CHEM PP1 MARKING SCHEME

1. (a) State Gay-Lussac’s law. (1 mark)

When gases combine they do so in volume which bear a simple ratio to one another and to
the product if gaseous under standard temperature and pressure (1 OR 0).
(b) 30 cm3 of a hydrocarbon which is gaseous reacted completely with 90 cm3 of oxygen. 60
cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide were produced. Given that all volumes of the gases were
measured at the same conditions of temperature and pressure, determine the formula of
this hydrocarbon. (2 marks)
CXHY + O2 XCO2 + YH2O √ (1mk)
3 3 3
30 Cm 90 Cm 60Cm 60 Cm3 30/30 90
/30
60 60
/30 /30 √ ½
MR 1 : 3 : 2 : 2√½

CXHY + O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

Balanced equation will be C2H4 + O2 2CO2 + 2H20 √½
Formula C2H4 √ ½

2. (a) (i) separation of the vapour for the liquids

(ii) increase the surface area for the condensation of vapour of less volatile
(b) I. separation of different components of crude oil
II. fractional distillation of liquid air to obtain oxygen

3. Nitrogen, oxygen and argon are obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.
(a) State the physical property that makes this possible. (1 mark)
They have different boiling points.
(b) Arrange the three gases in order of how they distil, starting with the first.
(1 mark)
Nitrogen, argon, oxygen
(c) Give one industrial use of oxygen gas. (1 mark)
Its mixture with hydrogen or ethyne gas produces a very hot flame which is used in
welding or cutting metals.
It is used in removing impurities in the process of making steel. (any one correct 1
mark)

4. Rusting leads to fast wearing out of farm tools and equipment as well as buildings.
a. Give the chemical name of rust. (1 mark)
Hydrated Iron (III) oxide
b. State two reasons why tin coating is used in food cans. (2 marks)
Tin is non-toxic√1
Tin is unreactive√1
5. In terms of structure and bonding, explain the following.
a.Graphite is used as a lubricant. (1 mark)
The layers are held together by the weak Van der Waals forces of
attraction; the layers therefore slide over each other.
 b. Aluminium is better conductor of electricity then magnesium. (1 mark) Alluminium has
more delocalized electrons than magnesium hence having strong metallic bond.
c. Water is a liquid at room temperature while hydrogen sulphide is a gas.
(1 mark)
Water molecules are held by hydrogen bonds which are much stronger than van der waals
forces between the hydrogen sulphide molecules.

6.Name one reagent that can be used to distinguish between Al3+ and Zn2+ ions in solution and
state what would be observed if each of the ions is treated with the reagent you have named.
(3 marks)
Ammonia solution
Al3+ - A white precipitate would be formed which is insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
Zn2+ - A white precipitate would be formed which is insoluble in excess ammonia solution.
7. (a) C
(b) D
(c) A
8. The electron affinities for three elements A, B and C are shown in the table below:
Element A B C
Electron affinity (kJ/mole) -324 -349 -295
(d) What is meant by electron affinity? (1 mark)
Energy change that results in the formation of an ion when an atom gains an electron √1
or energy released when one mole of gaseous atoms each acquire an electron to form one
mole of gaseous ions.
(e) Which element is the strongest oxidizing agent? Give a reason. (2 marks) B√1
B releases the highest amount of energy so it has the strongest attraction of electrons to
its nucleus√1
9. (a) Name two cations responsible for hard water. (2 marks)
2+
Ca √1 or calcium ions,
2+
Mg √1 or magnesium ions

(b) [ Cu ( NH 3) 4 ]2+
10. Classify the following as either compounds or mixtures. (3 marks)
Process Type of substance
(a) Air Mixture
(b) Salt solution Mixture
(c) Sugar Compound

11. The electron arrangement of a calcium atom is 2,8,8,2.

Draw a concentric circle diagram for its ion given that calcium atom contains 20 protons and
20 neutrons in its nucleus. (2 marks)
 (Penalize fully if no composition of nucleus ie 20 protons and 20 neutrons)

12. Starting with 100 cm3 of 0.5 M calcium hydroxide, describe how a pure sample of calcium
chloride can be prepared. (3marks) Add 100cm3 of 1.0 M
3
hydrochloric acid √1 to 100cm of 0.5 M calcium hydroxide in a beaker. Stir and evaporate √1
the water to obtain solid
CaCl2 √1.
13. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Salt Solubility(g/100gwater)

at 50℃ at 80 °𝐶
G 43 58
Y 82 138

A mixture containing 40g salt G and 120g salt Y in 100g of water at 80 °𝐶 was cooled to at
50℃.
a. Which salt crystallized out? Give a reason. (2 marks)
Salt Y √1 at 50℃ only 82g of the 120g salt Y dissolve √1

b. Calculate the mass of the salt that crystallized out. (1mark)

120-82 = 38g √1

14. Water reacts with sodium peroxide forming sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas. Draw a well
labelled diagram showing how a sample of oxygen gas can be prepared and collected in the
laboratory using the above reagents. (3 marks)

15. Below is a diagram of set-up of apparatus that is used to investigate the effect of electric
current on a binary electrolyte, lead (II) bromide.
(a) Explain what is meant by a binary electrolyte. (1 mark) Electrolyte that contain
only one type of cation and anion. It lacks ions from water molecules. √ (1mk)
(b) During the experiment, brown vapour was seen around electrode B. Explain
this observation. (1 mark)
Bromide ions decomposed to produce the bromine gas which is brown.
(c) State the function of heat in the above experiment. (1 mark)
To make the electrolyte to be mobile by melting them.
16. The electronic structures for elements represented by letters A, B, C and D are: - A=
2:8:6 B = 2:8:2 C = 2:8:1 D = 2:8:8 (a) Select the element which forms:
(i) Double charged cation.
(1mark)
B
(ii) A solobule carbonate
(1mark)
C
(b) Which element has the smallest atomic radius? (1mark)
D
17. A student was provided with solid A, the table below show the procedures, observations and
inferences made. Study the tables and complete them by filling in missing procedures,
inferences and observations.
i) Procedure Observation Inference
a) Place entire solid A in a The solid dissolves to form a The solid is soluble.
test tube add water to it and colourless solution Coloured ions absent
shake. Use portions of the
mixture in steps b, c and d
(½ mark)

b) To the first portion, add 2 Bubbles of colourless gas form 2-

CO3 present√.
drops of dilute and whote solid
hydrochloric acid and place particles are formed on the glass
a glass rod dipped in lime rod
water at the tip of the tube.
1 mark)

c) To the second portion, Pb2+, Mg2+, Zn2+,

add drops of ammonia No whiteppt formed√ Al3+ absent
solution till excess

(½ mark)
d) To the third portion, dip Yellow flame is observed
a glass rod into the solution
and place the rod into the Na+√
hottest region of a non-
luminous flame.
(1mark)

18. – close the airhole

- strike a match and place it on top of the chimney
- open the air hole
19. Oxygen is obtained on large scale by the fractional distillation of air as shown on the flow
chart below.

(a) Name the substances marked A and B. (1 mark)

A- Nitrogen
B- Argon
(b) Explain how purification of air is done during this process. (2 marks)
Passing through conc NaOH or KoH to remove CO2 √ 1 then cooling it to
-25oc to remove water vapour. √1

20. A sample of water from a village in Nyatike sub-county was divided into equal portions and
each mixed with equal volume of soap solution. The observations made are tabulated below:
Sample of water Treatment before adding soap Observations made on shaking with
soap
I Boiled Lather form immediately
II No treatment Slight lather form slowly
III Treatment with washing soda Lather formed immediately

a.What type of hardness is present in water from the village? Explain. (2 marks)
Temporary hardness. 1 Because the hardness can be removed by boiling1
b.State one disadvantage of hard water. (1 mark)
It wastes soap1

21. (a) Complete the following table based on organic compounds. (1 mark)
Compound Reagents needed for preparation
(i) Ethyne Calcium carbide and water

(ii) Ethane Sodium propanoate and sodalime.

(b) Give the formula of the Monomer used during the formation of the following
 polymer. (1 mark)

(b) State any use of the polymer in (a) above. (1 mark)

Making pipes
Making sinks

22. (a) Which type of Sulphur is formed under the following conditions?
Conditions Type of Sulphur
(i) Above 960
Monoclinc
( ½ mark)
(ii) Pouring boiling Sulphur into cold water
Plastic
( ½ mark)
(iii) Rapidly cooling Sulphur vapour
Plastic
( ½ mark)
(iv) Mixing sodium thiosulphate with dilute
hydrochloric acid Colloidal
( ½ mark)

(b) Explain why hydrogen sulphide cannot be used as a fuel, though it can
burn to give out useful heat energy. (1 mark)
The product of combustion is poisonous when inhaled and also pollutes the environment.

23. The table below gives some properties of gas D and E.

Gas Density Effect on H2SO4 Effect on NaOH

D Lighter than air React to form salt Dissolve without reacting
E Heavier than air Not affected Not affected

a. Describe how you would obtain a sample of gas E from the mixture of gas D and E.
(2 marks)
 Pass the mixture of gas “D” and “E” through sulphuric acid. Gas “D” will react to form
salt – leaving behind gas “E”. Collect gas E by downward delivery / upward
displacement of air since it is heavier than air.
OR
Pass a mixture of gas “D” and “E” over sodium hydroxide. Gas “D” will dissolve but
gas “E” will not be affected. Collect gas “E” by downward delivery.

b. Suggest a possible identity of gas D. Give reasons for your answer. 1 mark)
Ammonia gas (HN3)
Ammonia is lighter than air. It reacts with acids to form salt since itself is basic. It does
react with sodium hydroxide since both are basic but will dissolve in it without any
reaction.
24. (a) Oxygen
(b) 2HOCl (aq) sunlight 2HCl (aq) + O2 (g)

(c) – sewage treatment and water treatment

- manufacture of HCl
- manufacture of chloroform and anaesthetic
- manufacture of solvents eg tetrachloromethane and CFCs

25. a) Charge: proton has positive charge, neutron has no charge. Mass of neutron is higher than
of protons
b) i. 2.8.8 / 2,8,8
ii. group II/two period 4/four/IV

26. (a) A luminous flame has a yellow zone. Explain how the yellow zone is produced.
(1mark)
Produced when unburnt carbon glows. 1
(b) Explain why a non-luminous flame is preferred for heating substances in a laboratory.
(1 mark) - It is hot.
- Does not produce soot which makes apparatus dirty.
(any one 1 mark)

(c) Explain how the hotness of a Bunsen burner can be reduced. (1 mark)
By fully closing the air-hole

27. Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follows:
(c) Explain the observation made in step II. (1 mark)
oxidizing agent Cr 2O72-/H+(aq changes from orange to green; (penalize turns)

(d) Name the process that takes place when flower petals are put into solution
T. (1 mark)
Bleaching
(e) Reaction in step 1 takes place only in presence of moisture. Give a reason
for this. (1 mark)
Moisture assists to form ions for reaction to take place