of Benzene and its Derivatives :
0H ¥06
Now CHO COOH
#
I É? is ±
v0
Benzoic Benzoyl
Benzene Nitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Chloride
sulphone Acid
acid
NH
,
¥04T
I
#
Aceto
Benzamide
phenone
;u 1,2 Diction
-
benzene
¥-0,
1,4
-
-
Diboomobenzene
b- Dibzomobehzene
'
Pichon
.
0
Bb
-
benzene
o 62081,6 -
ortho
0
40 /
'
1,308 1,5 -
meta
n'
¥5m 1,4 -
para
Seinfeld
ISOMERISM :
Those
compounds which have same molecular
formula but differ from each other in their properties
and this phenomenon is called isomerism
•
Chain Isomerism
chain isomers have difference in chain
branched )
(
straight or
e'
8 FH ]
CHICHI CHICK ,
CH
]
CH-gctf-H-z.CH] CHIC d-* ]
-
EH ,
EH
,
•
Position Isomerism :
isomers differ in
position the
position of multiple bond or substituent or functional
group in the same carbon chain .
•
CH -
CH - CH -
CH CH , -
CH -
CH = ( H2
] , ,
CH CH CH
CH ] Ctf Ctf OH
° -
}
- - -
-
]
tote
# functional Isomerism :
Alcohol ← Ether
CH
( Hz Ctf OH Ctlz O -
]
- - -
AIdehui.de ⇐ Ketone :
CH
,
-
CH -
CHO CH] -
§ -
CH
, ,
CH ] -
CH -
COOH CH - COO CH
, , ]
Cyanide → Isocyanide
CH
CH
]
-
Ctf -
CN ,
-
Et¥E*Y
CH ] -
Ctf Ctf -
-
NH
,
CH .
]
-
CHI
,
-
MY CH
]
-
N -
CH
,
,
CH CH
, ]
# Metamerism :
It occurs due to presence of different
alkyl groups attached to same divalent functional group
atom i. e
or
-
o -
-
NH -
-
É -
ya ↳ Hs -
O -
Calls GHz -
O -
CH }
A GHz -
O -
GHz ↳ Hg -0 -
GHG
no ↳ Hs -
NH -
GHS -
CH
}
-
O -
GHz
*
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H atom
-
( Mobile H -
atom ) between carbon and polyvalent atom
of functional group within same molecule
cig -
% it
,
← CH
,
-
PH
c - CH
,
stereoisomerism :
nine compounds
molecular formula but different
having same
.
arrangement of
atoms or groups in space .
e) Geometrical Isomerism :
This type of isomerism
arises due to the restricted rotation around c--6
multiple bonds .
f ce
f H
-
OPTICAL ISOMERS :
when
metic waves
vibrating in all planes
-
>
I
dextro
rotatory
BHF
optically
stone active
i. I
laevo
Rae# Mt¥s rotatory
equi molar mixture
of d and l , so that met rotation of
ppl is zero .
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l
:
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*
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H atom
-
( Mobile H -
atom ) between carbon and polyvalent atom
of functional group within same molecule
cm, -
! it, → CH
,
-
PH
c - CH
,
Inductive Effect
The permanent displacement of electron
pairs along the saturated chain
of c- atom when either
electronegative atom or electropositive atom is attached
with end carbon chain
one
of
Type
ti ly
+1- effect effect
-
I
when electron with d-
when electron donating
group is
sawing group is
-
St ssstss -1 St S -
Sss -
88 -
s -
C- C- C- E- D. G C -
C -
C -
E W G
-
-
e.g
e.g
CHS
IH] -
NO Y -
CN > -
COOH >
CHI TCH,tHtCH§H
ICH ]
,
-
kHz -
f 7-6 7. Br
> -
I
Electro mesic Effect
The process of complete transference
of election pair of IT bond to one
of the atom which
is usually more
electronegative in the presence
of attacking reagent is called as electron eric
effect
is temporary effect in
.
It .
It occurs the
presence of attacking reagent .
or
Theprocess of
transfers of electron from one part of conjugated
system to the other part of conjugated system
due to phenomenon of resonance is called
Resonance effect .
If 980lb donates
electrons to the
conjugated system
If group
withdraws eo
from the
conjugated
system
between it -
electrons and r electrons of near by c- H bond .
is is
This effect achieved when
conjugative system
attached with alkyl group .
CONTRITION : ✗ -
cartoon with hydrogen .
11+0
⇐ tf -
CH - C -
H
:
d
H → tf°_cH= µ -1
H CHE:c µ it
:{
-
H H
d- H
* 118 -
CH =
of hyper conjugative
Note Greater the no . Sir . are
formed
more will be its stability .
of ✗ -
te - atoms .
CH CH ] CHI CHI C
"
? yµH
CH , , ' ]
=D, I I
✗ =Keµ > * > =
> c=c
ay I \
EH ,
H "
, H H
pg
9 3
6
substitution Reaction
nine types 0¥
organic reactions
in which one group or atom displace by other atoms
These reactions are of three tykes .
Nudeophi1icSubstituti0nR
substitution reaction carried
by the nucleophile
-
CH -
I + OH →
Ctf OH + ce -
]
-
]
Nucleophile
Electrophilic substitution R× "
The substitution reaction
is carried out by the electrophile
j•+H
"
¥ -1
j + ce
-1
Electrophile
Free Radical Substitution Rxn
substitution Rxn is
carried out by free radical .
CH CH CH
-_
+
Bra → CH CH CH Br
-
-
- -
-
, , , ,
+ HBV
Addition Reaction
Thetypes of reactions in which
two atoms or group react with each other
to form single molecule of the product .
Addition of nucleophile to
carbonyl group
yc=o No → > 00
+ (
{I
•
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
Addition of electrophile
to alkene A.
cµg=cµ, + Ht →
CHI -
CH
,
w
•
Free Radical Addition Rin
Addition of HBR to Alkene
a
CH B. 8
CHIEH, + H → CH, 44 CH
-
]
-
-
-
,
T
Bo
Elimination Reaction
The
type of organic reactions
in which two atoms eliminated to
or
groups are
types
•
t.AE/iminatdon:- Elimination
of two atoms from same
e- atom Rxn CHU with alkali
e.g q ,
• "
Ho
%
-
+ :( U 6-
→ + Hao +
6)
,
Di chloro carbene
• ✗, p -
Elimination
elimination of two atoms or grouts
from adjacent atoms
e.g Dehydro halogenation Rin
Cha GHz ¥µ
-
CHECK, + HU
c.
•
✗ , 4- elimination : Elimination of two atoms or groups
from one position to another
position within same molecule
Rxh diboomobrobane with dust
e.g of 1,3 -
2h
in CH
]
-
OH
Rearrangement or isomerization Rxn
The types of
organic reactions in which one grouts migrate from
one position to another position within same
molecule .
CIsomerisah.in )
e.g 1- Bromo butane
A- CHA CH
Ctf Ctf Ctf Cha Br
CH -
CH - -
,
-
]
-
- -
AIU ]
lanky )
do
2- Bromo butane .
Bond Fission :
is called bond
Breaking of a covalent bond
-4 die
"
CH - + a-
, ,
Electrophile
these
are eo
are eo
loving species .
They
deficient species .
They acts as
Lewis Acids .
g
e.
UT Br H2O ÑH
- -
,
I : : NH R -
etc
, , ] , ,
.
Reaction Intermediates
These are
highly reactive
species .
Carbocation s :
These are
organic species that have + re
on carbon atom .
Charge
CH, -
a # ÉH, + a-
☒ É § CH
CH
{ CH CH { City
- -
,
- -
}
-
, ,
1° 2°
EH
,
Carbo anions :
the which have
c- atom
organic species negative
charge on
CHI
,
-
CHO → 911 CHO + H2O
OH
-
order of stability
F- CH]
• •
Ctf -
EH,
.
1° 20
Free Radicals :
These are organic species in which
carbon atom has odd or unpaired e -0
ti
.
ctg-H-h.CH, •
+
order
of stability
CH -
ÉH { CH -
Cte CH ( Ctf - É Ctf-
]
-
, , ,
icky